",1 ~

BEING THE

TRANSACTIONS
OF THE

LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI, No. 2076,

LONDON.
FROM THE ISABELLA MISSAL.

BRITISH MUSEoUM, ADD. MSS, 18,851,

CIRCA, 1500, A.D.

EDITED BY G. W. SPETH, P.M., SECRETARY.

VOLUME I.

~H llt'HLltc !
PRl:-oTED AT .. KF.BLE's GAZtTTE OFFICE," .\LHEl<T TElUIACE.
(2'
 ~r~ <muatuor Qt .......~onatortutt.
VOLUME I.

THE LEGEND OF THE FOUR CROWNED MARTYRS

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From the "Br('viarum a.d usum fmtrum Ordinis Pr<£Uicatorium in Hi!::ipania; cum calenda.rio
prremi~sf)." Prc~wnted by Francisco de Roi:1s, Spanish Ambassador at the Emperor's court, to Isabella
of Castille, f.lueen of Spain and Sicily, on the or.casion of the marriage (arrang•:d by him) of the Infante
Don Juan to tht> Archducht·ss "Margaret, dau6htcr of the Emperor Ma.ximilian, in April, 1497. Now in
the 13ritish Museum, Additional M 8 S., No. 18,8fil.
 ~r:n ~uatu.or Qt.or.onat.orutn~
VOLUME I. 1886-1888.

INDEX TO CONTENTS.

ADDRESSES
Oration at Consecration, by the Rev. A. F. A. Woodford 4
Consecration, by Sir Charles Warren 7
Installation, by Robert Freke Gould 65
Installation, by W. Simpson 199

ARCH.lEOLOGICAL NOTES
The Rosicrucian Society of England ... 54
The Cama MS. 138
The Scarborough MS. 138
The Rose Croix Jewel and the Stuarts 150
The Scandinavian Edda 150
Clerkenwell Gate .. 151
The British and Irish in France 151
Charter Evidence ... 151
The Threefold Division of Temples 166
Trade Guilds in the East 166

BIOGRAPHIC NOTICES AND ESSAYS

Ball, Rev. Charles James... 50
Besant, Walter . . . 2
Budden, Edwin Thomas . . . 36
Burford-Hancock, Hon. Sir Henry James Burford 50
Bywater, Witham Matthew 9
Clarke, Caspar Purdon 199
Crawley, William John Chetwode 36
Fessler, Ignatius Aurelius, by R. C. Beck, translated by G. W. Speth 113
Finlayson, John Finlay ... 198
Goldney, Frederick Hastings 115
Gould, Robert Freke l
Hawkins, Edward Lovell ... 9
Hughan, William James 2
Irwin, Francis George 9
Kelly, William ... 55
Kupferschmidt, Gustav Adolf Cresar 198
li INDEX.

Biographical Notices and Essays-continued

Lane, John 35
Lewis, Thomas Hayter 10
Macbean, Edward 115
Pratt, Sisson Cooper 2
Riley, John Ramsden 9
Rylands, John Paul 2
Rylands, William Harry 1
Simpson, William 8, 209
Speth, George William 2
Warren, Sir Charles 1, 72
Westcott, William Wynn .. . 27
Whymper, Henry Josiah .. . 88
Whytehead, Thomas Bowman 9
Wilhelm, Kaiser. as a Mason, by G. W. Speth 161
Williams, ·william Mattieu 193
Woodford, Rev. Adolphus Frederick Alexander 2

HISTORICAL NOTES
Africa, South 83, 191, 216
America 83, 136, 191
Erasure of Hiram Lodge, No. l. by Gmnd Lodge of Connecticut 84
America, South ... 136, 216
Australia 136, 191, 217
Inaugumtion of Dish·ict Gmnd Lodge of l'Vestern Australia 191
Formation of the United Grand Lodge of New South Wales ... 217
Belgium 135
Burma ... 191
Initiation of a Buddhist 191
England 47, 81, 136, Hl2
Plymouth Masonic Exhibition, 27th June, 1887 81
Jubilee of Bro. W. Kelly 136, Hl9
Lodges warranted by Grand Lodge of England in 1887 192
France ... 191
Germany 46, 82, 135, 190
Gmnd Lodge of Hamburg excludes membeTS of the Lessing-Bund 134
Dr. l'V. Begemann 190
Hungary 46, 82, 135, 191
India, East 83
Installation of the Duke of Oonnaught as Dis. G.M. of Bombay,
12th November, 1887 83
Italy ... 83, 190
Fusion of Rival Rites 83
Ireland 136, 192
Malta ... 136
Scotland 216
Fund of Benevolence ... 216
Spain ... 45, 83, 191
Switzerland 135, 190
Turkey 191
 INDEX. iii

LITERARY NOTES
Brussels Conference 48, 132, 188
Warren on the Temple of Jerusalem ... 81
Sadler's " Facts and Fictions " 81
Marvin's" Masonic Medals'' 81
"Keystone," Coming of Age 81
"South African Freemason'' 81, 187
Quatuor Coronati Papers, done into German, 81, 187
, utilized in Australia and South Africa 131
A New German Masonic Quarterly . 81
Unfiad's "Papacy and Freemasonry" 81
Lectures in Lodge "Providence," Leeds, during 1887 82
Formation of a Masonic Library and Museum at Wakefield 131
Colonel Clerke's MS. 131
Findel on English Masonic Writers .. 131, 188
Dresden Masonic Discussion Club 132
"Frimurertidende" 132
"L'Union Fraternelle" 132
Peeters-Baertsoen prize 133
New Zealand Mail 188
Original Orders of the Strict Observance 188
Lane's " Masonic Records " 188
Mackenzie's "History of No. 2, Scothnd" 188
" La Espana Masonica " 189

LODGE PROCEEDINGS
1886. January 12th, Consecration 3
April 7th 8
" June 3rd 10
September 2nd 16
November 8th, [ustallation and appointment of Officers 25
December 2nd 27
1887. March 3rd 34
June 2nd 49
September 8th 54
November 8th, Installation and appointment of Officers 65
Presentation to Sir C. Warren 72
1888. January 6th 85
March 2nd 115
May 4th 137
June 25th. Festival of Rt. John 166
October 5th 193
November 8th 198; Installation and appointment of Officers 199

OBITUARY NOTICES
Brockbank, G. Parker 189
Budden, E. T. 80
Frederick III., Emperor 189
Kingston, W. 81
Levey, Joseph M. 216
IV
INDEX.

Obitum-y Notices-continued.
Mar and Kellie, Earl of 215
Mixsell, Dr. J. . .. 216
Oldham, Samuel B. 1!:10
Rumpelt-W11.lther, E. F. A. F. 218
Tabley, Lord de .. 81
Woodford, Rev. A. F. A., by R. F. Gould 85, 133

PAPERS AND ESSAYS

On Some Old Scottish Masonic Customs. R. F. Gould ... 10

The Steinmetz TLeory, critically examined. G. W. Speth 17

The assertions of Grandidier, Vugel, Heldmann, and Schneide7, 18;
Stieglitz, IIeideloff <S" Kloss, considered, 19 ; 4" Fallou, refuted, 20

On an Early Version of the Hiramic Legend. Prof. T. Hayter Lewis 25

Freemasonry and Hermeticism. Rev. A. F. A. Woodford 28

Use of the word "Hermetic," 28; the Rosicrucians, 28; present
position of Masonic Study, 29; possible in:fluence r,n the Craft of
II e.·meticism, :30 ; Masons' Marks, 30 ; the Ark of the Lodge, 31 ;
Pentalpha, 31 ; Hexapla, 32

On the Orientation of Temples. Sir C. Warren 36

Origin of Orientation, 36 ; Orientation if the Tabernacle, 36;
Mountain Worship, 38; Ancient Temples turned to the West, 38;
undeT the Roman EmpiTe to the East, 39 ; Galilee Synagogues
to the South, 40 ; 0Tientation of ChTistian Churches, 40 ; theory
uj 0Tientation, 41 ; Masons' Lodges, The Temple, and Phamician
Temples compared,. 40

Connecting Links between Ancient and Modern Freemasonry, from a

Non-Masonic Standpoint. W. J. Hughau 50
The Evidence of the Old Charges, 50; of the Sc,Jttish Lodges, 51;
Spewlatives in 1600, 51 ; Ashmole, Randle Holme, Plott, Old
Lodge at YoTk, at Alnwick, 52; the Tatler in 1109, 52; the
Antiquity l.fS., 53 ; Female Cmft Members, 53

The Religion of Freemasonry illuminated by the Kabbalah. W. W.

V{ estcott, M .B. 55
The O~jects of Fnemasonry, 55; Monothei~t-~, 56; the Kabbalah,
56; the feminine natm·e of the Second Degree, 57; Hexapla,
Pentalpha, .Acacia, 57; the ThTee Gmnd Masters, Three
Pillars, ·winding Staircase, 57; Sephirotic Triads, 57; the letter
G and the Parallel Lines, 58; Summary, ;,g

The Quatuor Coronati: the Legend as given in the Arundel MS.

Rev. A F. A. Woodford 59
English Freemasonry before the Era of Grand Lodges (1717). R. F. Gould 67
Oral tradition, lVren, Dugdale, .Ashmole, (i8; Documentary tra-
dition, the Uld Charges, 68 ; .Ash mole, Plott, 69; Handle Holme,
·wren's initatirm, 70 ; pre-171 7 Lodyes, 10; conclusions, 70

The Apostle St. Paul, a Mason. C. H. Tendler, tran~lated by G. W Speth 74

 INDEX. v

Papers and Essays-continued

The Thr11efold Division of Temples. W. Simpson 89
Temples symbolically constructed, 8D ; of the three regions of the
Universe, 90; the Pyramids, Ark, Tabernacle, 90; the Temple,
Russian, Coptic, Abyssinian Churches, 91 ; three orders of Priest-
hood, 92 ; Egyptian Temples, 92 ; Greek Temples, 93; Gnostic
system, 93; lJruidic r~mains and system, 9;~ ; Brahmin Temples,
94; Buddhist Temples, 95 ; Buddhist orders ~ Brahmin ca<tes,
95; Nakhon Wat, 96; Chinese symbolism, 97; Tomb of Yung-
lo, 97; the Temple of Heaven, 9tl; Medicine Lodges, 99; portals
of Titicaca, 99; triple portals, 90; additional notes, 100-102
Indian Relics. J. M. Spainhour 106; Vesti;Jes of supposed masonic interment 107
The Unrecognised Lodges and Degrees of Freemll.'!onry before and
after 1717. J. Yarker. 107
Pre-Christian and Christian secret societies, 107; Medireval
romances and societies, 108 ; Knights of the Temple and of St.
John, Rosicrucians, 109; Clerkenwell Lodge and Gate, 110; the
Book M., 110
Shall I be a Mason? P. Tempels, translated by G. W. Speth ... Ill
A few Thoughts on the Effigy of a reputed Grand Mll.'!ter of Free-
masons in Winchester Cathedral. W. H. Jacobs ... 112
A Word on the Legends of the Compagnonnage. W. H. Rylands 116
Description of the society, the Devoir, 116; literature of the sub-
ject, 117 ; Compagnonnage snngs, 118; the legend of Maitre
Jacques, 120; the Acte de Foi, 123; the Oath, 124; Pere
Soubise, 125
Two New Versions of the " Old Charges." G. W. Speth 127
The Wilson MS. wrongly so-called, Phillipps MS. No. 3, Stan-
ley MS. 127; Roger Bacon's prcphesy, 128; allusions explained,
128; date fixed af1713-1714, 129
Scottish Freemasonry before the Era of Grand Lodges. G. W. Speth 139
Oral tradition, written tmdition, 138; documentary evidence, 139;
earliest use of the word "Lodge," of "Freemason," 140; list of
pre-1736 Lodges, 141; lncorporations2 141 ; Head-Lodges, 142;
Patrons~ Judges, Master of the Work, 142; Apprentices, 142;
the ~[ark, the Mason-word, Fellow-crafts, 143; passing, the
Master, the Great Oath, 144; Cowans, the officers of the Lodge,
145; begging brethren, non-operatit•e masons, 146
The Roman Legend of the Quattro Incoronati. S. Russell Forbes 149
An Attempt to Classify the " Old Charges" of the British Masons.
Dr. W. Begemann ... 152
Classifiwtion, 152; Spencer Family, 152; Roberts' Family, 159
Masters' Lodges. John Lane 167
First reference thereto, 167; 1736list, 168; Anderson's list, 169;
1740 list, 169 ; 17 55-69 enumeration, 170 ; 1792-1813 enu-
meration, l 71 ; Masters' Lodges not included in the official lists,
172 ; Scotts Masons' Lodge, 173 ; the first four Masters'
Lodges, 174
Vl INDEX.

Papers and Essays-continued

The Quatuor Coronati abroad, a visit to the Hague and Brussels.
G. W. Speth 179
Scottish Freemasonry in the present Era. Edward Macbean 193
The Grand Lodge, 193 ; Benevolent Fund, 194 ; Prov. and Du.
Grand Lodges, 194; the Mark, 194 ; private Lodges, 195 ; fees,
numbering and nomenclature, clothing, 195; places of assembly,
196; Lodge at Melrose, 197

Notes on the Relations between the Grand Lodges of England and

Sweden in the last Century. C. Kupferschmidt ... 202
Sparre, earliest Lodges, Eckleff, Grand Lodge of Sweden
founde~, English Provincial Grand Lodge of Sweden, Fullmann,
20~; Lodges 1, 2, and 3 in Sweden, application to recognise the
Grand Lodge of Sweden, 203 ; three letters of Bro. Heseltine,
G.S., 204; the Duke of Sudermania, Swedish medals, 205;
second application of the Grand Lodge of Sweden, 206;
conclusions, 207

REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS

Founders' Petition 1
Warrants of Constitution, 28th November, 1884 3
By-laws, 7th April, 1886 ... 9
Report of Permanent Committee, qualification of Members, August, 1886 16
Circular, constituting the Correspondence Circle, J auuary, 1887 34
Report of Spechl Committee, dates of meeting altered, 2nd June, 1887 49
Report of Special Committee on the Lodge Library, 2Uth October, 1887 85
Report of A.udit Committee and Balance Sheet, 21st December, 1887 86
Letter, the W.M. to the G.S., 16th February, 1888 116
Letter, the G.S. to the W.M., 23rd February, 1~88 116
Report of Officers' Committee, Local Secretaries, 25th J nne, 1888 ... 166
Deed of Trust, Quatuor Coronati Library 209

REVIEWS
Lane's Masonic Register. R. F. Gould 76
Westcott's Isiac Tablet of Bembo. Dr. Woodman 76
Schwalbach's Studies of the Master's Degree. G. W. Speth 78
Begemann's Remarks on the G.L. of London and its treatment of
Operative Documents. G. W. Speth 79
Tempels' Les Francmagons. G. W. Speth 129
Stopher's History of the Lodge of Economy, W. H. Jacob 130
Mackenzie's History of No.2 Scotland. W. J. Hughan 211
Johnston's History of the Falkirk Lodge. G. W. Speth 212
Simpson's Tower of Babel and the Birs Nimroud. G. W. Speth .. 212
Whymper's Religion of Freemasonry. T. B. Whytehead 213
Rayter Lewis' Roly Places of Jerusalem. W. Simpson ... 215
Rughan's 1734 Engraved List. G. W. Speth 215
 INDEX. Vll

ILLUSTRATIONS
Page from the Isabella Missal, miniature of the Quatuor Coronati, frontispiece.
The Pyramid of Gizeh 90
Plan of the Tabernacle 91
General Plan of an Egyptian Temple 91
Plan of Stonehenge, restored 94
Druidic Threefold Division of the Universe 94
Tomb ofYung-lo, near Peking 98
Ground Plan, Temple of Heaven, Peking 98
Temple of Heaven, North Altar 98
Temple of Heaven, South Altar 98
Fragment of stone in Winchester Cathedral 112
Les Compagnons partPnt de la Judee 120
Rev. A. F. A. Woodford, M.A., P.G.C. 133
Church and Convent, Quattro Incoronati, Rome 148
Inscriptions in the Church, Quattro Incoronati 148
Plan of Church and Convent, Quattro Incoronati 148
Interior. Church of the Quattro Incoronati 148
Membership Medal, Quatuor Coronati Correspondence Circle 187

ERRATA 217

ST. JOHN'S CARD FOR DEC. 1887

ST. JOHN'S CARD FOR DEC. 1888
·=+Rrs ~uatuor <toronatorum+:~
BEING THE TRANS.L~CTIONS OF THE

LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI of A.F. & A.M., LONDON

No. 2076.

VOLUME I.

COPY OF PETITION. William James Hughan, P.G.D., P.M., 131, (Lodge

of Fortitude.)
~.e, the undersigned, being regularly registered
Master-Masons of tl;te Lodges against our respective George William Speth, P.M. of Lodge of Unity
names, having the prosperity of the Craft at heart, No.183. '
are·anxious to exert our best endeavours to promote
and diffuse the genuine principles of the Art ; and
We, the undersigned, beg to recommend the an-
for the conveniency of our respective dwellings and
nexed petition for a Warrant of Constitution.
other good reasons, we are desirous of forming a new
Lodge, to be named QrrATITOR CORONATI. In conse-
quence of this desire we pray for a Warrant of Con- WrLL BoHM, W.M., No. 92.
stitution, empowering us to meet as a regular Lodge, BERTRAM NoAKES, S.W., No. 92.
at Freemasons' Hall, London, on the first Wednesday
of every month, and there to discharge the duties of ALFRED DENT,'J.W., No. 92.
Masonry, in a constitutional manner, according to
the forms of the Order and the Laws of the Grand
Lodge ; awl we have nominated and do recommend
Brother Sir Charles Warren, K.C.lrf.G., who has Sir Charles Warren, K.C.M.G., (now G.C.M.G.), born
served the office of Warden in a regular Lodge to be 1840. Entered Her Majesty's Service as Lieutenant in the
the first .Master, Brother Williarn Harry Rylands to Royal Engineers in 1857; Captain, 1869. Conducted the
be the first Senior Warden, and Brother Robert Freke Palestine Exploration 1867-70. In 1876 settled the boundary
line of the Orange Free State and Griqualand West; Gazetted
Gould to be the first Junior Warden of the said C.llf.G. in 1877, and appointed Special Commissioner in the
Lodge. The prayer of this petition being granted, latter district. Was engaged in the Griqua-Kaffir War, and
we promise strict obedience to the commands of the made Lieut.-Colonel in 1877. ln 1879, Administrator of
Grand Master and the laws and l'egulations of the Griqnaland ; 1881, Surveying Instructor at Chatham.
Grand Lodge. Served in Egypt against Arabi, and recovered the bodies of
Professor Palmer and his companions in 1882. Proceeded
to South Africa in command of the Bechuanaland Expedition,
Charles Warren, B'Colonel, R.E .. P.M., Lodge of in 1884, and was created G.C.M.G. for his services. On
his return he was placed in command at Snakim, but was
Friendship, No. 278, and Charles Warren recalled in 1886 to re-organize the London Police Force as
Lodge, No. 1832. Chief Commissioner. Is the author of "Underground
Jerusalem," "The Temple or the Tomb," and of many
William Harry Rylands, Lodge of Antiquity, No.2 papers to various learned societies.

Robert Freke Gould, P.S.G.D., and P.M. of Nos. Bro. William Harry Rylands, born 1847. Fellow of
the Society of Antiquaries, Member of the Asiatic Societies of
92, 153, 570, and 743. London and Paris, &c., &c., Secretary of the Society of
Biblical Archroology, was initiated in 1872 in the Faith and
Adolphus F. A. Woodford, P.C.C. and P.M., No. 2. Unanimity Lodge, Dorchester, No. 417; joined Antiquity No.
2, London, in 18'81, and was exalted in St. James' Chapter No.
Walter Besant, M.A., P.M. Marquia of Dalhousie 2, London, in 1882. Grand Steward, 1887. He is the Au~hor of
Lodge, No. 1159. Freemasonry in the xvii century in Warrington, CI,ester, &c.,
and of many other works and contributions to the Masonic
John Paul Rylands, Lodge of Lights, No. 148, Mar- press, as well as papers, &c., on Antiquarian matters.
quis of Lorne Lodge, No. 1354. Bro. Robert Freke Gould, was born in 1836. Entered
her Majesty's Service in 1855 as Ensign, 86th Foot; Lieut.
Sisson Cooper Pratt, MaJor, R.A., Nos. 92, 1615, 31st Foot in 1855; served in the North China Campaign of
and 1724. 1860 (medal and clasp); Barrister at Law 1868. Was

A
2 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI.

initiated in the Royal Navy Lodge, Ramsgate, No. 621 (then initiated in the Lodge of Faith a.nd Unanimity, No. 4·17,
429) in 1855, and successively joined the following Lodges- Dorchester, in 1872, join"d the Marquis of Lorne Lodge, 1354,
Friendship, Gibraltar, No. 278 (then 34.''>), in 1857; Inhabi- Leigh, Lancaster, in 1879, and the Lodge of Lights, No. 148,
tants' Lodge, Gibraltar, No. 153 (then 118 ). in 1858, as first Warrington, in 1880, where he served as J.W., in the same
W.M. on it.s revival; Meridian Lodge, in H.M.'s 31st Foot, year. Was exalted in the Elias Ashmole Chapter, No. 148,
No. 743 (then 104;i), in 1858, of which Lodge he was eleded Warrington, in 1880. Is the author of "Account of the
W.l\I. in 1858 and again in 1859; St. Andrew's in the East., Holcn•ft Family," "Arms in Warrington Church," "Lanca-
Poona, East Indies, No. 343, under the Grand Lodge of shire Inquisitions Post Mortem," "Cheshire and Lancashire
Scotland, in 1859; Orion in the West Lodge, 1-'oona, No. 415 Funeral Certificates," "Visitations of Cheshire" "Visitation
(then :J98), in 1859; Northern Lodge of China, Shanghai, No. of Dorset, 1G2:{," "Genealogies of the Families of Bate and
570 (then 832), in 18Gil; elected W.M. ia 1864; l:{oyal Sussex Kirkland," "Genealogies of the Families of Culcheth and
Lodge, Shanghai. No. 501 (then 735), in 1864; and Moira Risley," and numerons pamphlets and articles on Heraldic and
Lodge, London, No. 9Z, in 1866, serving as its W.M. in 1874 Genealogical sn bjects.
and again in 1875. Was exalted in Melita Chapter, Malta,
No. 34!1 (then·437), in 18;)7; joined the Scotch Chapter at Bro. Sisson Cooper Pratt, born 1844, Major Royal
Poona in 1859; the Zion Chapter, Shanghai, No. 570, in 1863, Artillery, P S.C, Professor of Military Hi,tory, R.M. Academy,
of which he was Z. in 1865; and Moira Chapter, London, Gold Medallist, R.A. Institution. He obtained his com~ission
No. 9~ in 1875, Z. in 1878. In 1858 he was appointed in June, 18fl3, served throughout the Bhootan Campaign of
Provincial Senior G.W. of Andalusia, and in 1880 Senior 18G4-G5, was present at the capture of Fort Dalimkote, the
Grand Deacon of Enzland. Appointed, 5th December, 1877, affairs at Chnmurchi and Nagao, and the recapture of the BaJa
a member of the Special Committee to enquire into and report Pass. Was appointed as,istant Field Engineer to the Left
to Grand Lodge on the action taken by the Grand Orient of Brigade, Dooar Field Force, three times mentioned in des-
]france in removing from its constitution the paragraphs which patches, Medal and Clasp. Served as District Staff Officer
assert a belief in the existence of T.G.A.O.T.U. Served to the South Western District during 1867-68, passed through
on the Board of General Purposes in 1876, 1878 and 1879, the Staff College in 1873, and has since held the appointment
as an elected member, and from 1880-83 by nomination of of Instructor in Tactics and Professor of Military History
the G.l\1., and as an elected member of the Colonial Board at the Royal Military College. He was initiated in the
from 1876-1879. Besiues numerous contributions to tho Bayard Lodge, No. 1615, London, in 1876, and subseqne~tly
Masonic press, dRting almost from his initiation, he ie the joined the Kiser-i-Hind and Moira Lodges. Is the antnor
author of "The Four old Lodges," 1879," The A tholl Lodges,'' of " Field Artillery, its organization and Tactics," "Military
1879, and" The History of Freemasonry," 188~-1887. Law, its proceedure and practice," "Precis of the Franco-
German War,"" Notes on Field Artillery," "The Strategic
Rev. Adolphus Frederick Alexander Woodford, Defence of Egypt," "The Egyptian Campaign of 1801,"
born in 1821, gazetted Christmas Day, 1838, Ensign and "Notes on Military History," etc., etc.
Lieutenant Coldstream Guards, retired in 1841, matriculated
at Durham University 1842, took B.A. degree and Licence of
Theology in 1847, and M.A. degree some years after. Bro. William James Hughan, born 1841, initiated
Ordained Deacon in 1846, cGrate of Whit burn, near Sunderland, in Lodge St. Aubyn, Devonport, No. 954, in 1863, joined the
1846-47, ordained priest July, 1847, and in the same year Phrenix Lodge, Truro, No. 331, in 1864, and Fortitude Lodge,
presented to the Rectory of Swillington, Leeds, which he Truro, No. 131, in 1866, serving as W.M. of the latter, in 1868,
resigned in 1872. In 1852 he was Chaplain to Sir John and again in 1878. He was exalted in "Glasgow" Chapter,
Lowther, Bart., as High Sheriff of Yorkshire. Initiated No. 50, in 1865, and joined" Kilwinning Chapter," Ayr, No. 80,
in the Lodge of Friendship, Gibraltar, No. 278, in 1842, and in 1868, of which he became Z. in 1873. Is an Ron. Member
subsequently joined the following Lodges - Marquis of of many Home and Foreign Lodges and Societies, such as the
Granby, Durham, No. 124, in 1842, W.l\L in 1844 an~ 1845; Penn'a Association of Masonic Veterans, etc., and was in 1880
Philanthropic Lodge, Leeds, No. 304, in 1854, W.M. m 1858 made Ron. Senior G.W. of Grand Lodge of Quebec, an honor
and 1859; and Lodge of Antiquity, London, No. 2, in 1863, from which he withdrew in 1886. In 1876 he was granted the
D.M. in 1878, under H.R.H. the Duke of Albany. He was Rank of Past S.G. W. of Grar;d Lodge of Egypt, and has been
exalted in Concord Chapter, Durham, No. 124. in 11048; joined Grand Representative of the Grand Chapter of Pennsylvania
the Philanthropic Chapter, Leeds, No. 304, in 1St):{, and its from 1872. Besides holding past rank as Grand Secretary,
first Z.; and St. James' Chapter, London, No.2, in 1874, Z. etc, in his own province of Cornwall, he was, in acknowledg.
thereof in 1882. Appointed Provincial Grand Chaplain of ment of his masonio researches, granted the rank of Pasi;
Durham in 1847, Frovincial Grand Chaplain, West Yorkshire, Senior Grand Deacon of England in 1874, declining at the
1860 and Provincial Grand Senior Warden, 1857, and finally same time the offered past rank in Grand Chapter, which he
Grau'd Chaplain of England in 1863. Was first Chairman of however accepted in I R83, as Past Assistant Grand Sojonrne:.
the West Yorkshire Charity Committee from 1859-1870. He He was the editor of the "Devon and Cornwall Masomc
has been a constant contributor to the Masonic press, few Calendar." 1865-8; originator and editor of "Cornwall
names being better known than •· Masonic Student," one of his Masonic Dir0ctory," 1870-1887, and in addition to innumer-
many noms de plume, and was the editor of the London able communications to the masonic journals of both
"F!"E'emason" and of the " Masonic 1Iagazine," from 1873 to hemispheres, the author of the following works, (all now
1886; and the author of "Kenning's Cyclopredia," "'Defence out of print) "Constitutions of the Freemasons, 1869,
of Freemasonry," "The Sloane Manuscript," and other works " History of Freemasonry in York," (Kingston Masonic
-as well as of the learned introduction to Hughan'a "Old An::tual, 1871), and" Unpublished Records of the Craft," in
Charges of the British Freemasons.'' one volume as "Masonic Sketches," 18il, "Old Charges
of the British Freemasons" 1872, "Memorials of the Masonio
Union of December, 1813';" 1874, "Numerical and Medallic
Bro·. Walter Besant, M.A., Cambridge, Secretary to the Masonic Register," 1878, " Origin of the English Rite of
Palestine Exploration Fund. He was initiated in Lodge of Freemasonry," 1884, and numerous pamphlets. He is a
Harmony, Port Louis, Mauritius, in 1862, and joined the frequent lecturer on Masonic History and Biblical Archreo1ogy.
Marquis of Dalhousie Lodge, No. 1159, London, in 1869, of
which he became W.M. in 1873. Is the author of "The
French Humourists," "Early French Poetry." "~ife '?f Bro. George William Speth, born 1847, initiated
Coligny," "Life of Whittington," "Rabelais," "Readmgs m in 1872 in the Lodge of Unity, London, No. 183, W.~., iol876.
Rabelais," "The History of Jerusalem from Jesus to Saladin," Exalted in Sir Francis Burdett Chapter, No. 1503, Twickenham,
joint author with James Rice, (deceased) of t~e ':Golden in 1883. Is the author of "A History of the Lodge of
Butterfly," and other novels, and sole author of Children of Unity, No. 183,'' 18tH, and of "Royal Freemasons," 188?•
Gibeon," and other novels. besides having heen a frequent contributor to the Masoma
Pres• of London and Philadelphia, and the writer of several
Bro. John Paul Rylands, born 1846, Barrister at Law, articles in the "Masonic Monthly.''
Northern Circuit, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Was
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 3

Laws of the Grand Lodge that he may thereby

COPY o~· THE WARRANT OF CONSTITUTION. be fully invested with the dignities and powers of
his office. ~n~ w.c ~.I.Y"requir.c you the said
Sir Charles Warren to take special care that all
ALBERT EDWARl>, G.M.,
(G.h\ To all and every our Right Worship-
and every the said Brethren are m· have been regu-
larly made Masons, and that you and they and all

~ ful, Worshipful, and Loving Brethren, other Members of the said Lodge do observe.._ perform,
and keep the Laws, Rules, aud Orders contained in
~l.e, the Book of Constitutions, and all others which may
from time to time be made by our Grand Lodge or
Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, transmitted by us or our Successors Grand Master
Knight of the Most N able Order of the Garter, or by our Deputy Grm1d Master for the time being.
&c., &c., &c., ~n~ lU.C ~0' .enjoin you to make such By-laws
for the government of your Lodge as shall to the
Grand Master of the Most Ancient and Honorable majority of the members appear proper and neces-
Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons of England sary, the same not being contrary to or inconsistent
send greeting. with the General Laws and Regulations of the Cr·aft,
a copy whereof you are to transmit to us. ~n~ we
~o rcquh·.c you to cause all such By-laws and
~now l}.C-That \Ye, by the authority Regulations and also an account of the proceedings
and under the sanction of the United in your Lollge to be entered in a Book to be kept for
Grand Lodge of England vested in us for that purpose, and you are in no wise to omit to send
that purpose, and at the humble petition to us or our Successors, Grand ]\[asters, or to our
of our Right Trusty and Well-Beloved Deputy Grand Master for the time being, at least
Brethen Sir Charles Warren, K.C.lii.G., once in every year a list of the members of. your
No. 2076. William Harry Rylands, Robert Fr.eke Lodge and the names and descriptions of all Masons
Gould, The Rev. Adolphus F. A. Woodford, initiated therein, and Brethren who shall ha-ve joined
1Valter Besant, John Paul Rylands, Sisson the same with the fees and monies payable thereon.
Cooper Pratt, and others, do hereby con- .glt being our will and intention that this our
stitute the said Brethren into a Lodge of \VARRAJST OF CoxsTI1TTIOX shall continue in force so
Free and Accepted Masons under the long only as you shall conform to the Laws and
Title or Denomination of Regulations of our Grand Lodge, e\n~ you the said
Sir Charle.~ TVa1Ten are furthur required as soon as
THE "QuATt:OR Cono~an " LODGE. conveniently may be to send us an account in writ-
The said Lodge to meet at Freemasons' Hall, ing of what shall be done by -virtue of these presents.
London, on the first Wednesday of every month, em-
powering them in the said Lodge, when duly congre- Giren under our Hands and the Seal of the Grand
gated, to make pass and raise Free Masons according Lodge at London, the 28th November, A.L., 5884,
to the Ancient Custom of the Craft in all ages and A.J'., 1884.
nations throughout the known world. ~n~ furtlJ.cr
at their said petition and of the great. trust and By command of His Royal Highness the },[,TV.
confirlence reposed in every of the above-named Grand },[aster.
Brethren, ~.e ~0' appoint the said Sir Charles
Warren. K.C."AI.G., to be the first }faster, the said SHADWELL H. CLERKE, G.S.
Willia~ Harr:J Rylands to be the first Senior 1Varden LATHOM, D.G.M.
and the said Robert Freke Gould to be the first Junior
Warden for opening and holding the said Lodge and
until such time as another Master shall be regularly
elected and installed, stricMy charging that every
member who shall be elected to preside over the Owing to the departure of Sir Charles Warren, the W.l\f.
designate, on a diplomatic and military command in llechunna
said Lodge, and who must previously have duly Land, Africa, the Brethren were unable to meet as a Lodge
served as Warden in a Warranted Lodge shall be for the purpose of Consecration until after his return at the
installed in Ancient Form and according to the end of 1885.

12TH JANUARY, 1886.

On Tuesday, the 12th January, 1886, the Lodge met at The Grand Secretary opened thJ Lodge successively to
Freemasons' Hall, at 5 o'clock p.m., for Consecration. 'l'he the third degree, and in addressing the Brethren said that
Consecrating Officers were the V. W. Bro. Col. Shadwell H. many distinguished and zealous students of ~lasonic history
Clerke, G.S., u.s W.M.; Y.W. Bro. Thomas Fenn, Pres. B.G.P., having started the idea of banding themselves togt'ther in a
as S.W.; W. Bro..Ralph Gooding, M.D., P.S.G.D., as J.W.; lodge where they could have better opportunities of discussing
W. Bro. Frank Richardson, P.S.G.D., as D.C.; and W. Bro. the various matters in which they were specially interested
Henry Sadler, G. Tyler. Of the Founders the following were had petitioned the Grand :Master about a year ago, and that
present :-Brothers Sir Charles Warren, G.C.M.G.; Rev. A. his Royal Highness had readily acceded to their request,
}'.A. Woodford, P.G.C. (who acted as Grand Chaplain); W. The members of the new lodge had selected a worthy brother,
H. Rylands; R. F. Gould, P.S.G.D,; and G. W. Speth, who was distinguished as a soldier as well as a l\Iason, to
4 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LooGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

preside over . t_hem-Sir ~harles Warren-through whose the g~lden message of toleration and friendship for
absence ~n m1htary duty m South Africa until recently, the all children of the dust. And thus, while it unde-
consecratiOn had to be delayed to the present time when the
brethren were happily met to give effect to the war~ant of the niably announces its enduring principles of equality
Grand Master. and comprehension for all creeds and classes and
colours, it emphatically seeks to assert loyalty to
. At the conclusion of this address, the Grand Chaplain ~he throne and revere_nce for religion. For ex!l,ctly
dehvered the following oration.
m the same way as 1t ever upholds the just and
necessary claims of lawful authority on all patriotic
ORATION citizens, so it in the same measure sets before us
the paramount necessity of law and order and publi~
at the Consecration of Lodge Quatuor Corona.ti, No. 2076. by ~afety, the maintenance of the rights of property,
the Hev. Adolphus F. A. Woodford, P.G.C.
mdustry, and the pubhc weal, the peaceful upholding
:WE are met, Sir, once again under your and progress and conservation of all the various con-
ditions, distinctions, and grades which constitute
:presidency, to consecrate another Lodge, a sub-
Ject I venture tu think of rejoicing to every the essence, the fabric, and the bond of all civilized
loya! and reflecting Freemason. For if our pro- society. Like the pyramid, however narrow and
~any some of the successive steps may seem, which
fessiOns as members of the Masonic Order in the
abstract, and our outcome in the concrete be real r1se from the base to the apex, yet in what has been
and true, if they be Romething besides the mere termed the artificial gradations of society and the
repetition of certain familiar platitudes, if they be, world, we have both order and design, and a nice and
~laborate system which comprehends and compacts
~s I bel~eve they are, '~idely above and beyond the
soundmg brass and tinkling cymbal " of merely m one marvellous whole, contrasted classes, and
normal utterances, they deserve as before the world apparently discordant elements.
So~e have blamed Freemasonry for its absolute
and amongst ourselves, the extension and develope-
ment which each new Lodge is intended and calcu- neutraht,r,_ othe:s have averred that its dogmata of
lated to offer to them. law:, 1ts lllJUnctJons to order and morality, are re-
act10nary and retrograde, simply because holding the
For ~reemasonry as we have it happily in
even and golden mean as between two extremes
England, IS not only a social aggregation however
while it enforces obedience to the laws of the lana'
good and pleasant in itself, it is not either intended
submissiOn to the ruler, and a correct fulfilment of
to promote and foster alone agreeable coteries and
t~e duties of the citizen, loyal and law-abiding, it
graceful hospitality: it is not even solely an
disavows emphatically all participation in, or ap-
assemblage of bret~ren of "the mystic tie," as we
p_roval of, _those hurtful, secret, and illegal associa-
often say, met to discharge from time to time the
tiOns, whiCh have done so much to hinder the
normal duties of the Lodge, and display the beauties
advance of true liberty and civilizing influences in
and accessories of an ornate and cherished ritual !
the world, as well as the hateful and debasing
Right and good as all these things are in their place
and season, thev do not and cannot constitute the devel?pement of revolution and anarchy, plunder and
venality, tyranny, confusion, and proscription.
raison d' etre o( that remarkable association and
And when to these facts and first principles
fraternit! to which some o_f us have heartily avowed
we add the open admiration and commendation
and do smcerely avow still, the devotion, the sym-
which our English Freemasonry ever demonstrates
pathy, the affection of years.
of humanit~rian efforts and c?aritable labours,
Yes! Masonry has in truth higher aims and
we necessarily set before the friends and foes of
greater ends within its purview for all its alumni
our order alike, certain energetic truths and cease-
a_nd :Vithout these, I make bold to say, Sir, its mis~
less duties, which have, and I believe ever will
swn m the world might seem a doubtful blessing to
have, for our loyal and intelligent English craft,
some minds, and it would forfeit, I venture also to
nay for Anglo-Saxon Freemasonry in its entirety,
think, much of the fascination it exerts over those
the greatest attraction and the gravest meaning.
of its numbers who have kilown it the longest and the
best, and all of its attractions for mankind. Let us Thus much as regards the general interest of
call to mi_nd ~hartly here what are those peculiarities, F~eemasonry proper, and the propriety of our gath-
nay specialties, of thought and action, of tradition ermg here to-day ! I propose in the next place in
and tea?hing, which have lent to it its prestige as respect of our specific cause of assembly to call
before the world, and robed it in those colours which· attentwn, as seems both reasonable and useful to
always appear bright and dominant to the faithful the idea and aim which have led to the formatio~ of
and. ~nderstanding Freemason. :Freemasonry, in the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, and superinduced the
additiOn to the charms of social geniality and the need of this official ceremonial. The Quatuor Coro-
pleasantness of genuine hospitality, as well as the nati Lodge which you, Sir, are here to-day to conse-
long-enduring associations of intimate and affe'}ting crate for the Grand Master has, besides its peculiar
friend~hip, comradeship, and living sympathy, name, a special interest, a special end in view.
proclaims certain truths, which, important in In that revival of the literature and study, the
themselves, commend our world-wide society to archreology and resthetics of Freemasonry, which we
the allegiance, regard, and devotion of its " band have happily witnessed and welcomed in these our
of brothers," wherever its lodges are set up, days, the legends of the past, in connection with our
wherever its banner is unfurled. English Free- wonderful Brotherhood, full of interest as they are
masonry to-day, as ever, asserts in unmistakeable to any thoughtful mind, have demanded, as in
tones, Belief in God and Love of man ; proclaims truth they deserved, the close investigation and con-
 TRANSACTIONS oF TIIE LonGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

sideration of :Masonic students. But when we talk these worthies or some of them soldiers, even mem-
of the legends of the Craft it may perhaps not bers of the Prretorian Guard. They are said, some
inaptly be asked, "What a.re they !'" And when- of them, to have been ol"dercd to make a statue
ever launching our Student.boat on the vast. to .iEsculapius, which as Christians they refused to
sea of masonic history and arehreology we seck to do, and were condemned to be scoul"ged, and ·were
realize what "are its legends, its actualities, and its either beaten with leather thongs with leaden balls
illustrative evidences, the expanse is immense, the attached, Ol" thrown in leaden boxes into the Tiber.
horizon far off. For in truth, we may find ourselves These boxes are said to have floated and the bodies
in our needful researches, among prime val mysteries, to have been taken out on the shore by friends and
we may have to go to far Aryan som·ces, we may buried until the 7th century, when a church was
navigate the mystic symoolism of the Egyptian et·ected in their honour called the Church of the
Book of the Dead, we lose ourselves amid hieratic Cuatro Coronati, still at Rome, and the relics d~posited
papyri, or we may· sound as far as we can the thet"ein, where they are said still to be. But whether
remains of the apon·eta of Greece and Rome. Some the nine. or the fom·, or the five, is a point which is not
of us have made our incursions into Scandinavian clear. There is evidence of the Legend in M.S.S.
sagas, others have explored Teutonic mythology, of the 7th century, and a Church was built to their
and others have lingered amid the communities of honour at Winchester m the 7th or 8th century.
Greece and the collegia op~ficum of Rome. Masonic The names are also in confusion somewhat. In the
Students have to consider in their survey of the Sarum Missal of the llth century five names are to
Masonic Records of the past the accretions of early be found on the commemm·ation day, November 8th,
ages, and the peculiar aspect and colouring of and they are Claudius, Nicostratus, Symphorianus,
medire'ral tendencies. Hermeticism has an attraction Castorius, and Simplicius. The other four names
for some, the usages and organization of the ~raft appear to be from various authorities Severns,
Guilds affect others. In fact no one can successfully Severianus, Carpophorus, and Victorinus, and these
treat the diversified outcome of all these various lines names vary in different and special Service books
of thought and study, of traditional witness, of and :M.S.S.; so that it IS almost impossible to-day
masonic history, without paying att.ention to many to lay down precisely and clearly an absolutely
apparently conflicting and yet probably coherent correct hst of the names under the two heads, as they
testimonies, all converging to one point, all witness- seem to have become confused and intermingled.
ing to oue true source of origin and developement; if To us as English Freemasons the interest of the
often contrasted, still ever parellel, co-existent, and Legend is greatly increased by the fact that in the
synchronous. Masonic Poem, certainly of 1415 and probably of
The legends of the Craft properly, so called, are 1390, the earliest so far discovered Masonic Legend
those which bear on the esoteric teaching and exoteric they are said to be,
organization of Craft Masonry, whether or no affected " . . as gode masones as on erthe shu! go,
by contemporary influences, or dominated either by Gravers and ymage·makers they were also."
monastic, mystic, or hermetic symbolism. We be- And as this poem is admittedly taken from an
lieve, that in some form or other, some way or other, earlier manuscript, a Norman French or even Latin
perhaps as yet hardly clear to the student, perhaps original may yet turn up.
yet to be traced, through various channels and many The Masonic Poem, I mav observe here, forms
lines of progress, thought and symbols, the old Craft the first thus far of that stillleu"gthening list of Guild
Masons were our forbears in many special forms of Legends which Bro. Hughan has so ab!y dealt with
craft gradation and inner mystic teachings, alike in and Bro. Gould so forcibly dilated upon, and has
their usages, regulations, and archaisms ; and their an abiding charm for all who like to stray amid
legends may take the shape of the " Legends of the these curious relics of other ages. Bro. Finde[ with
Guilds," or may be found in rythmic forms, in great ingenuity and in his German patriotism has
archaic remains, in .M.S. collections, in black-letter claimed the Legend of the Quatuor Coronati or " Ars
chronicles. Quatuor CoronatO'rum" as a proof of the German
Among those quaint old legends of another day origin of English Freemasonry. But as the day of
that of the Quatuor Coronati as it is called, com- the four crowned martyrs was fixed in the Sarum
mends itself for prevailing reasons to the masonic :Missal of the llth century and Bro. Findel dates the
student. With all legends, as Time runs on, the organization of the German Steinmctzen in the 13th
story itself becomes confused and hazy, and criticism century, his contention falls to the ground.
has often a hard crux set it to make that plain and If the Legend, as far as England is concerned,
consistent, which through the lapse of years has is derived and not indigenous, it is in all probability
lost in correctness what it has gained in picturesque- taken from some Latin or N onnan French form, or
ness. And thus to day the Legend of the Quatuor may, perhaps, be even Flemish, and has come in
Coronati is adumbrated by no little uncertr>,inty and with those skilled workmen from the towns and
considerable confusion of facts and names. grP<Lt buildings of the Low Countries, who from time
The story in itself seems to be as follows : to time undoubtedly migrated to England, and whose
Quinque Sculptores and Quatuor Lapicidm, Lapi- names, Flemish rather than German, are still to be
darii, Quadratarii, Artifices, as they are indifferently traced in old Fabric Rolls and building documents.
called, in all, nine worthies seem to have suffered in When then it was sought to find an appropriate
Qne of the persecutions of Domitian, some say, name for our new Lodge it seemed that the Quatuor
Diocletian. Bro. Gould clearly points out in his CL,ronati, who were the earliest patron saints of the
History of Freemasonry that one tradition makes German Steinmetzen, and who are mentioned in our
6 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

earliest Masonic records also " as gode masones," in one of his enduring works, "The Cities of Europe
and who we learn died for duty and were faithful for the most part do not interest me, even Rome
nnto the end, would suit admirably our special affects me not. But to stand in the streets of
object. vVhether they were nine, or five, or four, Jerusalem, t0 ascend the Via Dolorosa, to look on
matters little ; they existed and suffered, as is the Garden of Gethsemane, to linger on the Mount
alleged, and that surely wa& sufficient for us all. of Olives, to see Jerusalem,-that would greatly
For they seemed to us, as a connecting link between delight me." How marvellous it seemed to read all
the past and present, well to illustrate our own those interesting details of discovery and verification
archreological aims and aspirations and admirably in that striking record of energy and enterprise
to embody the lasting principles of Freemasonry, combined, and to realize that still to be seen were
the avowal of devotion to duty, which is so beauti- the mysterious marks of the mason fresh as the
fu!lY. exemplified in our ritual, our history, and our painter's hand, whether Jewish or Phamician. had
llilSSlOn. left them, symbols of that world-wide fraternity,
In this, our new Lodge, it is proposed, from whose marks, whether early or late, are still such a
time to time, to have papers read on subjects far-off crux to the masonic and the non-masonic student.
or near, recondite or common-place, to invite discus- When we were told of the " Masonic Hall " we
sion on the successive subjects brought before us by were reminded perforce of that account of an early
''expert workmen," and to issue Transactions. We Greek historian, who relates how a discovery had
trust that by this means we may help forward the been made of a secret chamber with a pillar or
import:mt cause of masonic study and investigation, pillars in it. and from which the workmen disen-
may induce a more scholarly and critical considera- tombed a roll of the Hebrew Scriptures.
tion of our evidences, a greater relish for historical By no one, as I said before, could the literary,
facts, and subserve at the same time the increasing the intellectual character of the Lodge be so effectu-
and healthy movement for the extension of libraries ally fashioned, maintained, and set forth as by our
and museums in all Lodges. If the intellectual and Worshipful Master elect.
cultured stud.y of what Freemasonry is, has been, Duty as we all well know, has been also his
and may yet be, to ourselves and to the world is in ceaseless watchword in high commands and perilous
any way promoted by our efforts, believing, as we enterprizes, and can any one doubt that in electing
do, that such a study, thoughtful and prudent, that distinguished member of a great service as our
zealous yet discriminating, is essential to a proper first Worshipful Master, the ruler, the organizer,
understanding of masonic archreology and masonic the writer, the commander, the Lodge has sought
formulre, we shall indeed rejoice. For thus it may the very best guarantee of success, and emphatically
chance that we shall be enabled to rescue contem- placed "the right man in the right place.'
porary Freemasonry from the charge frequently Under his auspices, devotion and controlling
brought against it, that it sacrifices an intellectual ability, the Quatuor Coronati Lodge is destined to take
study of Freemasonry proper to the more pervad- we hope and trust a very high position amongst the
ing requirements of the social circle, and that it is Lodges of the Craft, and to carry out successfully
too easily contented with a routine of ritual on the the objects of its founders, in its attractability to
one hand, and tbe pleasing exercize of hospitality on its own members, and in its utility to the world at
the other. vVhether these ideas and aims of ours large.
are destined to be successful time alone can show ; Happily never at any time was English Free-
but sure I am of this, that this new ventur·e has masonry in a more sound and prosperous condition,
been essayed in an honest attachment to the Craft, and less needing the voice of apology or the utter-
and in a sincere desire usefully to extend the many ances of defence. Its professions are professions of
claims masonic history and archreology have on our sincerity, its labours are emphatically labours of
time, our intellects and our sympathy, as Free- love.
masons who take a pride in their order, and who In thus adding another name to the long list of
feel and feel strongly that knowledge and light. the honoured English Lodges, we feel sure that a good
opposites of ignorance and darkness, are, ever have day's work has been effected, the more so, as the
been, and we trust ever will be, characteristic features Quatuor Coronaf.i Lodge seems to emphasize and
and the abiding distinction of Freemasonry. vivify all those peculiar conditions and attributes
The selection of the distinguished Brother who which gnre to Freemasonry its charm, its reality and
will shortly be installed by you. Sir, as the first its·utility, both to the order and the world.
Worshipful Master of the Lodge, proceeded on the Masonic Lodges, like an elect.ric chain of light,
same duplex principle of the recognition of the claims seem to be encompassing mankind, bringing intel-
of literature and the discharge of duty under all lect and cult.ure, peace and civilization, friendship
circumstances. We sought to emphasize the right- and fraternity to the distant and the near. Let us
ful consideration of merit, and merit alone in such a trust thltt they may still advance in numbers and
choice, and we venture to think we have been increase in power, and be more and more evident in
thoroughly successful. To no one could the guidance vitality and activity, as they avow and reflect eyery-
and ruling of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge be more where the pure true principles of Freemasonry, as
£tly confided than to Bro. Sir Charles Warren. they unfold gallantly its fair, broad banner of
Some of us will remember with what weird fascina- Loyalty, Religion, Toleration, and Charity to the
tion the story of "Undergronnd J_erusalem " carne four winds of Heaven. May Freemasonry still go
upon us in years gone by. A deceased Brother and on its way and mission in peaceful and happy
writer makes one of his most striking characters say progress, cementing the Union and permeating the
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR COROXATI. 'l

affections of our entire Brotherhood, while at the The following brothers were proposed as joining members:
same time it subserves in no slight degree the happi- -Bro. W. SimjJSnn, :>\o. R60; Bro. W. 111. Bywater, P.M., No.
l ~; Bro ..Major F. G. Irwin, P.M., No. !D3; Bro. '!'. B.
ness ·of nations, the welfare, the healing, and the Whytehead, P.M., No. )till; Bro. K L. Hawkins, P.M., No.
conciliation of our vast and suffering humanity. 331; and llro J. liamsden Riley, PM., No. :!81.
Let us all unite in the old aspiration of the Craft The Lodge was then closed, and the brethern adjourned
that under the blessing of T. G. A. 0. T. U. to the Holborn Restaurant.
In proposing "'l'he Health of the Grand Officers," the
" So mote it be ! " \VoasHIPFUL MAsTER ~aid : Were I to enlarge upon this toaEt
I should only anticipate the fpw observations with which I
have to introduce the toast next in order, as :til the visiting
Grand Officers assisted at the consecration. Inasmu<"h, how-
The ceremony of Consecration was then regularly pro- ever, as it will rlevoh'c upon the Grand Secretary to reply for
ceeded with, and on its completion Bro. Sir C. Warren was the Consecrating Officers, I shall associate with the present
installed as Master of the Lodge; the Hey. A. F. A. Woodford toast Bro. Thos. Fenn, Pr!'sident of the Board of General
was invested as acting I.P.M.; Hros. W. H. Hylands as S.W.; Purposes, who has also filled the offices of Assistant Grand
R. F. Gould as J.W.; and G. W. Speth as Secretary. Bro. Dirpctor of Ceremonies, and of Grand Deacon, and whose
W. Besant was unanimously elected Treasurer. labours, pre-eminently at the rledication of Freemasons' Hall, at
the installation of the Grand Master, at the C<'remony of laying
After the delivery of the addresses, the WoasnrPFUL the foundation stone of Truro Catl:edral, and for a long series
MASTER in proposing a cordial vote of thanks to the Conse- of years in connection with the Emulation Lodge of Improve-
crating Officer, said : Our only duty, and a very pleasant mcnt, are well-known and appreciated by the Cr·aft.
duty, now to perform is to retm;n a vote of t_hank~ to the Bro. FENN, in acknowlerlging- the toast, said: \VorRhipful
Consecrating Officers for the admtrable manner m whlCh they Master-Knowing thR.t a Orand Chaplain must necesmrily be
have conducted the ceremonies this afternoon, and also for present at a consecration, I did not expect to be called upon
their uniform kindness and consideration in giving us assist- to respond to this toast. 1 presume I am selected as one of
ance in constituting this Lodge. I have a great faith in the those Grand OfficPrs whom you have honoured hy a vote of
benefits that the human race derives from Freemasonry, and I thanks for having assisted in the consecration of your
think this Lorlge will supply a want that has been much felt. Lodge, and who on that account may be considered the
The Lodges under our constitutional law are admirable real "Quat nor Coronati, of the evening. There is:, however,
organisations, and our charities are fully developed, but e<'ery a slight difference between us and the great orginals, we
"Mason has a craving to know something definite about the cannot in any way be considered martyrs, and we nre not fit>e.
\)raft, and this has never as yet been properly grappled with. But Bro. Gould in his interesting chapter on the Quatnor
This Lodge will be the platform where literary Masons can Coronati, has soh·ed a vPry difficult problem in arithmetic by
meet together to assist each other in developing the history proving-and I think it must be admitted satisfactorily-that
of the Craft; much has already been done by the brethren in four are five, so that in that respect we may be allowed to
this way individually, but we can conti'llently expect more re3emble them. As I understand that this Lodge has been
when they can work together. I am only a novice in such formed to settle·knotty points in Masonic history, this problem
matters, but I can believe that when the brethren here will probably be one of your subjects for discussion. Thero
present have rolled a"'af the mist that now s~rrounds the is also another suhject of interest to you in this same chaptPr.
subject we shall be astomshed at the result obtamed. I am a Bro. Gould has there arrived at t.hc conclusion that these four
strong believer in the antiquity of Freemasonry, and I can martyrs, or five, or nine martyrs comprcEsed into four, had
conceive that when the merli::eval basis is fully ascertained we nothing whatever to do with Masonry, so that the "raison
shall find that it rests upon a more antique foundation. I do d'etre" of the name you have adopted for yonr Lodge should
not believe much in the originality of the views of men, and be a subject to engage your earliest attention. I notice from
I can scarcely think that the present forms and ceremonies what fell from Bro. W uodford in his address that there is a
were devised in the eighteenth century or even in the Middle difference of opinion between himself and Bro. Gould, so that
Ages. Take for instance the "Seven Ages" of man, we find you are already provided with ample matter for lively argu-
it based on Horace and again in our early work. I am of ment, which. no doubt, will be very interesting to tbe mem-
opinion that the arrangements for the Lodge are derived from bers, and result, let us hope, in a satisfactory solution of some
the worship in the temples which existed in Phrenecia before of those doubts which have lately disturbed the Craft. We
the building of Solomon's temple. I refer especially to the shall know perhaps before long, with some degree of certainty,
temple of 'l'yre-how it came into nse in this country is 1> whether Sir Christopher Wren wae a Grand MastPr, or
mystery. The very arrangement as a Lodge seems to sitOw whether he was no Mason at all. In thanking you on the
this. Any person elaborating a 11:asonic temple in the Middle part of the Grand Officers for the compliment yon have paid
Ages would never dream of putting tho Master in the east, them, they will, I am sur~>, join with me in expreesing a hop<'
just where the chief door of King S·•lomon's temple was, but that in all your discussions you will be guided by a tru.J
would have placed him in the west to observe the rising sun; Masonic spirit, and, to use the words of the great Bard of
but it so happens that in the older temples the great image or Avon-
symbol of the sun was placed in the East. There are many Do as ad\·ersa.ries do in law-
other points which confirm this view. I think at present we Strive mightily; but eat and drink as friends.
shall have plenty of work in RESisting to elaborate the history
The GRAJ.\"D SECRETARY then proposed "The Health of
of modern Masonry, but what I wish at the outset to show is
the W.M.," und, in doing so, dwelt on the former services of
that we have no desire to upset ancient traditions. I am a
Bro. Sir C. Warren, both as a Mason and when in churge of
firm believer in them. What we want is to clear them np, to
the Jerns11.lem Exploration Expedition, in which latter capacity
confirm them, and with the assistance of the Grand Officers
be brought to light so much of peculiar interest to students of
we hope to do so. ·Masonic tradition and ritual. He also alluded to his recent
The vote of tha-,;.ks to the Consecrating Officers ha <"ing distinguished services in Bechnanaland, and heartily con-
been seconded by the acting I. P.M., was carried unanimously, gratulated the lodge in having been able to secure him as
and acknowledged in graceful terms by the GR.&.ND SECRETARY. their first Worshipful .1\faster.
Tbe WoRSHIPFUL ]\fASTER said: I was very pl<:>ased and
The WoRsHIPFUL MAsTER next moved, and Bro. WooDFORD proud to be made the first W.l\L of the Quatuor Coronati
seconded, a cordial vote of thanks to the Committee of the Lodge, which I think has a distinct and useful work before it,
Emulation Lodge of Improvement for kindly lending the which should act to the benefit of the Craft generally. I
furniture and jewels, which were used at the ceremonies of entirely approve of the principle on which it is founded. I
the evening. This motion was carried " nem. con.," and am much pleased also with the Oration, as I think the legen<-s
Bro. FE~N said it wonld give him mncb pleasm·e to com- of the past in their connection with I<'reemasonry claim the
municate the resolution passed by the Lodge of the Quatuor close attenion of Masonic students. I have myself rather
Coronati to the other members of the Committee (Emulation) turned my attention to the far Oriental legends, and have not as
8 TuAxsAcTroxs OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoaoNATI.

yet studied the mediffi\·allegends; but I think the study of Bro. Besant and others, I endeavoured to form a Masonia
both would subserve the interest of lllasonic culture. I am of Society, by means of which papers on lllasonic subjects might
opinion that the arrangement of Lodges for instance is much be read and printed, but this project also had to be given up.
older than is generally believed, and it is very probable that How this Lodge has actually got into being, I cannot myself
the Jewish lllasons had derived the idea of managing a Lodge say, fo,· I made no effort myself, but simply drifted with the
from the Phrnnecian temples, which were west and east, instead stream, finding a strong current in favour of it. I trust that
of the temple, being as it was, cast and west. J~ut all these tbe Lodge now founded, will quite realize what we hope for,
matters and many like them can be studied by the adepts of and that a substantial edifice will be raised, perfect in all its
this new Lodge. As to the history of the Quatuor Coronati it parts, but we must not be disheartened even if we fail to carry
is in that fragmentary state which allows of several readings, out what we hope for. Like the ripples on the flowing tide,
it thus becomes more interesting to us. '[here are several there is a continual influx and reflux, but the motion is onward,
knots to unravel, though the main points are securely fixed. and if we should fail others can try again with better hope,
In the reign of the Emperor Diocletian our martyrs met with seeing bow far we have gone; I must however say that in my
their death. Four of them were Roman soldiers or officers, opinion we have gained the day and are likely to progress
who having embraced Christianity had suffered death rather prosperously. I feel proud to meet in the Lodge such distin-
than sacrifice at t.he shrine of .LEsculapius, whibt five were guished members of the Craft, and I think the name chosen is
sculptors, who~also as christians~refused to make an image a very happy one. In the original Niue who composed the four
of the Sun God. By some curious irony of fate these two crowned Martyrs, these were four old soldiers, and in this
sets of martyrs became mixed up, the sculptors receiving the Lodge of Nine, they are reproduced," with five distinguished
honours of the four sohliers, and even for many centuries were l\Iasonst to represent the Five Sculptors.
indP.terminable. Bro. Gould, however, with his admirable In the course of a very interesting response, Bro. Col.
perseverance, has worked the subject up, and shown clearly SHADWELL H. CLEilKil remarked that so much having been
the names and the condition of the nine martyrs, who now are said during the evening about the founders ot the Lodge
called the four. It seems a happy idea in these days of uni- representing nine martyrs, the Consecrating Officers must, in
formity to call attention by the name of this Lodge to the a certain sense, be regarded as their executioners.
fact that there were days when laymen would venture to die To the toast of "The Officers," which concluded the pro-
for their opinion. At the present time the idea is constantly ceedings, Bro. GouLD replied, and said that rather more than
inculcated that individuals should not hold opinions, and we a year ago a petition for a Charter was sent in; but whilst
have Popes put over us for fashion, for politics, for arts, and lying in the Grand Secretary's office, the '\-V.llf. designate was
even for science, to whom we are to look for our movements ordered to South Africa. Sir C. Warren had suggesteD. that
and views. :K ow I believe that the vitality of a nation de- some other brc.ther should take his place as Master. This
pends on the sturdy determination of the individuals to hold course, however, the Lodge declined to adopt. The members
to their opinion when involving principles of rig-ht and wrong, were content to wait patiently until the Ledge should be
and I believe that the present fashion of allowing matters of consecrated. Nor where they without compensation for the
right and wrong to slide~whilst it may allow the individual delay. In the first place they were presided over by the
for a time to be. more prosperous, must damage the nation at worthy and distinguished brother they had chosen as Master,
large. I therefore rejoice to see the indication in the name of and secondly the very delay itself was sufficiently conclusive
this Lodge, that we may he permitted to have views for our- of the fact, that the Lodge owed its existence, not to any
selves. Of course \Ye m nst risk the con 'eq uences, but so long sudden impulse or transient enthusiasm, but to the deeply
as they arc in harmony with the l\lasonicrules~against which rooted belief of a small body of brethren interested in litera-
their can be no cavilling-, we cannot fail to do right in having ture and archroology, that their favourite studies would derive
the courage of our opinions. a fresh impetus from the formation of a Lodge like that of
Tm~ \\' ORSI!Il'\JL 1\L;.STE!t then said, In proposing the toast Quatuor Coronati. Bro. Gould said he had only a few words
of the Consecrating Office1·s. I must call special attention to the to add. "Last year, in proportion as the affairs of South Africa
kindness and courtesy they have all shewn in assisting to appeared to prosper, so did those of the new lodge seem to
arran~e for this occasion, as owinq- to unforeseen circumstances decline. It almost looked as if Sir Charles Warren would he
we have been obliged to put off the day from time to time, detained at the Cape, if not for the term of his natural life, at
and more particularly do I allude to the great interest taken least for a good slice of it. But 'it is an ill wind that blows
in our rroceedings by Bro. Colonel Clerke, with whose name no one any good,' and however unfortunate it may have been
I con ple the toast. The object of our Lodge is a so mew hat for South Africa to lose the services of su capable and resolute
singular one~singular th"t it should be required-but it a soldier and administrator, what has been their loss, has been
points to the ever increasing interest taken in l\Iasonry by the our gain; and I can assure the brethren present that the
brethren, and the great vitality that the Craft at present officers of the Lodge enter upon the active dischaqre of their
enjoys. The institution of a Lodge for prosecuting the science duties, with every feeling of confidence and reliance, under
of l\Iasonry, has no doubt occured to thousands of l\Iasons, the sway of the able and distinguished brother who so worthily
and, no doubt many attempts have been made to carry out fills the chair."
such a design. 'I'Ve therefo,·e feel the more proud that to us
has been reserved the institution of this Lodge, in 1886. I
have no doubt that all here present have mad" their efforts in * viz.-Sir Charles Warren, Royal Engineers.
Rev. A. F. A. Woodford, late Coldstream Guards.
past years, and I will just allude to those I have made myself. R F. Gould, late 31st Regiment.
In 1862, it was proposed to establish a Lo'dg-e in the Royal S. C Pratt, Major Royal Arti!Lry.
Engineers, with very much the same design, but yielding to t W. H. Rylands.
the advice of the Grand Secretary of that day the scheme was W. Besant.
abandoned. In 1869, whilst engaged in excavating among J. P. Rylands.
the ruins of the temple of King Solomon, I had the W. J. Hughan.
G. W. Speth.
pleasure of assisting at the holding- of a Lodge, almost
directly nuder the old temple. In 1873, with our Treasurer,

7TH APRIL, 1886.

The Lodge met at Freemason's Hall, at 5 p.m. There Bro. William Simpson, born 1823, Fellow of the Royal
were present Bros. Hev. A. F. A. 'Voodfonl, in tho chair; Institute of Painters in Water Colours, Ron. Associate of the
W. H. Rylands, S.W,; R. F. Gould, J. W.; and G. W. Speth, Royal Institute of British Architects, Fellow Royal Geo-
secretary; Bro. W. M. Bywater was admitted in the course of graphical Society, Member of the Royal Asiatio Society.
the evening. Initiated in lSil in the Marquis of Dalhousie Lodge, No.
The following brethren were admitted as joining members:~ 1159, London. He is the author of "The Campaign in the
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LonG~> QuATUOR CoRONATI. 9

Crimea, 2 vols., illustrated; " India, Ancient and :Modern," tioned the following to the "Freemason." "The Red Apron
illustrated; "Meeting the Sun, a Journey Round the World"; Lodges," "Freemasonry in 1\la:-::sachusetts," and "rrranslation
" Arkite Ceremonies in the Himalayas"; " An Artist's of the Pope's Encyclical De Secta lllassonum;" also separately
Jottings in Abyssinia"; and numerous papers on archooological printed the " History of Freemasonry in Oxfordshire," and
subjects communicated to the learned societies. an edition of "Aristotle's Ethies."

Bro. Witham Matthew Bywater, born 1825, M.R.I., Bro. John Ramsden Riley, born 1842, initiated in 1866
F.R.:M.S., F.P.S. In 1846 he was initiated in the Royal in Airedale Lodge, No. 387, Leeds, of which he became·
Athelstan Lodge, London, No. 19, W.M in 1853; joined the Worshipful Master in 1871. Exalted in :Moravia Chapter,
Berkhamstead Lodge, No. 504, in 1876 ; and the Orpheus Lo~ge, No. 387, in 11:172, and oceupied its first Chair in 1878 and
London, No. 1706, in 1881 ; was exalted in the Hermes again in 11:179. In I R81 he was A-ppointed Provincial
Chapter, Gravesend, No. 77, in 1853, and joined Chapter Grand Director of Ceremonif's of West Yorkshire. He is the
Mount Sinai, London, No. 19, in 1858, Z in 18ti8, and Chapter author of the "History of tho Airedale Lodge, No. 387," and
Cyrus, London, No. 21, in 1882. Is the author of the of " The Yorkshire Lodges," be, ides valuable contributions to
" History of the Royal Athelstan Lodge, No. 19," 1869, and of the masonic press.
"Notes on Laurence Dermott, G.S., and his work," 1884.

Bro. Francis George Irwin, born 1829. Initiated Toe following By-Laws" were agreed to.
in 1857 in the Rock Lodge, Gibraltar, Irish Constitution,
No. 325; joined Inhabitants Lodge, No. 178, Gibraltar, By-Laws of the Lodge Quatuor Coronati, No. 2076.
in 1857, W.M. in 1859; Friendship Lodge, No. 345,
Gibraltar in 1858; St. Aubyn, No. 954, Devonport in First By-Law.-The regular Meetings of the Lodge shall
1165; and St. Kew, No. 1222, Weston-super-Mare, in be held at Freemasons' Hall, tir~at Queen Street, London, on
1868, serving as W.M. of this latter also in 1868 and 186!1. the Eighth clay of ~ovemhe1·, which shall be the Anniversary
Exalted in Friendship Chapter, No. 345, in l8ii8; j<>ined St. Festival, and on the first Thursday (after the Quarterly Com-
Aubyn Chapter, 9:>4, in 1865, and 1nkerman Chapter, Weston- munication of Grand Lodge) in the months of December,
super-Mare, in 1869, passing the principle chair of each March, June, and September.
in 18fi0, 1865, and 1869, respecth·ely. Appointed Pro.
junior G.W. of Andalusia, in 1859, and of Somersetshire in Serond By-Law.-At the regular Meeting of the Lodge
1869, and is hon. Member of the Lodge Etoiles Reunis, Liege, held in September, the :\laster A.nd Treasurer shall be elected
since 1869. His name will also be found on the roll of several by ballot, and a Tyler by a show of hands.
Irish and Scottish Chapters, having joined them temporarily
when brought into their neighbourhood by his militar.v duties. Third By-Law.-At the regular :Meeting of the Lodge in
Bro. Irwin is the author of " Sapper's Handbook for the use of November-held on the Day of the Quatuor Coronati or Four
Volunteers,'' "Lecture to Yolunteers on :Military Engineer- Cruwned Martyrs, the l\Iaster Elect shall be duly installed, and
ing,'' and editor of the " Sapper." He also translated from shall afterwards appoint and in vest the Officers.
the French of Bedaride "L'Ordre Mayonniqne de Misraim," Fourth By-Law.-The following Fees and Dues shall be
(the opening chapters of which appeared in the "Freemasmt") payable:-
besides writing other smaller masonic works. Inititation ... 20 guineas.
Passing (initiated elsewhere) 5
Bro. Thomas Bowman Whytehead, born 1840, initi- Raising 5
ated in 1872 in Prince of Wales Lodge, Auckland, New Joining (including first year's
Zealand, No. 1338; joined York Lodge, No. 23li in 1874, and Subscription) 5
was a founder of Eboracum Lodge, No.l6ll, York, in l8i6, of Annual Subscription "
I guinea.
which he became W.l\L in 1817. Exalted in ZPtland Chapter,
No. 236, York, in 1874, and Z. thereof in 1875; founder and Fifth By-Law.-The Annual Subscription shall be paid to
first Z. of Chapter Eboracum, York, No. 1611, in 1880. the Trea>urer at the regular Meeting in December.
Honorary member of No. 1338 aforesaid, of Ancient Carthage
Lodge, Tunis, No. 1717, of William Kingston Lodge, Tunis, Sixth By-Law.-A Permanent Committee, consisting of
No. 1830>, of Falcon Lodge, Thirsk, :s"o. 1416, of Londes. the Founders, the Worshipful Master, Wardens, and Past·
borough Lodge, Bridling-ton, N~ 734, of United Northern Masters of this Lodge, shall have the superintendence of the
Counties Lodge, London, No. 2128, of St. John's Lodge, funds and property of the Lodge, and the consicleration of all
Plymouth, No. 70, of Canongate Kilwinning Lodge, No. 2, special matter.s connected with its welfare. The .Members of
Edinburgh, and of several American Lodges. In his this Committee shall be convened annually to audit the
province of North and East Yorkshire he was appointed Treasurer's Accounts, and at other times as ,;iten as occasion
Provincial Grand Director of Ceremonies in 1878, Provincial shall require.
Senior Grand Warden in 1883, Provincial Grand Registrar Serenth By-Law.-In all cases where a Ballot is takr'n for
of the Arch in 1875, and Provincial Grand Haggai in approval of a Candidate for Initiation, or for the elecL;un of a.
1885. llesides nnmerons minor contributions to the masonic Joining Member, one negative vote shall exclude.
press, he is the author of "Records of Extinct Lodges (several
parts),'' "Freemasonry in York in the 17th century," "Some Eighth Ry-Law.-The Lodge shall at no time consist of
ancient York Masons and their Early Haunts," "LandmarkR more than forty members.
of Freemasonry," ":lfasonic Duties," "Notes on the Early
Rosicrucians," etc. Amongst his non-masonic writings may
be mentioned "Poetical Remains and Life of the Rev. T. A Sub-Committee consisting of the Wardens and Secre-
Whytehead, M.A.," "Glimpses of the Western Pacific," etc. tary was appointed to provide collars, jewels, and othPr neces-
He was also Editor of the "Yorkshire Gazette" until l88li, saries for the Lodge, and Bro. W. H. Rylands' sketch for a
when lie was appointed Registrar to the Dean and Chapter of founder's jewel and lodge badge was approved and P"ssed·
York. The following Brethren were proposed as joining mem-
bers,-Bro. John Henry Chapman, of Westminster and Key-
Bro. Edward Lovell Hawkins, M.A., Oxon., is a Past stone Lodge, No. 10, and Bro. Professor Thomas Hayter
Master of No. 357, Apollo University Lodge, Oxford, and of Lewis, of the Jerusalem Lodge, ~o. 197.
No. 478, Churchill Lodge, Oxford; a Past Provin0ial Grand
• These By.Laws were subsequently approved by the Most \Vorshipful
Warden of Oxon, and at present Provincial Grand Secretary, the Grand MMter ~n the :!.4th May, a.ud confirmed in open Lodge on the
Oxon. Amongst his contributions to literature may be men- 3rd ..1une, 1886.

B
10 TRANSACTiONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

3RD JUNE, 1886.

The Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall at 5 o'clock p.m. upon the formation of the Grand Lodge of Scotland,
The following members were present-Bros., Rev. A. F. A. by the pre-arranged drama in which William St.
Woodford in the chair, W. H. Rylands, S.W., R. F. Gonld, J.W.,
Walter Besant, Treasurer, G. W. Speth, Secretary, Major
Clair, the first Grand Master, secured his election
Pratt, J.D., William Simpson, I.G., W. J. Hughan, Major by magnanimously resigning an obsolete office in
Irwin, and W. M. Bywater. Also the following Visitors- Operative Masonry-gave the whole affair a sort of
Bros., John Lane, P.M., Jordan Lodge, No. 1402; James legal aspect which was wanting at the institution
Glaisher, P.S.G.D., Brittannic Lodge, No. 3::1; Josiah Houle, of the Grand Lodge of England*. But the most
P.M., Moira Lodge, No. \!2; S. R. Baskett, P.Pr.G.R., Dorset,
P.M., Beaminster Manor Lodge, No. 1367; and C. Kupfe1
ingenious speculation of all has been made by a
schmidt, P.M. and Secretary, Pilgrim Lodge, No. 238. learned German, the Rev. G. A. Schiffmann, who
considers that the Scots Masters at fit·st formed no
degree, and claimed no superiority, being a sort of
The following Brother was admitted as a joining member. volunteer inspectors who banded together to reform
many abuses which had cn•pt into the Craft; that
Bro. Prof. Thomas Hayter Lewis, born 1818, Past
Vice President of the Royal Institute of Architects, Fellow of their name maitres ecossois is a corruption of their
the Society of Antiquaries, Emeritus Professor of Architec- special token, the acacia, whence they were called
ture, University College, London. In 1877 he was initiated in maitres acassois, and that they ultimately developed
Jerusalem Lodge, No. 197, London, and exalted in St. James' into a separate degree.t
Chapter, No.2, in 1880. He is the author of'' Lectures on Archi- The belief, however, that Scotland was the
tecture," delivered at University College, "Ancient and
Modern Architecture," in the new edition of the Encyclopcedia original home of higher and more sublime degrees
Britannica (~he mediffival part being from the pen of the late than the simple THREE of the Craft, took firm root.
G. E. Steel, R.A.), " Annual Review of Architecture" 1884- In Continental Europe, besides the legion of Scots
5-6, in the Companion to the Almanac, "Preface and Archmo· degrees, we find the Strict Observance and the
logical Notes" to Aubrey Stuart's Translation of Procopius (so-called) Royal Order of Scotland, each placing
(De CEdificiis,-the Geographical Notes being by Sir C. W.
Wilson), and of many "Papers" on various subjects in the its origin in North Britain. A still later example
Transactions of the Royal Institute of Architects, t.hn of the common practice of affecting a connection
Biblical Archrnological, British Archffiological and other with Scotland, is afforded by a well-known and
Societies. highly flourishing rite-the "Ancient and Ac~ept~d
Scottish Rite, 33°." But even stranger sbll, m
Bro. John W. Freeman, P.M., No. 147, was elected Tyler Scotland itself, where at least those who profess to
to the Lodge; Bro. ,V. Besant was invested as 'l'reasurer; write Masonic history should steer clear of d~lusions,
Bro. J. P. Rylands a~ S.D., (by proxy); Bro. Major Pratt as for which there is not one atom of foundatiOn; we
J.D., and Bro. W. Simpson ad I.G.
find it gravely stated in 1859, by the then G~nd
Secretary of that kingdom, "That the AnCJe"':t
Mother Kilwinning Lodge certainly possessed m
Bro. R. F. GouLD read the following paper
former times other degrees of Masonry than those
of St. John."t
" ON SOME OLD SCOTTISH CUSTOMS." Yet, as a simple matter of fact, the only degr~e
(of a speculaiive or symbolical character) k;nown. m
FROM the operation of caases, which can only the early Masonry of Scotland, was that m whiCh
form the subject of conjecture, the greater number the Le"end of the Craft was read, and the benefit of
of the additional ceremonies, adopted in many the MA";,mr WORD conferred. The second degree-as
quarters as Masonic, and labelled the " High now practised-did not exist in Scotland, or_ at lea~t
Degrees," have been described as of Scottish there is no evidence to justify a contrary behef, unbl
origin*. Inde'3d, not content with this, as Saint several years after the formation of the Grand Lodge
Andrew was the Patron Saint of Scotland, and of of England, (1717), and the third is mentioned for
the Lodgest there, the new degrees manufactured the first time (in the North) in the minutes of Lodge
in France were called not alone Scotch, but St. Canongate Kilwinuing, on March 31st, 1735. No
Andrew's degrees.t These Scots degrees, as I further degrees were recognized by the Grand Lodge
have elsewhere ventured to term them in contra- of Scotland as Masonic until 1860, when that of the
distinction to the ceremonies actually practised by Mark was pronounced "to be a second part of t~e
Scottish Masons, appear to have sprung up about Fellow-Craft Degree," though singularly enough, 1t
the year 17 40, in all parts of France.§ From the can be conferred on Master Masons on~y.§
circumstance that Scots Masonry was unknown In 1872 the Past Master's ceremonial of in-
before the delivery by the Chevalier Ramsay of his stallation also received a qualified recognition, that
famous Oration in 1737, and appeared shortly after- is to say, the Grand Lodge di~ so, not for the purpose
wards, the two have been represented as cause and of introducing a new degree m Freemasonry, but ~o
effect. Many other reasons might, with equal authorize the ritual of installed Master, as used m
plausability, be assigned for the French Masons England, and to remove the disqualifica~ion which
fathering their new rites on Scotland. For example, prevented Scottish Past Masters from bemg present
the long and intimate connection between the two
countries, or possibly the halo of romance cast *Ibid, c·'lap. xxiii., p. 51.
t Ibid, chap. xxiv .• p. 9'2. . . h
* Findel p. 254; Gould, chap. xxiv., passim. t Laurie, p. 93. In the list of Grades, Rites, and Sects gtven 1n ~ e
t Gould, chap. xxiii., p. 52. Acta LatomJrum of Thory, there are no less than seventy-one entnes,
l Findel, loc. cit. under the word " Ecossais."
§Gould, chap. xxiv., p. 92. §Gould, chap. xxiii., p. 75.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOB CoBoNATI. 11

at the installation of Masters in English Lodges. Craft. .A further regulation requires an a.nnua.l
The Royal Arch is as yet unrecognized as a degree. trial of the art of memory and science thereof, of
Having shewn that the leading characteristic of every Fellow Craft and Apprentice, according to
early Scottish Masonry, was its extreme simplicity, t.heir vocations, under a penalty, if any of the
there is another popular error, to which I must members shall have lost one point thereof.
briefly call attention before proceeding with the The terms or expressions, Master Masons,
main subject of this paper. Fellow Craft, Entered Apprentice, and Cowan, are
It has been somewhat too confidently assumed also mentioned in the Schaw Statutes, and appear
that the early Lodge ceremonies in North and South from documentary evidence to have been in common
Britian were identical, and jumping at this conclu- use in Scotland from the year 1598 down to our
sion, writers of the Craft, have in too many cases, times.•
accepted Dr. Anderson's two B0oks of Constitutions The Grand Lodge of Scotland was established
-17:23 and 1738-as presenting a picture of the in 1736, but for a great many years it stood on a
Freemasonry existing-that is, so fa.r as its main very anomalous footing with regard to the private
features are concerned-in both divisions of the Lodges in that kingdom. Besides "Mother Kilwin-
United Kingdom. ning " and her offshoots there were s~veral Lodges
Now, without going into details, which would who never joined the Grand Lodge at all, whilst
take me into a dissertation on English, rather than others did so and retired, though of the latter, soma
upon Scottish Masonic Customs, and far exceed the renewed their allegiance. Thus the Haughfoot
limits very properly prescribed for the papers to be Lodge (170:l)t never resigned its independence,
read in this Lodge, I may be allowed to postulate, Glasgow, St. John (1628) only came in in 1850, and
that so far baek as it is possible to institute any the Lodge of Melrose still declines to recognize any
comparison between the two systems of Masonry- superior authority to its own. The " Company of
English and Scottish-viz. in the seventeenth cen- Atcheson Haven" (1601-2) retired in 1737, and
tury, they were very dissimilar. It is true the only returned to the fold in 1814. T_he "Ancient
evidence with regard to England is meagre, but still Lodge, Dundee" (1628), appears not to have
it ought to have some weight, and more especially definitely joined the new organization, until 1745,
since nothing ean be thrown into the opposite scale. w bilst other Lodges came in the following order:-
We find then, at the period named, that whilst the St. Machar (1749), 1753; St. John's, Kelso, (1701),
English Lodges (of which we possess any trace)• 1754; St. Ninian's, Brechin (1714), 1i'56; and the
were composed almost, if not exclusively, of specula- Lodge of Dunblane (1696), in 1760. The Lodge of
tive (or non-working) Masons, the Lodges in Scotland Scoon and Perth-the date of whose origin, and the
existed for trade purposes, of which the necessity period of whose secession, I am equally unable to
must have passed away, or at least has been un- define-retired from the Grand Lodge, and was not
recorded in the South.t re-admitted until 180!:!.
At this point, when I shall proceed to treat the It has therefore seemed to me that a few notes
subject of Scottish Masonry as something separate on the customs of the old Scottish Lodges may be
and distinct from the Freemasonry of England, the of interest, as being in many cases survivals of usages
following quotation as bearing upon the much dis- pre-dating the era of Grand Lodges, and in others,
puted point whether the Masonry of these Islands, illustrative of the procedure under a system .of
received at any time a Gallic or a German tinge-will Masonry, which only gradually ceased to be mainly
not be out of place. " The conquest of the South " operative in its leading features.
[in 1066] says Mr. J. Hill Burton, "of course The accumulated labours of Masonic critics have
changed its position towards the North, England succeeded in clearing up many difficulties ; but in
became Normandized, while Scotland not only re- some i!lBtances they have failed, and have left the
tained her old Teutonic character, bnt became a inquirer bewildered and perplexed. Of this we have
place of refuge for the Saxon fugitives."t an example in the varied interpretation which has
The most complete picture we possess of the been placed on the most ancient documents of the
early Masonry of Scotland is afforded by the Schaw Craft, and a familiar instance is afforded by the
Statutes of 1598 and 1599.§ From these two irreconcilable conclusions at which Bros. Woodford,
codes we learn very little with regard to the entry Speth, and myself have aevera.lly a.rri,ved after a.
of Apprentices-simply that in each case it was careful collation of Harleian M.S., No. 1942, with
booked-but on other points they are more diffuse. other specimens of the" Old Charges."
Thus a Master or Fellow Craft was· to be received
In all cases of thiS kind, we should do well to
or admitted, in the presence of Six Masters and two
recollect, however, what has been carefully laid
entered apprentices, his .aame and mark was also to
rlown, by a great authority on usn ages of a bye gone
be booked, together with the names of those by
era. "An obsolete custom," it has been well said,
whom he was admitted, and of his intenders (or in-
"or some forgotten circumstance, opportunely ad-
structors). No one was to be admitted, according
verted to, will sometimes restore its true persnicuity
to the earlier code, without an essay and sufficient
and credit to~ very intricate passage."t
trial of his skill and worthiness in his vocation and
The quaint customs enjoined by the Scha.w
Craft, or, according to the later one, without a.
sufficient essay and proof of memory and art of • Ibid. p.p. !1-14.
t Gould, chap. xvl., p. 819.
The figure& within paret~theods denote the years to which the e1istence
* Ibid, chap. xvi., p. 258. of the several Lodgeo; can be cvried h&<Jk by the eTidence of authentic
t Ibid, cha.p. xvi., p. 2.51;; xxiii., p. 47. d~en~ ~
! Burton "The Scot Abroad.'' L, p. 5. t Burder, Oriental Cnsto1Il.8 i (18G2) ~itle page.
§ Lyon, p.p. 9-H.
12 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CO!tONATI.

Statutes were continued, w1th more or less exactitude, and to be performed against the twenty-seventh day
by the Lodges until late into the eighteenth century, of said month." On the St. John's Day ensuing
and of their survival into more recent times, some "the Essay Masters foresaid presented to the Lodge
examples will be presently given. the said Peter Forsyth his Essay, and the same was
St1·ess must be laid on the fact that the associa- approved of, and he was received as a Fellow Craft,
tions of brethren were l'tfason Lodges, not Societies having paid all dues conform to the Acts of the
of Freemasons. In the Lodge of Edinburgh we only Lodge".*
meet with the term " Freemason "-in the sense it is The Essay or Master-piece, is first referred to
now employed-in 1725, whilst the adoption ten in the records of the Lodge of Edinburgh in the
years later by the Lodge of Kilwinning of the dis- year 1683.
tinguishin~ title of Freemasons, and its reception of So late as 1842 Mr. Andrew Kerr, draughtsman
symbolical :\fasonry,were of simultaneous occurrence. and architect, who had been bred a wright, was re-
The same ma.y be said of Canongate Kilwinning.* quired by the Journeyman Lodge, No.8, to produce
The minutes of the last named Lodge contain the an Essay-piece, before he could be accepted as an
earliest Scottish record extant, of the admiPsion of operative, and elected to the office of Master. He
a Master Mason under the Modern Masonic Consti- aeco1·dingly equipped himself with a :Mason's apron,
tution. This occurred on March 31st, 1735. The and took his place in a Mason's shed, where he pre-
third degree is referred to for the first time iu the pared a window-sill of Binning-stone, which was
following minutes of Lodges-Mother Kilwinning passed by the inspectors and declared satisfactory
and the Lodge of Aberdeen, 1736 ; Lodge of Edin- by the Lodge.t
burgh, 1738; Lodge of Kelso, 1754; and Lodge of The Domatic and Geomatic elements were kept
Glasgow, 1767. The Lodges of Atcheson's Haven, quite distinct in the Lodge of Aberdeen, and whilst
Dunbhtne, Haughfoot, and Peebles, were unacquainted the Master was generally taken from the former
with it in l7ti0, and the degree was not generally class, the Senior Wa-rden, from a very .early period,
worked in Scottish Lodges until the seventh decade and until the year 1840, was invariably selected from
of the last centnry.t the latter.
Examinations of the " last entered apprentices Deacons are found among the office-bearers in
and others," to ascertain what progress they had 1740, but without the prefix of " Senior " or
made under their respective Intenders, continued to "Junior," which are not met with until 1743.
take place in the Lodge of Kelso on St. John's Day, Accord ina to the Rules and Orders (1752) there
were munthly meetings, the Lodge hours being fro~
0
until 1741, and probably later.! The appointment
of instructors has for a century and a half obtained in six to nine in winter, and from seven to ten 1n
the Lodge of Peebles. The minutes of the Lodge of summer. Non-attendance involved a fine of a penny.
Dunblane, in 17'2.1, define the duty of Intender to be Each member was ''obliged to spend three pence
"the perfecting of apprentices so that they might and no more," and "not to join any company after
be fitt for their future tryalls." In connection with the Lodge broke up." During the sittings, the
this last phrase, the highest authority on the subject Jl.1a.ster ·was "covered," and the members not.
of Scottish :Masonry has observed, "a parallel to the Drunkenness in Lodge was punished by a forfeit of
Essay-pieces of Opcra.tivP Craftsmen is presentPd in two-pence.
the Pxaminations ftll' t1d Y:mcement in Lodges of Frcc- FnrthPr rco-ulations were C'nact.ed in 1754,
ma,sons-tcsts "~hich, in the inflated bnguage of the whereby A ppre~tices were forbit1den t.o undertake
Jl.fasonic diplomas of the last century, were cha-rac- work of the va,lnc of ten, and Fellow Crafts of the
terized as the '· woncle1·full tryalls " which the va,] ue of thirty, merks Scots, fm· periods of three and
neophyte had had the fm-titude to sustain before one vear respectivclv which were to intervene before
attaining to the '· sublime degree of Master the ·former class ~~uld be '· past " or the latter
Jl.fason ''.§ "admitted Masters." These laws were repealed in
1n 17:18, a, meeting of the I .. odge of Aberdeen 1778. Extm Essays were at the same time appointed
·was held by summons of the J.\V.-James Ca-tanach, for the Fellow Crafts, consisting of models in clay,
advocat8-who it may be observed, was not "ad- etc. It may be stated that '"hilst no operative was
mitted" a Master Mason until December 24th, 1139. permitted to receive any degree without the pro-
This office-bea-rer was "entered a,nd past" May 9th, duction of an Essay-piece, the Geomatic brethren
1736, elected J.W. 1737, and Master of the Lodge were not subject to this requirement. Thus in 17t:!O,
December 27th, 1739. In the last-named year, an Apprentice having applied to be passed and raised,
essa-ys were first named in these records, though the beca-use although admitted as an operative, he had
usage must have been one of much older standing. declined the trade, was " admitted on the usual bond,
The entry runs- December 24th, 1739,-'' The sa.id that if ever he resumed the trade he would under-
da.y. upon a petition given in be Peter Forsyth, en- take to peform the customary Essays."
tered Apprentice, craving to be admitted to said The first mention of the three degrees having
Lodge as a, Fellow Craft. upon whieh a,n Essay was been given at the same meeting, occurs under the
presented v[iz.], an Arch six foot wide and an [one] yea-r 1772. but the ordinary prac:tice (in the case of
foot below the semi-circle, and to mark moulds for Geomatic brethren) was to confer the first degree
the same, and appointed Alexander Hector and John alone and the other two together. In the Lodge of
Murdoch, Essay Masters, and James Beltie, Overman,
* The notes on the Aberdeen Lodg-es are basf'd on the Aberdeen )fasonic
* Lvon, p. 8(1. Reporter, 1878-81 ; Reg-ulations of the Aberdeen Mason Lodge, 1853, and
t G~ould, chap. xvi., p. 31::!. extracts from the record-. of No. 34-, made by Mr. John Jamesou, P.M.,
! Vernon, Histqr_v of the Lodge of I\elso, p. 28. and plac•'d at my disp(•sal hy Hughan.
§ Lyon, p.p. 18,'~1. t lluntt>r, History of the Lodge of Journeymen Masons, No. 8, p. 76.
 TRA~:sACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRC•NATI. 13

St. Machar-also at Aberdeen-up to the year I 775, same Lodge, we meet with the degrees of J!ark
260 members took the first degTee, and only 137 the Mason, and Mark Master; in 17t)2, of Knight
other ones. In this Lodge ( 1760) the Master named Templar; and in 1794, of Knight of Malt.a. These
two deputies and the Wardens one each to officiate novelties were dissl'minated, not. only among the
in their absence. A Depute Master was added to inembers, but abo amnn_g- other Lodges. Thus, we
the list of officers in 1758, and before this-in the find the Fraserburgh Lodge in 17~9, reqnesting the
Lodge of Aberdeen, No. 34-the Senior 'N arden high degrees of Royal Arch, Super-Excellent., Knight
acted as such, and signed accordingly " D.M." Templar, and Knight of Malta; and it was '· agr,·ed
Among the books of No. 34 is one entitled "List of to give them their request', on paying into the fnnd
members belonging to the Royal Arch Lodge, Aber- three pounds sterling."
deen." It contains the names of 89 members. The The gratuitous initiation or affiliation of clerg-y-
first date in the book is 176~, and the last 1788.* men was a prevailing cnstom, and we find instanees
The Laws of St. John's Operative Lodge. Sea- of it at Kilwinning. 17tit5; Aberdeen, 1778; and at
toun, Banff, present a good picture of the condition Edinburgh, l8iJ7. The following is the entry under
of Scottish Masonry, in one part of the kingdom in the year l7G6~" Dec. 20. Mr. Alexander Gillies,
1765. Preacher of the Gospel, formel'ly entered in another
The Lodge met monthly. The expenses were Lodge, having this day preached before the brethren,
paid by those present, and attendance was optional, in the Church of Kilwinning, to their g1·cat edifica-
unless the members were specially summoned. The tion, and with universal applause,-the brctlu·cn. in
Annual Festival was held December 27, when all consideration of the learning, sobriety, and soz(nd
outstanding dues were required to be settled. The divinity of the said Mr. Gillies. Do unanimously ad-
Quarterly Payments were: "Operative" :Masons, mit him as an Honorary Member of the Lodge of
threepence; and " Geomatical" :Masons, fourpence, Kilwinning." *
sterling. The former master named his successor, In the records of the Lodge of Edinburgh, the
and the choice was either approved, or a new Master words ''made" and "accepted" are frequently used
balloted for. \Vithin the same limitation, the latter to indicate the admission of Fellow Crafts. The
cho~;>e his wardens. The admission was by petition, former expression-made-which is now synonymous
and the fees charged were higher in the case of with entered or initiated, was used but rarely to
'' Geomatical" Masons, who, moreover, could not be denote the entry of apprentices. The same word is
entered, passed, or raised without '' Readie-money," to be met with in Scott.ish Acts of Parliaments, as
though the apprentice of an Operative Master, on expressive of admission to membership in any of the
giving good security, was allowed credit until the burghnJ Guilds. At the close of the seventeenth
St. John's day next after his entry.t The century" passed" was substituted for" made." and
Lodge of Kelso also took bills from candidates for for either of these expressions the scribes of the
their fees, as will appear from the specimens pro- Lodge used the word ··accepted" as an e(juivalent,
duced.t This system of payment by intrants, but though also used by them sometimes to denote
though subsequently discountenanced by the Grand the affiliation of a brother belonging to a not her
Lodge, had been practised by the Lodges of Kil win- Lodge, in no instance is it ever associated with the
ning, Atcheson's Haven, Haddington. n.nd Dun blanc, adoption of non-operatives into ~Iasonic fellowship.t
so far b::tek as the first half of the seventeenth At Aberdeen, again, as late as 1779, the term
-century.§ initiated was oft.en used as synonymous with ad-
No member of the Banff Lodge--who was not mitted, and the former exprcs,ion was enn applied
an Operative-could be either Master or Office- to joining Master Masons.t
bearer (1765); whilst in the Journeymen Lodge. on In sotne Lodges there was a recognized" initia-
September II, 17 53, it -..ms enacted that not more tor," styled the "Pass JI.Iaster "-wLo was elcctL•d
than eleven non-operatives in all, should be admitted with the other officers. At Ayr Kilwinning, he
.as members, and that none of them should be ranked after the Junior Steward, and in Lodge
-elected t.o any office. This was. subsequently, so far Beith St. John, after the Inner Guard. In the
modified, that one theoretic brother was admitted to latter he received-and possibly still receives-for
every ten operatives. II every int.rant, one shilling from the Lodge as a
The Lodge of Glasgow was exclusively opera- recompense for his services.§
tive and remained so unt.il about 1842. In this
Lodge, in 1788, the office-bearers were a Grand There was an ancient ceremony called "Fencing
Master, four Masters, two Wardens. two box Masters, the Lodge," which may be briefly allnded to. It
and a Secretary or Clerk. The two brethren next consisted of prayer to Gou, and the purging by oath
in rank to the "Grand :!'~faster," were also respect- of the brethren from undue partiality in considemtion
ively designated High Steward and Cornet., of matters coming before them, as Courts of Opera-
The seventh of the Banff regulations for 1765 tive Masonry, and the custom was regularly observed
provides, that "any member who wants to attain to in the LodgA of Edinburgh, in Mother Kilwinning,ll
the parts of the Royal Arch and Surer-Excellent, * Lyon, History of Mother Kilwinning (Freemason's Magazine, N.S.,
shall pay two shillings and sixpence to the Public vol. ix., 1863, p. 434).
t Lyon, p. 76.
Fund for each part." In 1778, in the records of the t See p. 12, col. ii., note 1.
§ Lyon, "Ears of \Vheat from a Cornucopia." (Freemason's lHagazine,
" See p. 12, col. ii., note 1. July to Decem her, 1R66, p. 303).
t Freemason, March 20th, 1869; Masonic MS\gazine, vol. ii., p.p. 34, 36 J1 Sept. 18th, 1735-" Tile Court being duely Fenc'rl and Lnd~c opened,

l K~lso, M.S. Records. Hugh Roger, Esq., late Pro,·ost in Glasgow, allll AlPxnndcr Conlter, Joyner
§ Lyon, p. 129, there. were admitted FreC'mas,ns a11d Members of this Lodg-C', in the
II Hunter, p. 73. Quality and Rank of Apprentices in due form (Lyon, History of Mother
~ Lyon, p. 413. Kilwir1ning, Freemason'~:J .Ma~azine, N.S., vol. ix., p. i33).
 14 TRANSACTIONs oF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRONATr.

and in the Lodge of Peebles, from its foundation in with power, apparently, to initiate members-
17lti down to the end of the century.* making reports half-yearly to the Lodge.*
In the minutes of the Lodge of Dunblane, Nov. The practice of private members making Masons
28th, 1721, there is a singular entry:-" Compeared at sight, without advising with, or acquainting the
James Eason, who was formerly entered as a Master or other office-bearers, was complained of in
prentise in our Lodge, and being examined was the Lodge of Edinburgh, in 1767, as having led to
duely past from the Square to the Compass, and the admission of " some persons oi low character,
from an entered prentise to a Fellow of Craft."t bad morals, and under age."t
This may indicate a very early assimilation of the Of the use to which fees obtained in this manner
English practice with regard to degrees, though the were frequently applied, a good example is given in
entry cited should be read with a curious p:tssage in the records of St. John's, Old Kilwinning, at Inver-
a copy of the" Old Charges "-the Melrose MS.- ness. On March 25, 1757, John Tulloch was pnt
of the year 1674, though its reading probably dates to the award for having "received, entered, and
from 1581, wherein there is also a highly significant admitted" four app-prentices, without the advice
allusion to the emblems of our art. This enjoins, and consent of the Master and Wardens. H~ was
that "no friemason," employing "Loses" (Cowans) severely censured for this irregular proceeding, and
ought to let them know " ye privilege of ye compass, ordered to pay to the Treasmer the dues of their
square, Ievell, and ye plum-rule."t entry; but John's reply was-" that for the two
Some other customs deserve a passing mention. former, he can give no other account of the fees due
In the Lodge of St. Abb, Eyemouth, No. 70, during to the Lodge than that he drunk it.''! Although it
the years 1757-63, a frequent entry records, that seems incredible, it is nevertheless a fact, that in
prior to closing, "the Lodge was entertained by 1804 a member of the Lodge Royal Arch, Maybole,
vocal and instrumental musick, and the anthem having gone to reside in the county of Meath,
sung."§ In the Lodge of Atcheson Haven-and Ireland, was licensed " to enter such as he might
it should be recollected that it was the tenacious consider worthy," and acknowledgment of his
adherence of this Lodge to old customs, which led intrants only ceased with his withholding from the
to its withdrawal from the newly formed Grand Lodge the fees he had received.§
LodgeJJ -in 1758, the way of sitting was thus The issuing by private lodges of commissions-
prescribed:-" That the deacon and Warden for the or, as they were afterwards termed, " dispensations"
time being shall sitt in the most conspicuous place -was also an evil of great magnitude, and led to
of the room and table where the said meeting is frequent complaints with regard to the practice of
held, and that the late deacon and the four managers brethren traversing the country and picking up what
shall have their seats next or nearest to the said members they could for their own lodges, to the
deacon or Warden, and that none of the rest of the detriment of those "locally situated." A remon-
brethren shall offer to take place of them, but to strance against the invasion of Montrose by the
ta.ke their places as they come, always leaving room Master of St. Luke's Lodge, Edinburgh, was made
for the above-mentioned brethren, so that no inter- in Grand Lodge by two Lodges of the former city in
ruption may happen in discussing the business 1779, but the complaint was dismissed. In 1794,
belonging to the Lodge.", however, the Grand Lodge restrained the Lodges
Irregular "Makings" continued to disfigure the of Dunblane and Lesmahagow from making Masons
practice of Scottish Masonry until the second decade in Glasgow, and condemned the practice as incon-
of the present century. Under the Lodge of Kil- sistent with the conditions on which Lodges held
winning, the usage prevailed until it became a their charters.JJ In the same year, however, the
constant habit for the individual operator to regard Grand Lodge pronounced a different decision, in the
the entry-money as the perquisite of his office. case of the Journeymen Lodge-which body, being
By one of her daughter Lodges, leave was given often called as Operative Masons to carry on their
in 17G5 to ordinary members resident at a distance employment in diffP-rent parts of the country,
of more than three miles from where the box was claimed and exercised the right, with some other
kept, to enter persons to the Lodge.* * old Operative Lodges, to grant dispensations to open
In 1783---,February 28-Samuel Gordon was a Lodge at any place where a number of their
deputed by the Lodge of Aberdeen, to go to brethren were stationed, particularly if the Master
Inverurie and "enter as many people as incline to himself was present. Their right to do so was:
be received Masons," and appears to have found admitted by the Grand Lodge of Scotland.,
nine customers, who paid 5s. 8d. a piece, and received The Lodge of Kilwinning, before it rejoined, or
all three degrees.t t rather amalgamated with the Grand Lodge of Scot-
In St. Andrew's Lodge, No. 228-also at Aber-· land, in 1808, of course paid no attention to the
deen-instituted in 1809, brethren could be appointed edicts of the latter. The erection of branch Lodges
to act as Depute Masters, in their respective districts, hy "dispensation" became so popular in Ayrsh~re,
that in 1807 the villacres of :Monkton and Prestwwk
* Lyon, p. 131.
t Ibid, p. 416. could boast, 'the forme~ of two and the latter of one,
: Masonic Magazine, vel. vii., (Jan. 18SO) p, 294. such branch Lodges, each having its staff of officials.
*Lodge Minu•,es.
II Lyon, p. 179.
'IT Ibid. • Ibid.
• Lyen The notes on the Lodge of Kilwinning, except where derived
>!< t Lyon, p. 106.
from LYm~~s History of the Lod!Je of Edinburgh, are taken from the same l Ross, Histoty of Freemasonry in Inverness, p. 55.
writer's history of "Moth~r Kilwinning," which appeared in the Free .. § Lyon, p. 10~.
mason's )!agazine N S. vols. vii.-xiii. (1862-05.) II Ibid, p. 105.
t t See p. 12, col. ii., note 1. ~I Hunter, History of the Lodge of Journeymen Masons, No.8, p. 73..
 TRANSACTIONS or TBII LODGB QuATUOR COBON.lTI. 15

apart from those of the Mother Lodge. A branch rite; and that without it, there can be no queetion of &peoalativ=
Lodge of this kind remained in active operation for Masonry.
eight years in the Ayrshire Militia, with results so Bao. SPJiT!I aaid :-There can be qry little doubt, froa
beneficial to the Mother Lodge-Renfrew St. Paul- the paper j11~t read, that the ScottiahLodgee of the 17th ancl
18th centuries differed little, if at all, from ordinary trade
as to justify the holders of the "dispensation" guilds-the onll. obvious distinction being the poeaes1ion of th-.
being at that Lodges' expense "treated to two bowls " Mason Word. ' Now of Scottish and still more of Englilb
of toddy" on the occasion of their surrendering it. • guild life we know little beyond the externals, but of Colt•
tinenta.l trade fraternities WI' are not 10 ignorant. More
especially of the German Crafts does there exist a copiona
literature, reaoued for ua from oblivion by enquiring minda
Bao. SIKPRON said that from atatemente in Bro. Gooli\'s before the means of so doing were lost; and nothing i1 more
paper, as well as from the manner in which it was dealt with striking than tbe aimilaritiea between the German Craft
in Bro. David Morray Lyon's work, which he had only dipped fraternities and what we know of the Scottish Lodge1-the
into, he felt uncertain as to the number of degrees which had chief distinction is the possession by the latter of a "word."
belonged to Scotch Masonry in its earlier period: perhap1 Bro. This ia absent in Germany bot replaced by a. precise form of
Gould would state what was the exact condition in this matter. greeting, which differed in each ·handicraft. Another lay in
Bao. GoULD thought that Bro. Hugban would be willing the fact that the youth wu only admitted to the fraternity in
to answer the query, and if so, few could do it with more Germany after having served his full a.pprentioeahip, whereu
weight as he had studied the q oestion deeply for years. in Scotland the apprentice was evidently a. member of thw
Bao. Hil'GH..I.N, in response to the request, remarked on Lodge. A few of the similaritie1 may be mentioned. The
the extreme simplicity of the esoteric masonic ceremony in Scotti•h Intenders find their counterpart in the nermaa.
Scotland prior to the Grand Lodge era of 1717. The initia- Sponsors. Each candidate was provided with two, who
tion appears mainly to have consist.,d of the reading of a copy instructed him regularly for a fortnight pre·l'ion1 to tbe
of the "Old Charges" to the Candidates, and the communi- ceremony, and curiously enough even communicated to him
cation of the "Masonic Word" (whatever thAt may have all the Recrets beforeha~d, after which be had to pas1 hia
been), a. grip, and possibly a sign. No records prior to 1736 examination. The examination was Ievere. On each aide of
in Scotland refer to Masonic degree•, though of course there the candidate stood a sponsor holding his hat crown down and
are many distinct references to the position, raLLk or gra.del! a piece of chalk : one sponsor acting for the fraternity, the
of Apprentices, Craftsmen, and Masters; but as a.t the recep- other for the candidate. Each slip of memory of the
tion. or constitution of the latter apprentices had to be preaeut, candidate was chalked op 011 the crowns of the hatft, the IOOI'd
it is clear that there was no special ceremony for " Masters " finally compared and adjusted, and the consequent fl.nee
only. He did not wish to enter on the larger subject of imposed which were drunk by the asaembla.ge. Again in all
degreea generally, but confined his remark• to Scotland. He fratemitiea we find an anxiety, a.a in Scotland, to initiate the
alao drew attention to the fact that in 1670, by far the local clergy, and the early Lodges of German Freemuonry
greater proportion of the members of the old Lodge at Aber- bear in their bye-laws copious evidence that thia cu1tom of
deen were apeculat'ivea, &.s., not connected with Operative gratuitous initiation of pastors and divinea was also oblerved
:Masonry in any way, and the same statement may be recorded by them. The cn&tom of remaining covered in Lodge baa Oil
of other old Scottish Lod~res. The " Ma.son Word " was the the other hand undergone a. revolution. The Soottilh Muter
subject of litigation early last century, the "Journeymen" remained covered as a. token of authority ; the German Free-
Lodlr8 giving it to neophytes contrary to former usage, at masons per contl'a all remain covered in Lodge u & sign that
which their Mother " Lodge of Edinburgh" (Mary Chapel) all are on one level. In short the symbol of anperiority baa
took umbrage, a.nd had two of her members put in prison! been converted into a token of equality. Bot theae early
Eventually there was an agreement made and ratified in & German Lodges often in their bye-laws a.asert the exi1tenoe
Court of Law, 17U-6, that these operative members should of c11stoma in English Lodges whioh our own reoord1, 10 fM
oontinoe to "give the Mason Word" provided their accounts as my experience goes, fail to substantiate. For inatanc» iD
as a Lodge were examined by the Mother Lodge annually. the Bye-lawa of the Three Globes Grand Lodge, Berlin, I Ibid
Aa a. student of Scottish Masonry for over twenty years he the two following clan161 : -
expressed his warm appreciation of Bro. Goald'a paper, which " In conformity with the ouatom of the Lodge~ Ill
he had listened to in oommon with other brethren, with great England, our Lodae shall submit every St. John'l day
interest, and their united thanks were doe to the gifted author three oa.ndidate", in order that one of Ghe three may be
for hil n.luable Essay. received gratuitously; thia shall be done by ballot, and
Bao. SIKPSON said :-Worshipful :Muter and Brethren, the one receiving most votes shall be preferred to hie two
It 1eem1 to me tbat if there was no 'Third Degree in the oompaniona."
practice of the Scotoh Lodges, it ia do11btfnl if the term Free- " In conformity with the oustom1 established iD
muonry could be applied to the system. The Scotoh Masonic England, the officers of the Lodge shall hold a meetin11
bodiee aeem to have differtid in almost floreapeotafrom the other every three months, whioh siWl alwaY' be the lufl
'l'rade Guild1. The Schaw Statutes give good evidence on Saturday of said three months, in order to examine all
this head; they deal with the work and objeota of the Opera- differences and other matters which might ariM 001108nl•
tive :Muons, contra.cta. for work, and their being properly ing said Lodge, as also the reoeiptl and expena61."
carried out, the relation• of Vuters and their Apprentice~, with Now the aecond il perhaps possible u aignifyfng what we
flne1 and penalties, &c. When I 'W&I a boy I remembe~ in should now term a quarterly meeting of the permanent com.•
Bootla.nd a yearly ceremony connected with the Trade Guilda 1 mittee of the Lodge, but the •tatement regarding the 8'-
It wu at the election of the Deacon, or head functionary of John'a oaniida.te and hia gra.toiton& initiation il very remark·
eo.ch body-the Deacon· wu the old term uled for the head able, and 1hould any brother light upon confirmation thereot
of a :Muonic Lodge in the old da.y.-from which we have a at any time I should be plea1ed to be informed of it. BrethND,
point of identit;rJ when ~ eleotiona took place there wu I feel I have rather wandered away from the immediave
• proce11ion of each trade, when the cheet containing the 111bject of Scottish :Muonry and have detained you long
documents and boob of the G11ild, wu carried from the enough, otherwile I lhonld han liked to I&Y a few word•
boUle of the late, to the hQu.e of the new Deacon. We boya oonoeruing the jmc\"ff of the Lodge and it1 analogue iD
ued to run to see these prooe11iona, u weca.lled them, of the old German tribal law courts, u alao reapeoting the filial or
"Deaoona' Kistl." The Maaonio body aa deaoribed in Brother branch Lodge11 but these matters would probably ooonpy
Goold'~ paper, and in Brother Murray Lyon'• work, lleeD1IJ to aQme time and had therefore better be passed over at pretlen'-
have-differed in bot little from these Guildl, I am not quite
anre u to what may be the niUal idea. among Muons rega.rdiDg Bao. WooDI'OBD in·IIUJDming up the diBOUUion laid, that!
the euentlal feature of the Maaonic B,-.tein, but for m7Mlf, I they were all greatly indebted r.o Bro. Gould for hie nry able
have alway• held that -the Third Dejrree ia the all-important and important lecture, and to Broa. Hughan, Bimp~on, and
Speth for the very interesting and valuable discns•ion they
• Bet p. U, ooL L,note 7. had erigiua.ted there anent. If any proof were needed of
16 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

the importance and reality of such a system of mutual im- !edged ceremony in use in Scottish Masonry until the middle:
provement, it would be found in the fact that Bro. Gould's generally of the 18th century. Still, in his humble opinion,
lecture had brought out so markedly the thought and know- some caution must be exercised in dealing dogmati~lly and
ledge of others. He (Bro. Woodford) was quite certain that authoritatively with the subject. In the first place there was
the idea of the " Quatuor Coronati Lodge " was a sound one, undoubted evidence of an admission of apprentices by some
and he had no doubt but that subsequent meetings and form. outside the Lodge, whatever that actual form was; if
gatherings would attest the exceeding benefits both of such that was so as regards apprentices, why should not the Bame
lectures and such discussions. The topics touched upon were custom apply ritually, as to masters ? In the next place.
so excessively interesting that he must be permitted, !itS an old undoubtedly in England, Masters' Lodges were separate
masonic student, to subjoin a few remarks. He could not bodies apparently from the Apprentice Lodges, and no minutes
agree with the "learned and laborious " Schiffmann that seemed to have been kept of these proceedings. And why
"acassois" was the real explanation of " Ecossois." It was no not so also in Scotland ? It was rather singular that
doubt a highly ingenious suggestion, and demanded consider- Anderson, familiar perhaps with Scottish technicalities,
ation, but like many other highly ingenious suggestions, it seemed to connect "Fellows and Masters.'' Then on the
failed in proof. He was not aware of any contemporary or other hand, there was that fact, which be (Bro. Woodford)
safe evidence, which could establish the use of "acassois" had not yet been able to j,;et over, that previously to his ad-
for "Ecossois." It seemed to him a late use at any rate, and mission into "Mary Chapel, Desaguliers pMsed an examina-
there was plenty of evidence available that by the end of the tion, and was approved by bia Scottish brethren. Either there
first four decades of the 18th century " Ecossais" was a then was a snhstantial agreement, or this minute is not abso-
reco2'Ilized term in use in French Freemasonry. He was himself lutely correct. If the Third Degree was then unknown in
inclined to believe, in harmony too with some of Bro. Gould's Scotland such a minute was clearly in excess of the facts of
recent remarks, that there was an early French leaning to the case! An explanation has been offered, quantum valeat,
Scotland, on account of the mystery and romance which seem that the minute refers to the First Degree, but that begs
to associate themselves with the name. Whether there was the whole question, and is unfair to the "Clerk" of "Mary
any Jacobite developement, he did not think need now be Chapel," whose words certainly seem to cover wider ground.
entered upon, but Scotland certainly had attractions for There is no known contemporary evidence of any change in
French Freemasons at a very early period of their Speculative ritual ordered or recommended in consequence of Desagnliers
Masonic Life. The question of the Scottish Guilds and visit. Bro. Gould quotes the Kelso Minute, in 1754, a.s
Lodges he thought required a little further study and develope· proving the case. But does it not prove too much? It is
ment. He was himself inclined to agree with Bro. Simpson, probable that the ritual varied in many of the Lodges.
tha.t there were two sides (so to say) to the Scottish Minutes, Originally Trade Guilds, their ceremonies were no doubt of
and much which was inexplicable actually might be explained the simplest kind, and as in all institutions, successive
by the technical usag-es of the Guilds. There were one accretions and developements e::~larged the original ideas
or two clauses in the "Schaw Statutes," which referred not and formuloo. He (Bro. Woodford) thought that those like
to Lodge customs or ritual, but to Guild proceedings purely, Bro. Hughan, who had most truly earned a right to be
and Guild habits and forms alone. He thought the Trade listened to on the subject, who held there was no evidence
Guild was one thing, the Lodge ritual, etc., another. Bro. of a trigradal system on " all fours " with the English
Speth seemed also to show that an identical Guild Life per- System, say of 1725, until late in Scotland, might fairly
vaded Germany, and no doubt other countries. Of English ask for that actual proof to meet their objections. Bro.
Guild Life we as yet know little. With regard to the vexed Woodford concluded by congratulating the brethren on
question of Masonic Degrees, he was free to admit that Bros. the ability displayed by the Lecturer and Speakers, and ex-
D. M. Lyon, Hughan, Gould, and Speth, had put for_ward a pressed his convicti'on that they had spent a pleasant and
crux, of which it was difficult to offer a clear solutiOn and profitable evening. He only regretted that their distin·
explanation; there was undoubtedly no early evidence gnished Brother, Sir C. Warren, had not been present to
" minuted " of the three degrees as with us, with separate preside over their assembly.
forms ceremonies, and secrets. The evidence of the Third
Degre~, qua the Third Degree, was undoubtedly late in Scot-
land. There was no higher authority than that of these On the motion of Bros. Irwin, Simpson, and Hnghan, the
eminent brethren on the snb~ect, and Bro. Hughan had paid best thanks of the Lodge were voted to Bro. Gould for his
special attention to the question. Indeed it was very hard to interesting and able paper; and Bro. Baskett begged to tender
say, as they put it, that there was more than one acknow- the thanks of the visitors.

2ND SEPTEMBER, 1886.

The Lodge met at Freemasons Hall at 5 p.m. Members Report of the Permanent Committee.
present: Bros. Rev. A. F. Woodford in the_ chair, Major
BRIITHREN,
Irwin as S.W., R. F. Gould, J.W., W. S1mpson, I.G.,
G. W. Speth, SeQ., and Professor Hayter-Lewis. Also the Your Committee having taken into earnest consideration
followhog visitors: Bro. Steph. Richardson, W.M., Unity 183; the welfare and future conduct of the Lodge, beg to submit
C. Kupferschmidt, P.M. and Sec., Pilgrim Lodge 238; F. the following suggestions for your approval.
Glaeser, J.W., ditto; J. M. Hamm, S.D., ditto; G. Vogeler, If passed and adopted by yon and entered upon the
ditto; William W. Lee, Citadel L_odge, 1897; B. Harrison, minutes as recommendations which the pre11ent members of the
Lodge of Friendship, Gibraltar, 278, E. C.; S. R. Baskett, Lodge trust their successors will follow, they will supply a.
P.P.G.R., Dorset, Beaminster Manor Lodge, 1367; J. N. much needed standard and guide for our futlire proceedings.
Bate, P.M., Royal Jubilee Lodge, 72; and Charles Wood,
Sandown Lodge, 1869. QUALIFICATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP,
The Worshipful Master in the Chair, announced that the I. No brother or gentleman shall be admitted a member-
gavels in ivory and ebony, which graced the pedestals, had of the Lodge unless he has contributed in some shape 01; other·
been presented by Bro. Bywater. The thanks of the Lodge to literature (art· or science) in general or to that of the craft
were voted to Bro. Bywater. in particular.
Thll Permanent Committee brought up the subjoined Such contributions shall be known as the Candidate's
report which was approved and adopted. Essay or Masterpiece.
 TRANSACTIONS OF' THE LODGB QUATUOR CORONATI. 17

2. Snob Essay or Masterpiece shall be carefully oon· Bro. G. W. SPETH read the following paper
lridered by the Permanent Committee, by whom shall be
determined,
a. whether the applicant for admission has made 'l'B:E S'l'E'IliMETZ 'l'B.EOBY,
good his proof,
b. whether in the interests of the Lodge and having CB.ITICALLY EX.Allotilll'ED.
due regard to the olaimR of all candidates on the list, it i~
expedient that the name of any snob duly qualified
aspirant be proposed in the customary manner at the
AMONGST the many theories which have been
next regular meeting of the Lodge. devised to account for. the origin of our present
S. Every qualified candidate before being proposed and
system of Freemasonry there is one whose keel was
seconded in open Lodge must intimate his willingness to read laid in 1779, which was built up by very slow
a paper in his turn, or when requested so to do by the Perma- degrees and wa.s finally launched, complete at all
nent. Committee. points, in 184~. Having thus occupied 70 years in
-construction, it dominated the sea of masonic litera-
PROPOSALS FOR ME.MBERGHIP.
ture for nearly another 40, and has quite recently
4. Any brother or gentleman wishing to join the Lodge met its first determined opponent in our Bro. Gould.
may oanae his name to be brought before the PArmanent Now although Bro. Gould has shown in the 3rd
Committee by any member of the Lodge. chapter of his history who the Steinmetzen really
5. Such member (or Intender) shall in no case bring the were, and thereby disproved the theory that bears
applicant's name forward in open Lodge, but submit it in the their name, I am inclined to think that a still mere
first instance to the Permanent Committee through the
Secretary in writing. telling blow may be delivered by following the
theory from its birth onwards.
6. The intender shall in all oases submit to the Perma-
nent Committee the following particulars.-Full names, title,
The Steinmetzen, or Stonemasons of Germany,
age, pro£ession and addres~ of proposed intrant or candidate, can be traced back to a very early date. They were
together with the name and numlJer of his former Lodge (if at first merely one of many trade guilds distinguished,
any). He shall also supply the Permanent Committee with a as far as we can ascertain, from the barbers', or
copy of the masterpiece by virtue of which the applicant seeks weavers', or butchers', or other trade guilds in no
admission. If said ma8terpiece be out of print and unobtain-
able its. title and general contents should be noted and may respect. Like them and like guilds in all countries,
Jmffice 1f the Permanent Committee so decide. their business meetings were probably opened and
7. Thl'> assent of the Permanent Commi~tee must he closed by a ceremonious dialogue, were presided over
unanimous. The Secretary sha.ll therefore submit by letter by a master, and admittance was only procurable at
the chief particulars respecting a candidate to members of the the conclusion of a youth's apprenticeship. As a.
Permanent Committee residbg at a distance and their vote fraternity they exercised mutual relief and charity;
may be recorded in the same way, viz., by letter to the as a trade guild they took power to exclude "cowans"
S_ecretary. To avoid delay, seven clear days shall be con-
Sidered ample time for the member's reply to reach the or strangers, to administer a species of rough justice
Secretary, after which his silence shall be taken as ac. amongst themselves, and were composed of appren-
quiescence in the proposal. In all cases, however, members tices (five years of service), craftsmen, or fellows
of the Perma.nent Committee, unable to attend a committee (two years of service, which in the great majority
meeting in person may delegate, by a written authority, of cases, for lack of means; must have endured
another member to represent the:{Il and record their vote then
and there. throughout life) and masters, or those who had risen
8. The candidate's name having been approved by a
to such a position as enabled them to employ others.
unanimous vote of the Permanent Committee may then be In all this they resembled as aforesaid every other
brought before the Lodge at the next regular meeting in the trade guild wheresoever established, and if we can
manner advised in the next recommendation. here trace (as we undoubtedly can) a close analogy
9. All proposals for membership made in open Lodge with Freemasonry, this arises from the frtct that we
shall emanate from the Chair, be seconded by one of the ourselves are the survival of a craft guild. Further-
Wardens, or, in their absence, from the Senior Warden's more the Steinmetzen, like all other German guilds,
Chair, and shall be understood to have the support of the had a mode of secret recognition consisting, not of
Permanent Committee.
a grip, or a word, or a sign, but of a certain ceremonious
10. All communications to, and decisions by the Perma- formula of salutation. I am not aware of anything
nent Committee relative to a proposed candidate shall be
deemed private, and shall not he conveyed to the members of similar having been traced to our English guilds,
the Lodge save by order of the Worshipful Master. but that it existed amongst our operative brethren
In the event of a candidate's name not being favourably the earliest exposures (so called) testify, and its
enterlained, his Intender shall receive an intimation from the a~brevi~ted form still survives in "hearty good
Secretary, so that all needful privacy may be observed. Wishes.
Yonr Committee recommend that the above suggestions But in order to plausibly show our descent from
be adopted by the Lodge and entered upon the minutes of the the Steinmetzen it would be necessary beyond all
p1:00eedings. this to endow these latter with an esoteric doctrine,
Lond<YTI, August, 1886. advanced philosophy and secret ceremonies of
initiation. This the Theory under consideration
This being the annual period for the election of Worship· does; it avers that the tnedireval masons of England
fol Master, Treasurer, and Tyler, Bros. Sir Charles Warren. were deficient in cohesion, doctrine, philosophy, and
Walter Besant, and John W. Freeman, were respectively ceremonial, both of opening and closing and of
unanimously re-elected.
The Lodge passed a vote of condolence with Bro. W. H.
initiation-it declares that all this was to be found
Rylands on the recent death of his wife, amongst the Steinmetzen-it claims that consequent
The resignation of Bro. E. L. Hawkins was accepted with on a large emigration of German craftsmen to
regret. England in the 13th century our English operatives

0
18 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

acquired these attributes, and that therefore Free- Albrecht,* Fessler,t and F. L. Schroder, made any
masonry is of German origin. attempt to endow the German stonemasons with
I shall not attempt to deny the German immi- speculative attributes.
gration, although I place no faith in it; I shall omit The first additional brick was added to Grandi-
from consideration the remarkable fact that in the dier's foundation stone by J. A. Schneider in lb0:3,
15th century all the German guilds of masons were in which year he published his book of constitutions
united in one huge general guild with a head lodge for the Lodge Archimedes at Altenburg, tbe appendix
at Strasburg, and what might be called provincial of which contains many valuable documents afford-
lodges at Vienna, Cologne, Zurich, etc., because an ing collateral proof of the operative origin of the
event which took place in ] 459, and found no Craft. Schneider's special brick consists of the well-
analogue in England till 1717, can have had no known Steinmetz catechism. which is looked upon
influence on the immigrants of the 13th century. I by all upholders of the theory under consideration
shall admit the similarity of trade organisation as as conclusive evidence that the stonemasons of
of no value to our enquiry, and shall content myself Germany practised speculative masonry, and no
with combating the so-called proof adduced in author of this school has failed to give it undue
support of the esoteric doctrines and ritual attributed prominence. He states that he took it from the
to the Steinmetzen, believing that if I can show the mouth of a German workman and it is interesting
baseles-sness of these assertions, my hearers will as showing that the German guilds were in the habit
perceive that no problematical German immigrants of catechising travellers in order to substantiate
could possibly have taught our forefathers that of their legitimacy; but its claims to speculation rest
which they themselves were ignorant. For this on a few technical phrases which are simply
purpose I propose to glance at the works of those mysterious, because a technical dictionary was not
authors who have contributed to the structure of consulted to elucidate them. To give one instance
this theory. only-bricks are laid in various fashions, denominated
the b0nd, such as the Flemish, the English bond, etc.,
The first to call masonic attention to the Stein- the object being to bind one course of bricks to the
metzen wa,: the Abbe Grandidier, a good-humoured other. But to the question "which is the strongest
French opponent of the craft-in 1779. In the part of a wall?" we have the mysterious answer
course of some researches at Strasburg he came " Union," instead of the technical and common sense
across the 1459 and lii63 ordinances of the Stein- reply "the bond." Any importance which the
metzen. The similarity between their usages and those catechism may have claimed has been thoroughly
of the Craft, the identit.Y of many terms, etc., etc., demolished by Bro. Gould,t who devotes several
led him to the not unnatural conclusion that the one pages of his latest and greatest. work to the subject.
society was the parent of the other, and he published Nevertheless, Schneider laid his brick, and subsequent
his opinions in various periodicals.* The outward constructors passed it as good.
similarity is acknowledged and has been accounted
for, of an inwat·d community of feeling the worthy With F. Heldmann in 1819§ wP make a great
Abbe disco~ered no trace, neither apparently did he stride; he advances our structure at least to the
seek for it. He was not a Freemason and as a matter first floor. As pieces d'evidence of his views he pub-
of course was unacquainted with our mysteries; the lished in his work three documents, two of which, the
binding of both Looks struck him as similar, their Strasburg ordinances of 1459 and 1563, are of great
contents were written in a language unknown to value and authentic; but the third is the so-called
him, and therefore removed from his power of com- Charter of Cologne, 1535. From this palpable
parison. N everthelcss, Grandidier's contribution forgery, to which he gives implicit credence, he
may be described as the foundation stone of the deduces the existence of a real speculative Free-
Steinmetz theory, which, however, lay for many masonry in Germany; but he acknowledges that it
years unnoticed by the builders; nay, in some cases is the only document showing evidence thereof;
treated with comtempt. whence we may conclude that the ordinances are
not Evidence of speculation for him (in which he
For instance, Vogel who wrote his letterst in was undoubtedly right) although others claim them
1785 in answer to, and refutation of, Nicolai's as such. Had he therefore not believed in the charter
Baconian theory of masonic origin, distinctly states he would, we may assume, have declined to believe
that if the Steinmetzen resembled the Freemasons in the speculative character of the Steinmetzen_
they owed this resemblance to the probable presence Misled by Krause (a contemporary) he also believes
of English workmen at the building of Strasburg in the authenticity of the York constitutions of 926
Cathedral in the 13th century. Of course, he is and the Locke M.S. He claims that both in England
equally wrong, hut I merely adduce this example to and Germany the ancient masons derived their
prove that Grandidier's theory failed to obtain speculative tenets from the Roman Colleges,
immediate acceptance even in Germany. Vogel was passing on the one hand through the Culdees, on
the father of the critical as opposed to the fanciful the other through the monastic fraternities a,nd that
school of masonic authors which had hitherto reigned both bodies of operatives were practically identic&!.
in the Fatherland, and the first after a long series He ackno"\"ledges, however, that no ritual at all
of years to insist upon the operative origin of the
• Materialen zur ei"nercritischen Geschichte der Freimaurerei. Hamburg,
craft; but neither he, nor his able successors, H. C. 1792.
t S5.mmtliche Schriften, Berlin. 1801.
• Journal de Nancy, (1779.) Journal de Monsieur (li79). Essai historique 1 History of Freemasonry, Vol. 1., p. 489, and seq., and Ibid, p. _175.
et topographique sur Ia CatMdrale de Strasbourg (1782, p. 413). § Die drei a.ltesten geschichtlichen Denkmale der teutschen Fre1maurer•
t Briefe die Freimaurerei Betreffend, Nuremberg, 1785. brUder;chaft, Aa.rau, UH9.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 19

approaching to the Entered Apprentice initiation is to these numerous implements? No book of that
to be found in Germany, but believes it did exist age has ever conveyed the information to posterity;
and will yet be found. He distinctly claims for the no manuscript teaching the science has ever been
Steinrnetzen, the possession of prescribed steps, a brought to light! The degenerate Steinmetz of to-
grip, a password and a sign, all exac:tly correspond- day knows nothi11g about it, so that tradition itself
ing with those of the Swiss Freemasons of his day. is silent. But the whole mystery becomes clear when
It will be sufficient here to state that Gould has he presently refers to the Locke J\l.S. This is the
demonstrated from their own ordinances and other key ! He first of all assumes on the faith of an
sources that the steps arc dissimilar to anything we apocrypha.! document that our present teaching
kn_ow of, that it is quite possible they never had a existed in medi::eval England, ancl coming fresh
gr1p, and that even if they had, it is absolutely un- from the perusal of Heldmann, and therefore pene-
known what it was, that there is not the least indi- trated with the idea that the 8teinmctzt>n were
cation of a word anywhere, and that the sign is very equally mystic, he credits them as a matter of course,
problematical.* Personally, I entirely disbelieve in with all the supposed virtues of their English con-
the existence of a sign or of a w01·d; their means of gencJ·s. Knowing the present moral teachings of
recognition were similu.r to those of c1•ery othe1· the mason's implement:; he assigns a know ledge
Craft Guild, a peculiar form of verbal g1·ecting. thereof to the m~diawal Steinmetz, ancl so con-
But the statements once made by Helclmann were structs hi,; tale. llut there being none amongst his
never enquired into or vel'ifiL·d by subsequent writers; admiring compatriots to doubt his word or to mark
they were trustfully macle the most of aud constitute his lack of eviclence, all this becomes a settled
to this day the unsubstantial brieks of that castle iu matter and several more bricks are supplied to the
the air; the speculative and philosophic Steinmetz. hancls of the master builder Fallon.
No one now believes in the Cologne Charter, but The next brick is furnished by Heiddhoff in
Heldmann's conclusions, foundccl on its autlwnticit1·, 1844.* His work consists of a valuable set"ies of
are still quietly accepted as souncl eviclence. • rept'ints of docu;nents, old ordinances, confirmation
In 18:27, C. L. Stieglitzt published his history of of the same by the various German emperors, books
Arch1tec:ture. He also contributes to the Steinmetz of constructive geometry, etc., etc. His own remarks
t~eory, agreeing with Heldmann's general conclu- are an amplification of Hcldmann, who had argued
swns, bu~ importing a great deal of undilutecl for the clesccnt of mystic teaching from the Roman
nonsense mto the question. For instance, he asserts Colleges through the monasteries, and especially
that the whole plan of a Church miaht be reeoO'nized singlecl out the Abbot Marquardt, of Corvey, in
from the construction of the Cl~ancel: th~t the 1Utl4, who (he avers on Fessler's authority) consti-
diagonal of the central square where the tran~epts tutecl a building fraternity amongst the monks and
cross the nave was the unit of lencrth the diarronal lay brethren of his convent. Heidelhoff takes up
of its cube the unit of hmght. Th~ e'xcept.ion~ are this threacl, but accords even greater praise to
as numerous as the examples of the rule, which, Abbot vVilliam of H irschau. He says '·He was the
he confesses, was broken, because if adhered to the first to instruct the lay brothers in useful arts, and
proportions would have been inharmonious. Exactly his success was so great that other monastcl'ies
so, the nonsense stands self-revealed. In like manner requested the loan of his chief workmen in m·cler to
he bewails the fact that stonemasons no longer work follow his example." Quoting from an old chronicle
by geometrical proportions, but by feet and inches! he details the rules and regulations guiding the
I very much question whether any Craftsman was conduct of these workmen at work, rest, refection,
e:er told to hew a column of so many cubical and prayer. and the only fault I find with it is that
diagonals in heighth ; I rather fancy the instructions he constantly apphes the wm·d Lotlge in its present
to the ·workmen were conveyed in feet and inches. signification to this community, and appeat·s to
Polygons and other geometric devices according to believe that the abbot possessed knowleclge enough
our author were placed in a building not as orna- to teach all these trades himself, instead of nat m-ally
ments, but as mystic lessons ,to the Craftsmen. If cone! uding that some of the men admitktl as lay
so, did the ~esigner always stand there rectdy to in- brothers were already skillecl craftsmen. The idea,
terpret the hwroglyph, and if not how did thejourney- is thus convcyecl that William instituted the first
man benefit by the mute instructor? I do not wish guild of operative masons, which is chronologically
to deny that the chief artists must have been clever absurd; no impartial critic can see in all this any-
mathematicians, or that the fellow-craft must have thing beyond the usual active life and monastic
had a superficial knowledae o of constructive b"'eome-
discipline of a convent in process of construction.
try. I am only at a loss to underst,nd how a penta- lf the abbot was thus the originator of the 8tein-
gon on a Church wall could have assistecl them in metzen, by the same reasoning he must also have
learn~ng their trade; or, if it covered a symbolic been the founder of all the guilds of bookbinders,
meanmg, what was the use of sticking it where none tailors, smiths, saddlers, carpenters, etc., etc., who
could explain it, and where none of the public could were all employed at his new abbey. Nevertheless,
understand it, because it was never meant that they we have here a fresh brick, ancl every time that the
should. And, again, when referring to the symbo- master builder Fallon requires to father some im-
lism of their working tools, the reader stands aahast probable invention, Abbot ·william is ready to his
at his profound knowledge! Where did he find out hand.
what moral signification the Steinmetzen attached With Dr. G. Klosz, as was to be expected from
his thoroughness, impartiality, and critic>1l acumen,
* Chap. III., p.p. 147 and I77.
t Ge•chichte der Baukunst. Nuremberg, 1827. • llie BauhUtte des Mittelalters in Deutschland. Nuremberg, ISH.
20 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LonGE QuATUOE Co&ONATI.

we find no such perversions of plain facts and com- William of Hirschau, a German prince and benedictine
mon sense expressions. He devotes one* of his monk.
four great works entirely to examining and compar- We thus, owing to a series of mistakes, miscon-
ing the German Steinmetzen and their ordinances, ceptions and surmises, find the Steinmetzen self-
with the English masons and their bona fide docu- evolved from the Roman Colleges, in possession of
ments. He shows how and why it was possible for an esoteric doctrine, illustrated by symbols and with
Freemasonry to eventuate in this country but masonic means of recognition; every one of which
absolutely impossible in Germany, and be it said, attributes I believe and have attempted to show was
in every case he most unpatr~otically upholds the non-existent. But the ground work of the as yet un-
superior moral tendency and humanitarian teaching enunciated Steinmetz theory is thus prepared and
of our forefathers, and relentlessly reduces the merely awaits the finishing touches of the master-
Steinmetzen to the level of a common trades-union builder. i3o far, I impute malafides to none, merely
with no thought beyond that of exerting a strong a failure of the critical faculty, but our next author
trade tyra.nny, and declares them guilty of employ- will find it hard to evade the serious charge of
ing deceit and fraud towards their own superiors in wilful invention amounting to falsehood.
order to obtain their ends. He denies that they Fallon's work* may justly be described as epoch
possessed anything approaching a speculative making: it changed the whole cuiTent of German
science; but on the other hand, he would strip the masonic literature and even greatly influenced
English operative of any such character, at least the views of writers of other nations : especially
previous to circa 1590; although he points out and America. Previously England had at least been
asserts repeatedly t.hat from the very first they held accorded the credit of developing Freemasonry from
fast to the grand principles of Brotlierly Love, remote antiquity, if not of originating it; hence£orth
Relief and Truth; a doctrine which was conspicu- she is taxed with receiving it ready cooked from
ous by its absence in Germany. One sole passage Germany and serving it np as a rechauffee with sauce
in his work lends some slight support to the Stein- a l'anglaise. And yet everything rests upon Fallon's
metz theory. Halliwell's publication of the Masonic bare word; he often quotes his sources of information
poem had just become known in Germany, and but he always fails to do so in precisely the most
the appeal therein to the Quatuor Coronati had important cases and where a reference would be con-
struck Klosz, because a similar mention is made of sidered most necessary. In his preface he kindly
them in the German ordinances. He therefore con- summarises, not what he intends attempting to
cludes that the English and German Guilds of Masons demonstrate, but what he claims to have proved
"could not have sprung from separate sources." beyond all cavil. As this statement of claims con-
Bro. Gould has, however, shownt the fallacy of this stitutes the advanced and completed theory I give
argument, and moreover that if urged it must prove it verbatim. He says,
fatal to the assertion that the Freemasons sprang "I have proved
from the Steinmetzen because the English mention " l. That the Freemasons of to-day have
of the revered Saints is considerably the earlier. inherited from their parent society" [i.e. the opera-
As we are now approaching the completion of tive freemasons J " the whole of their ritual and
the theory, it may be as well to review our progress symbolism which they have neither invented them-
thus far. selves nor derived from any other secret society."
In 1779, Grandidier pointed out the general " 2. That the English Masons derived their
and easily accounted for resemblance in outward secrets from Germany and that consequently, like
form and organization between the Steinmetzen and many other manufactured goods of the present time,
the present Freemasons. Freemasonry has been shipped to England and come
In 1803, Schneider produced the celebrated back thence to Germany under an English trade-
Steinmetz examination. Owing to gross and care- mark."
less misinterpretation of purely trade terms it is "3. That the German Seinmetzen did not
claimed that this catechism exhibits evidence of a themselves invent their usages and fraternal con-
speculative science. stitution, but partly borrowed ~hem from still more
ancient guilds and brotherhoods, and partly copied
In 1819, IIeldmann, owing to his belief in docu- them from church and monastic institutions ; and
ments since proved to be spurious, claims an esoteric that only the symbolism of their ecclesiastic building-
doctrine for the Steinmetzen derived from the Roman system, and the idealisation of their art-existence
Colleges through the monastic institution. On can be looked upon as their sole property."
equally valueless evidence he asserts their possession
of grip, password, steps, and a sign identical with "I have therefore not only traced the descent
ours. of Freemasonry from the German Steinmetzen, but
In 1827, Stieglitz adds to these acquirements, also its remotest foundation and origin and this not
without the least attempt at proof, the pythagorean only by documents but by evidences wrought in
science of numbers, symbolico-geometrical teaching stone, viz. the monuments of German art scattered
and the idealisation of working tools. throughout all Europe."
In 1844, Heideloff accepts all the foregoing "But if, as above said, this origin is to be chiefly
and by an absurd straining of facts and misuse of sought in the political circumstances of Medireval
terms points to the founder of the system in Abbot Germany and the life of its people, in the institutions
of the Christian Church and Monachism and in the
*Die Freimaurerei in ihrer wa.hren Bedeutung. Berlin, 1846. 2nd ed., 1855.
t Ch. x., p.p. 467-486. * Die Mysterien der Freimaurer. Leipsic, 1848. 2nd Ed., 1859.
 TRANSACTWNS OF THE LonG~> QuATUGR CoRONATI. 21

arts schools of the old German Steinmetzen, I have sho·wn to be a necessary ingredient of Freemasonry.
thereby proved." On the contrary, curiously enough, although these
"4. That Freemasons cannot claim their sup- customs were usual amongst German Guilds and
posed secrets as either their own property or as a although their analogues exist with us, it has never
legacy from the builders of old Rome, or as a survival been shown that· the Steinmetzen themselves
of the heathen mysteries." possessed them at all. I believe they did, but only
Fallon is in his own eyes a law to himself and because the other guilds did, and there is no reason
to all the world; he expresses his surprise in t.he to believe the Steinmetzen deficient in general
second edition that any one should have remained customs.
uncon vinced by his first in these words, so character- But Fallon argues that our ceremonies, other-
istic of the man : - wise than of opening and closing, were deri-ved from
" After these careful historical expositions it was the monastic institutions and that this ritual was
certainly never to be expected that any one should practised by the Steinmetzen. He then gives -.ery
take it into his head to fan once more into life the elaborate details of a Steinmetz initiation, which we
old smouldering ashes, yet neverth..Iess we still hear must, however, conde~1se. 'l'he candidate, who must
and read, etc., etc.," and he concludes thus:- be of good repute, legitimate birth, and out of his
" I hope to at last convert to the true faith all indentures, was proposed and balloted for, and con-
those who have not yet been convinced by m.Y ducted with bandaged eyes into the Lodge, which
former proofs, and I consider the enquiry once for all waE" opened for his admittance on giving three loud
closed. But incurable dreamers, who take pleasure knocks. He was half stripped and relieved of all
in their old visions, may, for all I care dream on to metals, to show him that as he came naked and help-
the day of judgment." ' less into the world, and was brought up by extrane-
..A:fter these words it really showed unpardonable ous assistance, he should in future help an indigent
tementy on the part of Bro. Gould to doubt this brother. The second president led him by the hand
masonic pope's infallibility, all the same I feel com- before the master to recr,ive kneeling the benefit of
p.elled to_follo:v in our Brother's footsteps and must prayer. He was raised and led three times around
nsk the mordmately prolonged visions with which I the room and taught to approach the master with
am threatened. Fallon may boast that for the space three measured right angular paces. Kneeling,
of thirty-eight years his barefaced theory has held with the right hand on the New Testament he took
?'lmost undisputed sway. In order properly to refute the oath of secresy, he was then relieved of the
1t and to expo.se the partial truths and unblushing bandage over his eyes, shown the three-fold great
falsehoods whrch underlie it, it will be necessary to light, invested with a new apron, told to wear it to the
attack his individual statements separately, but I honor and glory of the fraternity, directed to his
trust at no ~due or wearisome length. We will not place in the Chamber, and r~ceived the password.
ta~w t~em .m the order he has adopted, but begin The greeting and grip were not communicated
With hiS thrrd statement that the fraternal constitu- because he had received these previously when
tion and guildic usages of the Steinmetzen are declared free of his indentures. This last statement
derived from the original habits and manners, is correct, the ordinances state so distinctly, other-
customs and ~sages of the primitive German race. wise I have little doubt that Fallon would have
In proof of t~rs he adduces many quotations from old made the conferring of them a part of the preceding
W?rks sho~mg the proceedings at their ancient ceremony. Before going any further just fancy the
tnbal meetmgs for purposes of justice and of worship. ~probability of every Mason's Lodge in Germany
The chief facts to be gathered from a perusal of these m the 12th and 13th century, (printing being vet in
excerpts would show that the president usually sat in the womb of time), possessing a New Testa-
the ~ast, tha.t the g~aive and cord were the symbols ment, and remark the allusion to the fraternity
of hrs authonty as Judge, and the hammer as presi- which it is notorious was first called into existence
d~nt, that the ceremony was opened and closed by a in 1459.
dralo~e betw~eu the officials and that the proceedings The blindfolding and lights Fallon declares to
~er:r;nnated v;rth a feast, to defray which, the fines be customary at the baptism of a convert in the
mfhcted dunng the day contributed their share. olden times, the three turns round the room at the
These custon;s which are to all seeming sufficiently reception of a Benedictine novice, the three knocks
well authenticated, he claims as co-existent with the at the consecration of a new Church. This maybe
Germa~ race, an integral part of their nature and so, or not ; it is not my purpose now to enqu"ire.
the hentage of all German Guilds. I grant it, I go The stipulations as to birth were made at his
ev~n further and. can point, on the authority of apprenticing,* and therefore Fallon should have
Gnmm, to the exrstence of all our obligations and seen that they were superfluous at any later stage.
peculiar penalties in old German codes. But Fallou The partial undressing, he is inclined to believe,
asserts that t~e Steinmetzen taught our operatives was a later introduction from some other Craft
t~ese usages m the 13th century, they being pre- Guilds. It is as well to state here that this
viOusly unknown. To this I object: why should we undoubtedly did take place in some Craft fraternities
not have possessed these peculiarities ? inherited (vide Berlepsch and St.ock) but was there done with
them through our own guilds from our own Saxon the object of exposing the candidate to as much ridicule
and Danish forefathers. Are we not also a branch as possible, and without any symbolic meaning.
of the great Indo-Germanic race? and why should Now, presuming that this ceremony did exist
we have forgotten our own customs ? The Stein- amongst the Steinmetzen and not amongst the
metz element therefore thus far has not been • Ordinances, 1563, Article lx.
 22 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR Co~ONATI.

English operatives previous to the assumed immi- But Fallon claims that the Benedictines by
gration in the 13th century, Fa.IIou's contention must instituting their lay-brotherhoods furnished a model
undoubtedly acquire a~ air of probability; but was for the contruction of Craft-Guilds, that they were
this the case r No! decidedly and emphatically thus directly instrumental in shaping the earliest
no! I say fearlessly, and defy proof to the contrary, trading and artisan fraternities and more especially
that the whole ceremony as above outlined is an those of the Steinmetzen. In support of this assertion
audacious fiction and an unworthy and too success- he adduces the Abbot William of Hirschau and
ful attempt to impose upon the credulity of his considerably amplifies the description by Heideloff
readers. He does not vouchsafe a single authority to which we have already alluded. It might be
in support of his startling assertions, and it must be sufficient to follow Bro. Gould's example and to point
obvious that on such a point he would have been out that a community in w:Qich all were on one foot-
only too anxious to establish his case beyond the ing, i.e., equal sharers in the property and prosperity
possibility of cavil by reference to the sourcel:l of his of the establishment, in which none could receive
information. He dares not even say that be has wages or hold private possessions could not possibly
been told so; form another part of his book he con- be the model on which a wage earning society com-
fesses the notorious fact that the present direct posed of Masters, Fellov.-s, and Apprentices, was
descendants of the Steinmetzen have not even the formed. Did time allow, it might further very
faintest tradition of such, or indeed of any, ceremony. easily be shown that the craft fraternities were the
It is hardly credible that in forging this the most natural and only possible outcome of the circumstances
important link in a long chain of evidence Fallon of the times and what in their customs was not of
should have had the hardihood to expect that any absolute necessity may very legitimately be ascribed
one would be satisfied with his bare word; but he to indigenous racial tendencies and usages. But the
judged his compatriots rightly, for Winzer and best argument in disproof ot Fallon's theory is the
Findel have calmly swallowed the dose, and Ameri- chronological one. He places the earliest conventual
cans, such as Steinbrenner and Fort, have followed lay-brotherhoods in 1080* and we know that in 1099
suit. the weavers of Mayence were sufficiently powerful
I have already pointed out some improbabilities to build the church of St. Stephen by their subscrip-
and discrepancies in the tale and we not only have a tions.t I think it tolerably evident to a man of
total want of corroboration, but we can easily find sense that the weavers' organisation must have
authentic disproof of the greater part in the Ordin- preceded Abbot William by many, many years.
ances of the Stemmetzen themselves. The youth on The only credit I can allow the Benedictines in this
finishing his apprenticeship was entitled to enter the connection is that of having afforded, by the e:t•ection
Brotherhood, he was to be even persuaded by his of their many edifices, a splendid school for the
master to join it*, and therefore no voting on his perfection of the art of Architecture and the handi-
claims ce>uld take place. The Ordinances indicate craft of Masonry.
the existence of a very easily understood ceremony The latter part of Fallon's third statement is
when he had completed his articles-he was pre- that the Steinmetzen did invent and may justly
sented to the masters of the craft and declared free, claim as their own, the symbolism attaching to their
-but afford no hint that any affiliation ceremony Church architecture and their implements of labour.
into the fraternity existed. But if we grant that He gives us the symbolic meaning they attachPd to
one did exist and that even the partial disrobing the oblong form of the Church, its orientation, its .in-
took place, it was not done, to judge by the example ternal diVision iuto three parts, the position of its
of other Craft Guilds, in a symbolic sense, but altar, its three supporting pillars, its vaulted canopy,
merely to get as much fun and horse-play out of the its ornamental adornments, the golden ball or star
occasion as possible. The grip, if it existed, and the on its sp1re, the pillars at the entrance of its porch,
greeting were conferred totally irrespective of the the mosaic: pavement; to the mystic numbers
Fraternity, as a necessity of his calling and at the 3, 5, 7, and 9, the sacred colours of gold, blne,•and
same opportunity he renewed hi~> apprentice oath of white, the twisted cable, the chain, to the position
fealty and secrecy. A word has not been shown to and construction of the Lodge or workshop, to the
exist, so what need of a further oath at any suppo- compasses, square, chisel, aud guage, etc., etc. We
sititious ceremony ? there were no further secrets to stand amazed at his profound knowledge! Where
reveal. Are we not told in the Ordinancest that did he acquire it ? Who told him ? Where may
the free apprentice who had served his time was no we also inspect the wonderful manuscript which
longer to have anything concealed from him, and tells of all these beautiful, these sublime ideas i'
yet it was not compulsory that he should join the Remember, the Steinmetzen of his day retained no
Brotherhood. I repeat that nowhere is there the tradition of all this ; according to his own account
slightest clue given that an affiliation, much less a it was forbidden to write it. Unde derivatur? The
mystic initiation ceremony existed; and have shown whole farrago of nonsense is but an amplification of
that there are very strong reasons in the authentic Stieglitz's and Heideloff's equally unfounded state-
ordinances to infer its non-existence. If therefore ments. I have no hesitation in declaring thap the
the Steinmetzen had no such ceremony it follows entire argument is post hoc propter hoc. The Stein-
that they could not have derived it from the Bene- metzen made use of the square and compasses as a
dictines or any on8 else and could not have imparted trade mark on tombstones, etc., and the hammer
it to their English contemporaries. was a symbol of authority, both of which uses are
* Ordinances, 1663, Article !vi. • 2nd Ed., p. 198.
t Article lxviii. t Arnold, Verfassungsgeschichte, Yol. v., p. 254.
 TRAN!;ACTIONS oF THE LoDGE QuATUoR CoRONATI. 23

as old as the hills, and as widely spread a:s the signally failed to prove that the Steinmetzen were
seas; beyond this there is not the slightest evidence Freemasons and therefore thew hole Steinmetz theory
of a speculative science. must fall t~ the ground. It is a great pity ! the
edifice had been so laboriously constructed by
But having shown that some of our masonic successive writers, had taken seventy years to attain
usa()'es which the Ste nmetzeu possibly possessed completion, had been so beautifully adorne~ inside
we~ just as likely to arise spontau~ously in E~gla~d, and out so artistically finished off and furmshed by
a.nd that there is no valid foundatwn for attnbutmg Fallon;' so devoutly believed in and looked up to as
to the German artisans any ceremonies or symbols a masterpiece by writers for the last forty years and
at all approaching ours; having proved in short yet at the first breath of real criticism down it comes,
that the Steinmetzen were not speculative masons, because, alas ! its foundations were sand; or ~
what becomes of Fallon's second statement that they Lessing used to say of many so called masomc
carried the science to England whence it retumed to documents " nichts als Staub und wieder Staub."
the land of its nativity, like other German products Dust again, nothing but dust. It is little less tha~
under an English trade-mark ? The thesis becomes wonderful that it should have endured so long as It
untenable. As they had nothing to teach we could did! At any time the innocent curiosity of a little
learn nothing from them. His arguments are as child might have destroyed it? " Dear me ! Grand-
weak as his theory. He says, "But the greatest pa'a, what a very pretty story, whez:e did you lear.n
number of builders emigrated to England and Scot- it?" "Well, you see, my dear K~ridchen, all this
land in the 13th and 14th centuries, where the happened many hundred years ago, and. was kept .a.
native artists were not numerous enough to execute great secret ; no one was allowed to wnte about It
the requirements of the clergy . . . If we only at all and at last the Steinmetzen forgot even to tell
remember how many wonderful edifices were erected one ~nother, altho' a branch existed in Frankfort
in England and Scotland in the 14th and 15th cen- only forty years ago, because I have been unabl~ to
turies, we shall be convinced that the native builders find a single mason who ever has heard anyt.hmg
could not have sufficed." But surely our monaste- about these beautiful arrangements; so, as I could
ries had provided as good a school as those of the not read it or get any one to tell me I had to have
mainland, surely if we had managed to do without recourse to the innate fitness of things and evolve it
them previously foreigners did not all at once from my inner consciousness." "But what does that
become so absolutely necessary, surely, if we had mean? I don't understand your long words.:•
not enough artists of our own, Germany, which was "Mean! why, my dear, it means that I have made It
building quite as heavily, could ill afford to spare a all up out of my own head, you know." Whence. we
great nm:~ber. I say a great n~mber,. because. of may conclude that Fallon's fo~lo~ers ~ere endo:ved
course it lS on record that at varwus ttmes foretgn with all the blind unquest10mng fa1th of httle
workmen were employed in this country which has children, but were free from their awkward propen-
never, like the German Steinmetzen, refused to sity to ask untimely questions.
employ or admit. foreigners. "In Architecture and Brethren, I have done. I should have liked to
Sculpture," says Fallon, " Englishmen have never show how unquestioningly this theory has been
at any time shown to advantage." Well ! perhaps accepted by Winzer, Findel, a~d others _in Germany,
not if we admit that Germans built all our Cathe- by Steinbrenner and others m AmeriCa, and how
drals ! but it is rather unfortunate that the latest the delightful eloquence of Fort's pen has cast a.
Cathedral built in Germany, that of Hamburg, glamour around it. But I have detained you long
should after an open com petition, have been entrusted enough. The acceptance of the ~heory in E~gland
to an Englishman, Sir Gilbert Scott! His arguments, must be attributed to the Enghsh translat10n of
founded upon a supposed difference or differences be- Findel's History of Freemasonry. Allo.w me to
tween our Guilds and those of Germany are equally point out that English readers ~~;re therefore not
weak but it would be quite a work of supererogation much to blame. Findel makes cop10ns references to
to go 'into them at length. Of course he tries to show Fallon, Stieglitz, Heideloff, etc. ; these look and are
how the Germans gradually transformed the Masons' genuine, and therefore command respect. We can
Guilds till they became !lOcieties of Freemasons, and not expect every English reader to. turn. to. the
how the first thing they did was to establish a German authorities named and ascertam thell' nght
general guild or brotherhood similar to that of to make these assertions ; they naturally assume
Germany. Let us waive our right to retort that no that Findel has saved them the trouble. Bro. Gould,
general fraternity extending over all England has as however has done so I have done so, and with the re-
yet been proved to exist in these times and test our sult befo~e you. And even B;ro. Gould, in hi~ anxiety
author chronologically. His masons came to England not to be unjust to the Stemmetzen, has 1.n a few
in the 13th century, but the Strasburg fraternity case:J erred on the other side; but although It would
which, according to him, served them as a model, be decidedly interesting and perhaps ~musing to
was not formed till 1459, say, two hundred years criticise our brother Jumor Warden m his presence,
later. But why pursue the enquiry any further P to beard the lion in his den, so to speak; I feel that
I trust I have demonstrated that the whole sub- I innst no longer trespass upon your patience.
structure of the Steinmetz theory has been built
upon surmise, false interpretation of technical terms,
ill-regulated imagination and mis-placed patriotism, Bro. KuPFERSCHMIDT said : Worshipful Master and
and that the capstone, viz., the initiation ceremony of Brethren when I last had the pleasure of being present at a.
Fallon, is a pure invention, a palpable fal'lehood. I meeting ~f the Qnatnor Coronati, Bro. Speth intin;tated .to me
trust that my hearers are convinced that Fallon has that at the next meeting he would read a. paper lD whlCh he
 24 TRAXSACTIOxs OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRONATJ.

intended to upset the much cherished Steinmetz 'fheory. I mctz Theory (Findel and most of the modern writers have
-little thinking what stror;g arguments he had in store to only pillaged Kloss); he was a most exact, conscientious,
bring forward-promisAd to break a lance with him on the and searching explorer about masonic history. One of
subject. But, having followed to-day with much interest the his books, "Freemasonry in its true meaning from old and
arguments he has put forward in· his .paper, I must confess genuine documents o~ the Steinmetzen, Masons and Free-
that I am at present unable to fulfil my promise, and far less masons," appeared in 18~6. Another important work of his,
prepared to enter into a discussion on the subject. I am "History of Freemasonry in England, Ireland, and Scotland,"
forced to this confession for several reasons, firstly and fore- compiled from genuine documents, appeared in 1847. Bro.
most, !-alone-am not competent enough, being not suffi- Kloss hasPs his arguments on authentic and genuine documents.
ciently acquainted with our German Masonic writings on the I regret Bro. Speth has not given more space and consideration
subject, and secondly the time, for consulting and examining to this writer, instead of fi!(hting principally against writers,
the cited authors who built up the Theory, being too short. whose views are now quite out of date. The Steinmetz
But what I intend doing, with Bro. Speth's permission, is to theory which Kloss had well founded, got very soon dis-
give publicity to his refutations among~t the German Brethren figured by the whims of his followers and imitators. (Findel
on the Continent, and then at a future time perhaps I may for instance gives us in his history an exact description of the
find occasion to a>rree or disagree with that which Bro. Speth proceedings in a Steinmetz Lodge.) I am told by my friend
has tried to show to-day. Perhaps I shall find a German Bro. Cmmer of Berlin, that the Steinmetz theory has of late
brother who will give his help in shoring up the building, which been further weakened in GRrmany by more exact re-
to-night almost seems doomed to destt-uction by the searches as t.o the Rosicrucians. The Rosicrucians, he writes,
strong blast of Bro. Speth's criticism. But I shall tall:e the were a confessional sect, which had been brought in contact
liberty of making a few observations. It would appear with the old free Christian communit;es, which latter bad
from Bro. Speth's statement that the belief in all existed since the earliest time of Christianity always ~ide by
aosertions made by the various writers on tho Stein- side with the Homan Catholic Church. The free Christian
metzen Theory is general in Germany. This, however, is communities were again (on the other hanrl) in close union
not the case, and I can assure him that at present there are with the Steinmetz Lodges of the middle ages. During the
many brethren in Germany who have not swallowed the dose thirty years war the Rosicrucians disappeared from Germany
so calmly offered them hy the different writers on this and appeared in England, where Dr. Robert Fludd was their
theory. The author, against whom Bro. Speth uses his most champion. In the 17th century, that is to say after Fludd, they
powerful shots, is, undoubtedly, the master builder "Fallon," would also no longer thrive in England, but resolved themselves
the culprit of the evening, accused by him of wilful invention, into other societies, iuto which they transplanted their symbo-
forgery, lying, barefaced falsehood, ami I don't know what lism. Dr. Katsch intends to prove that many of our masonic
other crimes. But I think Bro. Speth's condemnation of customs are of Rosicrucian origin. He is now writing a book
Fallon's character and book is rather too severe, and I believe about these relations, which most likely will be ready in the
he does injustice to the man. Friederich Albert Fallon, a course of next winter, a few chapters, for instance, that about
German, although having a French name, was born in Lorbig Ashmole, Bro. Cramer has read in manuscript and he is sure
in 1794, and initiated in the Lodge Archimedes at Altenburg the book will make a sensation. A view as to the origin of
in ll"2l, was made an honorary member of the Lodge and Freemasonry seems to be forming in Germany, which accepts
retired from it at his own desire in 18:39, most likely after the the theory of close relationship wil;h the Steinmetzen, because
publication of the 2nd edition of his work. He earned his living their documents testify it, which also admits the influence of
as a superintendent of taxes and by the practice of a lawyer in the Christian comnJUnities, and further the influences of the
the kingdom of Saxony, and was a worthy and honourable man, Rosicrucians and their symbolism, but finally also attributes
well esteemed hy his fellow men, although severely repri- something to the influences of the movement of Steele and
manded by the German masonic fraternity for having divulged Addison and the mural publications" The Tatler," "Spectator,"
too much as to tl1eir ceremonies to the outward public As to etc.
his book, well, I cannot say so much in his favour as I said about BRo. GouLD said it seemed to him that the previous
his character. I agree with Bro. Speth that the direct speaker (Bro. Kupferschmidt) had rendered good service by
statements, which Fallon makPs concerning Freemasonry, do Widening the scope of the discussion. Bro. Speth's discoveries
not rest on actual authority; but I do not think they were had only taken him down to Fallon, but they would have liked
made with the object of deceiving or imposing upon his to hear more respecting writers of reputation of this
readers, but they were rather an expression of antiquarian country. There was no doubt that one writer in English,
vie1vs, currP-nt iu the first quarter of this century, a belief Dr. Mackey, had gi,·en a complete history of the theory, and
into which he most probably had persuaded himself. One of his work has become known throughout this country as well
the objects h<' ha(] originally in view \\"aS principally directed as in America. There was one other point, and that was that
to au exposition of the medimval customs of the builuiug perhaps Bro. Speth would give them a slight sketch of the
corporations and other guilds, and also to form a collection of work of Winzer and others, and bring his critique down to
the then existing rules and proceedings of the ancient German the present date. He would read them an extract from Capt.
Law Courts, and later on probably he fell into e1·ror iu Wa,Ten whicl1 he thought specially applicable to this subject.
connecting these researches with Freemasonry. The first In ''Underground Jerusalem," pp. 170, Dr. llosen said to
edition of the book in 18.J.S received immediate contradictions Capt. Warren: "Your result will be negative; but recollect,
from masonic \\Titers. It was said his enquiries and com- negative results are next in importance to positive results,
munications about. the inner constitutions of the different only they are not recognised by the world. And he was
guilds iu the middle days were, as a IJew contribution to the right; years spent in negative results, by which the explorer
history of that time highly commendable; but it was stated blots out erroneous views, are soon forgotten. Probably the
at the same time that all his assertions. which refer especially most thankless ta•k, the sternest duty, of the explorers is the
to l<,rcemasonry, did not rest on knowledge of genuine, reducing to an absurdity some of the theories that at present
undoubted, and traceable documents. Bro. Dr. Kloss (now exist ; so long as they are believed in be finds his efforts
dead years ago and late Grand J\laster of the Eclectic Union laughed to scorn ; as soon as he has overthrown them they
at Frankfort-on-:IIaine), our greatest German masonic inves- are forgotton, and his services likewise. It is the man who
tigator, was one amongst the critics who attacked Fallon's makes positive discoveries who alone can expect his services
assertions. A further criticism of the book appeared iu 1848 to be rec0gnised by the world at large, and yet pos>ibly more
in the Latomia, which I have not yet read. I therefore than treble the amount of labour must be spent on the
repeat it again, Fallon's statements are not generally accepted subjects leading to negative discoveries, on work which will
in Germany (indepd this writer is now quite obsolete) on be forgotter:.." Bro. Gould thought that extract woulu be
account of their not being well grounded. All the previous appreciated by the brethren as specially applicable to the
authors whom Bro. Speth mentions are equally antiquated as admirable work Bro. Speth has so successfully been engaged
regards their contribution to masonic history, with the upon.
exception of Bro. KlosH, whom Bro. Speth has not included in
the printed syllabus of his lecture, although he awards him a BRo. WooDFORD said it was remarkable to hear the
little space in the lecture itself. Bro. Kloss we consider in wonderful picture given by Findel of the ceremony for
Germany as the chief and reliable contributor to the Stein- admission into the ancient .\Iasons' Guilds. It was his lot
 TRANSACTI6NS OJ' TR]IJ LODGE QUATUOR COBONATI. 25

110me time ago to be present at a large gathering of Masons His aooonnt of the Craft in Germany is too involved and oon-
where this aooount was read. He would like to be able to fnsed to follow. Turning to America we have a short history
express the surprise of the brethren at the similarity by Steinbrenner. He also follo'!l's Fallon, or more directly
between our own initiation ceremony and Findel's story, which Findel, and i11 untrustworthy precisely on the ame points.
however, now turns out to be a myth. There were, nodoubt, Hill work is, however, avowedly onlv a compilatien. Fort has
a large number of facts still to be brought to light respecting proceeded on the same lines, but he avoids the error of attri-
this theory, and then perhaps the rest will -also turn out the base- buting all that is good to the Steinmetzen only. He falls,
less fabrio of a. dream. Bro. Woodford having rapidly glanced however, into one equally pernioioua. Wherever in France,
at the several points of similarity between Findel's story and Italy, Germany, or Britain, he discovers any lingle peonlia.rity
the initiation ceremony, pointed out a few of the salient amongat the Operative M11a011a, .he at onoe preaumes that
features of the paper read by Bro. Speth, and in conclusion their congeners elsewhere shared.in these qualities. But he
drew attention to the fact that the history of ma.aonry was hall been clever enough to see that which escaped Fallon and
founded mainly upon anachronisms. Findel, viz.-that to prove the e:ristenoe of JllrMna&on'l' before
BBo. SPBTH thanked the brethren for the attention with 1717, the mere initiation ceremony is not ailftioient ; that 'he
which they had followed his lengthy paper and the interest Hira.mio Legend is absolutely necessary. Aooordingly he
they had shown. Continuing, he said,-I am pleased to gather proceeds to show how it might have been introduced among~t
from Bro. Kupferschmidt that the belief in Fallon is on the the mediteva.l stonemasons, and having thoroughly imbued
wane. I am aware that his work was attacked and criticised himself with its possibility ends by convincing himself, and
immediately on publication, but I am unable to admit that he stating in so many words that it did exist. He begins at the
therefore failed to find la.rge numbers of followera. Such wrong end. But putting this on one side, his chief work con-
names as Winzer, Findel, Fort, Steinbrentler, Mackey, all tains much, very much of the higheet value and interest to
evince the contrary. Findel especially has for yeara been us all, and owing to his eloquence is almost u engroaeing u
the accepted authority with the great majority of readers. a novel. Mackey again in his Oycloptedia of MMonry devotes
As to Dr. Klosz, no one can more highly appreciate his services twelve columns to the subject of tb.e Steinmetzen, and up-
to masonic research than myself, and no writer hBB ever holdti the Theory I have attempted to destroy. The result is
displayed more accuracy as to facts or more judgement as to that at this day soaroely any other theory of the origin
his inferences. But for these very reasons, it is impoasible of the Craft oa.n obtain a hearing in America. I will only
that he should uphold the Steinmetz theory. Neither does he; fnrthsr mention one work which is doubtlesa known to ns a.ll.
his works tend to show the similarity of trade organisation I allude to Kenning's Cycloptedia. The Editor, our beloved
between the Steinmetzen and the English operatives, and and esteemed Bro. Woodford, who so ably presidell over ns
this is admitted on all sides, but no where does he attempt to to-night, evidently wu not inclined to accept the prevailing
endow his own countrymen with speculative tendencies, still belief respecting the Steinmetzen. His remarks under that
less to ~sert that we derived ours from them. I am afraid heading are oonfined to ten lines and are vwy uncertain in
that time will hardly permit of my complying with Brother sound, and he " reserves a. olea.rer acoonnt of them for a
Gould's request at any great length. Winzer, in the main, second edition.'' It is a source of congratulation so me to
followed Fallon's lead with less self-assertion. Findel was think that I have this evening supplied him with copious
the chief propagator of the Theory. He endorsed all Fallon's material for his second edition, which I consequently look
inventions, and even added embellishing touches. His work forward to very shortly.
has been translated into many tongues, English, French,
Italian, Dutch, etc., hence the success of the Theory. Itc Bro. Simpson moved that the thanks of the Lodge be
only merit is that it condenses the entire history of Masonry, tendered to Bro. Speth. Bro. Kupferachmidt, in view of the
pre and post 1717 into one book of moderate compass. For special interest which the paper possessed for German
the reaaons already stated the first part is worthless, and the Masons, requested, although a visitor, to be allowed to second
second is, so far as concerns Great Britain and Fra.noe, a. the motion, which wu put and carried. Bro. Baskett begged
shameles11 and unacknowledged plagiarism (of Klosz chiefly). to return thanks on behalf of the visito111.

8TH NOVEMBER, 1886.

The Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall at li p.m. There Bro. W. M. Bywater, J.D.
were present-Bros. Sir Charles Warren, W.M., Rev. A. F. A. , Prof. Hayter Lewis, I.G.
Woodford, !.P.M., W. M. Bywater, as S.W., R. F. Gould. J.W., , J. W. Freeman, Tyler.
G. W. Speth, Boo., :MaJor B. C. Pratt, J.D., W. Simpson, I.G.,
and Professor T. Hayter Lewis. The Secretary announced the following gifts to the
The following visitora attended-Bros . ..:Eneas J. Me~ Lodge-A Bible and Wardens' Columns, and Photograph• of
Intyre, Sir John B. Monckton, P.G.W.'s; F. A. Philbrick, Roman Masonic Antiquities, by Bro. Hayter Lewis ; the
G.Reg.; Col. Shadwell H. Clerke, G.S.; Thomas Fenn, Pres. Minute Book of the Lodge, a Scrap Album, and Photographs
B.G.P.; E. Letchworth, F. Glaisher, Dr. Alfred Meadows, Dr. of remarkable French Certifl.oa.tes issued in England by e
Ralph Gooding, P.G.D's.; George Lambert, P.G.S.B. Henry Lodge of French prisonera of war, by G. W. Speth, Secretary 5
Sadler, G.T.; Hyde Clarke, Representative of Grand Lodge and Portraits for the Album by Bros. Whytehead, Ramsden
Columbia.; Webster Glynes, P.G.St.; J. Paddon, P.D.S.G.W., Riley, and Major Irwin.
Griqua.land; Theodore H. Tilton, D.D.G.M., Yew York City; Bro. Dr. William Wynn Westcott wa.a proposed from the
Alfred Dent, W.M., Moira., No. 92; W. Bohm, P.M. of same; chair as a. joining member of the Lodge.
Arthur Butler, !.P.M. of Beaminster Manor, No. 1367; S. R.
Baskett, P.M. of same, P.P.G.R., Dorset; Thomas Francis,
P.M., 66 and 804; F. A. Glaeser, Pilgrim Lodge, No. 238; Bao. H.l'!nll Lllwu read a paper
and W. F. Pettigrew and J. Pettigrew, of Montgomery
KHwinning, No. 62•, Scottish Constitution. " 05 .l.ll BABLY VBBSIOB OJ' "l"BB
Sir Charles Warren was proclaimed W.M. for the ensuing
twelve months, and appointed and invested hill offioera as KIB.A.KIO LBGBBD."
lollows :-
Rev. Bro. Woodford, Acting !.P.M. In bringing the subjoined paper to your notice
, R. F. Gould, S.W. I think it right to remark at the outset, that it is a.
, W. Simpson, J.W. mere outcome of some caaual observations made
, W. Besant, Treasurer.
, G. W. Speth, Secretary. some seven years since in the Common Room of
, Maj. S. C. Pratt, S.D. University College, and that I claim no merit what-

D
26 TRANSACTIONs OF' THE LoDGE QuJ.TUOB CoBONATI.

ever beyond that of recognizing, at the time, that in answer to my requests, two letters of explanation
they might lead to something of interest in the which I likewise place at the disposal of the Lodge.
history of our Craft. In the first he states (to use his own words) that
I mention this particularly, inasmuch as thit:~ "the book (whose name he forgot) referred to a sign
meeting ( viz.-for the Installation of our Master) " or password, known to the Masonic brotherhood,
is a very special one, and I do not wish to have it " each letter being the initial of a separate word
supposed for a moment that I, myself, consider that "which would make up the sentence, 'We have
my paper is worthy of being brought before you at "found our Lord Hiram.' " (He also gives the pass-
such a time, or that it can bear comparison with word and sentence in Hebrew exactly as in his first
such works of research as those of our brethren, e.g. note.) In the second letter he says, " I cannot
Gould, or Rylands, or Speth, or Woodford, or our "charge my memory of eight or nine years ago, with
Worshipful Master. The conversation to which I " the· date of the book in which I fell in with the
have above alluded, turned upon Cabalistic writings, "word." (He gives it again in Hebrew and English).
and Professor Marks (one of our most profound "To the best of my belief I found the book contain-
Hebrew scholars) gave, as an instance of them, a " ing it at the Bodleian Library. It was an Arabic
M.S. which had come under his notice and which, " Work and if I mistake not, it was an introduction
from various circumstances, excited his curiosity on "or preface to the Sunnah which is an oral exposi-
a casual perusal of it. " tion (supposed to be inspired) of the Koran, of the
It was an Arabic M.S., but written in Hebrew "same character as the Rabbinical Oral Law of the
characters, (not an unco=on circumstance I am "written code of the Pentateuch."
told,) and of uncertain date, but Dr. Marks thought "I made out its meaning readily, inasmuch as
it was of the 14th century. "the passage referred to masonry, which, by-the-by,
Writing, from memory, to Bro. Speth, I quoted " it traced up to the Patriarchs, if not t.o Adam him-
the 13th. But I have since looked up a note made by " self. There could scarcely be any other meaning
me at the time, and find that the 14th was correc~. " to it. Both Hebrews, and Arabs, make up a sen-
Dr. Marks found that the key word, as it were, " tence on one word, using each letter of it as
to the subject of the M.S. was MACH, and on "expressive of a separate word."
further investigation he discovered that each letter Dr. Markel gives these clearly written in his
of this key-word was the beginning of a sentence letters, and I cannot express too highly my thanks
which ultimately read thus- to him for the trouble which he has most kindly
We have found taken to oblige a former colleague.
Our Master I have since been informed that a M.S. which
Hiram seems to be of the character of that referred to by
Dr. Marks, is said to have been in the Cambridge
I ought to mention that Dr. Marks was not a. University Library and, very possibly, may be the
Freemason, but he was, evidently, well acquainted actual one to which he refers.
with much relating to our Craft. I think that it will be a familiar fact to most of
I was, myself, at that time, young in the Craft; our brethren here that a writer accustomed to read
but I saw that the matter might, ultimately, be very largely will often have a very clear recollection of a
interesting, so I asked him to write down the words fact which he has gathered years back without being
for me, which he kindly did, and I here produce able very clearly to remember the exact source from
(No. l) his note'*' which I place at the disposal of which he derived it.
the Lodge. This, as I said, was several years since, In this case the reading must have been ten
(I am not certain as to whether my memorandum years or so back.
is dated in 1877 or 1879,) and I mentioned it at the
time to some of the members of my then Lodge, but
The WoRSHIPF'C'L MASTER referred to the well-known fact
finding that it did not attract attention I put the that in spite of diligent search no allusion to the Hiramio
memorandum aside thinking that at some future Legend had hitherto been found in Jewish writings. He
time it might be worth notice. thought that we had here a. clue to its rea.l origin which,
On being elected to this Lodge and asked to according to his views, could be neither recent, nor Western,
contribute something which mi~ht be read at one nor Jewish, but probably very ancient a.nd derived from the
Phcenicians. Many circumstances relating to the ancient
of our meetings, I mentioned Dr. Marks' view to Temple Worship of this people tended to confirm this impres-
Brothers Speth and Woodford, and finding that sion in his mind.
they were interested in it, I thought it better to BRO. WEBSTER GLYNKS remarked that as B result of his
obtain from him some further information, scarcely conversation with Hebrew scholars he had come to the con-
thinking, however, that he would remember a cir- clusion that Hiram was not a Hebrew word but Cha.ldean, and
cumstance of no particular importance to him which should be written Chirum.
occurred so many years since. BRo. GOULD said that for an explanation of the manner
Rather to my surprise he remembered it quite in which the Third Degree is now communicated, it would be
well and most kindly sent to me at different times, necessary to recall the usage preYailing under each of the two
Grand Lodges of England, from about the beginning of the
second half of the last century, down to the Union of 1813.
'*' MOCH mto The so-called "Ancients" worked according to one form,
a.nd the so-called " Moderns" according to another form.
We have found llM¥'i' Going still further back we find that in 1730 the practice of
the latter alone held the field, and there is evidence from
Our Master ll)."'~ which we may infer, that substantially the " Master's Part"
Hiram c:;-r:t <>f the year 1724, and possibly earlier, was the same ·as the
 TRANSACTro~s OF THE LoDGE QnrroR CoROXATI. 27

Third Degree of later years under the older or origin.al Grand indebted to a Phoenician source for the idea and perhaps the
Lodge of England, The constitutions of 1723 were next nomenclature. He was quite convinced of this, that the
cited by the speaker, who called attention to the omi~sion of more we probed into the past of Freemasonry, the more we
any reference to the death of Hiram, and to the fact that only analysed its evidences ar:cl its indiciro in the world, the
two degrees were then known or at least recognized by the farther back ~hould we have to throw its archaisms and its
governing masonic body. Bro. Gould next contended that origin.
in tracing upwards and backwards for the Legend of Hiram, SIR JOHN l\!OXCKTON and BRO. GEORGE LAMBERT having
there were only two lines of transmission through which it addressed some remarks to the meeting,
could have descended to us, in the centuries immediately
preceding that in which the earliest of Grand Lodges was BRO. SPETH said that Bro. Gould had failed to ar!2'ue with
established. These were the masonic systems of Scotland his usual cogency. The great argument against tlill know-
and England. Taking the former first, there was much ledge before 1717 of the Hiramic Legend, had always bc:en
documentary evidence shewing the character of Scottish the absence of any sign of its pre.,ious existence. 'This exist-
Masonry, from 1598-99 down to a period overlapping the ence was now proved as far back as the Hth century, closely
formation of the Grand Lodge of Scotland in 1736. Through- connected with Architecture, and the proof had been actually
out this period the ceremony of reception was of the simplest found in England. The previous argument was thus upset
possible character. The Third Degree was only gradually in- and the possibility of its being previously known to the
troduced, after 1723, from England, and did not become common fraternity should follow; but Bro. Gould at once shifts his
in Scotch Lodges until after 1770. It may be taken as a settled ground and contends that because the Third Degree is not
point in masonic history that the Hiramic Legend was unknown mentioned, therefore the Legend was unknown although in
in Scotland in the 17th century and earlier. Proceeding existenc~. In other words the old argument was, The cause
with England there are no records of Lodge life in the lith never ex1sted, therefore the effect could not have taken place.
century as there were in Scotland. Randle Holme was an The cause being proved the new argument, pace Bro. Gould,
active mason in 1686, and we hear in Ashmole's Diary of is, the effect is not proved, therefore the canso was unknown
Lodges having been held in 1682 and 1646. From this time and practically non-existent. He (Bro. Speth) thought we
-in the ascending scale-we are thrown back upon the Old might fairly conclude that if in the 14th century the Legend
Charges as the sole depositaries of our written traditions. existed and was connected with the buildin"' art (as tlcscribed
What do they say of Hiram ? The oldest, " Lansdown," circa by Dr. l\Iarks) our working ancestors probably knew some-
16.50, mentions a king " !ram,'' whose son Aman was chief thing about it. But when in l i24 we found a similar idea
master of Solomon's Masonry. A collation of fiftee!:i versions pervadinf;( masonry, it was only fair to believe that it had
of the Old Charges gives the following results. The names descended in direct line and was not a new importation.
.Aymon or Aynon occur in ten. Aynin, Benaim, Dynan, and BRo. SIMPSON desired to know whether incli"'enous
Hiram Abiff, in single instances, and in tho Antiquity llf.S. masonry existed amongst the Arabs, and BRo. WoonFoR~ gave
the name is missing. There remain two l\I.S.S., slightly some instances within his own personal knowledge temling to
older, but not, strictly speaking, versions of the Old Charges. imply at least a general belief that such was the case.
These are the Cooke and Halliwell documents, dating in
the one instance early 15th, and in the other late 14th
century, respectively. The former alludes to the king's son A vote of thanks was unanimously accorded to Bro.
of Tyre, without naming him, as Solomon's l\laster-IIIason; Hayter Lewis, and after the Lodge was closed the Brethren
but in the latter there is no allusion whatever to any such partook of a banquet in Freemasons' Tavern, it being the
personage. Returning to the year 1724, an advertisement Feast of the Four Crowned l\Iartyrs.
appeared in the daily journal of September in that year, In replying to the toast of the e,·ening " Tho Memory of
stating that a New Lodge would be opened at the St. Alban's the Quatuor Coronati," BRo. WooDFORD said the exhaustive
Tavern, for regulating the I" Modern Abuses" which had speech of the Worshipful 1\Iaster had left him really but little
crept into the Fraternity, and "all the old real masons" were to say. But he was glad to be permitted under his high
asked to attend. This is generally believed to refer to the auspices to reiterate before so many distinguished members of
dissatisfaction of the old masons at the novelties recently in- the Craft, the idea and object of the Quatuor Coronati. It
troduced. The new degree was not popular at first. It was was simply that of an associated band of masonic students,
communicated in lliasters' Lodges. In Boston, lllass., there was endeavouring to add to the ritual work of Freemasonry and
an English Lodge established in 1733, and a Masters' Lodge in not ignoring the claims of the social circle iu a modest manner,
1738. Between 1739 and li51, two hundred and thirty-eight the charms of intellectuality, and the fascinating topic of
persons joined the former, of whom only eighty-four became masonic enqniry, research and arch::colo~<Y· He thought from
Master Masons. 'The conclusions therefore he arrived at were: the result of that evening, they might predicate for tho
The silence of the Old Charges with regard to Hiram was in- Lodge a useful and prosperous future. The name of Quatuor
consistent with the supposition that he then occupied a Coronati had been happily selected, becauec it linked them
prominent place in our old traditions. The Hiramic Legend with the past, and connected Freemasons of to·day with the
was introduced into English l\Iasonry after the establishment four masons or soldiers, whose martyrdom was commcninmted
of the Grand Lodgo of England, and tho Third Degree was November 8th,-" gode masones" as our oldesr, masonic
not generally taken for several years. legend termed them,-and those five sculptors, or crnft:;men,
or soldiers, who also died for duty, and whose relics are still
BRo. WooDFORD remarked that they were greatly in. said to lie in the Crypt of the Church of the Cuatro Coronati
debted to Bro. Hayter Lewis for bringing before them the at Rome. Whether or no they would succeed in their little
interesting paper he had read. It bore upon a most remark- venture, time alone would show, but under their distinguished
able tradition, and one which curiously enough, though it had Worshipful Master, and with the assistance of Bros. Gould,
originated in the East, might yet be traced in the West. Simpson, Besant, Speth, Rylands, Bywater, Hayter-Lewis,
The famous old French tale of Les quatre fils d' Aymon seemed Hughan, Irwin, and others, he hoped and belie'>ed the
to be derived from a common source. He waR inclined to QcATliOR CoaoNATI would be both useful in its generation,
.agree with the Worshipful l\Iaster that we we>re probably and a credit to the Grand Lodge of England .

2ND DECEMBER, 1886.

The LodgA met at Freemasons' Hall, at 5 p.m. Present, Bro. Dr. William Wynn Westcott; l\LB., University,
Bros. Rev. A. F. A. Woodford, in the Chair, R. F. Gould, S.W., London, 1\I.R.C.S., L.S.A., Deputy Coroner for Middlesex,
W. Simpson, J.W., G. W. Speth, Sec., MajorS. C. Pratt, S.D., Hon. Fellow of the Hermetic Society, was admitted to themem·
W. :M. Bywater, J.D., Professor Hayter-Lewis. I.G,, and Dr. bership of the Lodge. Born in 1848, he was initiated in tho
William Wynn Westcott. Also the following visitors, Bros. Parrett and Axe Lodge, No. 814, Crewkerne, in 1871, serving
C. ~upferschmidt, P.lii., No. 238, and Hyde Clarke, Hepresen- as W.M. in l8i7; joined Lodge of Brotherly Lm·e, No. 329,
·tatlve of the Grand Lodge of Columbia. Yeo'>il, in 1872, and was exalted in 1813 in the Chapter
28 TRANSACTI0::-!8 OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI.

attached thereto. In 1877 was Grand Director of Ceremonies Curiously enough, the basis of all hermetic
for the province of Somerset. He is the author of " The lucubrations, the substratum of all occult speculations
Everlasting Lamps of the Ancients," "A Commentary on
the Ten Sephiroth," " The Kabbalistic Book of Creation, rests apparently on this one foundation,-the en-
Sepher Yetzirah, translated," and Editor of the "Annual lightenment, elevation, perfection of humanity by
Report of the Rosicrucian Society of England." Also author developeing the moral powers of natu:re, and their
of " The History, Literature, Causation, and Prevention of happy consummation in the eventual peace, "happi-
Suicide," and many other volumes on Therapeutics, and joint ness and illumination of our species. In addition
author of "The Extra Pharmacopooia, Martindale and West-
cott," four editions. to which hermetic teaching, at a very early age
added the study of alchemy, and the discovery of the
On the motion of Bro. Speth, it was resolved to form a mysterious properties of metals and the like, the
Literary Society under the guidance and protection of the search after the Aurum Potabile, the Elixir of Life,
Lodge, and a Committee consisting of Sir Charles Warren, the great Alcahest, the Sumrnurn Bonurn, the Philo-
Bros. Woodford, Gould, Simpson, Speth, Whytehead, and sopher's Stone, which was to cure all diseases,
Hughan, was appointed to elaborate the details aud carry out
the scheme. rejuvenate old age, prolong and perpetuate human
The Secretary announced that Bro. Simpson had pre- life, and bring in a reign of peace and prosperity,
sented the Lodge, for its album, with a water colour sketch of health and happiness, the ardent dream of many
of himself in Oriental costume, painted by himself, and that a hermetic adept and unwearied worker, and was
Bro. Hughan had forwarded advance specimen sheets of a thus engrafted on Hermeticism proper. Astrology,
portion of Bro. Lane's forthcoming "Masonic Records."
which no doubt was originally studied as a science,
became so mixed up with the reveries of the Herme-
BRo. REv. A. F. A. WooDFORD read the following paper: tic School, that it eventually seemed to be almost
paramount in theory, influence, and regard. So
" FREEMASONRY AND HERMETICISM." much so was this, that it was eventually made a
subject for ridicule, as it was equally made a bad
IN the short lecture which I am privileged to use of by a knave like Lilly, a charlatan like St.
deliver this evening, on the extensive subject matter Germain, or a criminal "ne'er do weel" like Joseph
indicated by its title, I cannot hope to do more than Balsamo, the so-called Count Cagliostro. Since the
give you a very rough and imperfect outline of beginning of the last century, at any rate in England,
what I wish and seek to convey to you, to be filled there has been prirna facie, and not unnaturally
up, perhaps, some future day, with more 'compact perhaps, a severance so to say, between Freemasonry
details, and more forcib~; illustrations. I may add and Hermeticism. The preface to "Long Livers"
that the lecture is really a tentarnen, so to say, for would seem to indicate that early in the last century
students like ourselves, and docs not profess to deal there was in London the remains, at any rate, of a
dogmatically with subjects which are confessedly Rosicrucian or Hermetic Society, perhaps the rem-
still only in embryo and suspense. Before I enter nant of Ashmole's Society of Astrologers, as the
upon the subject I have in hand, it may fairly be words Samber uses are only explicable by hermetic
asked, in what sense do you use tho words Hermeti- terminology. Some of the peculiar expressions he
cism or Hermetic ? Hermeticism, Hermetic, are de- makes use of and which constitute for us the crux
rived from the Greek name of Epp.YJ> Tpurp.Eyuno<; of his deliverance are constantly met in hermetic
Hermes Trismegistus, thrice great Hermcr;, who treatises and the like.*
whether he was a real or mystic personage seems Heydon in his account of the Rosy Cross in
still somewhat doubtful. 1663, asserts in express words the existence of a
Some writers have made him out to be Noah, Rosycrucian Society, bound together by secret
some identical with a so-called king of Egypt, some formulre and forms of reception and obligations, and
contemporary with Abraham, but the greatest un- complains that mechanics, amongst whom he in-
certainty hangs undoubtedly over both his nation- cludes "masons," had been recently admitted into
ality and reality. Some writers treat him as a the brotherhood. That the Rosicrucians existed at
Mv6o<; altogether. Be this as it may, Hermes that time, aH a society in Europe, and for some time
has been asserted, and held alike in East and West, previously, there is, as it appears to me, plenty of
to be the Father of all occult and mysterious, evidence though as I am aware, some have doubted
primeval and religious lore, whether as possessed the fact. How long they had been in existence as
by the ®wotOaKTot, or contained in those ante- a confraternity may he a matter of doubt, although
deluvian pillars of brass or brick to which our some writers seem to trace them back to the 15th
Guild Legends refer. This Theosophy or Philosophy, century in their special and mysterious symbolism.
or Mysticism, or Ineffable Science, (call it what you Probably they were but the outcome of the hermetic
will), found an outcome in alchemy, astrology, the school, for that a close connection existed between
mysterious learning, the aporreta of tbe East which the two is, in my humble opinion, incontestable.t
is repeated in Hebraic Cabala, and was preserved The Rosicrucians are said to have brought their
originally in the Mysteries. * It is not reasonable to conclude that the very remarkable band of
The Rosicrucians,-following the Hermetic learned men and fellow Hermetics, whom Ashmole collected aromtd him,
School which passed from the East to the West, and met together for no other purpose than the mere Astrologer's Feast...
Independently of the fact that many sermons still extant were preached
which seems to have flourished from early times, before the Society of Astrolog-ers. I think Nicolai's argument is a fair and
incontestable orlc, that these fellow studeuta must have had some inner
and was in great vogue in the monasteries of bond of teaching and of fellowship.
medilBval days,-the Rosicrucians, I say, professed t Until quite lately it was assumed, as by Klosz, that 1612 wa• the
to deal with similar abstruse studies and specu- earliest known da.te of the Hosicrucian Literature. Bro. Hawkins has not
long ago discovered in the llodleian Library, Oxford, among the Ashmole
lations. M.S.S., a fine Rosicrucian M.S. of 1004 or a year or so earlier or lt>ter.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 29

curiom; speculations and customs from the East and numerous others like Gaedicke in Germany, and
through Venice, where Christian Rosenkrcutz (if a Oliver mainly in England, were to the fore. But,
vera persona) is said to have landed on his return alas ! we must fairly confess that thus far neither
from his eastern retreat.* industry nor research had succeeded in extricating
As you now understand the meaning of masonic history from the uncritical and unsound
Hermeticism, as used in this lecture, namely, the surroundings and tendcneies o£ the past. Kloss for
profession and study of occult lore by a band of the first time about 1841, struck the keynote of
philosophers or adepts, whose last great outcome authenticity, and may fairly be termed the F~ther
was the Rosicrucian Brotherhood, the Fratres Rosere and " Didaslmlos " of the authentic school; Fmdel,
Crucis, I will go on to the consideration of the main basing his work on Kloss, about twenty yem·s later,
subject of my lecture. In order to bring out fully produced a History of Freemasonry which has given
what I want to convey to you we must, however, h~ a great impetus to masonic studies. He has, unfor-
limine, seek to take a cursory view of the present tunately for the critical value of his exemplary
position of masonic studies and criticism amongst labours, relied too much on Fallon, who has not only
us. We inherited until late in this century a very borrowed from but expanded Hcidcloff's original
uRsound method of treating masonic history. We statements and suggestions into asscrti?ns of his
had discarded apparently every canon of evidential own, ·without apparently any safe foundatwn for the
accuracy and specific authority, and contented our- fancies he puts forward as facts.
selv~s with a system of admiring "sheep-walking," Since Findcl's History we have welcomed
restmg securely on the repetitions and ipse dixits of l\facoy's and Albert Pike's contributions, the gren.t
successive writers, without collation of authorities, work of Mackey, the modm;t compilation of Stein-
without verification of quotations, until our whole brenner, and the incompn.rablc Handbook of Sc hlcttcr
structure of so-called masonic history was built up and Zille, based on our old friend Lenning. ·wo
on the shallowest basis of verity and fact. Hence have also studied with profit and pleasm·c tho
the character of unreliability attached by friends elegant periods of Bro. Fort, the erudite work of
and foes alike to the assertions and assumptions of Schauber"' the reliable contributions of . Bro.
b' .
Freemasons. The " Fables of the Freemasons " Hughan, the 1mportant addenda of Bros. Chfforcl
have long been words of reproach frequently uttered P. liiacCalla ancl Carson, of Bros. Rylancls, ancl
and difficult critically to disprove. The early publi- Speth, and Lane, of Bros. Lukis, Whytcbcad,
cations of 1723 and 1738 by our Grand Lodge, Ramsden Riley, and many more, and last, not least,
p:ofessing t? reconcile the Guild Legends and to the invaluable· History of Bro. Gould. W c may
g1vc a contmuous and connected history of the note with some little satisfaction, en passant, that six
Craft, though they seem to have :mfficcd for the of the Brethren named arc members of our Lodge.
time, have failed to satisfy the exacting demands of Now all these successiyc additions to our student
modern criticism, and neither in those ycat·s nor in sources an!l i1lcas, to a realization of our true
the later editions, up to 1784, do they possess the masonic ammls, have opened out for us new fields of
authority and critical accuracy we should like to thought and study, new views of history, new facts,
claim fur them. The history of the events even in new lines of research, and in consequence we have
1716-17, which led to the revival of the Grand to-!lay to reject perforce many too hastily adopted
Lodge, arc still clothed in much obscurity, and it conclusions, to surrender many familiar assertions,
has long been patent to all bona fide masonic students as well as to part with that too easily acquire!l con-
that much has yet to be cleared up before we can . sensus of opinion on many points, whose clc_fects
hope historically and successfully to connect the critically and realistically have alrcruly bP.cn pomtccl
!reemasonry of the 18th century with that, for out. In some instances doubt is thrown ou many
I~stance, of the 17th century, and to show conclu- cherished tmditions, in others, the legend however
sively how the one led up to and into the other, or pleasant and inte1·esting in itself, cannot c~mfro_nt
ho~ the one is the certain product of the other, if the stern and imperative claims of cvl!lenttal
revised and re-adapted in 1717. accuracy and historical certainty. Indeed, it may
These official utterances of English Freemasonry well be true of masonic investigation in the future
were followed by several additional contributions as in the present, that as it moves on with. rapid
of various kinds and by various brethren. skides, in every step "·e take, in every pomt we
I pass over the pocket companions, which were establish, "some dem· delusion fades and dies."
not without t.heir use, and the anonymous but valu-
able publication of "Multa Paucis "t to call to mind If Bro. Gould seems to ha>c exhausted most
Hutchinson's "Spirit of Masonry," which Recmcd to fields of enquiry and investigated most sources of
take us to the mysteries ; the important labours of possible origin, it will be remembered that l.w
Bro. Preston,-which strove to impart the di"'nity clearly points out how much is still ve1-y uncertain
of history to our masonic annals-and the ze~lous in the history of Freemasonry, tltat much mot·cover
labours of the Altenburg School. In this century only rests on probability at the best, an~ . how
Thory antl R.agon and Clavel in France, and Krause difficult therefore it is still for us to speltk dec1stvely
of many points concerning 'vhich "'c should like
" It maJr be a mere coincidence or not, that the first known well to have the fnl!Pst information anll the clearest
printed book on Ht:rmcticism was the Testimony of the Great ,.laster light. Bro. Gould \Youlll remind all students that
Paracelsus, which appeared at Venice in the ltith t:·eutury !
t The writer of 1\lulta Paucis, whoe,·er he may have been, seems to
theories, howevel' ingenious and suggestive, are ?ne
have seen another account of the events of 1717, th~m that whh:h Anderson thing, but that historical facts and arclw:o!og_ICal
adopted and Preston followed. It may. well be after all that six Lodges certainty are very different matters. There lS JUSt
not four reformed the Gra.ntl Lodge of 1717.
30 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOB CORONATI.

one difficulty in our present position and efforts as

students which we should not ignore. Just as our
forefathers believed too easily and too much! we
au contraire are inclined to believe too little and too
hardly.
" The pendulum of truth always oscillates," says
Archer Butler," a little too much one way or the other
owing to the infirmity of the human mind, and we
should always try to keep before us this considera-
tion, that the via media of absolute truth is the only
object worth seeking after by the student, the
architect, and the histori11n."
Thus only shall we avoid the censure of Mr.
Hallam that mendacity thus far has been the great
characteristic, whether of masonic panygerists or
masonic calumniators, whether of those who have
written in defence, or those who have written in
attack of Freemasonry.
All thinkers and students are struck with one
great difficulty attendant on masonic research, the
impossibility of accounting for its origin, preserva-
tion, and perpetuation in the world, from any one
known source of origin, or in any one distinct line
of existence and developement. It is in truth much
more probable that Freemasonry does not depend on
any one single channel of progress, but it may ~aye
several co-existent and convergent sources of ongm .
.The Guild theory, for instance, interesting and
striking as it is, is yet surrounded, as all thoughtful
students well know, with many patent d:fficulties,
and not a few fonnidable cruxes. Taking its rise to a
great extent from the Abbe Grandidier's letter about
1780, (whether serious or the reverse), it was developed
by the Altenburg School, although Bros. Anderson
and Preston, let us remember, had previously al1uded
to it. In its fullest developement, it would take
Freemasonry back through mediroval to early age
Guilds, and thence to the Roman Collegia, Grecian
societies, and Oriental building fraternities. Mr.
Hope has drawn a fascinating picture of Lombard
building guilds, emerging, after the fall of Rome,
transmontane colleges, raising edifices in Germany
and Gaul, and thence passing over to England, and
preserving the main featuz:es of a ma.sonic system
akin to our own. Some writers have hked to see a
connection rathei' with the East through Culdee
fraternities of builders. Whatever be the true theory,
it is a long space of time to bridge from that of
Athelstan and the Roman Conquest, until we come
upon Lodges at the end of the first five decades of
the 17th century. And if we bear in mind, as we
must honestly confess, that the conn~ction of these
very Lodges in the 17th century w1th the Grand
Lodge of 1717,-however much we believ~ in its
probability-has yet to be proved, the difficulty
appears still greater.
Existing catechisms, especially the Sloane MS.,
seem to date back Freemasonry to about 1640 from
internal evidence, yet it is but fair to rememb~r,
except isolated statements and not unreasonable m-
ference~, direct evidence is still wanting as regards a
distinct Lodge system until 1703. We must bear in
mind also that all the English Craft Guilds, except
certain municipal companies, were dissolved in the
first year of Edward VI., and their property confi~­
cated, and that the histOTy of Craft :Masonry m
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI. 31

over Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, shown, by the Macedonian trading alphabet. • The
calling themselves a fraternity, adepts, children of magical alphabet of which Cornelius Agrippa and
light, brethren, with certain distinct characteristics others, and later Barret gave us specimens, is to be
of secrecy and symbolism, we may have a clue to found in its entirety among the Marks of the
much that seems difficult to account for in the Masons. The first and oldest is termed the Her-
peculiar existence of Freemasonry. In the earlier metic, the Adamic, the Angelic, and is square in
part of this century Baron Nicolai, of Berlin, pro- character, almost corresponding with what has been
pounded the theory that to Bacon and Ashmole and called the Masonic Cypher, which, though not of
the Rosicrucian body, the Freemasonry of the very ancient use apparently, is formed by the trans-
Commonwealth and Caroline period owed its colour- section of two parallel by two other parallel lines,
ing and character. Curiously enough, just now in and with the addition of dots forms a code of
Germany, a learned brother is seeking to connect cyphers. The second magical Alphabet is called the
Freemasonry with the Rosicrucians of that period, Abrahamic or, in the Cabala, the Passing of the
and avers that he has discovered proof~:~ of the fact River, and is equally found among masons' marks.
as he will evidence in a work he is about to publish. The earlier form is said to be still visible in Pompeii,
We shall await as students his promised opusculum but I hardly know if on good authority.
with interest. If he has succeeded in finding traces The second illustration is what is familiarly
of such a connection, so far unknown to us, it will termed the Ark of the Lodge. Dermot, with his love
not only be archooologically important, but of great of the Hebrew, seems to have jumped to the conclu-.
help to masonic students generally. But until sion that the Ark of the Lodge must be the Ark of
Ashmole's private papers turn up we shall not the Covenant, whereas it was in truth the hermetic
learn, I fear, what influence Hermeticism had on symbol ArcaNoe; the Ark of Noah, found on count-
Freemasonry or Freemasonry on it in those days. less gems and talismans, Hermetic and Masonic, and
By Freemasonry I mean, of course, our English corresponding to the Ila.o-Tos or Kocfnvos of the
Freemasonry at Warrington in 1646, at Chester in Mysteries.
1670, in London in 1682 and 1686, the Freemasonry In order to show how much obscurity rests still
in Staffordshire and all over the Kingdom which on things masonic, the arms of Grand Lodge, which
Dr. Plot describes in 1686, and at York in 1690. It were taken from tho ancients in 1813, are still
has been said there is a fashion in all things masonically of unknown origin. They are purely
mundane, and it is well to remind ourselves that Hebraic and seem connected with the idea of the
Hermeticism was then in high favour among the Ark of the Covenant. Dermott tells us they were
great of the earth; that the Emperor Leopold wrote found among the papers of the learned Rabbi, Leon
a. well known work about it; that Henry IV. of Judah, (properly Leone Jehudah, )who lectured, by
France was said to be a great adept, probably Royal Patent, on a model of the Temple of Solomon
instructed by Cornelius Agrippa, and that many in 1680. We know, from other authority, that that
other royal personages are named among its patrons learned Rabbi, of Modena, who wrote some interest-
and adepts. There is nothing then a priori un- ing books, did lecture in London about 1680, and
reasonable in the proposition that the formuloo and our Bro. Rylands possesses a 17th century panel of
symbols of such societies may have been filtered the Arms, well painted, and which came from a.
through masonic associations which no doubt house of St. Alban's. Leon Judah, who was a.
synchronously flourished. Indeed, it is just possible proficient in Jewish Cabala, may also have been a
that Freemasonry may have been consciously or member of a Hermetic Society. There is, no doubt,
unconsciously-it matters little which-affected by a mystic meaning to these special figures.
various influences and controlled by various exigen- My third illustration is the Pentalpha, or five
cies as time ran on. It may not have always borne pointed star. This is an Hermetic or Rosicrucian
the same outward form, it may have had its hours symbol of high import, and well-known in the Jewish
of depression and its "times of refreshing," and Cabala. It is found on very old coins, talismans,
though keeping its vitality and reality, it may have and gems. In Hermetic treatises it is termed
existed and worked on in secret, almost unknown to Pentaculum Salamonis. Pythagoras is asserted to
the world. have taken it from Egypt to Crotona and adopted it
as the mystic symbol of his fraternity. Some con-
My first illustration of what I have been calling tend that it is identical with the Star of Isis. In
your attention to is the curious question of Mason~:~' its Greek use and early hermetic representaions, it
Marks. Of these we yet know comparatively little has the letters of the Greek word Yyna or Health,
for certain, except that they exist. We seem, how- at the apex of each angle. In Hebrew Cabala, the
ever, now to have established these facts, as Bro. E. Hebrew letters of Jahve. By the early Christians
W. Shaw contended years ago, and he had studied it was used to represent the five wounds, the
them more closely than any other brother, that stigmata of the Consolator J.Iundi, by the Rosicrucians,
they are alphabetical and numeralistic originally, the five elements and the five senses. Our five
though in later years in subsequent use they may pointed star is in all probability derived from it and
have become symbolical, national, tribal, family, and is hermetic in origin. Bro. Oliver connects it with
personal marks. All the early alphabetical. charac-
ters of all nations have been pressed into the * V.'"e ought not to forget here the rlebt Masonic Students owe to Mr.
George Godwin, the able ellitor of the Builder, in his admirable paper on
service of Masons' marks. The Runes are Masons' Masons' Marks, read before the Society of Architects, and it is curious to
Marks, and though of Scandinavian origin they note that to the Abbe Grandidie:r in the last century, and Mr. Godwin and
Mr. Halliwell Philips in this, we owe, though to non-maaons, the impetus
can also be interpreted, as Canon Taylor has given to Masonic enquiry, studies, and criticism.
32 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

the star of manifestation, and builds up a Johannite not seeing as we begin to see to-day that the A and
theory of Christian masonry upon 1t. But as A.S. Rite, for instance, rests upon an hermetic or
according to the old hermetic teachers the Star of occult basis, and that it is really much older than
Hermes, the great Teacher, was to brighten up the many modern writers have laid down. It is, I
seekers after Light along the misty pathway of this apprehend, certain as we persevere and proceed in
earthly life, to illuminate the darkness of the shadows our studies that such occult grades, in various
of death with the raC!.iant gleams of an eternal exist- forms and ways, represent archaic institutions and
ence and everlasting truth, there seems to be a archaic hermeticism in remarkable measure, and
great analogy between hermetic and masonic use deserve our study and appreciation. I go further
and teaching. The Pentalpha is also a masons' and say: if, indeed, we wish to resolve many a Crux,
mark, and is found, I believe, in all countries where harmonize many discrepancies in the popular account
masons' marks do abound, and also in all ages, more of Freemasonry in the world, we must take a wide,
or less.* a tolerant, a discriminating view of all these various
In the fourth place, I would mention as a curious facts and inferences with whichhermeticismspccially
fact, explain it as you will, that most of our masonic deals, and which may tend to throw light on many
symbols may be found, whether as hermetic emblems obscure periods and practices !of Craft-masonry in
or as mason's marks. For instance, the square, its onward progress through t.b.e r:enturies to the
rule, and plumb-rule, the perfect ashlar, the two present time. If, for instance, we shall be able
pillars, the circle within the parallel lines, the point eventually to ascribe much that is at present un-
within a circle, the delta, the square and compasses, satisfactory and dark in our Masonic Annals and
with the letter G which often stands for Gloria. developement to the influence of hermeticism on
All these are found as masons' marks, (though of Freemasonry, (lr even vice t•ersu, we shall be able to
late use), and were also adopted by hermetic writers account for the facts of the openly and tacitly
as mystic symbols of certain phases of hermetic received symbols of hermeticism in our Masonic
teaching, and when to this we add the evidence Lodges, which we can not explain now, and so
fairly arising from curious inscriptions on founda- render the task of some future Gould easier than his
tion stones, hermetic verses and the like, seals, tokens, has been. And such an enlarged view and basis of
wood engravings, emblems, and mystical figures and masonic studies will not hamper the progress of
representations in old letters and illuminations, we present research, on the contrary, will render the
have proof of some kind, at any rate, of a hermetic labours of all honest searchers after truth still more
and masonic connection, as well as too many amenable to and guided by the supreme laws of
coincidences to be purely undesigned. careful induction and logical development.
The last illustration I shall adduce to-night is Like other tentamina, this present theory of a
that of the Hexapla or' the Hexal ph a. This, as we all possible Hermetic and Rosicrucian influence on Free-
know, is a sacred symbol of the East, Solomon's masonry may not lead to the results some of us
seal. It is the great symbol of Hermeticism, which anticipate from it, when we have mastered the
may indeed be said to teem wi.th it. We see it essential and imperative conditions of fact, evidence
on amulets, gems, talismans, coins, and pottery. It and certainty. But we cannot be doing wrong if we
has sometimes three rays or three points within, and endeavour by any possible means to clear up what
when used in Jewish Cabala, and even in hermetic is complicated, to resolve what is doubtful still, to
formulre, it has the Tetragrammaton often within, give to belief certainty, and to suspense conclusive-
sometimes Elohim, sometimes Adonai, sometimes El ness ; above all, if we can convert suggestions into
Shaddai. By the early builders it was used to positive reality. Freemasons especially are bound to
denote the two natures of the Salvator Mundi, and be honest seekers after truth, and though the ascent
by later ones to emblematize the Trinity. to its great Temple may be difficult and tedious,
It has been sometimes termed Signum, Signa- approached by devious paths or fenced about by
culum, Scutum Salamonis. It is a high Masonic serious obstacles, we are bound to persevere, nothing
emblem and a Mason's Mark of very early use all daunted or misled until we reach its illuminated
over the East as in medireval times, as well as a portals. We should ahvays march in the front on
mystic, tribal and religious mark. all such questions and struggles.
It is, I venture to think, not too much to assert " They are slaves who dare not be
here that the study of hermeticism in itself and by In the right with two or three :"
itself, and its influence on Freemasonry, has yet to and our motto should ever be that of Hermeticism
begin, so to say, and the consideration of the facts and Freemasonry alike in its high import and abid-
of its existence side by side with ]freemasonry, and ing obligation.
its possible colouring of masonic symbolism has, in " Let Light and Truth prevail."
my humble opinion, been unwisely neglected by
masonic writ.ers: our Brother Gould, however, being
a striking exception. But before we set ourselves
Bao. GouLD said-The paper read this evening appears
to the task we must dismiss many prejudiceR and to me valuable,-flrst, in regard to Hermeticism itself, as
many preconceptions on the subject. Kloss and showing its possible influence on Freemasonry, and secondly,
Findel, and many more ha.ve hastily pronounced all as tending to establish a point of much importance, which has
Hermeticism, and especially the High Grades to be thus been laid down by de Quincey :-" We must not forget
the creation and outcome of vanity and charlatanism, that the Rosicrucians and Masonic Orders were not at all
points what they now are; they have passed through many
• The Pentalpha is found in Greek And Latin lnscrptions in the 4lh and changes, and no inconsiderable part of their symbols, etc.,
6th centuries, and n~ry often over architects Rr.d huilders. has been the product of successive generations." This means
 TRANSACTIONs OF TRB LoDGE Qu.&ruo& CoRONATI. 33

that Freemasonry, like everything else, is or has been evolu- the Craft are denounced as having been the act of Modern
tionary. Now I understand Bro. Woodford to say that Free- Freemasons, and an extract is given from the "Plain Dealer,"
masonry, in all probability, has received a portion of its newer wherein the conductor of that journal declares he will never
symbolical formulro, and emblematic types from the Societies enter a Lodge again, unless the Grand Master puts a stop to
of Hermeticism. Here there are twQ points raised-one with the proceedings complained of, " by a steady and peremptory
regard to Societies of hermeticism, the other with regard to charge to all the brotherhood." " Alarming Reports,''
Symbolism. Now, in the first place, waH t.heir ever either a (a.ccording to the same authority), and" Stories of raising the
Rosicrucian or a Hermetic Fraternity? On this point, the devil, of ladders, halters, drawn swords, and dark rooms, had
elder Disraeli, following the example of Gibbon in the some- spread confusion and terror.'~ These innovations could not,
what parallel case of the Ancient Mysteries, said he could of course, have been entirely Rosicrucian or Hermetical.
readily frame hypotheses, with reg><td to the Rosicrucian The chief Rosicrucian Symbols were the globe, circle,
Society had he not been checked by the apprehe<1sion of dis- compasses, square, triangle, level, and plummet. These,
oovering what had never existed. Individual Rosicrucians however, were not interpreted as symbols of the moral virtues,
and Hermeticists, no doubt there w£re, a!ld several we know but aa the properties of the Philosopher's Stone P The views
to have bee-n Masons. The two expressions, Itos;crucian and of the present German School are not, I think, quite as the
Hermetic learning, were used to express the same thing by lecturer has represented them to be. The highly imaginative
Anthony A. Wood (Athenae Oxoniensis), and in the popular theory of Nicbolai has been laid on the shelf, and the idea
imagination, both Rosicrucian~ aud Hermeticists, ·were re- now is, that many students of Alchemy and Rosicrucianism,
garded in the 17th century as conjurors and mountebank8, were also Freemasons, and they are supposed to have en grafted,
Thus, Samuel Butler, author of Hudibras, speaking of not so much their occult wisdom, as a portion of their symbo-
"The Deep Hermetic Arts," goes on to say, lism (notably the three pillars) upon Freemasonry. This
opinion, which is shared by many writers, has been expressed
" For 10 of late, the learned ca.ll in various ways, but a distinguished American Mason-Bro.
All tricks, if !itrange a.ud m.)·stical."
Albert Pike--has gone a step farther in his statement, " That
Time forbida more than a passing allu8ion to the so-called men who were adepts in the Hermetic Philosophy, made the
Rosicrucian sect or fraternity, of ,(vhich John Valentine ceremonials of the Craft degrees." Still more recently the
Andrea is supposed to have been the moving •pirit, though I mme high authority has expressed his belief, that the symbo-
may mention as a circumstance, which has been strangely lism of the Lodge was derived from the Aryan Mysteries, and
overlooked by the historians of Rosicrucianism, that John that this is especially explained in the Zend A vesta. This
Tauler, the famous Dominican, born 1290, <lied l3fil, was in would carry the Symbolism of Freemasony over the heads of
some sort a precursor of Andrea, and did actually form a the Rosicrucians, but, I think, Bro. Pike goes too far and, as
small mystical fraternity, the members of which concealed their it were, opens his mouth too wide. It seems to me, at least
place of burial, and recognized each other by secret signs. a reasonable supposition, that in the progress of its evolution-
In the history and life of the Rev. Dr. John Tauler, of Stras- ary changes Freemasonry has added to its symbols from the
burg, (translated by Susanna Winkworth, 1857), mention is stock of other Rocieties and from that of the votaries of
made of one Nicholas of Basle, who lived in the strictest Hermeticism. Our ceremonies, it is very likely, may have
seclusion with four disciples, and was the leader and centre their analogues in the customs of antiquity, referred to by
of o. district association of "Friends of God." From their Bro. Pike, but this after all would only place the Aryan
seclusion, however, these men kept a watchful eye upon all Mysteries on the same footing with those of Greece and
that was passing in the world, and communicated by means Egypt, in both of which we meet with dialogue, ritual,
of special messengers, with those who had placed themselves darkness, light, death, and reproduction.
under their spiritual guidance. The messengers so employed,
had certain secret signs whereby they recognized each other. After a few general remarks from Members present, Bro.
Nicholas, himself, was eventually burnt as a heretic, being WooDFORD, in reply, stated that as regards the evidence of
then ninety years of age, but before this time the Strasburg the actual existence of the Rosicrucian Society, the l!'ratre&
brethren had lost all trace of the "Friends of God," and tLeir Rosere Crucis, to which Bro Gould demurred, two points
frequent attempts to discover them had proved utterly un. had to be considered. The e'l"idence up to 1844, went back to
availing. The most important of the l\LS.S. connected with 1614, when Wessel at Cassel published the first work, with
this society is a large folio volume formerly belonging to the the Laws in Latin-a work now very rare. Kloss alluded to
convent of the Knights of St. John, (Strasburg), called a an Italian work of 1613, but that work did not specifically
Briefbuch [book of letters], and this codex contains among allude to the Rose Croix, only to a fraternity of Philosophers
other less important ma~ters, a l\IS. called " The Book of thl' or Sages. Bro. Hawkins had discovered among the Ashmole
Five Men," being an account of Nicholas and his four com- M.S.S. a M.S. bearing on the same subject of approxi·
panions. The precise dates in the 14th century, when the mate date 1604. Was there ever such evidence in the
lilociety was formed, and passed out of existence, are not dis- history of Literature, as the existence of over three
closed. hundred works known in 1844, pro. and cou. the exist-
But we should, I t'hink, try to construct out of what ence of a Society? He {Bro. Woodford) knew of no
we see or know, the theory of what we do not see or know. such evidence, and he therefore came to the con-
I shall therefore confine my own observations to a review of clusion that such a society under whatever form must have
occurrences falling within historic times. In 1722, "Long existed, or such a controversy continued through many centu-
Livers," the work which has been referred to by Bro. Wood- ries could never have taken placa. Bro. Gould drew a distinction
ford, was published in London. The writer was Robert between the Hermetics and Rosicrucians! No doubt up to
Samber, whose allusion to the "Book M." would appear to date no Hermetic work alluded to the Rosicrucians nominatim,
stamp him as a follower of Andrea, though from the fassage~ and he admitted that what Ashmolc's Society of Astrologers
in the preface to '' LoDg Livers," it has been conjectured that really was had yet to be proved. It was not correct to say,
be was a devotee of the Hermetic Art, strictly so called, and they only dined together, they had distinct meetings, they
not in the newer (or later sense), a Rosicrucian. Of this work, went to Churc~.• and Sermons were preached before them.
or its author, I have met with only two allusions in the writings 'l'he list of Ashmole's brotlwr students in occultism is a very
of that period. The first occurs iu 1723, in a work called etrikiog and suggestive one indeed? Bro. Gould was the first
"The Praise of Drunkenness," inculcating the necessity of to call attentinn to Peter Stahl, the Rosicrucian at Oxford, a
frequently getting drunk, and asserting "that the practice is contemporary of Ash mole, Wren, and Rnbert Boyle! The
Most Ancient Primitive and Catholic, and that. it is confirmed Rosicrucians were, in his opinion, the developement of the
by the examples of Popes, Bishops, Philosophers, Freemasons, Hermetics. We had to deal confcsse<lly with a very complex
and other men of learning in all ages." This treats Long and difficult subject, and he had ventured to suggest a clue to
Livers as a mere jeu d'e-sprit. The next allusion is to be followed out cnrL•fully as paving the way and solving
Samber himself, and occurs iu a pamphlet of 17:!4. {Grand many Cruxes, for future historians of the order. The
Mystery, p.p. 6, 7, 10, 11 ), being the second edition of "the words of Bamber could only be explained by Hermeticism,
Grand Mystery of the Freemasons discove,ed." In this, and whether Samber wn' not of much acconnt,-jmt a~ Butler
Samber is spoken of as a Renegado Papist, certain abuses in wrote the attack on Lilly in a previous age-mattered very

E
34 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QL'ATUOR CORONATI.

little as it seemed to him. Whether the idea was sound Time On motion duly made and seconded, the thanks of the
alone could show. At any rate, just now, any theories are ~odge wer? voted .to B;o. Woodford for his learned, sugges-
welcome which would enable us to overcome many difficulties tive, and mterestmg drsconrse, and the brethren adjourned
.and explain many enigmata. to refreshment.

3Rn MARCH, 1887.

The Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall, at 5 p.m. There

were present Bros. Sir Charles Warren, in the chair; R. F. Th~ fees for initiation and joining are twenty guineas and
Gould, S.W. as I. P.M.; W. M. Bywater, J.D. as S.W.; Wm. five gumeas respectively, the annual subscription is one
Simpson, J.W.; G. W. Speth, Sec.: Major Pratt, S.D.; Prof. guinea.
T. Hayter·Lewis, I.G.; s.nd Dr. Wynn Westcott. Also the The funds are wholly devoted to Lodge purposes, nothing
following Visitors :-Bro. John Lane, P.M. No. 1402; being spent on refreshment. The members usually dine
J. Liddell McGregor Mathers, of Hengist Lodge, No. 195; together, but at their own individual cost, and visitors, who
W. R. Woodman, P.G.Sw.B., Otto Hebner, and C. Kupfer- ari.' cordially welcomed, enjoy the option of partaking-on
schmidt, of Pilgrim Ludge, No. 238; and C. F. Hogard and the same terms-of refreshment at the common table.
Jos. da Silva, both of the Lodge of Israel, No. 205. No members are admitted without a literary or artistio
qualification.
The stated meetings are, the day succeeding the four
The Secretary reported that in pursuance of the Resolu- quarterly communications of Grand Lodge, and the 8th
tion passed at the last meeting the Committee had drawn up November, (Feast of Quatuor Coronati.)
and issued the following circular. At every meeting an original paper is read which is
followed by a discussion. During the current year papers en-
titled " On some old Scottish Masonic Customs ; " " The
''Lodge Q.uatuor Coronati," No. 2076, London. Steinmetzen Theory, critically examined; " "On an early
version of the Hiramic Legend;" and "Hermeticism and
Sir Charles Warren, G.O.M.G., Worshipful Master. Freemasonry; " have been read by the S. W ., Secretary,
I.G., and I.P.M., respectively, and will be printed in the
Transactions.
CIRCULAR N?. 7.
The first volume of our Proceedings or Transactions is
SIR AND BROTHER, being prepared for publication, and will be continued periodi-
In reply to numerous enquiries the following particulars cally at intervals of three, six, or twelve months, as may
with regard to the design and scope of this Lodge are here hereafter be determined.
briefly outlined.
MAIN OBJECTS. Many Masonic Students, both at home and abroad, have
1.-To provide a centre and bond of union for Masonic expressed a wish to participate in the 3pecial as distinguished
Students. from the ordinary labours of the Lodge. The members of
2.-To attract intelligent masons to its meetings, in order No. 2076 are anxious to meet these brethren half-way.
a
to imbue them with love for masonic research. Distance, inability to attend, the rules which, under some
Grand Lodges, forbid the membership of more than one Lodge;
3.-To submit the discoveries or conclusions of students
to the judgment and criticism of their fellows by means and the absence, as may well happen, of a literary qualifica-
of papers read in Lodge. tion; all these may in turn render impracticable (even were
4.-To submit these communications and the discussions our numbers unlimited) the admission to full membership of
arising thereon to the genera.! body of the Craft by publish- the numerous brethren whom we should otherwise so gladly
ing, at proper intervals, the Transactions of the Lodge in its welcome in our ranks.
entirety. But it seems to us, in the interest of our own Lodge, of
5.-To reprint scarce and valuable works on Freemasonry, the Literature of the Craft, and of Masonic Research in its
and to publish Manuscripts, etc. largest and widest sense, that it will be both practicable and
6.-To make the English-speaking Craft acquainted with expedient to establish an outer and far reaching circle of
the progress of masonic study abroad, by translations (in Students, and thus bind to us by an even closer tie than the
whole or part) of foreign works. bond of Fellowship already subsisting, the ever· growing band
7.-To tabulate concisely, in the printed Transactions of of earnest searchers after Masonic Truth and Light, both in
the Lodge, the progress of the Craft throughout the world. the Old World and the New.
8.-To acquire permanent premises and form a masonic
library and museum. CORRESPONDKNCE CIRCLE.
Under the above title we have therefore decided to
The Lodge having only been consecrated on the 12th establish a Literary Society in close and intimate connection
January, 1886, it is not to be supposed that all of these with the Lodge, for the convenience of such brethren of other
objects have yet been realized, but the members may safely Lodges-subscribers to the Transactions-who may be desir-
congratulate themselves on the fact that the first three have ous of participating in our special labours, by the communi-
been most satisfactorily attained. cation of Papers, or in other ways (in writing) to the
Secretary.
MEMBERS OF TilE LODGE. The· members of our Correspondence Circle will be
placed on the following footing : -
Sir Charles Warren, W.l\L; Rev. A.F.A. Woodford,J.P.l\f.; 1.-The printed TraMactions of the Lodge will be posted
R. F. Goold, S. W.; W. Simpson, J.\V.; W. Besant, Treasurer; to them as issued, and also the summonses convoking the
G. W. Speth, Secretary; Major S. C. Pratt, S.D. ; W. 1\L meeting, if desired.
Bywater, J.D.; Professor T. Hayter-Lewis, I. G.; W. J. 2.-'I'hey will be entit!Pd to purchase at cost or at a.
Hughan; W. H. Rylauds; J. P. Rylands; Major F. G. Irwin; reduced price copies of all publications of the Lodge, such as
T. B. Whytehead; J. Ramsden Riley; Dr. W. W. Westcott; are included under No. 5 of" MAIN OBJECTS."
etc. 3.-Should circumstances permit of their occasional
presence among us &t meetings of the Lodge, they will feel
INTERNAL ECONOMY OF THE LODGE. that altbongh not members, they a.re more than visitors, in
The membership is limited to forty, in order to prevent the ordinary sense, as being united to us by the tie of
th9 Lodge becoming unwieldy. Fraternity in the outer Circle of the " Q.uatuor Coronati."
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 35

4.-The Proceedings in Lodg!j are of course r!'gulated by P.S.-It is contemplated to issue shortly the first Volume
the Boo)!; of Constitutions, but nll brethren present when a of the Quatuor Coronati Reprints. This will probably con-
Paper is read are invited to take part in the subsequent dis- sist inter alia of the ":Masonic Poem," (Halliwell's) in
cussion. Papers, moreover, from Correspondence members, fac simile; "The Defence of Masonry" of 1730; and the
will be gratefully accepted if approved by the Permanent article in the " Plain ~ealer" of 1724, on the Society of the
Committee. Gormogons.
5.-They will be accorded free admittance at all reason-
able h•mrs to our Lodge Library and Writing Rooms, as soon
as circumstances shall permit us to carry out this part of our &crm cf £.:pp!icaticn.
plan. TO BRO. G. W. SPETH, SECRETARY, 2076,
6.-A Candidate for membership of our Correspondence
Circle will be subject to election, but will require no special Streatham House, Margate, Kent, England.
qualification, and will be as nearly as possible on the same
Please enrol me as a Correspondence Member of the
footing as an Honorary :Member in the popular signification
Qua.tuor Coronati Society. I enclose lOs. tid. subscription to
of that term.
7.-No entrance fee is demanded, and the subscription December next.
is half-a-guniea (£0 lOs. 6d.) per annum. (If residing beyond
D"te .•••.. ..•..••••••••••• Signature ••••....•••••.•.... ••••••••••••
the Postal Union extra postage will be charged.) This sum
is calculated to just cover cost of Transactions, Stationery,
Printing, and Postage. Name in full ..••••••....••••..••••••..•.... • • • •• •· · · •· ·· ·• • • · · · · •• ··-
Should the subscription more than cover the above .Addreu . .......................................................... ..
expenses, the balance will aid the Lodge in No. 5 of the
" MAIN OBJECTs." Name of Lodge •• ........••...•......••..••.•.....••.•......•••.••....••

Subjoined is a frank statement of the benefits to be ex· Masonic Rank and OJ!ce (if any) .••.........•..•.••••.••.•...•...•...••
pected 8hould our Circle of Correspondence Members be
largely increased.
It is evident that the greater the number of subscribers,
the less will be the cost of our printed Transactions per copy, The result so far had been thirty-seven applications, of
and the larger will be our means for republishing scarce which twenty-six had already been accepted by the Parma·
works and manusoripts. nent Committee, and he now moved that the remaining
With an extended circle interested in our pursuits and eleven be elected Corespondence members. There being no
animated by a common impulse, the chances are greatly in· objections to any single name on the list, th0 remainder were
creased of waifs and strays of curious information coming to then approved."
our hands, and of Hidden Manuscripts being discovered and On the motion of the Secretary tho following Commit·
brought to light. tees were then appointed to assist him in the following pur·
It is confidently anticipated that the members of the poses:-
Quatuor Coronati Society or Correspondence Circle or some Bros. Woodford, Bywater, and Westcott, to enquire into
of them, may occasionally favour the Secretary with commu- the question of either altering our days of meeting
nications to be read in Lodge and subsequently printed. or removing to other quarters, and to report to the
Members of foreign jurisdictions will, we trust, keep us Lodge.
posted from time to time in the current Masonic history of Bros. Simpson, Pratt, and Whytehead, to print and issue
their districts. These reports will furnish a valuable annual the Transactions.
appendix to our Transactions, available to historians in all Bros. Gould, Hug han, and Hayter-Lewis, to select subject
times to come. matter for first volume of Quat nor Coronati Reprints,
Foreign members might further assist by periodic obtain estimates and subscribers, and under certain
announcement and critieism of new Masonic Works published conditions, to print and issue.
~broad. (Communicati.ons may ~e addressed to the Secretary
The failure of Bro. Chapman (elected to join in June,
m any of the Germamc or Latm tongues, more especially 1886), to take up the membership of the Lodge was explained
English, French, German, and Spanish.) to the brethren, and on motion duly made he was excused
Thus would not only our means of Research and Publi· his fees.
cation be increased, but those publications themselves be en- The following presentations to the Lodge Library were
hanced in value, to the lasting benefit of all connected with announced. From Bro. Budden, a Treatise on Secondary
the Lodge and the Craft in general. Education, a Masonic Funeral Service with original music
by said brother, and various publications of the Masonic
Every mason* throughout the Universe, being at the time Charity Association of Dorset. From Bro. Cramer, of Berlin,
a. subscribing member of a Lodge, is eligible as a member of the back numbers of "Latomia," 1887, and a promise to send
our Correspondence Circle, and it is hoped that more the paper in future for the use of the Lodge. From Bro.
especially our British, Colonial, American, and German Simpson, The Rock Cut Caves and Statues of Bamian, being
brethren will avail themselves of the invitation which is a paper by Captain Talbot, with notes by Bro. Simpson, read
hereby extended to them. before th., Royal Asiatic Society.
The annual subscription is due in December. It is
merely necessary to forward name, address, masonic rank, The following brethren were proposed as JOmmg mem·
name of Lodge, and lOs. 6d. to the Secretary of the Quatuor hers by the Worshipful Master and seconded by the Senior
Coronati, and subject to the approval of the Permanent Com- Warden:-
mittee, or in such manner as may be from time to time pre· Bro. John Lane, Torqnay, Chartered Accountant, F.C.A.,
scribed, a candidate will be at once enrolled. born 1843. Was initiated in 1878 in the Jordan Lodge,
We are, dear Sir and Brother, Torquay, No. 14•)2, and served as W.M. in 1882. Joined
Lodge True Love and Unity, Brixham, No. ~48, in 1883;
Yours fraternally, was exalted in St. Joun's Hoyul Arch Chapter, Torquay,
For the W.:r.I., Officers, and Members of the No. 32H, in lSHO, and passed the chair of J. in 18H7. He
Lodge Quatuor Coronati, No. 2076, London, -;s the author of "l\Iasonic Records, 1717--ISSG," and of
G. W. SPETH, P.M., Secretary, 2076. the " Court Rolls of the Manor and Borougll of l'aington,
Devon."
London, January, 1887.
• To save valuable ~pace the names are 1111t L:-i\'en here. It is proposed
* N.B.-Lod2'es, Chapters, Councils, Commantleries, Lihraries to issue to eaeh member of the Loth:e and Cirde a St. John's Card on the
Institutes, and all other Associations of a kind1·cU character Masonic o; 27th Deccmher of each year, showi11~ IHtlllt.:s and re8idt-JICC 1 etc., ot eve~.r
otherwise, can be placed on the roll of the Corrt>spondence Ci;cle and the member of the Correspontbnce Cirek ; a!lll a full list will also b0 printed
printed Transactions will be regularly forwarded to them. ' a8 an appendix to ea.d.1 volume of the Transactions, when completed.
36 TRA.NSACTIONs OF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

Bro. William John Chetwode Crawley, Dublin, M.A., Ancients, and that in process of time they materia.
LL.D., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Ireland. Member of Uni. lised their worship and bowed to works of God, and
versity Senate, Dublin; Foundation Member of the 1Iinera- eventually to the work of their own hands.
logical Soeiety of Great Britain and Ireland, etc., etc. He
was born in 1844, in 1872 initiated in Scientific Lodge, No. The first question which arises as to the worship
250, now merged in Trinity College Lodge, Dublin, No. 357, of of a Supreme Being, not located in any one spot, is
which latter Lodge he is one of the founders, served the office the direction towards which the prayers are to be
of Worshipful Master in 1876, and has been Secretary of it made. Is there one direction more t'han another in
for seven years; is an Honorary Member of University which the Deity is to be found ?
Lodge, Dublin, No. 33, since 1877, and of Acacia Lodge, No.
225, since 1878. In the Royal Arch he was exalted in the We find in the East, at the present day, that _-.,
Chapter attached to Scientific Lodge in 1873; joined Univer· kibleh or praying direction, is a needful accessory
sity Chapter, No. 33, in 1875, and Israel Chapter, No. 126, in to prayer. A Moslem could not with equanimity,
1876, presiding over this Chapter as M.E.K. in 1877. His go through his formula did he not know the
offices in Grand Lodge are as follows :-in 1881 he was elected direction of the Kaaba towards which he should
Grand Inner Guard; in 1884 Grand Sword Bearer; and in
1887 Grand Steward. In 1880 he was elected by Grand face while at prayer.
Lodge Representative Member of Grand Lodge of Instruction, It should not, therefore, be a matter of surprise
and in 1881 by Grand ltoyal Arch Chapter Grand Registrar to us that in the earliest days the custom of turning
of Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Instruction. He is the towards a kibleh should have generally prevailed.
Editor of " The Open Competition Handbooks"; author of The expression, "Turn unto the Lord thy God," is
" A Manual of Historical Geography," the " Handbook of
Competitive Examinations" (six editions), and other works. of itself indicative of this practice.
We shall find on enquiry that in early days it
Bro. Edwin Thomas Budden, Wimborne, Dorset, was the eastern port.ion of the heavens that God
Member of Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Society; was supposed more particularly to honour with His
Member of Salisbury Diocesan Synod; Chairman (for six presence, and from whence He sent His glory upon
years) of the Synodal Committee on Secondary Education,
etc., etc. Merchant Tailor and Outfitter. Born in 1830, earth.
initiated in 1857 in St. Cuthberga Lodge, No. 622, Wimborne, " And behold the Glory of God of Israel came
Worshipful Master in 1871; joined and revived the Unity by way of the east."
Lodge, Wareham, No. 386, in 1874, serving as Worshipful Viewing the subject through the medium of the
Master in 1874 and 1875; the Hengist Lodge, No. 195, ancient cosmogony, the east was a fixed and finite
Bournemouth, in 1880; an9. is an Honorary Member of Unity
Lodge, No. 132, Ringwood, since 1872, having been the chief
portion of the solid heavens, where the sun appeared
helper in its revival at that date. He was exalted in St. at early dawn; and it is generally received by the
Cuthberga Chapter, No. 622, in 1872, Z. in 1878. He was writers that the eastern nations performed divine
appointed Prov. S.G.D. in 1874, Prov. G. 2nd. A.S. in 1878, worship with thmr faces turned to that part of
and Prov. S.G.W. in 1882, all in the province of Dorset. In the heavens where the sun displays his rising beams,
1880 he organized the Dorset Masonic Charity and has since
been its honorary Secret-.ry. He is the compiler of the
a custom founded upon the belief that God, whose
" Charity Song," and of a funeral service "In Memoriam," essence was looked upon to be light, dwelt in that
which contains some original music of his, and the author of portion of the firmament, from whence He sends
a " Treatise on Secondary Education," and other works. forth the sun.
At the present time we possess no earlier re-
cords extant than the Pentateuch, and to them we
BRo. SIR CHARLES WARREN read the following paper:- must first go in our researches. Our earliest certain
indication of a kibleh is in the " burning bush," when
the Shekinah appeared to :Moses, and no doubt the
" ON THE ORIENTATION OF TEMPLES." key to the subject before us to-night is not difficult
to grasp if we once comprehend the method adopted
MY object this evening is to call attention to in the manifestation of the Shekinah not only in
the Orientation of Temples, with special reference to the Hebrew records, but of the appearance and
the Temple of Solomon and the Master Mason's working of which there are reflections also in the
Lodge. heathen writings.
In considering the origin of rites and cere- This Shekinah became a cloud by day and
monies, which, if they have any antiquity whatever, pillar by night during the wanderings of the
must be allowed to have been derived fr0m the Israelites, and eventually, on the erection of the
Eastern shores of the Mediterranean, we must first Tabernacle, shadowed it and dwelt. among them.
consider the causes which led up to them. As the Temple of Solomon was simply the
We. have the two views:- Tabernacle on double the scale in stone, some re-
(a). The theory which supposes man to marks on the Tabernacle seem necessary.
have gradually developed thoughts and At the time the Tabernacle was erected the
inspirations, and after a series of years to Hebrews could ha>e no knowledge of Temples (as
have arrived at a conception of a Deity. we understand the term) from the Egyptians, for
(b). The theory which supposes man to they had been destroyed in Egypt by the Shepherd
have been created in the image of God and to Kings, and they had no means of knowing the ~:qapes
have fallen away. of the Temples that may have existed in Assyria and
With the first Masonry has no part or Phoenicia so far as details are concerned.
existence, as it is founded on the volume of the There was probably one very disturbing in-
sacred law. fluence on the minds of the Hebrews at this time;
I start then upon the understanding that a they had been living among a nation whose apparent
knowledge of the one God existed amongst the basis of religion was the worship of the sun, and
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATL'CR CORONATI. 37

who had recently been engaged in a religious On the whole it does not appear that the sun
revolt in favour of the worship of the " glory of the was connected directly ·with the position of the
solar disc," a record of which is still existing on the Tabernacle, so fa1· as it.s rays are concerned, though,
base relief of Tell Amarna. being a former object of idolatry among surround-
The Hebrews would thus, by their sojourn ing nations, no doubt it was al'l'anged that the
among the Egyptians have been actuated by a double Hebrew worship should in no wise degenerate into
sentiment with regard to the east. sun-worship.
(a). An inclination towards it as the point The key to the ·whole subject. may be found in
from which God's glory should come. the book of Ezekiel, and in the passages, "and
(b). A repulsion from it as the kibleh to behold, the glory of the God of Israel came f1·om
which sun worshippers turned. the way of the cast," and again, •· For as the
On the arrival of the wanderers under Mount lightning cometh out of the east, and shiuetl1 C\'en
Sinai, the place of the Tabemacle and its furniture to the west, so shall also the coming of the son of
all passed before the eyes of Moses, divinely inspired, man be."
not only as to its proportions, but al£o as to its The ancients originally turned towards the east
position. It was to lie east and west, the entt-ance to worship the '' Glory of the Lord," and gradually
to the east. learned to look upon the sun as a symbol of that
The reason for this orientation is not given, glory. On the erection of the Tabemacle, the pure
neither is any reason given for the particular rites worship of God was I'cstorcd to the community; but
and ceremonies to be performed, but as this new as the old kiblch, the east had become the kibleh
revelation was given for the purpose of supplying a of the idolators, in worshipping thn rising sun, it
craving and keeping the Hebrews apart from the could not now be used without a danger of mis-
heathen, reason there must have been for each construction.
minute detail. So the Tabernacle was built to contain the
Josephus tells us : " As to the Tabernacle Shekinah, the entrance facing east, from 'vhence
with its front to the east, that when glory had come, and the worshippers having their
the sun rose, it might send its first rays upon it." backs towards the east.
This he qualifies by saying, "The sky was clear, but Thus the Hebrews were taught to face in a
there was a mist over the Tabernacle only, encom- contrary direction to the sun-worshippen;, w bile, at
passing it, but not. with such a very deep or thick the same time, they contiunc<l to face towards that
cloud as is seen in the winter season, nor yet in so same glory now in the Tabcmacle, to which they
thin a one as men might be able to discern anything had formerly turned to in the cast previous to the
through it." setting up of the Tabernacle. They thus faced
west at the time of their wo1·ship, but it must not
In the Racred narrative we read : " Then a be supposed that being '"est became the custom
cloud covered the tent of the congregation, and the among the HehrcwR at other times aml places. It
glory of the Lord filled the Tabernacle . can be shown that the facing west took place only
for the cloud of the Lord was upon the Tabernacle within the sacred enclo~nre. an<l that clsewlwre the
by day, and fire was on it by night." This would people faced, north. south, ca~t, or west, according
appear sufficient to show that the position of the to the direction of the Tabernacle, containing the
entrance to the Tabernacle had no reference to the Shekinah their kiblch.
rising sun, as the sun would only have shined on Now although the glo1'Y of the Lonl, the
the cloud and not on the 'rabernacle itself. Nor Shekinah, filled the Tabemaclc, and after i.t the
when we consider the matter does it seem reason- house of the Lord (in the first TemJ>lc of Jerusalem,)
able to suppose that the suggestion of Josephus, as and though the Lord dwelt there, yet it nowl1cre
regards the sun's rays, could have been a matter of appears that the Hebrews pn1yed to the Lord iu the
moment to the Hebrews, at the time of the first house or Tabernack, but rathc1· that they turned
erection of the Tabernacle ? The sun would have towards the house and pmyc<l to Him iu heaven.
been of quite secondary consideration, even to sun \Ve see this in the exhm·tation of l\Io~es to the
worshippers, when such extraordinary manifestations people to pray to Him, " Look down from Thy hvly
were proceeding on Sinai, when the people saw that habitation, hom hea>en, and blc~s Thy people
the face of Moses shone with the reflection of the Israel."
" glory of the Lord," when a miraculous cloud Again, the prayer of Solomon at the dedication
descended on the tent, and when " fire came down of the Temple immediately after the Shekinah had
from before the Lord and consumed upon the altar filled the house.
the burnt offerings." Then spake Solomon: "The L01·d sai<1 he would
Far more reasonable is the idea of some of the dwell in the thick darknes~. I have snn·l y !milt Thee
Jews of the present day, who say that the entrance an house to dwell in, a settled place for Thee to abide
was towards the east, in order that the priest in for ever" and Solomon stood bcfm·c tlJC
might wa~ch for t~e first dawn of day in offering up altar of the Lord in the presence of all the congrega-
the mormng sacrrfice. This, however, is not a tion of Israel, and spread fol'th his hands towards
sufficient reason, and would not have held good at heaven and said ''But "·ill God indeed
the time of the erection of the Tabernacle, placed as dwell on earth? Behohl the Leaven, and hea>en of
it was at the west side of Sinai, whence the first heavens, cannot contain Thee; how much less the
dawn would not have been visible on account of the house that I lmve builded r And hearken Thou to
mountain being in the way. the supplication of Thy senant, and of Thy people
38 TRANsA,ctroNs OF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRONATJ.

Israel, when they shall pray toward this place, and somewh11.t akin. When we consider that all the
hear them in heaven, Thy dwelling place, and when present civilised world has now accepted the fulfilled
Thou hearest prayers." Here we have direct proof religion of the Hebrews, it can scarcely be urged
that the Hebrews at this remote period had know- that nations may not have done so in a modified
ledge of the omnipresence of God, and that, while to form in earlier times, when there certainly was
gratify their natural cravings and to keep them in not nearly so great a divergence between the
check during the time they were among the heathen, heathen and the Hebrews, as during 'bhe last two
He dwelt among them, yet they still, while turning thousand years. Such being the origin, as surmised,
towards His visible manifestations on earth, wor- with regard to mountain worship, it is natural to
shipped Him in heaven. conclude that, after the abode of the gods was
There is no reason for supposing that the know- transferred from the heavens in the east to the
ledge of God was specially acquired by Solomon or mountain tops, the!le tops would become the kibleh ;
Moses, on the contrary, everything points to the tha~ such was the case I have as yet seen no proof,
fact that God was known from the beginning, that and there are no existing remains of temples in the
there was a constant tendency to degenerate the Mediterranean (except Egypt) of so early a date;
true worship, and it appears that the rules and but possibly the change of position to the west from
method of worship instituted at the time of the the east may have taken place at once without the
gathering at Sinai, were simply a restoration of the period of mountain kiblehs intervening, in imitation
true form of worship in such a manner that it of the tabernacle worship, which I will now allude to.
would not get again mixed up with the idolatry of On entering the Promised Land, the Hebrews
the heathen if rigidly and faithfully carried out. were enjoined in the strictest manner to uproot the
If we examine ancient Grecian and Roman heathen institutions, to destroy their altars and
history, which is even of a very late date compared break down their images, and cut down their groves
with the times of Moses and Solomon, we find an echo and burn the graven images with fire; but there is
of the Hebrew sentiment as to worship, feeble and not a single allusion to the existence of any temples
attenuated, but presenting a strange similarity to in Syria, nor does it appear probable that any
the earlier form of worship of the Hebrews in tent existed at that time, for we learn from other sources
and tabernacle. The whol& attitude of the early that it was only in later days the temples came into
Greeks towards their gods, reminds us most forcibly use, and first, as Pausanias tells us, they were made
of a religion perverted from that of the Hebrews. of wood.
With all mankind the Deity at first abode in The Hebrews were also told to pluck down the
heaven; but as the worship of the heathen gradu- high places of the heathen, but it does not appear
ally degenerated, the people, after being accustomed that they carried out this injunction in its integrity;
to sacrifice on the mountain tops, gradually began to and it does not seem quite clear at the present day
look upvn these mountain tops and high places of as to exactly what was intended by the order-
original scenes of worship as the occasional haunts whether it was simply to pull down the altars of the
of the gods; and eventually (and as far as we heathen which had been erected on sanctified places.
know after the manifestations on Mount Sinai) their At any rate, until the dedication of the temple, the
mountain tops became the recognised abode of the sacrifice and worship of the Hebrews on high places,
gods, though, at the same time, the higher order though not approved, was considered a venial
lived also in heaven. Thus the exact position of offence as compared with, other sins ; and we even
Olympus is most deluding. From the Iliad at one find Solomon going to the high place of Gibeon and
moment it appears clearly to have been situated in sacrificing, and then being visited by the Lord in a
heaven, far above the earth ; at another time near dream, and promised by Him the gift of wisdom.
the earth ; now the summit of Mount Olympus, Gibeon was told to sacrifice on the top of a rock at
though not identical with it. It is possible that at Ophrah, and also Manoah in like manner elsewhere.
the time the Iliad was originally composed, the High places continued to be the scenes of worship
gods were just obtaining a local habitation, and and sacrifice among nations until a late date, and
thus the difference of treatment in the several the upper chamber in the house, and the house-top
portions of the book. were also considered fit p1aces for worship. St.
The fact that each national centre had a Mount Peter went up to the house-top to pray, and the Last
Olympus, an Ida, or a Zion, is sufficient proof that Supper was celebrated in an upper chamber.
the account of the Thessalian home of the gods was On the heights of N ebo and Pisgah, also, altars
no local tradition belonging to that place, and tothe only were used, and there is no mention of any
Achreans in particular, but was either a tradition temples. Certainly the remains of a temple exist in
travelling with the several human races in their on- the ruins of the town of Niba, which I found in
ward progress from the east, and referable back to 1867 ; but this appears to be of quite a late date,
the most ancient times, or else it was the circling probably not more ancient than the time of the
echo of some extraordinary manifestation of the Antonines.
Deity upon a mountain top, such as took place upon It seems doubtful whether it was a temple
Mount Sinai. Such wonders as were seen on the whose pillars Samson pulled down on himself and
giving of the law cannot have failed to become his spectators, and it is not until the ark was placed
known, even if not heard and seen, by the wild in the house of Dagon that we have any direct
children of the desert, the rightful owners of these evidence of the subject.
parts ; from these the rumour would quickly have Micah also made a house for his gods.
extenderr throughout the people speaking languages It was only after the dedication of the Temple
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATL'OR (O:ION'ATI. 39

of Solomon that we have any allusion to the temples worshipped toward the west, as did the Hebrews.
of Baal, and the use of temples thus appears to have True, 1t had been surmised that the temples about
grown up after the entry of the Hebrews into the :Mount Hermon had been turned towards it as to a
Promised Land. kibleh, so that worshippers might look to it and
The story of Bel and the Dragon contains the pray; but the plans and positions of all these
description of a pagan temple in Babylon of the temples have now been obtained, and, without
time of Daniel, 600 B.C., in the reign of Cyrus, King exception, they all have their entrances to the cast,
of Persia. The account of this temple corresponds, and in no one case does the front, or any side of the
a.s far as it goes, with those of later date which I building, face direct upon the summit of Hermon.
examined in the Lebanon and about Hermon, They do not all face due east, but some a few degrees
especially regarding the secret entrance for the north or south of east-possibly in accordance with
priests. The account is the more interesting because the direction of east as obtained from the sun at
the earliest temples, whose ruins are now extant, dawn on the day of commencement, or of dedication.
are of about this date, and though they are un- That the older forms of sun-worship existeP.
fortunately much ruined and altered, yet it is side by side with the not less idolatrous worship that
apparent, from what still remains, that they had sprung from it, there can be no doubt.. Even as
their entrances to the west, contrariwise to all later late as the time of the prophet Ezekiel we have a
temples. record of it: " And, behold, at the door of
Among the oldest of these I may mention the the temple of the Lord, between the porch and the
Parthenon and temple of Jupiter Olympius at altar, were about five-and-twenty men, with their
Athens, which are said (Stewart's " Antiquities backs toward the temple of the Lord, and their faces
of Athens") to have had their principal e11trances toward the east.; and they worshipped the sun
to the west. It would thus appear that we have no toward the east." Hermon and other peaks of the
cases of any temples with their entrances to the east Lebanons may thus have continued to be the scenes
earlier than 600 B.C., that is, about 400 years after of sun-worship until a very late date, so late that I
the construction of Solomon's temple, and 800 years doubt but that traces may yet be found of it, if not
after the setting up of the tabernacle. the worship itself, among the people. In this
This completely agrees with what Dr. Potter worship it does not seem that a covered temple was
tells us on the subject : " It was an ancient custom necessary, and Herodotus tells us that the Persians
among the heathen to worship with their faces had uo temples, even in ages when temples were
towards the east. This is proved by Clemens of common in all other countries, and that they
Alexandria, and Hyginus, tho Freedman of Augustus worshipped upon some high place. The Egyptian
Cresar, to have been the most ancient situation of bas-relief at 'l'ell Amarna, htjwever, picturing the
temples, and that the placing the front of temples sun-worship during the eighteenth dynasty, when
towards the east was only a device of later years." the Hebrews were in the country, shows a temple,
Vitruvius (B.C. 25) also says that the entrances the people having their backs towards it and their
of temples should be towards the west, although, in faces to the sun.
his time, most of the temples must have had their
entrances changed to the east. The heathen temples of the Roman Empire
We have thus the testimony of ancient continued in existence until the fourth or fifth
historians and their commentators as to worship century; in some cases, side by side, Jewish syna-
having originally been toward the east, and of temples gogues and Christian churches, in other cases,
having been so turned, up to the year tiOO B.C., or themselves turned into Christian churches. In
thereabouts. After this time all temples were either Syria the heathen worship continued as late as A.D.
turned in a manner similar to Solomon's temple, or 420, when the inhabitants summoned Simeon Sty lite
had no orientation at all. The inference I draw to help them from the ravages of wild beasts, and
from this is, that the glory and knowledge of he counselled them to give up their idolatry ; and
Solomon's temple gradually became infiltrated Theodosius the younger made a law about the same
among the surrounding nations, and that the time, enjoining the destruction of all heathen temples,
heathen, perhaps quite unconsciously, were influenced in default of their being turned into Christian
thereby. churches.
Let us now make enquiry as to the prospect of I may mention that we have direct evidence of
those temples which increased so rapidly under the this having occurred in the remains of the temple
fostering care of the Roman Empire, and whose of Rukleh, at the foot of Mount Hermon, where the
remains are now so numerous : sacred some to the apsidal end is most obviously an addition taking
gods and some to men. The Greek scholiast upon the place of the old eastern entrance, the later
Pindar (B.C. 25) tells us they were wont to turn entrance being from the west ; the same is to be
their faces towards the east when they prayed to found in the ancient temple at Niba, west of Mount
the gods, and to the west when to the heroes or Nebo. That so few, comparatively, of these temples
demi-gods. It is of little use referring to the latter; are now extant is not to be wondered at, when we
they had no constant orientation, and were placed as read Gibbon, p. 65: " In Syria (about A.D. 381) the
circumstances required-facing a thoroughfare or divine and excellent Marcellus resolved
river. But regarding the temples to the gods, in to level with the ground the stately temples within
the existing remains in Syria, Greece, Italy, and the diocese of Apamia, and he successively
Sicily, we find their entrances for the most part attacked the villages and country temples of the
toward the east, and that therefore the people diocese. A small number of temples was
 TRANSACTIONS OF TBE LODGE QrrATUOR CoRONATr.

protected by the fears, tne venality, the ta.Ste, or the to them the noble sanctuary is still the kibleh.
prudence of the civil and ec<!lesiastical governors." Some Moorish Jews state that, during certain
The synagogues of this period appear to form a prayers, they face north and then south.
distinct class of building from either temple or On studying the orientation of early Christian
church, and, on looking at their orientation, we find churches, we fina much written on the subject,
it-similar to neither that of church or temple: their especially in the works of Mr. Asplin and Mr.
entrances to the south, or facing Jerusalem. True Gregory, in the early part of the last century.
it is that they are at present only to be found in These writers, taking very different views, have
Galilee, so that perhaps it would be more strictly nearly exhausted the subject, without bringing us
correct to say that they face to the sonth. One to any definite conclusion, owing, in some measure,
synagogue only has been discovered south of Jeru- I apprehend, to the mistaken opinion that the Jews
salem, at Beersheba, but the discoverer (Mr. Church, worshipped towards the west, whereas they
US.) has not noted its orientation. worshipped towards the mercy-seat, wherever they
The architecture of these synagogues appears happened to be. Mr. Asplin, in particular, who has
as though it were an adaptation to the Jewish investigated the subject very thoroughly, is con-
wants, of the style of existing temples in the stantly prevented clenching an argument by the
Lebanon. view he has taken as to the western worship of the
At first examination it would appear natural to Jews. There is, further, the very grave difficulty
expect to find the chancel (if I may so call it) of the as to the known position of some of the early
synagogues turned towards Jerusalem, and the churches ; of those that faced north or south there
entrance to the north, so that the people should turn is very little to be said. They were so placed, no
towards their kibleh when they worship. doubt, owing to local peculiarities or circumstances,
But there is another method of viewing the which may influence any rules, like that of St.
subject-viz., by continuing the principle on which Patrick in Ulster, and there is no occasion to refer
the temple was built to the synagogues also : the to these solitary exceptions ; but there are cases
temple with its front facing the east, from which which are very puzzling, those were the building lay
the glory of the Lord proceeded ; the synagogues east and west, the chancel to the west.
with their fronts facing the temple, in which the Of these we have some very notable instances,
glory of the Lord resided. viz., the churches of St. Peter at Rome, the church
The entrance may also have been turned of Tyre, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre ;
toward Jerusalem in order that there should be as and also we may refer to the remark of Paulinus,
little obstruction as possible between the worshippers Bishop of Nola, in the fourth century, who stated
and bheir kibleh. Thus we find Daniel prayed, his of his church, " It has not its prospect towards the
windows being open in his chamber toward Jeru- east, as the more usual manner is." Mr. Asplin
salere ; and we find the same sentiments running goes so far as to quote with approval, '' That for
through the Eastern mind in a legend given in the four first centuries the general situation of
Burton's "Travels in Arabia," where Mahomet, churches was directly the reverse of what we now
either at Knba. or at the Kibleytein, being uncertain behold," yet he owns that this was contrary to the
of the true direction of Mecca, suddenly saw his holy received opinion, not only of the vulgar, but even of
city, though so many miles off, and in spite of so the generality of our most celebrated and learned
many obstacles naturally intercepting the view. writers.
There appear to be several allusions in the Old The key to this difficulty appears to rue to lie in
Testament to the habit of turning towards Jeru- the fact that the door of the present Holy Sepulchre
salem in prayer, apart from the worship in the happens to lie to the east, and therefore the churches
temple itself. built on the model of that erected by Constantine
In examining the opinions of the authorities over this sepulchre must necessarily have had their
l"egarding the direction in which the synagogues entrance to the east, an orientation therefore due to
should face, we find very conflicting evidence. this exceptional and special circumstance.
Vitringa and Buxtorf make Jerusalem the The question may reBSonably be asked by
kibleh, so that worshippers, when they entered and Europeans of the present day, why the early
when they prayed, looked towards the city. Christians should have given any orientation to
Clemens of Alexandria makes the east the kibleh; their churches, seeing that the Lord is everywhere P
and Dr. Lightfoot, quoting from the Talmud, tells It cannot be forgotten, however, that the early
us that the chancel, corresponding to the Holy of Christians, whether Jews, Samaritans, or Gentiles,
Holies, was towards the west, the people facing that were all, more or less, Orientals, and were thoroughly
way. Probably Clemens of Alexandria only referred accustomed to a kibleh, so that they would naturally
to European and African synagogues, and thus so have required one, both for uniformity and to satisfy
far agrees with Vitringa and Buxtorf; but we have their own cravings; and it appears to me due to the
still two systems left, that in which the chancel is destruction of Jerusalem and the consequent loss of
towards Jerusalem, and that in which it is to the the Holy Sepulchre for so many years, if not for
east ; and finally, wa have the existing remains ever, that we owe our present immunity from
disa'l"reeing with both, the entrance being towards worship towards it. Even now the Arab Christians
Jer:t3alem, and therefore apparently their chancels pay the alleg-ed sepulchre a reverence little less
away from it. The Jews in Jerusalem, at the than that which the Mohammedans pay their black
present day, state they should face towards Jeru- stone; and at Easter time, when the holy fire
salem when they pray, wherever they may be, and descends from heaven upon the sepulchre, the Arab
 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRC•NATr. 41

Christians execute a towar around it in a very sentiments common to the Egy-ptian and Greek
similar manner to that indulged m by their heathen. We are told that, at Christian baptism in
Mohammedan brethren. early times, the catechumens were obli~ed t.o stand
The Christians of the world have, however, facing the west and renounce Satan w1th gestures
escaped the use of this kibleh, and the lllJUl'JOUS and outstretched hands, as though he were present-
results which might have resulted to Christianity the west being the place of darkness and strength of
from its abuse. There is yet, however, a kibleh Satan- and then to turn about to the east and make
which the Christians have used from the earliest a covenant with the Sun of Righteousness, and
day, the east, and it would be most desirable to promise to be His servant.
ascertain exactly how its use came about. U n- Clemens Alexandrinus says that they wor-
fortunately this is involved in apparently hopeless shipped towards the east because the east is the
obscurity. Some say it was a protest against the image of our spiritual nativity, and from thence the
general worship of Jew and Gentile in their temples light first arises and shines out of darknes~. and the
to the west, but here it is forgotten that the day of true knowledge, after the manner of the sun,
Christian religion did not overturn that of the Jews, arises upon those who lie buried in _ignorance. .
but simply amphfied and fulfilled it. Others say How exactly this dual sen!iment regardmg
that the sun-worship having disappeared, with a east and west, day and night, good aml evil, d~rk­
few isolated exceptions, there was no reason why ness and light, agrevs with those of the anc1ent
the Christians should not ret.urn to that Kibleh from heathen ! Hesiod telb us that they considered the
which the Jews had departed by way of protest, abode of night in the west, behind whet·e Atl.as sup-
having, in its stead, the revealed glory in their ports the heavens, where others thought the 1sles of
temples. There is much reason in this argument, the dead lay. . . .
for the Shekinah had now left the Jewish temple. Now let me briefly recapttulate the prmc1pal
Others again say that it was simply to Jerusalem heads of the svstem of orientation which I have
that Western Christians turn ; and again, othei·s endeavoured to ·trace:
that it was to the Garden of Eden, the Paradise in First, we find the worship in early days
the East. It appears to me that a custom may generally towards the east, in groves an<l on high
obtain without any one very distinct OJ' strong places; the custom kept in its intf'grity by the
influence, if an infinite number of minor influences faithfuL but degenerating to the worship of the sun
are brought to bear in one direction. For example: and host of hea>en, of stocks and stones. by the
all early Christians being Orientals, would, as we heathen. The very manifestations themseh:es to
are aware, require a kibleh, but being Jews, Gentiles, the faithful appear to be parodied and tra\'t>Stle<l by
and Samaritans, they would all have had vm·ious the heathen. The Hebrews are educatt·<l as a
opinions on the subject; is it not, then, possible Reparated people in Egypt, as bondsme11. and ~~·e
that the kibleh to the east may have been that most sent into Palestine to root out till' HaJmt1c
agreeable or least disagreeable to the feelinas of idolahies and are specially interdicted frum the
each individual of the early congregation, ~vhile form of \\:Orship of their for~fathet·s Abraham, Isaac,
each would have a different reason for the choice ; and Jacob. To make their religious Ct>rmonics com-
thus the custom may have a1·isen fortuitously P pletely distinct, the worship towards the east .i.-
While putting forward this supposition, l do not, given up. and that glory they formerly tul'llt•tl to. Ill
however, myself think that our l.:ibleh arose in this the east is now located in the tabernacle, lo whwh
manner. I am inclined to think that it sp1·ang from they turn in prayer, and which, on ac~.:oun_t of the
the sentiments on the subject which seem-ed to position given to it., causes them to turn the1r backs
pervade the human race when not ousted by on the rising sun during their worship. Thi~ takes
some enforced rite. and that it was particularly place in 1400 B.C., and about 8(10 year.< afir•ncard;,
induced by the prophetic allusions to the Saviour of viz., in 600 n.c., we have the ,tirst siyns of till' Ileal hen
the world in the Old Testament, wherein the refer- followina the custom in like manner, as can l~t• seen
ences to the east are most remarkable. in the t;mples at Athens. ny the time ,],•l'llSall•m
We have allusion to the glory of God coming was destroyed, tho "-orship generally had "hangetl
by way of the east, and also the Prince by the east to ·west; and on Christianity being establishPd, the
gate of the temple. He is called the Sun of early memners of our church turneu for many
Righteousness, the Morning Star, the Day-Spring reasons to the old kibleh, the east, and the custom
from on high. How is it possible to examine these has continued to this day.
passages without instinctively feeling that the east. I am now going to speak of the appar<.:nt dis-
has to us a charm over other quarters of the heavens, crepancies between our :Masons' Lodge and the Tem-
to which, even in our dailv talk, we are ever un- ple of Solomon, which it in some rnea~ure is said
consciously alluding r Fro~ the time when Elijah to resemble, and in so doing I must premise that. in
went eas~ward across Jordan to be caught up, until spite of all the discrepancies, I have come to the
the Shekmah, and subsequently the Messiah departed conclusion that our legends are of ancient date and
eastward past Olivet, we have continual reference have a substantial basis. I am not going into the
to that as the special quarter of the heavens, and it early history of Masonry in this country; that is a
should not therefore be surprising to find the senti- study, and a very arduous study in itself; but I am
ment deeply engrained in the minds of all people. going to compare the legend and usages we now
Without this clue it would be most baffling and possess with those of the past.
unsatisfactory to attempt to comprehend how the In order to give a guiding line I may !lay that
Christian writers could have got hold of the very I am simply following out the clue already given.
42 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

Masonry is after all neither more !lor less than the It has been related that there were three doors
ancient religion of the world,-w1th the Hebrews to the Temple, south, east, and west; but there
there was the true Masonry-with the heathen the never were three doors to either the Tabernacle or
degenerate Masonry,-carried on side by side. the Temple. There was an eastern door and no more,
It can readily be understood how cu~toms .of so that neither ingress nor egress was possible in
such intense antiquity should have become mconsls- any other quarter.
tent in many points; it is owing to masons them- Again in other traditions we find recorded that
selves who ·have not understood the subject, and not the fellow crafts were paid their wages in the
to any error in the scheme itself. middle chamber of King Solomon's Temple, and that
I put forward as a solution that modern masonry this chamber was approached by a winding staircase.
is a combination of the mysteries of the Hebrew<>, There are three reasons why this cannot be the
the Phcenicians (including the Greeks) and the case. In the first place, there never was a middle
;Egyptians, that it thus forms the chief of t~e chamber to the Temple. There was a winding stair-
triads running so remarkably through all }fasomc case certainly, but this only led to little chambers
lore. or cells a few feet square in the thickness of the
In making this combination you are not to Temple wall, in which the functionaries kept their
suppose that any portion of the common or popular stores for the votive offerings.
superstitions or symbols have been tak':ln up, except Secondly.-As the fellow crafts were only em-
so far as they are pure and decent, but ra;ther t~at ployed during the building o£ the Temple, they could
the mysteries have been grasped; mysterws wh;ch not have used this chamber for the service mentioned
were in older days unknown to an,Y but the ~Igh even if it hai exir;ted.
priests of the several ordFJrs, and whiCh were e~trrely Thirdly.-Even i£ the chamber had existed
apart and distinct from the popular rendermg of during the 'time they were employed on the Temple,
them. they would not have been allowed to desecrate it by
use as a pay office, and they could not possibly have
I take it that the knowledge derived from these reached the chamber by this staircase so as to get
severally was as follows:- paid in a reasonable time. If it was not in the
From the Hebrews, W.-or a knowledge of the Temple itself where these occurrences took place,
true God. the question arises, where did they occur? It may
, .Egyptians, 8.-The Sciences . have been in the chamber where the Sanhedrim
, Phcenicians} B.-The fine Arts. afterwards sat, in the Temple Court, approachable
& Greeks either from the outside or inside.
I have to make a suggestion which may clear
And that these are symbolised in the Lodges:- this up, and which may account for the dis-
The W.M.-W.-a Hebrew or G.M.S. crepancies mentioned.
Masonry has unquestionably come down to us
The S.W.- S.-an Egyptian or G.M.H. through the Gentiles and not through the Hebrews.
The J.W.- B.-a Phcenician or G.M.H.A.B.* Have we not here a clue to the difficulty, viz. :
-That the Phamicians instituted our present order
Having so far laid bare my view of the matter, of Masonry with the concunence of the Hebrews ;
I will now point out the discrepan?ies and .show how and on their own ancient mysteries (including the
to me they appear not only consistent with but as knowledge o£ the Arts and Sciences), engrafted the
indicating the very high antiquity of our order. . knowledge of the true God, learnt at the building of
I must point out that it was not, a.nd there IS the Temple ; that they were aware of the un-
no reason from the legends to suppose It was, the timely death of Hiram Abiff, assisted at the last
actual Temple itself of Jerusalem where our ceremonies, and carried their account into their own
G.M.H.A.B. lost his life. In English the word Lodge.* That the Master of Work lost his life
'Demple is used indifferently for the Temple proper, somewhere in the Inner Court, where there are
the porch the inner court, the outer court, and the three gates, east, north, and south, but that the
whole of' them togetller, though in ancient times Phrenicians made the story suit their own Temples
there were distinct names for each. When, there- in which the doors are placed somewhat differently,
fore, we picture to ourselv.es H.A., the master ~f as I will explain. There are few remains of Temples
work, attending at a certam fixed hour to offer his showing this, but we have certain evidence that the
adorations to the :Most Hicrh, we are not to suppose early heathen Temples of Syria, Greece, and
that he went into the Temple itself, for this building Italy, were of a different construction to those
was onlv accessible to the Priests and Levites, and which followed at a later period. The latter,
would n~t be entered for the sake of prayer by the from some singular reason, which I have alluded to
builder. It may be retorted that as the. building was previously, followed the shape o£ the Temple of
not then consecrated, H.A.B. would go m there; hut Solomon, but the early Temples were far different.
the answer is that if it was not consecrated why Solomon's Temple had but one door, that to the
should he go there in preference to the p:oper place east, whe1·eas the early heathen Temples of the same
of p1·ayer at that time-viz., on Mount Zwn. period had the sanctum to the east, so that devotees
*According to Dr. Anderson, "Kin~ Solomon _was Grand .Master at ~eru~
salem, King Hiram at Tyre, and I~ua.m Abbt.f, the most accornpl1sh~d • [The Temple] " was finished in the short Space of 7 Years and 6
lJesignt!r a.od Operator upon Ea.rth, m Solomons Absence filled. the Chatr Months, to the Amazement of all the \Vorld; when t~e Cape~Stone ~aa
as Deputy Grand Master, and in his Presence ~~·as the ~em_or Grand celebrated by the Fraternity with great Joy. But their Joy was soon In-
\\"arden, or Princiral Surveyor and Master of \York. (ConstitutiOns, 1738, terrupted hy the sudden Death of their dear Master HIRA.\1. ABBIF, w~om
pp. 12, 15.) they decently interr'd in the Lodge near the 1:emple, nccordmg to anc1ent;
Usage." (Constitutions, 1738, p. 14.)
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LonGE QuAruoR CoRONATI. 43

in making their offerings fac;ed the nsmg sun. I mention this because there can be no doubt
These Temples, however, had three opening~, one that the symbols in our Lodge did at one time
towards the east to allow the sun at rising to fall among- the rabble of the Egyptians and the Phceni-
upon the image, one to the south to admit the sun at eians,-signify groRs indecorum, but equally so did
noontide, and the principal entrance to the west. they in a preYious epoch embody idea~ as pure as
That this was the case with the Great Temple at they now uphold.
Tyre I think there is little doubt. In speaking of this subject it is necessary to
The Temples and the Lodges of the Phceni- bear in mind that in early clays in :Masonry the
cians, were made on the same model. They were :Master Masons were the exceptions, though now
constructed with windows at the east, south, and they are the rule, and therefore the secrets apper-
west, through which lights shone to represent the taining to that degree were known but to a few.
sun in its three phases, and this continued until Then it was the system to keep knowledge as
quite a recent date. exclusive as possible, while now each true-hearted
This then accounts for the singular positions of man will do his utmost to instruct his brother.
the Officers of the Lodge, the Worshipful Master in It is interesting to find that the mysterious
the east, the highest position of the heathen, their ash tree of the north is similar as to its legends to
sanctum sanctorum: the Senior Warden in the west the palm tree which the Mahometans suppose to
at the great entrance to represent the sun at even ; under-lie the sacred rock marking the position of
and the Junior \<Varden to represent the sun at the sanctum sanctorum of Solomon's Temple, from
H. xii. The north is in all the ancient mysteries the roots of which spring all the rivers of the
the abode of darkness ; and there is exhibited a dash earth.
of grim humour in placing the Secretary and In a word I think there is not a doubt that in
Treasurer of the Lodge there, for whatever may our order we are the direct descendants hom the
have come to light in the .Arts and Sciences, finance Phcenicians, who first moulded Masonry into its
has remained an unsolved mystery from the time of present form, and who were unable to openly worship
Solomon to the present day. the true God for fear of thE' people.
In passing let me refer to the fact that Masonry If it. were not so, I would not be here to-night
in its present forL1. is not in keeping with the sun's to speak, for if we cannot trace our descent from the
movement in the southern hemisphere, for there, Phcenician craftsmen who worked on the Temple
though the sun rises as usual in the east and sets in of Solomon, and if it be only an allegory, then our
the west, yet at midday he is in the north, and the position descends horn the sublime to the
financial matters are exposed to the full light of his riclicu lous.
strongest rays, wh1le it is the Junior ·warden, who In thus bringing this matter forward to-night
calls the Lodge from labour to refreshment, who is before so learned an audience, I am quite n1nll"e of
left in darkness. Let it not be supposed, however, the rudeness with which I have gathered to;.rdher
that Masonry has anything whatever to do with my ideas ; I have not had time to put them in a more
actual sun-worship-the manner in which the finished form-all I wish to do is put the idt>as for-
legend is here suggested to have risen cuts away the ward :;.nd let them be subjected to clue critici~m. I
ground from under the feet of those who would bring have no doubt they will be criticised, but J hold
such an accusation against us. The fact seems that when the truth is looked for, contt·ove1·~y antl
simply to be that the Phcenicians obtained from the criticism are absolutely necessary and that rival
Hebrews the knowledge of the true God, and added theories stimulate contending parties to look clo~cly
it to their own myste1;ies, together with the details, into matters and sift out what is reliable, so that
legendary or otherwise, of the death of the Master of gradually error is removed. I must point out that I
theWork, and incorporated the latter into a ceremony have never seen any work in any way bearing on the
symbolising the whole matter to suit their existing subject except those which trace the origin of our
Temples. This was done probably to prevent the Lodge to the Scandinavian legends, ancll think tiiL•re
Phamician cowans from opposing this institution, so is enough to prove that the legends and usaif<'s are
c_ontrary to the popular form of worship. Just in distinctly Oriental and not Scandinavian, and if what
hke manner did some Christians sects in later I have said is sufficient to raise any real issue upon
years take from the Hebrews their idea of Messiah, the subject so as to bring some little interest to
and disguise the whole subject under heathen forms bear, my object will have been accomplished.
and symbols, in order· to secure their secrets ; so that
even to the present day they are accustomed to
range themselves under banners and signs which, if Bao. T. llAYTER-LEwrs said :-I have listened with g-reat
examined into, point to some of the grossest forms of pleasure to the Worshipful Master's paper, which take., a.
heathen indecency. Even the cross itself is no wide range of subjects bearing on the history of our Craft.
original Christian sign, but is derived from the Not to weary you with a long discussion on all the points
touched upon (as to which most of our brethren here present
ancient mysteries, and is used at the present day could speak with more authority than I could), I will confine
among all sects in the east as a tribal sign. Let it myself chiefly to the architectural part of the subject, merely
not be_supposed that I would infer that the symbols premising that the result of modern researches appears to be
were mdecent themselves. Originally, when first that the worship cf the One God was the basis on which the
employed, no doubt they had the pure significations vast amount of Pagan Mythology was nltimately formetl, and
that the splendour of the beams of the Sun rising in the Fast,
they at present possess, but in lapse of time they be- were idealized as the visible representatives of tho Deity;
came degraded to suit the depraved tastes of those whilst the West, in which its glory disappeared, was consid-
who worshipped under them. ered as an emblem of the regions of death. 'rhe most ancient
44 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

records which we have, viz., in Egypt, shew this. The remembrance of his judgment,-he declared that "there was
Obelisks, types of the sun's rays, were, during the old dynas- nothing in it." I think that the paper which we have heard
ties, invariably placed on the eastern bank of the Nile. But to-night from our Worshipful Master is a sufficient reply to
it was on its western side that the Pyramids, the vast Tombs that declaration, and we may assume that there is a good deal
of the old kings were also invariably placed. The passage wl~ich is included under the title. Su.Jh has always been my
from Josephus, which the Worshipful .Master quotes, as to the opmion, and the paper we have just listened to is a large and
Hebrews, suggests the same idea but in a more exalted sense. very important contribution to our stock of knowledge
But any idea of Worship to the east on the part of tho relating to it. I feel myself, from the wide scope of the
Israelites seems to have been entirely ignored by them, as he paper, something like Brother Hayter Lewis, in a. condition of
shews in speaking of the Shekinah. In regard of their hesitation as to where to begin, and what to say after I
architecture l should not lil.e to admit that thev had no commence. I have had the advantage of reading a paper
opportunity of seeing Egyptian Temples, and that they had, very similar to this one, and which was also written by our
therefore, no knowledge of their forms ; but I quite agree Worshipful Master, and printed some years ago.• To this
that they did not take those Temples as their models. The copy I have added a. great many notes, and I could give you
Worshipful Master alludes to the fact zhat the Israelites were to-night the substance of many of these; but they generally
instructed to destroy the Heathen Altars, but that no mention run in such a different line from what we have just heard,
of Temples is made, and my belief is that no roofed sacred that I think it would, perhaps, be better if I reserve them
edifices were then existing amongst the Canaanites, or other for the present, and give them on some future night as a
tribes east or west of the Jordan at the time of the Exodus; further contribution to the same subject. I should like, how-
but that the worship of Baal and other idols was conducted ever, to make a few remarks on what we have just heard. I
in the open air in such rude structures as we find, e.g. at Malta. quite agree with the theory that the Masonic Lodge has been
In later times the Israelites called in the aid of Phoonician based on Solomon's Temple. This, I think, is a well
architects and workmen (as is shewn by the record as to recognized point. The critjcal consideration which we have
Hiram), and there can be little donbt that Phoonicia borrowed heard of the Hiramic Legend, with regard to the position and
its forms of architecture, of which we have such scanty construction of the Temple, is, I think, new, and worthy of
remains, as it borrowed its decorative work, ~artly from further consideration. Our Worshipful Master, from his ex-
Assyria and partly from Egypt. The arch1tecture of plorations at Jerusalem, more particularly in the Haram-esh-
Solomon's Temple would appear to have been thus derived, Sherif, or the old Temple enclosure, is well entitled to speak on
the details being also partly taken from Israelitish symbols. this matter. I cannot quite agee with the idea that the Orienta-
The further subject of t.he orientation of sacred edifices is a tion of the Tabernacle had no reference to the Sun. In the
very complicated one throughout. The Egyptians, in their first chapter of Genesis it is stated that the lights in the firma-
Temples, seemed to have ignored the feeling of reverence for ment of heaven were "for Signs and for Seasons;" and I
the east which appears to have actuated their ancestors, the have always looked upon it that a distinct solar reference can
builders of the Pyramids, and to have placed their Temples be traced all through both the Mosaic and Christian Systems.
irrespective of any definite rule. Thus at Karnak and Luxor- Religious people seem to be afraid of the idea that the Sun
in the Ramesium and Mernnonium, they were built angle- has any connection with their religion,-but this is a ground-
ways to the cardinal points. Under the earlier Ptolemies less fear. No religion can separate itself from the movements
they were placed well nigh north and south as at Edfou and of the Sun ; it iP the Sun which determines the seasons with
Philce, and at times they were placed east and west as at their festivals, as well as the period of each rite and ceremony.
Denderah. Possibly these positions might have depended on Easter at the present day is determined by the Sun and the
the course of the Nile at the time of the erections. Amongst Moon, and the Jews used to give a present to the man
the Greeks the positions varied mnch, notwithstanding the who carried to them the first intelligence of the New Moon at
positive statement of Vitruvius; and it is very interesting to the Passover. This connection does not mean that the Sun is
have the account from the Worshipful Master that all the worshipped. We have here in our Lodge, by its arrangment,
Greek Tern ples on :Mount Hermon had their entrances from the a clear reference to the Sun, bnt we do not "'<orship it. Let
east. In Greece, proper, the oldest Temple, of which re- us get quit of any preconceptions on this matter, and I
mains exist, is, perhaps, that of Hera at Olympia, originally think there will be but small difficulty in understanding, so
built of wood, its columns as they decayed being replaced by far at least, the Orientation of the Tabernacle. The most of
stone ones whose difference of proportions and mouldings the Temples in Egypt were on the west side of the Nile, and
prove the 'difference of their d~tes. I~ this Temple .the their Adytums were at the western end, because Amenti, the
entrance is from the east. So 1s that m another anment heaven, or under-world of Osiris, was there ; bnt then, Osiria
one, viz., the Theseum at Athens, and in many other instances. was the Sun, or perhaps it wonld l;Je better to say that the
But in the famous Temple of Demeter at Eleusis the angles Sun was his symbol. With regard to the change from the
are to the cardinal points, and nearly so at the little one of eastern to the western position of worship about 600 B.c., I
Artemis, also at Eleusis. But at Bassro (of the time of feel that it is difficult to speak with certainty. When we go
Pericles) the Temple is placed north and south, with a side so far back as that period, history itself, in most cases,
door to the east, and we have yet to learn the rule (if there becomes dim and doubtful; and dates in reference to Temples
were one), which governed the direction of a Greek Temple. are also far from being reliable. Still I think there were old
The same observation will almost apply to Christian Churches. Temples whose front was to the east before that time. In
Generally it may be said, that those under the Greek rule, the case of the Ka.aba the door to it opens to the north-east.t
had their 'altars to the east and entrances in the west, the The Birs Nimrud, the celebrated terraced·tower Temple,-
congregation thus looking east. But under the Latin rule traditionally the tower of Babel,-its front was also to the
there appears not to have been any fixed direction. Some of north-east.:): The old cell of the Temple on the summit of
the great Basilicas at Rome had their Tril;mne to the west, Hermon, as described by the Worshipful Master in one of his
and their entrance to the east, the altar bemg detached and works, opens to the north-east, but the date of this I have no
the priest behind it facing the congregation, who thus looked idea of, except that I understand it to be very ancient. Brother
to the west. But two cases of great churches are well.known Simpson concluded with some reference to the Orientation of
in which the orientation was compleoely reversed long after Brahminical Temples.
their building, and other churches face various points of the BRO. JoSEPH DA SILVA said :-I have listened with great
compass. The subject is too vast to allow of its being attention and a great a.monnt of interest to the very enlight-
entered into now by me, and I merely alluded to it to point
out its difficulties and to accord my very sincere thanks to • Or. the Orimtation of Anmnt Templu and Plaou of Worlhip.-
the Worshipful Master for the light which he has brought Read before the Hi~torical Society, Session 1876. By Charles Warren,
upon this and other points in various ways in his admirable Captain, R.E., F.G.S., etc., etc.
paper. t The present Kaaba only dates from the 8th century, and It.,...., re-
peatedly reconstruc~d before that time; on this accow1t we cannot apeak
Bao. SIMPSON said :-I remember some twenty or thirty with certainty BB to whether the Orientation hall been changed or not.
years ago hearing one of our architectural authorities give t The antiquity of this Temple is beyond a doubt, Nebuchadnezzar,
whooe date is about 600 B.c., repaired it. An inscription made by Nebu-
his opinion on the subject of the Orientation of Temples; I chadnezzar says,-" I did not change the site or alter the found&tioaa
quite forget now who it was, but I have still a distinct • • • I reconstructed and rebuilt it a.s it was in fonner times."
 TRANSACTIONS oF THE LODGE QeATUOR CoRONATI. 45

ened paper which has been read by tha Worshipful Master on Bao. MACGREGOR MATHERS continued :-I thank Brother
the Orient ... tion of Temples. We have heard him clearly Simpson for his kind information. Now Stonehenge has
demonstrate the p:Jsition of the Jews during the Egyptian generally been considered to be of Druidical formation. Yet
captivity, and we have heard him endeavour to prove, and I at Darab, in Arabia, there exists a circle of stones, similar in
believe he has clearly proved, the causes which led Moses to many respects to the circles at Abury, the Standing Stones of
order the chango in the position from east to west. He has Stennis, and other Druidical Monuments in the United King-
shewn that this was the position of the Tabernacle, and the dom. Furthermore, these have been usually identified with
position of the worshippers therein; but his data for this I Sun and ~1oon worship. But all the great Temples of ancient
think is not quite so conclusive as the facts he brings forward times were intended to convey a symbolic idea of the Universe,
with regard to Solomon's Temple. However, we may take it that vast and permanent Temple whose eternal flux and
as being correct so far that up to the period of the destruo- retlux of Life bear witness to its great Creative Source in the
tion of the Temple the position of the worshippers was un- Almighty One. At:d as the course of the year is fixed by the
doubtedly to the west. Now continuing the enquiry it would Sun, so a symbolic representation of his course became a
be a matter of very great interest to learn the causes which virtual necessity, entailing the fixing of the cardinal points in
led up to the Jews of the present day, and in fact nearly all the Microcosm of each Temple. We of this nineteenth
of what I may call the principal religions of the present century are fond of classing all the Cults of antiquity under
era, invariably turning to the east in their prayers. This is the term "heathen," but when we examine them thoroughly
especially noticeable amongst the Jews, to which persuasion I we shall find as their basis that one great primeval religion, of
have the honour to belong. To point out the gradu>tl change which the religions of later date are but distorted forms.
from the position that had been laid down by Moses and Read the Per-M-Hru, the Egyptian Ritual of the Dead; is not
Solomon, and the causes which led to the adoption of the the" Manifestation to Light" repeated in the current religions
present system would form a very interesting study. The of the day? Read the 125th chapter of the Ritual which
Worshipful Master informs ns that perhaps it may ho that treats of the Judgment of tho Soul in the Hall of the Two
that position is only adopted by European Jews, and that Truthe, and compare it with our own l\fasonic Ritual! Look
they only turn towards Jerusalem, and that in India they at the Greek myth of the" Judgment of Paris," is it not the
turn to the west. ThiR, if correct, would account for the Masonic triplicity of Wisdom, Strength, and Beauty?
matter as a simple superstition. But when we find that it is Minerva or Pallas Athene, the Goddess of Wisdom; Here or
not an invariable custom for the Imlian Jews to turn to the Juno, the Goddess of l:>trength; and Aphrodite or Venus, the
west, and that in Morocco the people turn indifferently either Goddess of Beauty. And again, the birth of Athenc from the
east or south, we must ask for a more perfect guide brain of Zeus, is the Wisdom of the Proverbs of Solomon, and
than local custom. This guide that is evidently wanted the development of Chokmah from Kether in the Jewish
is the n,TO (Mizrach), the form that is almost invariably Qabalah. Worshipful Master, in your valuable paper to
adopted in Jewish households to point out the situation. The which I have listened with so much interest, you have referred
Mizrach is usually headed by the Schekina, underneath being to the "Burning Bush." In thia connection it is interesting
the word n,To and flanked by the Ten Commandments to note that the Qabalah intimates that :I.Ioses before the
and various mystical characters, usually formed by the letters Burning Bush is the symbolism of Adam before the Tree of
of the Psalms of David. It is hung in most Jewish house- Life over again ; for they both represent l\Iicroprosopus in a
holds on the ea8tern wall, and when the members are at certain manner. Perhaps an origin of the eaatward position
prayers in the morning and in the evening they turn to the may be found in that passage of Genesis where it is said,
Mizrach. Not to pray to that but to point to them the direc- C1PD J1JJJ"jl c•,,)N ;-n,,, Jltl'T "Va-Yitang Tetragrammato"' Elo-
tion to which their prayers 1tre addressed. Now, as we find him Gan Be-Gheden Miq~dem, and Tetragrammaton Elohim
the Mizrach in use among the Hebrew nation all over the planted e. Garden in Eden EASTWARD." Now the Qabalah says
world, it necessarily does away with the contention that the that there is a Superior Eden which is hidden and concealed,
prayers of the Jews of the present day are offered up ~imply and an Inferior Eden which ie known unto Microprosopus;
in the direction of Jeru~alem. The plan handed in by the Eastward, therefore in this Inferior Eden is the Garden
Junior Warden, of an ancient Indian Temple, would tend to planted, so that the Superior Eden may shine upon it. For
show that the worshippers there must have entered by the the Superior Eden is the Arohctypal World of Deity, the
Eastern Gate, and immediately faced about to address their Gnostic 1rJ.:qpw!J.a., the Christian " Fulness of the Godhead."
prayers to the rising sun. But also surely our Masonic Ritual is a type and symbol
BRo. S. L. MAcGREGOR MATliiiRs said :-"As a visiting of the progress of each human soul, pressing ever on-
brother I feel some diffidence in speaking on the present occa- ward, ever upward, till at last it soars aloft, and in that
sion, especially as several able brethren haTe already taken full and glorious Light of the East which shines on it, it finds
pe.rt in the discussion; sbill, Worshipful Master, with your that long-lost :Master's Word whereby it is united to its Gon;
kind permission, I should like to make a few remarks on your raised by that Great Grand Master's Grip to an eternal life
able paper concerning the " Orientation of Temples." Some with Him.
time since when visiting Stonehenge, I observed that its en-
trance was either east or north-east, but rforget at the present
moment which. Bao. GoULD then seconded BRo. SIMPSON's motion for a
BRO. SIMPSON said, the entrance to Stonehenge is from the vote of thanks, which was passed unanimously.
north-en.st side.

EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPO:NDENCE, NOTES, &c.

SP.A.IN. 247 Lodges, from No.2 to No. 379. The official date
AcCORDING to latest ad vices the governing bodies of inauguration of this Grand Orient is given as 4th
of Spanish Freemasonry are composed as follows :- July, 1811.
I.-The '' Gran Oriente de Espana" A. and H.-The "Grande Oriente N acional de Espana"
A.S.R., 33• ; the Sovereign Grand Commander is claims to have been erected as Mother Grand Lodge
Bro. Cipriano Carmona ; .and the Chapters 18" are of Spain in 1728, Grand Orient in 1780, Supreme
.:>3 in all, the first being No. 2 and the last No. 80. Council 33° in 1808, and Grand Chamber of Rites,
The " Gran Logia. Simbolica ,. under the Grand 1817. The office of Sovereign Grand Commander is
Orient is ruled by Grand Master, Bro. Nicolas vacant owing to the recent death of Bro. the
Salmeron y Alonso, with a tabulated following of Marquis de Seoane. H.R.H. the Prince of Wales is
46 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

an honorary member of the Supreme Council. The GREIZ.-Lodge "Lessing of the three rings"
Grand Orient is divided for administrative purposes has been unable to meet during all last year on
into seven chambers, the latter of which may be account of the opposition of the inhabitants. (Ibid).
defined as the Symbolical Grand Lodge, the grand DRESDEN.-For some few years a clandestine
commander being ex-officio its President under the lodge has existed here-Annenstrasse, No. 45-under
title of Grand Master. The subordinate bodies of the name of Fraternitas Lodge-I:J.embership about
the Grand Orient are 220 Lodges and 109 capitular 70. It works on Mendelssohn principles [whatever
and other bodies. Total membership, 16,709. that may mean J and is composed exclusively of Jews,
III.-The" Gran Logia Simb6lica Independien te Christi~tns are not admitted. The by-laws have been
Espanola de Antiguos, Libres y Acceptados Masones," offered me for perusal, but as I was unable to return
Seville, founded lth February, 1881, with 28 Lodges the compliment they were declined. (Ibid.*)
and 800 members. Titular. Grand Master, Bro. For the following sketch of the state of the
Branlio Ruiz y Ruiz; acting Grand Master, Bro. Craft in the Saxon Capital we are indebted to infor-
Jose L. Padilla. Its twenty-six private Lodges are mation sent us by Bro. Beck of that city. So many
numbert>d from one to thirty-eight: and two pro- of the arrangements differ from ours in England,
vincial Grand Lodges at Cadiz and Barcelona head that we insert it gladly for the instruction of our
the list without numbers. readers, many of whom will no doubt be interested.
No mention is made of the various other govern- ln Dresden the following Lodges meet : -
ing bodies quoted by Bro. Gould in his History of
Freemasonry, such as the Grand Lodge of Spain I.-" The National Grand Lodge of Saxony."-
under Bro. Becerra, formed in 1876 ; the Grand The quarterly communications are held at 15, Ostra-
Orient of Perez (1876), the Iberian Grand Orient allee: each Lodge in the jurisdiction is represented by
(Spanish rite of seven degrees), Grand Central Con- two members, called the Representative and Co-repre-
sistory at :Malaga (1879), aud the similar body of sentative respectively. These members are elected
Seville ( 4°-32°), of 1881. Will Bro. Eduardo and do not attend Grand Lodge by virtue of their
Contreras favour us with a sketch of their fate for office or rank in Lodge: neither need they be mem-
our next number ? bers of the Lodge represented. Several Lodges in
the country, as shown by the printed list of Grand
SPANISH WEST INDIES. Lodge, prefer to be represented wholly or in part by
CunA.-At Havana exists the "Gran Logia de members of Dresden Lodges ; thus of the thirty-nine
Colon (i.e. Columbus) e Isla de Cuba, founded 27th representatives tabulated, no less than sixteen belong
December, 1859, 53 Lodges, 2,973 members. The to the Lodge of the "Three Swords," Dresden. The
Grand Master is Bro. Antonio Govin y Torres. Officers of Grand Lodge have no vote in the pro-
The Ancient and Accepted Rite (as in England) ceedings of that body but only a consultative voice:
claims no control over the Lodges and is ruled by thus the control of the Craft, from a legislative point
the "Supremo Consejo de Colon " (Colombus) at of view, rests entirely in the hands of these thirty-
Hrwana, founded :29th December, 1859, 32 chapters, nine representatives. The Grand Officers are few
909 members. The Sovereign Grand Commander is in number compared to our own extended list and
Bro. Juan J. Luazo, Marquis de Almeiras. comprise :-the Grand Master, Bro. B. A. Erdmann ;
These two bodies are the outcome of years of the Deputy-Grand Master, Bro. E. Walther; two
strif<.J and many rival jurisdictions. Wardens ; an Orator; a Recording Secretary; a
PuERTO RICO.-At Mayagiiez the "Gran Logia Corresponding Secretary; a Treasurer; and two
Simb61ica Soberana de Puerto Rico" was founded Deacons ; and each of these officers, excepting the
:lOth September, 1885, and consists of 20 Lodges and Grand and the Deputy-Grand Master is also repre-
1,100 members. The Grand Master is Bro. Santiago sented by a Deputy. Whether by accident or de-
Rosendo Palmer. sign, is not quite clear, but all these Grand and
The capitular bodies are spbject to the Supreme Deputy-Grand Officers hail from the Dresden Lodges,
Council at Havana. with the exception of the Junior Grand Warden who
Corresponding members in a position to know is of the Apollo Lodge, Leipsic. Grand Lodge
will much oblige by stating whether all former further consists of the representatives of Foreign
rivah·ies are absolutely extinct or whether their Grand Lodges. Amongst the eighteen bodies repre-
ashes are still smouldering. sented we find Scotland, but not England or Ireland.
H.-Lodge" Zu den ar~: Schwertern und Astrrea
Bi.:DA-PESTH.- The brethren in this city are zur griinenden Raute" (of the three Swords and
increasing the capabilities of the Asyl fuer Obdach- Astrroa of the budding Rue), at 15, Ostraallee. The
loso (Asylum for the Homeless), by endowing 140 " Three Swords " was founded in 1738 and Astrrea
additional beds. They are also erecting a new in 1815: they amalgamated on the 17th November,
asylum, and the Corporation of the city has granted 18:H. The Lodg-e is part proprietor (half) of the
them for the purpose a site gratis; and for the next hall and freehold at 15, Ostra-alley. The last list
34 yea1·s a subsidy of 5,000 florins yearly. (Bro. Beck, of members shows an aggregate of 547 subscribing.
Dresden) and 60 honorary : of the subscribing members
Et~FURTH.-Lodge "Carl zer den drei Adlern" 331 are Dresdeners, and 2lG reside at a distance.
celebrated its centenary, 20th February of this year German Lodge lists are always minut.ely classified
(1887). Congratulations w.ere received from the *We thank Bro. Beck for his jottings of news and trust others of our
Emperor and the Crown Prince of Germany. (Ibid). Correspondence Circle will follow his example.-THE EDITOR.
 TRANsACTIONs oF THE LoDGE QuATL"Oil CoRONATr. 47

and in a. manner unusual in England. Thus At Zittau, Lodge Friedrich August zu den drei
in the list of this Lodge we find :-3 Past Worship- Zirkeln: Frederick August of the
ful Masters, 12 honorary Worshipful Masters, Three Compasses, 1815.
1 honorary Musical Director, 2G Officers, 26 Members , Zwickau, Lodge Bruderkette zu den drei Schwa-
distinguished by honorary membership of other nen : Brothe:--chain of the 'l'hree
Lodges, 38 Lewises, 16 Joining Members, 27 Musical Swans, 1863.
Brothers. and 15 Serving Brothers.
EX GLAND.
III.-Lodge "Zum Goldenen Apfel" (of the At the festival of the Royal :Masonic Benevolent
Golden Apple), at 15, Ostra-alley. This Lodge owns Institution in February, the total of the contributions
the other half-share of Freemasons' Hall, Dresden,
exceeded £19,000.
and was founded in 1776. Its membership, accord-
ing to the last list, is 508 subscribing and 52 honor- Prince Ibrahim Hilmey Pasha, brother of the
ary, of whom 322 are in Dresden, and 186 elsewhere. Khedive of Egypt. was initiated in the Drury Lane
Of the 18 honorary Masters two have celebrated Lodge, No. 2U7, on Tuesday, the 8th March, 1887.
their masonic jubilee; there are 25 Officers, 15 who The Anglo-American Lodge, No. 2191, London,
a.re also honorary members of other Lodges, 56 was consecrated on Thursday, 24th April, 1887. It
Lewises, 18 Musical, 1~ Serving Brothers, and one is destined, as its name implies, to afford a special
Castellan [Steward and Hall-keeper.] pied-a-terre for Americans established in or visiting
London.
IV.-Lodge "Zu den ehernen Saulen" (of the
Brazen Pillars) at 10, Bautzner Street, (its own pro- Lodge Felicity, London, celebrated its 150th
perty). Was founded in 1863, and numbers 136 Anniversary on Monday, the 9th May. Past Master
Dresden and 115 country members, in all 251. The and Treasurer Bro. Srnithett has published a history
list contains 11 Founders, 2 Past Masters, 1 honorary of the Lodge, 1737 -1b87, ti propos of the occasion.
Master, 1 Senior, 12 honorary 1.1embers, 22 Officers, We welcome this addition to craft literature.
1 honorary Musical Director, 3 who are honorary The Grand Festival of the United Grand Lodge
members of other Lodges, 15 Lewises, 6 Joining, of England was held at Freemasons' Hall, London,
9 Musical, 8 Serving Brothers,and 1 Castellan. on Wednesday, 27th April, 1S87. Bro. W. M.
The complete list of Lodges under the National Bywater, a member of Lodge Quatuor Coronati,
Grand Lodge of Saxony is as follows- 2076, was appoint.ed Grand Sword Bearer, and Bro.
W. H. Rylands, one of the founders of the Lodge,
At Annaberg, Lodge zum t.reuen Bruderherzen:
was sent up by Lodge of Antiquity as Grand Steward
Faithful Brotherheart, 1855. for the year.
, Bautzen, Lodge zur Goldenen Mauer : Gold
Wall, 1809. At the festival of the Royal Masonic Institution
, Chemnitz, Lodge Harmonie : Harmony, 1799. for Girls on Wednesday, 11th May, 1~8i, the contri-
, Dobeln, Lodge W ahrhaftigkeit und Bruderlie be : butions amounted to £11,764.
Truth and Brotherly Love, 1883. At the quarterly communication of Grand
, Dresden, Lodge zu den drei Schwertern und Lodge, Wednesday, 1st June, Bro. Sadler, Grand
Astriia zur Griinenden Raute: Three Tyler, a correspondence member of Quatuor Coronati
Swords and Astrrea of the budding Lodge, was appointed sub-Librarian to Grand Lodge.
Rue, 1739, 1815, and 1831. £6,000 was on the same occasion voted from the
, Lodge zum Goldenen Apfel : Golden Fund for General Purposes. to be distributed in equal
" Apple, 1776. shares amongst the three Royal ::Masonic Institutions
Lodge zu den ehernen Saul en : Brazen in commemoration of the Queen's Jubilee.
" " Columns, 1863. In June of this year (1887) the sixth and final
, Freiberg, Lodge zu den d:uei Bergen : Three volume of Bro. Gould's History of Freemasonry was
Hills, 1798. published. Bro. Gould being a member of the Lodge
, Glauchau,Lodge Verchwisterung der Menschheit: we refrain from criticism, and merely note the fact
. Fraternisation of Humanity, 1846. that the Masonic press here and abroad has without
, Gt'e12, Lodge Lessing zu den drei Ringen : Less- exception spoken in the highest terms of our
ing of the Three Rings, 1867. brother's work. This TVork is not supplied through
, Grimma, Lodge Albert zur Eintracht: Albert of the Booksellers, but can be obtained on application to
Concord, 1857. the Author, care of the Secretary, Quatuor Coronati.
, Leipsic, Lodge Apollo, 1799. [See loose sheet, enclosed.] Bro. Gould promises a
, Meiningen, Lodge Charlotte zur den drei N elken: supplemental volume at no distant date.
Charlotte of the Three Cloves, 1774.
, Meissen, Lodge Akazie: Acacia, 1847. At the festival of the Royal .Masonic Institution
, Plauen, Lodge zur Pyramide: Pyramid, 1820. for Boys on Tuesday, 14th June, upwards of £11,000
, Possneck, Lodge Goethe, 1880. was collected.
, Schneeberg, Lodge Archimedes zum Sachsischen On Monday, the 20th June, nearly 6,000 :Masons
Bunde: Archimedes of the Saxon assembled under the presidency of the .Most
Union, 1809. Worshipful Grand Master, H.R.H. the Prince of
, Wurzen, Lodge Friedrich _August zum treuen \Vales, at the Albert Hall, and voted an address of
Bunde: Frederick August of the congratulation to her Majesty the Queen on the
Faithful Union, 1819. occasion of her Jubilee. The entrance fee was one
 48 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR COilONATI.

guinea, and the proceeds, some £6,000; will be dis- of a portion thereof, plates of Reals, facsimiles of
tributed in equal shar~ amongst the three Royal autographs and other matter of interest. The price
Masonic Institutions. for the work (about 200 pages) to subscribers before
publication is 6s. tld. postage paid. The Secretary
Past Grand Rank was conferred by the Most
of the Lodge Quatuor Coronati will gladly undertake
Worshipful Grand Master on several brethren.
to receive the namts of subscribers and eventually to
Amongst the number so honoured may be mentioned
forward the copies.
the following as connected with our Lodge :-Sir
Charles Warren, G.C.M.G., Worshipful Master to
be Past Grand Deacon; Bros. C. F. Hogard to be The Supreme Council 33°, Belgium, and the
Past Grand Standard Bearer, and Bro. Lieut.-Col. capitular bodies under the Grand Orient of the
J. R. Bramble, of Bristol, to be Past Grand Assistant Nether lands, propose to hold conjointly high festival
Director of Ceremonies-Bros. Hogard and Bramble at Brussels for a week immediately preceding Easter
are members of the Correspondence Circle. Sunday of 1888. The Historical Committee of the
Belgian Supreme Council 33° contemplate utilising
Bro. H. Sadler, Grand Tyler and sub-Librarian, this opportunity by calling a conference of the fore-
Grand Lodge of England, member of the Correspon- most Masonic Historians, for purposes of deliberation
dence Circle, announces the early publication of and to further the pursuit of Masonic Research.
a work on which he has been occupied for some time, Bro. Van Humbeck, late Minister of Public Instruc-
entitled "Masonic Facts and Fictions," which com- tion, Grand Master 1869-72, is to be president of
prises a new theory of the origin of the " .Ancient " the conference, which will extend over two or three
Grand Lodge, a transcript of the Grand Lodge days. It is hoped that representative Masonic
"Roll of the Constitutions" (1583), and a facsimile students of all nationalities will attend.

JJO'l'ICE.-B.EPB.Ilf'l'S AND 'l'B.ANSAC'l'IONS.

THE foregoing pages constitute Part I., Vol. I.. pos!ession of Bro. Ramsden Riley, a member o£ the
of the Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, Lodge. Portions only of this article were repro-
No. 2076, London. The proceedings w1ll be con- duced in "The Grand Mystery," 2nd edition, 1725;
tinued in the course of the next few months: and even Dr. Kloss does not appear to have ever seen the
the current subscription includes delivery of the original and no other known copy is in existence.
Transactions up to and including the Anniversary 5°.-" An Ode to the Grand Khaibar," 1726;
Festival of November next. Part I., Vol. I., is now from the copy in the Library of Quatuor Coronati.
on sale to non-members of the Quatuor Coronati The Khaibarites seem to have escaped the researches
Correspondence Circle at lOs., postage free; the of all St.udents: they were apparently a somewhat
price of the following parts will be announced in due similar society to the Gormogons and equally the
course. Masons, Lodges, etc., may still join the rivals of the Freemasons.
Circle for this year, and by so doing will receive the
Transactions up to November for the one payment 6°.-" The Defence of Freemasonry," from the
of lOs. tld. The conditions for joining the Circle earliest known edition, viz. :-the "Pocket Com-
may be referred to at page 34, or the Secretary, Bro. panion" of 1738, the only known copy of which is
G. W. Speth, Streatham House, Margate, will fur- in the Grand Lodge Library, London.
nish all particulars on application. 7. 0 -The "Letter of Euclid," from the "Consti-
tutions " of 1738.
\V e are now enabled to announce that all pre- 8°.-A Dissertation on Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 7.
pat'ations are completed for printing Vol. I. of
Qm.i:nor Coronati Reprints. The Volume will The Commentary and Dissertation will be from
contain:- the pen of Bro. R. F. Gould, Past Grand Deacon,
1".-A Heliotype facsimile of the whole of the Senior Warden of the Lodge, author of "The four
"Masonie Poem," circa 1390. This M.S. is the old Lodges." "The Athol Lodges," "History of
earliest document in existence relating to Freema- Freemasonry," etc.-Editor: Bro. G. Vi'. Speth:
sonry in any tongue, and is M.S. Bib. Reg. l7.A. in Secretary of the Lodge.
the Brit:sh Museum. It was first published in The Work will be put in the press immediately
lMO hy J. Orchard Halliwell, with a facsimile of and subscriptions are invited. The cost to members
four lines, and again in 1844 with a facsimile of t.he of the Lodge and of the Correspondence Circle is
first page ; and was at once translated into several fixed at lOs., and to outsiders at 15s. Subscriptions
langnages, causing great interest throughout the should be forwarded at once by postal order, payable
Craft. A copy of either of these editions is now Margate, to the Secretary, G. W. Speth, Streatham
only procurable with great difficulty. House, Margate : and subscribers must be careful to
~ . -A reprint of the " Poem" in ordinary type.
0 give full postal address. Only a small number of
copies will be printed, but a proportion will be
3•.-A full historical and literary commentary temporarily reserved for the convenience of the
0:1 the "Poem."
Correspondence Circle abroad.
4°.-The Article in the "Plain Dealer," 1724,
respecting the Gormogons, from the copy in the
 TRANSACTIONs oF THE• LoDGE QuATuoR CoRONATI. 49

2ND JUNE, 1887.

The Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall at 5 p.m. There That the remaining four meetings should be placed at
were present Bros. R. F. Gould, S.W., in the Chair; W. J. fairly eqnal intervals.
Hnghau as !.P.M.; W. H. Rylands as S.W.; W. M. Bywater, Acting on these opinions your Committee has ascertained
'J.W.; G. W. Speth, Sec.; Dr. Wynn Westcott as S.D.; Prof. that the following days of meeting would suit the Ha.ll
T. Hayter Lewis, I.G.; and John Lane. Also the following Authorities, viz.-
members of the Correspondence Circle: Bros. W. Kelly, Past
Provincial G.M., LeiceRtershire and Rutland ; Dr. W. R. First Friday in Ja.nn.ary.
Woodman, P.G.Sw.B.; W. Lake, Past Provincial G.R., Corn· , March.
wa.ll; and C. Kupferschmidt, P.M., 238. The visitors were , " May.
Bros. S. Liddell Macgregor Mathers, No. 19a; and J. Leach St. John in Harvest, 24th June.
Barrett, J.W., No. 1201. First Friday in October.
'Dies Quatnor Coronatorum, 8th November.
·~ros. John Lane, Dr. Wm. John Chetwode Crawley, and
Edwm Thomas Budden, were admitted to the membership of Your Committee therefore counsels that By-law the
the Lodge. Bro. Lane, being present, returned thanks on first be altered to give effect to this opinion by striking out
behalf of himself and fellow candidates. all the words after '' Amiversary Festival" and substituting
"on the 24th June, and on the first l'ridays in January, March,
The SeQretary brought np the subjoined report of the May, and October."
Committee on Lodge Meetings appointed on the 3rd March. That in By-law the second, the word September be struck
out and replaced by October.
And that said alterations do take effect after the next
To the Worshipful Master and Members of the Quatuor Ooronati .Anniversary FeRtival in November.
Lodge, No. 2076, London. CHARLI!:S WARREN, W.M.
A. F. A. WoODFoRD, .A..I.P.M.
W. M. BYWATER, J.W.
Report of the Special Committee on Lodge Meetings w. WYNN WESTCOTT, M.B.
W.M. AND BRETHREN, G. W. SPETH, Secretary.
Your Committee, appointed on the 3rd of March laat The Secretary moved and Bro. Wynn Westcott seconded,
begs to report : , "that the By·\aws be amended as suggested by the Commit·
That the Authorities of Freemasons' Hall being unable to tee," which was carried unanimously •
~commodate _the Lodge on. some ~f the days fixed by our
First By-law, It has become Imperative either to change these
dates or to remove the Lcdga to other premises. The Secretary reported that since the last meeting in
That the members gf your Committee have well consid- March 51 brethren had applied for admission to the Corres-
ered the probable results of both these courses and are of pondence Circle. Of these, 44, whose names were announced,
opinion: had been from time to time accepted by the Permanent Com-
That the advantages anticipated by the Founders in mit~, and he now moved that the remaining seven be
making the stated meetings immediately following the quar- approved. Their candidature having been seconded by Bro.
terly communications of Grand Lodge have not been realized Hughan, the motion was put and carried unanimonsly.t
and that this plan has not been conducive to a large a.ttend- The W.M., in the Chair, commented on the very satisfac-
a.nce of country members; and tory nature of the extended Jist just presented. not only as
That in view of the cosmopolitan character which the regarded the .number of candidates, but. also as to the masonic
Lodge is rapidly acquiring through the Correspondence Circle eminence of the greater part thereof, and referring to the
any other place of meeting than the head-quarters of th~ services of the Secretary in this and other matters connected
Craft would be productive of surprise throughout the Masonic with the welfare of the Lodge, was pleased to speak in terms
World, both here and abroad, and result in a. loss of prestige of high commendation of their value, and ordered that a. record
to the Lodge. of the :Brethren's appreciation be placed on the minutes.
They therefore counsel that the dates of the stated meet-
ings be re-arranged.
They further desire to express great gratification at the The following presentations to the Lodge Library were
!act that no difficul~y has hitherto been experienced in provid- announced :-From Bro. Cramer, Berlin) The current num-
~ a. paper of sterhng value at each meeting, and that several bers of L&tomia. From Bro. Riddiford, Kansas ; Reports of
papers are still awaiting their turn. Kansas Grand Officers for 1887; Proceedings of Grand Lodge
They therefore counsel a cmntions increase in the number of Kansas for 1886; Ditto of Grand Chapter of Kansas.
of meetings and sug~est that the present number of five be From the respective Editors; Current numbers of Lues e Con-
increased by one, to six in the year. oordia.; Freemasons' Repository, Providence; Espana Mas6-
They further point out that the pr.,sent meeti11g for the nica; La Verdad, Jamaica; Masonic Token, Portland, Maine.
el':ction of Worshipful !'faster falls in September, at the From Bro. Mc.Calla, Philadelphia ; The Masonic Catalogue
~eight of the long vacat10n, and are of opinion that such an of Grand Lodge Library of Pennsylvania, 1880 ; Proceedings
1m~rtant matter should not run the risk of being settled in of Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania for 1884 ; Ditto for 1885 ;
~ thmly attended Lodge, and that no meetings should be held Dr. Franklin's Newspaper Accounts of Freemasonry, 1730-
m the months of July, Angus~, and September. 1750 ; Life of Col. Daniel Coxe, the father of Freemaaonry in
Yo~r Committee would further remind the Lodge that America (the two last compiled by the donor). From Bro.
our Aument Brethren, both before and after the establishment Beck, Dresden; several numbers of the Dresdener Logan-
ol Grand Lodge in 1717, were wont to celebrate the festivals blatt; Proceedings at the Centenary of the Golden Apple
of the ~wo Saints John and that by doing so the Qnatnor Lodge, Dresden, November 1876. From Bro. Cantreras,
Coronati Lqdge would be gracefully reverting to first princi- Madrid; Manuel del Maestro Mason, 1883 ; Proceedings of
ples; but the Supreme CJouncil 33o of the Gran Oriente de Espana,
• _That the ~estival of the Evangelist, 27th December, fall- March 1887; Annario Mas6nico Universal, 1887. From Bro.
mg In the midst of our national Yule-tide festivities was
• The effect o! this motion Is to make the future Lodge Meetings after
reluctantly abandoned by your Committee as impracticable. the 8th November 1887, fall on the first Friday in January, March, May,
Your Committee is of opinion that the feast of the and October, and on the 24th June and the 8th November. This amend·
Baptist, St. John in Harvest, 24th June, should constitute one ment of the By-laws was subsequently approved by the Most Worshipful
of the stated meetings of the Quatnor Coronati; the Grabd Master on the 15th June, and having been confirmed on the 8th
September, is now in force.
That on no &ccount shoald our lnstaJlation Meeting, 8th t Bringing the membership of the Correspondence Circle to 88, ex-
November, day of the fonr Crowned Martyrs, be altered; and clusive of the full memilers o! the T,odge.

a
50 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUA'!'UOB Ca&ONATI.

Maennel, Leipsic ; Vor hundert drei und vierzig J a.hren (Halle), COB'l!lECTil!fG LilV'ES BE'l'WEE.
Leipsic, 1887; VeranderungderOberflaohe Ita.liens ingeschicht-
licher Zeit, (both written by himself). From Bro. Austen, Al!fCIEl!lT &; liiEODEBl!l l'BEEliiE.ASOl!lBY.
Port Elizabeth ; his Treatise on the Ancient Landmarks,
:I'BOII .1. B'OB'-K.I.BOB'IO S'l'.l.lii'DPOIJI'T.
1886. From Bro. Gould; his Athol! Lodges 1879, and The
Four Old Lodges, 1879. From Bro. Dr. Begemann, Rostock ;
The Mecklenburgisch.es Logenbla.tt, April 1887. From Bro. MY purpose is briefly to recapitulate certain
Speth; his History of the Lodge of Unity, No. 183, 1881; and facts and inferences respecting early Freemasonry,
Royal Freemasons, 1885. From Bro. Watson; Record of the which in my judgment should be-sufficient to induce
Installation of Bro. T. W. Tew, J.P., as Provincial Grand
Master of West Yorkshire, with Historical Notes (by the a non Mason to believe in the continuity of Ancient
donor) of Yorkshire Freemasonry, 1885, Edited by Bro. C. and Modern Freemasonry. In other words, the
L. Mason, P.M., etc. From Bro. Crawley, Dnblin; Report of evidence to be submitted may be accepted as our
Masons' Boys School, Ireland, for 1886, and ditto, flirls School. warrant for claiming that we belong virtually to the
same society that accepted Elias .Ashmole and Sir
Robert Moray in the 17th century, which is still
The following Brothers were proposed by the Worshipful represented by the Lodge of Edinburgh, with recorda
from 1599, and possibly by even older organization-s.
Master in the chair and seconded by the a.oting Senior Warden,
To prove the continuity of the Craft during the
as Candidates to join the Lodge, viz.:- last two hundred years is all t.hat is needed to bridge
over (what Bro. Gould has so aptly termed) "f/wJ
Bro. the Rev. Charles James Ball, London, M.A., transition period." Indeed, if it can be demonstrated
(B.A. in 1872, first-class in Lit. Hum.in.), Queen's College, that the .same Lodges existed immediately before,
Oxford; formerly Censor, Chaplain, and Lecturer in King's during, and immediately after the so-called " Revival
College, London; now, Chaplain to the Honourable Society of 1717," that certain of them united to form GT.and
of Lincoln's Inn; born 1850. Was initiated in Lodge Sir
Thomas White, No. 1820 in 1883. Author of "Tables of Lodges in England and Scotland ; .that they a.nd
Hebrew Inflexions," 1876; "The Merchant Taylors' Hebrew their several branches continue to this day ; that
Grammar," 1877 ; "A Hebrew Primer," 1879 ; " Commen- throughout the period there have been no lapses iD.
tary on Kings and Chronicles" in Bishop Ellicott's " Old continuity ; a.nd that during the eventful changes of
Testament Commentary for English Readers," 1883, (now early last century, the same a.ctive members were
being issued in monthly parts); "Commentary on Judith" in
Vol. I., and on the "Additions to Daniel," etc., in Vol. II. of connected with the part.icipating Lodges ; what more
"The Speaker's Commentary on the Apocrypha.," (now in the can be necessary to illn.stra.te the essential oneness
press); "Articles on the Syria.c Authors" in the" Dictionary of the Society ?
of Christian Biography." Contributions to The Academy, Now can this be done? I answer emphatically,
Church Quarterly, and to The Proceedings of the Society of Yes! The evidence is such as to satisfy those who
Biblical Archreology.
do not, as well as those who do, belong to our Society
Bro: Sir Henry James Burford Burford-Hancock, The facts are capable of being tested by arch~eolo­
Gibraltar, born 1839. Knight Bachelor, 1882. Educated at gists and historians, be they Masons or non-Masons.
Eton; Lieut. in Her Majesty's 45th Regiment, (Sherwood For my part, I avow my sn.spicion of .any Masonic
Foresters), and subsequently Captain in the Kent Artillery evidence on the question,. which rests BOlely on such
Militia; called to the bar, Inner Temple, 1866; District Judge slender threads as to require initiation into our
in Jamaica, 1st May, 1876; appointed to Falmouth District, mysteries to make its character lrnown and appre-
lOth August, 1876; acted as Judge of Montego Bay District,
1877, and of Mandeville District, 1878; Attorney-General of ciated.
the Leeward Islands, June 1878; Chancellor of the Diocese Sure!y anyone who is conversant with the
of Antigua, Octoher 1878; Chief Justice of the Leeward ordinary usages of the Freemasons of to-day, cannot
Islands, 1880; a<iministered the Government in chief of said but be struck with the numerous resemblances to
Islands, November 1881; Chief Justice and Judge of Vice· them, which are scattered over the book1;1 or rolls of
Admiralty of Gibraltar, 1882. Initiated in the Lodge of
Antiquity, No. 2, London, in 1876, from which Lodge he ob· the " Old Charges ? "
ta.ined the "Royal Medal" on 22nd January, 1879. (His According to the Halliwell MS. (14th century
father was at his death the senior member and Past Master circa,) the Master was virtually to be termed W or-
of this Lodge, of which his son is also a. member.) In !1.876 shipfnl (lines 45-6), and was to be" Bothe stedef&.~Jt
he joined Lodge White Horse of Kent,. No. 1506, and Suss(!X and trewe"(l .. 89) as now; the members were required
Lodge, Jamaica, No. 354; in 1878, Lodge Jamaica., No. I771,
of which he was a founder and Senior Warden, and Lodge to a.ct as becometh "systnr and brother" (l. 204),
St. John, Antigua., No. 492; in 1881, Lodge St. Hubert, No. "lov~ wei God," respect the secrecy of their Lodge,
1373; in 1882, Lodge of Friendship, Gibraltar, No. 278, serv· " lyven withoute care and stryf" (l. 374), obliged to
ing as W.M. in 1884; in 1883, Lodge Inhabitants, Gibraltar, "swere the same ogth" (l. 437), and liable to expul-
No. 153; and in 1886, Lodge Hugenot, No. 2140. Emlted in sion on becoming refractory In order to respect
Sussex Chapter, Jamaica, No. 354; joined Ca.lpean Chapter,
No. 278, in 1884; and Prince of Wales Chapter, No. 153, in their ancient Rules and Ordinances they were
1884, serving as z. in 1885. Was appointed District Grand advised to
Master of Gibraltar in 1884, and Grand Superintendent (Royal " Pray we now to God a.lmyght,
Arch) of Gibraltar in 1885. Is the author of many papers And to hys moder Mary bryght
on Science, Fish Culture, Hall-marks, Athletics, Sports and That we mowe keepe these artyouliUI here,
Pastimes, etc., etc., in Temple Bar, the Queen, and other And these poynta wei at y-fere
periodicals, p.nd of a. " Treatise on the International Fishery As dede these holy Ma.rtyres fonre."
Laws," 1866, for which he was awarded a gold medal from (ll. 49'7-601).
H.I.M. Napoleon III.
The Cooke MS. (15th century) refers to the
laws" wryten in ye hoke of chargys" (l. 534), the
latter being read to the "new men," as in subsequent
BBO WILLIA1l J, HUG HAN read the following paper: centuries (and even are now so enjoined), who were
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LoDGE QuATt;fOR CoRONATI. 51

cautioned to " hele the counoell. of his felows in were members during the same decade. One of the
logge " (ll. 842-3). oldest Lodges in Scotland with recorda from 1674,
'J_'his scroll or book is variously termed the held at Melrose, has never joined the Grand Lodge,
" Freemasons' Orders and Constitutions " (Harl : being free and independent from then to now !
2054), the :'Boke of Consts." (Wilson MS.,) and The minutes of numerous Scottish Lodges
other well-known titles, such as the " Measson. testify that during the 17th century, many ~ustoms
Charter." of the fraternity were similar to those. whwh now
In Cooke's M.S. the warden was enjoined to be
Prevail several of which were ably descnbed by Bro.
industrious, and look diligently after his Lord. during Gould 'at one of our meetings. " cowans " were
the temporary absence of the Master, the officers "Masons without the word," "Eavesdroppers"
and brethren being pledged to " be trewe to the referring to casual listeners.. Fees of honour had to
Kyngelof Englond and the reme" (ll. 926-7). This be paid on the acneptance of office, Deputy Deacons,
valuable wee book also contains an early use of the (or Masters) were appointed on noblemen accepting
term speculative, in the sense we use it now. In such offices ; joining members were elected ft•om
describing some of the attainments of the Pruwe, other Lodges ; officers were obligated preparatory to
&lluded to as King Athelstane's "youngest sone," being installed (as now in Scotland), fees were pay-
it is stated., "For of speculatyfe he was a master" able on initiation, quarterages were in force, provin-
(lt. 623-4). cial assemblies or" Lodges were held, and" warrants"
Now, be it noted, that copies of the " Old for Lodges were issued ! Many were the "swarms"
Charges " have been used in Lodges-as the records from the parent Lodges, such as the Canongate
prove-down to the last century, such an employ- Kilwinning Lodge, Edinburgh, 1677, the "Leith
ment of these Rolls (overlapping " the transition and Canongate " 1688, and others from " Modern
period") being a. necessary portion of the initiation Athens," or Kilwinning. The formation, however,
ceremony (bejOTe and after the Grand Lodge era), of the Lodge" Journeymen," met with such opposi-
by bodies of Freemasons, who either established or tion from the Masters of Edinburgh, that nothing
subseq-q.ently joined, such governing bodies, and but the "strong arm " of the civil law was sufficient
which new organizations still continue modernized to enable the craftsmen to meet as brethren, in a
versions of the "Bokes of Chargys," as introductory Lodge of their own ; their legal protection dating
to rules more in accord with the present wants of from the "Decree Arbitral" of 1715. Essays were
the fraternity. required as proofs of competency, just as in more
The old Lodges, "Ulltil recently, made the recital modern days speculative tests are obligatory prior to
of the " Charges," one of the primary condition.s of adva.ncement.
the legal reception, together with the prescribed
quorum to form the Lodge ; so that these documents Though the speculative element was in the ascend-
may fairly be considered veritable connecting links ancy in several of the 17th century Lodges, the
between the brethren of the 15th to the 17th cen- members had to select their marks and have them
turies, and those of the last and present centuries. booked, as the operatives did, doubtless out of respect
to the Schaw Statutes of 1598. Even with such
The custom prevailed of such recitals, even when Lodges their' operative origin and character were
the membership of a Lodge was mainly speculative, acknowledged, apprentices being bound therein to
e.g. the Lodge of Aberdeen of 1670, the roll of whose mast.ers in the trade, just as in Lodges exclusively
members in that year consisted of some 39 out of operative, and even the Grand Lodge of Scotland did
49 members, who were not connected in any way not hesitate to bind apprentices for charitable
with the building trade. This Lodge, with records purposes.
from that year, is still on the roll, and was one out
of one hundred lodges which were invited to take Popular, however, as was the Craft in that
part in the inauguration of the Grand Lodge of Scot- century, it had some enemies. The Rev. James
land in the year 1736. Ainslie was objected to because he was a "Free-
Of the three- "Head Lodges" "in Scotland, of mason," hut the Presbytery of Kelso, on February
the 16th century, as noted in the "Schaw Statutes," 24, 1652, came to his rescue and declared that in
of 1599, the " first and principal " was that of Edin- " their judgment there is neither sinne nor scanda.le
burgh (which has an unbroken series of records from in that word [i.e. the 'Masons' Word' aforesaid,]
that year down to 1887 !) The next "Head and because in the purest tymes of this kirke, Maisons
Second Lodge of Scotl-and" was " Mother Lodge Kil- having that word have been ministers; that Maisons
winning," which however has lost its records before and men haveing that word have been and are daylie in
1642, and the "Head and Third Lodge" was held at our sessions ; and many Professors haveing that word
Stirling. The first two are on the roll to this day ! are daylie admitted to the Ordinances !" As Bro.
Noblemen, gentlemen, tradesmen, and .artizans, Ainslie was deposed on the "Restoration," it may
were initiated as specula.tiveil, and took office in such be assumed that the " purest tymes " referred to
old Lodges, the first recorded in actual minutes being would range from 1560 down to 1610, so that this
John Boswell, Esq., who was present as a mem:ber declaration is of value for the 16th century.
at one of the meetings of the Ancient Lodge <lf Edin- The earliest reference to an initiation in
burgh in the year 1600. The Earl of Cassilis (an England of a speculative member, in actual Lodge
E.A.. only) was a Deacon of Kilwinning Lodge in minutes, is of the year 1641. On the 20th May of
1672, Harry Elphinstone (" TutOT, of Airth,") was that year, the "Right Honerabell Mr. Robert Moray,
Master of the Lodge of Aberdeen in 1670, and the General Quartermaster to the Armie off Scotland,"
Earls of Eglinton, Errole, and many other noblemen (as the record runs) was initiated at Newcastle by
52 TRANsACTIONS OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATr.

members of the "Lodge of Edinburgh," who were formed of at least five or six members to make a.
with the Scottish .Army.• quorum, the presentation of gloves and the holding
The annals of this remarkable Lodge testify of a banquet following the initiations ; the author
that five successive generations of the Milne family states that the effect of the " secret si~s" were such
were on its roll of members from the 4th decade of as to enable the members "to be known to one
the 17th to the second decade of the 19th centuries, another all over the nation." His belief in their
one of the Milne's taking part in Sir Robert Moray's potency was such as to surpass even that of the most
initiation ; so that even the members of one family credulous in our time. The "parchment volum " is
form a series of personal links between Ancient and noted (termed the Schrole), containing the" Charges
Modern Freemasonry, extending over the long period and Manners" of the Brotherhood. To Dr. Plot,
of well nigh 200 years ! therefore, we are indebted for glimpses of our Society
The next initiation in England that we know in England, at a time when we are literally without
of, was that of Elias Ashmole, which, occurred-as evidence from actual Lodge Records.
he tells us in his journal-on October 16t.h, 1646, at The Minutes and MS. Rolls of the old Lodge at
Warrington. This noted antiquary was " made a York certainly help ns a little, but not much, as one
Freemason," with Colonel Mainwaring, in a Lodge of the early registers has been missiug of late years.
of whose members the warden and six brethren were The" York MS." of 1693, furnishes the names of the
present, the most, if not all of whom were gentle- warden, and a few of the members of the Lodge,
men, according to the excellent a"Uthority of Bro. possibly for whom it was made; and numerous MSS.
W. H. Rylands. in England contain internal evidence of the use of
On March 11th, 1682, Ashmole visited a Lodge these "Old Charges" for Lodgl:l purposes. The
held at the Masons' Hall, London, when Sir William preserved minutes of the York Lodge begin in 1712
Wilson and five others were admitted into the and continue to 1730, thus also bridging over" the
"Fellowship of Free Masons." Of the ten brethren transition period." During these eighteen years the
who composed the Lodge at that meeting, Ashmole old Lodge changed into a Grand Lodge, and though
was the senior, but he was not a member of the it collapsed soon afterwards, a revival was inaugu-
Masons' Company, though the nine other brethren rated in 1761, by some of the old members, including
were, and also two of the neophytes. The banquet Drake, the historian.
was a great feature of Masonic meetings in the olden Then again there are the Minutes and Rule8 of
tyme, and certainly if the holding of such festivals the Lodge at Alnwick, from 1701 (clearly not its
be any proof of our continuity, the evidence is not beginning) which run on for half a century, the
lacking in that respect, though we reverse the order members retaining their independence throughout.
now, as mentioned by Ashmole, he and the members Another Lodge at Gateshead, with records from
having dined on the conclusion of the ceremony "at 1725, but not warranted nntil1735, and still another
the charge of the new accepted Masons." at Durham with minutes from 1738, its charter,
An excellent witness respecting Freemaspnry however, not being granted untill/63, are instances,
during the period of which we are treating, is Bro. out of many, of old Lodges, evidently working before
Randle Holme (thethird), of Chester, whose references the lirand Lodge "era, and not in any way altering
to the Craft in his "Acadamie of .Armory" (1688), their proceedings for years, to meet the new depar-
are of great value, as he wrote " as a member of that turP..
society called Free-Masons." The "Harleian MS., An old Lodge was held at Scarborough in 170.5,
2054," is in his handwriting, being a transcript of about which, save the name of the presiding officer,
the" Old Charges," accompanying which is a copy we know lamentably little, unless, indeed, the
of the O.B. of a F.M., in which mention is made of warrant for the Lodge of 1729 was granted to its
the words and signes of a free ~Mason. members.
The next lea£ of this important MS. contains a There ai-t, also the frequent references to Lodge
remarkable list of names, evidently of members of meetings, in the newspapers of early last century,
a Lodge. The first line reads, "William Wade which prove the widespread existeuce of independent
we. give fo;-o to be a free Mason," the roll containing Lodges in England, Ireland, and America, some of
26 names in all, including Randle Holme. It is the whose members, on petition, were duly constituted
only list of the kind known in England. Bro. by the new ruling organizations, visitations taking
Rylands has carefully examined every possible source place between members under the old and ne!'
of information relative to these Chester brethren, regimes. So many were there, that the Tatler, m
and has proved that the majority were speculative 1709, to describe the character of a society of " Pretty
Fre.emasons. His papers on "Freemasonry in the Fellowa," decl&.res that " they have their signs and
Seventeenth Century" (Warrington 1646, and Chester tokens like free-Masons," that apparently being a.
1650-1700, published in the" Masonic Magazine") are well-known and easily recognized illustration.
two of the most valuable ever written, and are of But I need say no more. The several Masonic
great interest. Works and Lodge Histories published of late yea.;s,
Later on we come to the " Natural History of whose transactions have been made known-begin-
Staffordshire," by Dr. Plott, 1686, in which, though ning with the Lodge of Edinburgh, from 1599, by
in an unfriendly manner, the Society of Freemasons Bro. D. M. Lyon-and especially the colossal and
is so referred to, as in many respects to not inaptly invaluable History of Freemasonry by the S. W. of
describe the Fraternity of to-day, and especially as No 2076-Bro. R. F. Gould-the volumes of which
to Craft usages and regulations. Lodges had to be a~ the repertory of all known ~acts of imporlll:nce
• Sir Robert MOTay waa one of the founden of U:le RoyrJ Society. respecting our time-honoured soc1ety-ARE snffi01ent
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CQRONATI. 53

in my opimon to prove the continui~y of the Erater- students would be glad to hear that there was a " Grand
Lodg(l of Munster" before the advent of the present Grand
nity. If these are not enough to satisfy a non-Mason Lodge of Ireland, at Dublin, in 1729. The earlier Body had
of the antiquity and continuity of our Society I must its seat at Cork, in 1725-6, but when it was originated cannot
resign the attempt in despair. These evidences now be decided.
at all events, would, I feel assured, abundantly Bao. MATHERS refeiTed to the pa•sage " that he or shee
convert me to that belief, even if a non-Mason, and that is to be made a mason," and enquired if the Lecturer
as a member, they appear to me to justify our claim. admitted the possibility of a woman being made a mason in
In conclusion let me express the wish, in the former times. He also called attention to the fact that
"Tutor" in Scotland meant very often the second-head or
words of the "Perth Masonic Charter," of 1658, that sub-chief of a house and that ''Harry Elphinstone, Tutor of
" Soe long as the sun ryseth in the east and setteth Airtb" must not be regarded in the light of a teacher.
in the west, as we would wish the blessing of God BRO. HUGHAN said he did not believe that females were
to attend us in all our wayes and actions '' may ever admitted as members of Lodges in the olden time.
Freemasonry flourish as the "green bay tree," and Doubtless the notion that women had been initiated as
brethren become increasingly worthy of their ancient Masons, was due to the peculiar character of the " York M.S.,
No. 4," of A.D., 1693, but in that document, the words "he
heritage and privileges. or she" should have been written "he or they," as with all
other versionR or texts of the "Old Charges." Those familiar
with the clause in Latin will be aware how easy it was to
BRO. RYLANDS thought that no objection could be taken translate the original " they" into " she; " (illi, illa,) being
to the arguments of Bro. Hnghan, but that he had not by any so much alike to the ordinary transcriber as to provid ea.
means exhausted the list of possible corroborations. For simple solution of the difficulty. Bro. Hughan accepted the
instance, there was the Roll of Constitutions, belonging to suggestion of Bro. Mathers' with pleasure, as he had not felt
the Lodge of Antiquity, No. 2, of which he was a mAmber. sure of the Worshipful Master being a Schoolmaster or
It appeared to him that this MS. spoke highly in favour of Teacher.
the lecturer's contention. BRo. KELLY expressed the great interest he had taken
BRo. GOULD said that the last speaker had referred to in the proceedings and moved a vote of thanks to the Lecturer,
the name of " Robert Padgett," Clerk to the Society of Free- who was of his oldest and most vo.lued friends.
masons of London, A.D. 1686. At nearly every meeting of Bao. WooDMAN sec{)nded the vote and desired to state
this Lodge the name of that worthy had been brought in, and that the paper read by his dear friend, Bro. Hnghan, waa
he thought it therefore desirable to point out oR what slender of such. a nature tbat but little room was left for dis-
o.nd insufficient evidence the entry in question bad been ac- cussion. "The fond illusions of one's youth are cruelly
cepted as historic fact. In no Court of Justice would the dispelled ; no more can we believe that the FatheF of
evidence be admissible, without direct proof of the actno.I the human race held a Grand Lodge in the Garden of
existence at some time of Robert Padgett, to say nothing of Eden ; neither that Noah, its second Father, performed
minor legal points which would be freely raised. the rites of the Craft in the Ark, with the lion and the
BRo. HUGHAN concurred with Bro. Rylands, in the belief elephant alternately acting as Grand Tyler. The data
that internal evidence justified his remarks on the MS., in fixed by our Brother is so recent, at all events the date at
spite of Bro. Gould's objections which were those that would which we have written evidence extant of the existence of a
natnro.lly arise in the mind of a Brother who had enjoyed a regular meeting of a Lodge of Freemasons like ourselves,
legal training. that we mnst to a certain extent greatly modify our pre-con-
BRo. SPETH objected to Bro. Gould's reasoning. They ceived ideas, bot notwithstanding this I shall, as the lawyers
had often heard Bro. Gould take exception to documents say, without prejudice, continue to claim the Royal Solomon
because not found in "tha proper custody." This had always a.s one of our early Grand Masters and the two Hitams as
been his great indictment against the Harleian MS., 1942. associated with him in that most gloriouM period of the
But to Bro. Speth's surprise here was the case of a MS. in world's history, the building of the Temple and the descent of
the beet possible custody, in that of the oldest existing the Shekina, as visible presence therein of the Almighty
English Lodge which, judged by all the ordinary rules, wa.s Jehovah who dwelt between the Cherubim; neither must we
beyond suspicion, and yet because no outside corroboration of forget the building of the second Temple presided over by
certain statements therein contained could be produced, Bro. Zernbbabel the Prince, Haggai the Prophet, and Joshua the
Gould's great desideratum, appropriate custody, was accounted High Priest, Ezra and Nehemiah being intimately assuciated
as of no avail. Bro. Gould appeared to the speaker to fail in with them. The Biblical accounts of these great historical
consistency. events and the traditions handed down respecting them are
dear to every mason, and therefore though written proof is
BRO. Gouw said he did not dispute that the last words not actuo.lly forthcoming of the names of those who foimed the
on the Antiquity Scroll were both curious and remarkable, several Lodges, there is such a grand similitude in the minute
but merely demurred to their being regarded as conclusive details of the employment, the arrangement and the classifi-
evidence of the existence of a Society of Freemasons, distinct cation of the workmen of various orders and degrees, that
from the Mason~ company, at London, in 1686. The Scroll there is a considerable amount of incontrovertible evidence
bearing the date of that year, moreover, hardly fulfilled the that Masonic Lodges of a thoroughly practical character
legal requirement of "coming from the proper custody," were then in existence, and were also ruled over by those
because, if the Engraved List of 1729-the only officio.! pub- who did not themselves handle the trowel, the chisel, and
lication in which the dates of origin of the "Four Old level, though not unacquainted with the use of the compasses
Lodges" {or rather some of them) are given-is to be and ga.Tel, or at all events, on state occasions, of the level and
credited, the Lodge of Antiquity was only founded in 1691. heavy maul. These few remarks I tender with all humility
All documents, therefore, of an earlier date, now in the po88es- in the presence of masons who are distinguished for their
sion of the Lodge, must have come from some other cnetody, knowledge of Masonic History, and for their long and careful
which, it may well be, wofild be regarded as the "proper" research into the archives of the order. And especially I may
one, in the eyes of the lo.w, if there "V8.8 any evidence to show add in approaching the discussion of this most admirable and
what it wa.s! learned paper, th&t I think we may venture to claim o.n
BRo. LANE took exception to the title of the paper, snb- earlier date for the establishment of regular constituted
mitting it could not have been written by a non-mason : and Lodges of Free and Accepted Masons, if not of the present
requested some information respecting Irish Freemasonry. purely speculative character."
BBo. HUGHAN admitted the force of such an objection, The WoRSHIPFUL MABTER in the Chair put the motion,
bu.t opined that none of his evidence being esoteric, it was o.ll which 11'811 uno.nimowdy carried and responded to by Bao.
proooro.ble by a non-milliOn and might be verified by such a.n ffUGHAN, who expressed his warm appreciation of the vote 510
cme. Relative to Ireland, Bro. Lane and other interested heartily endorsed by the memben.
54 TRANSACTlONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOll CoRONATJ.

THE BOSICBUCIA.llr SOCIE'l'Y OP :BlfGLA.lfD.

[COMMUNICATED].

THE " Societat~ Rosic:ruciana in .Anglia" was society are kept in a great degree secret, and indeed
constituted in its present form about the year 1865, there are certain points of knowledge and ranks in
and has become the parent of similar societies in the society known to but very few; the preceding
Scotland, Ireland, Canada, and in the United States information applies only to the ordinary working
of .America. It is not a masonic degree in any sense, first degree or Zelator ; further than this no member
although its members (fratres), are necessarily who joins the order for the title, or without any
Master Masons, and a ritual of admission is made occult aspirations, is allowed to pass in fact, even if
nse of. The entrance fees are small, as is the yearly higher titles be conferred; some of the fratres are
subscription; the receipts being only intended to ornaments only of the society, and do not even
cover the expenses of the meetings, and the printing profess to be workers. From 1868 to 1879 the
of notices and reports. The society has several society published a magazine which was skilfully
colleges in England, the Metropolitan is the largest, edited by Dr. Woodman ; at the present time the
then follow those of Yorkshire and Lancashire; the Metropolitan College publishes .Annual Transactions,
total number of members is about 200. Its purpose and the York College prints occasional Essays.
is the scientific and literary, historical and archreo- Those most deeply ipterested in the penetralia, have
logical investigation of the occult wisdom of the certain curious secret esoteric doctrines and occult
ancients, the origin of the mysteries, of secret lore, which are retained as the prize to be won by
societies, and of the lost sciences and arts of alchemy, aspirants, after a considerable period of probation.
astrology, the Kabbalah, the hieroglyphic literature The test of Master Masonship is insisted on, in fair-
of Egypt, etc. Essays are read at the meetings, ness to the Craft, for it would be found very difficult
discussion is invited, and old and em-ions books, to rake among the ashes of lost myth and ceremonies,
pictures, &c., are exhibited. TheYorkshire College without betraying the secrets proper to Freemasonry.
has made a specialty of the study ofthearchitecture .Jewels of honour and rank are worn, but no special
and masonic points of old churches and other build- clothing, so that so far no moths are attracted to the
ings. R. W. Little, W. J. Hughan, W. R.Woodman, Ever-burning Lamp of Christian Rosy Cross by out-
F. G. Irwin, H. C. Levander, Wm. Carpenter, ward adornments ; and it may also be mentioned
Kenneth Mackenzie, and Cuthbert Peck, were among that there is no benefit fund attached to membership,
its famous early members. Dr. W. R. Woodman is every Frater being, as aforesaid, a Graft Mason.•
the present Supreme Magus, and T. B. Whytehead
is head of the York College. WM. WYNN WESTCOTT, M.B., P.M. 814,
Following the example of the famous Fraternity
of R.C., concerning which several books were pub- Sec. General, IXo Honoris Causa.
lishe<l from 1614 to 1660, notably the "Fama et
• Brethren dffiroUB of admi88ion to the Society may apply by le""r
Confessio," the proceedings and membership of the only, to the Sec. Gen., at SOO, Camden Road, London, N.

8TH SEPTEMBER, 1887.

.A. meeting of the Lodge was held at Freemasons' Kansas, and Bro. Brown, Gr&nd Secretary, Kansa!', jointly ;
Hall at 5 p.m. The members. present were Bros. Rev . .A.. F. two volumes Proceedings of Grand Commandery, Kansas, for
A. Woodford, in the chair; R. F. G~mld, S.W.; W. Simpson, 1885, 1886; twelve volumes Proceedings of Grand· Lodge
J.W.; G. W. Speth, Secretary; Professor T. Hayter-Lewis, Kansas, 1870-1883 ; and sixteen volumes Proceedings of
I.G.; W. H. Rylands; and Dr. W. Wynn Westcott. Of the Grand Chapter Kansas, 1868-1884. From Bro. MacCalla,
Correspondence Circle the following attended: Bros. G. J. Philadelphia; Proceedings of Grand Lodge of Pennsylva.nili
Dunkley, C. F. Bogard, Dr. W. R. Woodman, C. Kupfer· for 1886. From Bro. Whytehead, York; An Ode to the
achmidt, 0. Behner, and J. Read, of London; Col. J. Mead, Grand Khaibar, London, 1726; Pilgrimage of American
of Red Hill; S. H. Simonsen, of Copenhagen; John Sartain, Knight Templars, York Itinerary, 20th July, 188f; Societas
of Philadelphia; and V. W. Maughan, of Oxford. Also the Rosiornciana in .A.nglia, journal of the York College since
following Visitors : Bros. Guiseppe Schuhman, Lodge U ni. 1879: Form of Service of Masonic Jubilee Celebration,
verso, Rome, and S. L. MacGregor Mathers. 14th July,l887, York; Proceedings and Catalogue of Exhibits
at Masonic Reception, York, 5th September, 1881; Catalogue
The following brethren were admitted as joining mem- of Exhibits at Masonic Exhibition, York, 2oth February, 188!;
bers of the Lodge :-Bro. the Rev. Charles James Ball, M.A., L'Ordre des Francs MB9ons trahi et leur secret revele (circa.
and Bro. Sir Henry James Bnrford Bnrford-Hancock, District 1775). From the Author, W. Simpson; Mud Architecture,
Grand Master, Gibraltar. Notes made in Persia, etc. From the Compiler, W. J. Hughan,
Torquay; Official Directory, Province of Cornwall, 1887, and
Bro. R. F. <k>uld, P.G.D., S.W., was elected W.M. for the Catalogue of Masonic Exhibits, Plymouth, Jnne, 1887. From
ensuing twelve months, and Bro. Walter Besant was re-eleted A. E. Austen, Cape Colony; a photograph of the interior of
Treasurer. Meridian Lodge, Port Elizabeth. From the Author, -w.
Thirty-six candidates were elected members of the Watson, of Leeds; Records of Masonic Career of Rev. T.
Qvatnor Coronati Correspondence Circle, bringing the total Cartwright Smyth, Grand Chaplain (second edition) and a.
number np to 124. portrait of himself. From G.· W. Speth;· the Jubilee number
of the Freemason. From R. C. Beck, Dresden; Beport of
The following presentations to the Lodge Library were Dresden Evening Home for School Children, 1887. From the
announced. From Bro. Cramer, Berlin ; The current num- Author, F. Holland; the Temple Rebuilt, 1886. From J. H.
bers of" Latomia." From Bro. Mayner y Ros, Jamaica; the Goddard, Dublin ; Historical Handbook of St. Patrick's
onrrent numbers of " La V erda.d." From Bro. Riddiford, Oathedra.l, Dublin, 1887; and Monumental Inscriptions. etc.,
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 55
in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, 1878. And from C. E. These obligations are taken subject to certain fenal.
Ferry, London, the Author; a MS. volume of 78 triads from ties. What penalties i' Fine? Or seclusion. No,
the Craft and Arch Ceremonies.
A discussion 011 the Library, and the best mode of to penalties of whose nature we are all aware and
making it more generally available for the use of the brethren which I need not therefore particularize.
and associates of the Lodge, resulted in a Committee consist- Can any rational "man believe that s111ch for-
ing of Bros. Gould, Rylands, Westcott, Lewis, and Speth, mulre were originally designed for the purpose of
being appointed, with instructions to report to next meeting. veiling a scheme of morality; a system of morals
It wa.s also ordered that the Freemaoon and the Freemasons'
Oh.rOflicle be taken for the use of members, and filed. suitable to all men, whose realization would be the
It wa.s agreed to present the outgoing Master, Sir C. achievement of earthly perfection. Our Ritual
Warren, with a Masonic Library, composed entirely by mem- embodies and traces out a definite legend, or set of
bers of the Lodge and Correspondence Circle who might legends, it insists on the acceptance of these events
choose to forward their works to the Secretary for the pur- as positive truth, wholly apart from any evidence
pose; and three guineas was voted for expenses attaching to
the preparation of the gift, such as stamping, re-binding if from common history. Nay, even in spite of it.
necessary, etc., etc. These ~;vents must be grasped by the perfect mason
as masonic truth, and not believed only, but person-
The congratulations of the Lodge were expressed to the ally acted. Could such an unusual, not to say un-
following Brethren on having been appointed to Grand Office
at the Jubilee Celebration, viz. :-Bro. Sir C. Warren, W.M.,
natural, claim on a man be made simply to veil a.
a.s P.G.D.; Bro. Hogard, as P.G. Std. Br.; and Bro. Colonel moral precept? Could such a state of mind aud
Bramble, as P.G.A.D.C.; the two latter being members of the body be made peremptory simply to paint a beautiful
Correspondence Circle. allegory i'
The following brother was proposed as a joining member Our mysteries are positively guardeCJ. by signs,
from the Chair and seconded by the S.W. tokens, and words, so stringently accorded and so
Bro: William Kelly, Fellow of the Society of Anti- carefully preserved, that the profane are clearly
qna.riee (1879); Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (1868), convinced that even the most apparently reliable
of Stoneygate, Leicester. He was born in 1815, initiated 1838, e;cposes of them are but make-believes. If these
in St. John's Lodge, Leicester, No. 279, and served as its W.M. secret modes of recognizance shrouded but a scheme
in 1841, 1867, and 1868. Founder and first W.M. of John of
Gaunt's Lodge, Leicester, No. 523, in 1846; founder and first to make men more honest, or more charitable, is it
W.M. of St. Peter's Lodge, No. 1330, Market Harborough, in reasonable to suppose that this sanctity would have
1870. Exalted in Fortitude Chapter, No. 279, in 1841, Z. grown up around them i'
thereof in 1843; founder and fint Z. of S. Augustine's Chap- No, roy brethren, it would have been but a vain
ter, No. 779, in 1847; founder and first Z. of St. George's and foolish association which should have been
Chapter, No. 1560, in 1886. In 1870 he was appointed
Provincial Grand Mllster (Craft) and Grand Superintendent created to make a secret of morality.
(Arch) of Leicestershire and Rutland. l'he latter appointment Freemasonry, then, must be something more,
he still holds, but resigned the Grand Mastership in 1873. much more. To us, the representatives of the Free-
Author of " A History of Freemasonry in Leioestershire and masonry of to-day, it may be but a light thing, and
Rutland," 1870; "A History of the Drama and other Popu- I fear it often is. But let us remember our great
lar Amusements in Leicester in the 16th and 17th centuries,
e:rlra.oted from the ancient MSS. of the Borough, with intro- claim, the early origin of our Order, there must be
duction and notes " ; " Royal Progresses and Visits to our hunting ground for the cause of our secrecy, for
Leicester, from the reputed foundation of the City by King the constitution of the Fraternity, for the intense
Lear, B.C. 844, to the present time, illustrations," (large 8vo., obligations imposed on each one of us.
743 pp.) 1884; and of other works. .And now I would ask each of yon what is the
greatest aim of an earthly existence ? Is it not to
prepare for another ? Do we not all feel assured
B&o. D.a. WILLIAK WYNN WESTCOTT read the following
paper: that we must come +.o an end of this terrene exist-
ence ? Do we not feel that the " I," the " Ego "
within each one of us cannot end with this world P
TKB BELIGIOll 01" I"B.EBIIASOJIBT "To sleep, to die, perchance to dream; ay, there's
1Lr.VMI3'.A.'l'BD BY 'l'KB JU.aB.A.L.A.K. the rub."
The aim of each mortal, then, is to grasp at a.n
FREEMASONRY, our English Craft, describes itself ideal life, to prepare for another stage of existence;
a.s a. " system of morality veiled in allegory, and and how? How but through one's Creator ? Who
illustrated by symbols." A little consideration will, else could make or mar my life-but I and my
I feel sure, convince us that it is something more Creator ? Religion is the name we mortals give to
than this. our aspirations towards our Creator, and to our
'Tis not the whole of life to live, schemes to read Him.
Nor all of death-to die, Religion, then, is the key to try in this secret
wrote the poet Montgomery, and the aphorism is lock ; a secret religion might JlS!ed hiding, what
applicable also to Freemasonry. from P Whom from P From one's Creator ? No;
Our Ritual presents us with ample internal from one's fellow man, who in time pe.st as far aa
evidence that the mystery of the craft lies deeper history ca.n reach, has never failed to sully the face
than a mere scheme of moral maxims. Our Ritual of this fair earth with blasphemies, with idolatry,
contains distinct prayers, addressed to the clearly with persecutions, with religious martyrdom. Re-
defined one God; the Unity of the God we address ligious zeal and intolerance have been too often but
is the essence of his type. convertible terms.
Our Ritual includes several most serious obliga.- To combat the risk of death what weapon
tiona. To what P To morality P No, to secrecy. should we e:r.pect to find chosen? What but the
56 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

threat of death? Not a perfect weapon possibly, evidence that there w-ere at every epoch some true
not an ideally perfect one, not a heavenly one; but believers.
one applicable and competent to protect against evil As the Jewish power declined, and at length
doers. fell, pure Monotheism trembled, and had to shroud
Now Freemasonry has, it has appeared, a grand its head for a long period from the dominant pagan
central idea, a creator, a One God. Does history give conquerors. Hence arose one series of secret asso-
us any record that the holders of such a dogma have ciations which has extended down to our own times,
been the mass of the inhabitants, or the greatest and whose development is now in our midst as
men throughout the world or throughout the centu- Freemasonry, to me the lineal descendant of the
ries ? Or does history show us that believers in a early schemes and associations designed to perpetuate
nnique impersonal Deity, pure and undefiled, not a pure religion and a corresponding system of moral
consenting unto iniquity, have ever been aught but a ethics.
minority, often persecuted, and always reviled? Our secret brotherhood, note, has a specially
The minority has doubtless been a growing one, and Judaic basis, our main legend is connected with
has of late been too important to be crushed by that greatest Jewish law giver and ruler, Solomon.
threats of death, and in a parallel mode we now find Our present doctrine is a Unitarianism, clothed with
as I pointed out at first we have even arrived at the the Christian virtues. If Freemasonry arose as an
stage of having forgotten why our obligations were entirely new scheme in the 16th or 17th century it
designed. must have arisen in a Christian land, and would
Such, my brethren, is the suggestion of my certainly have been marked by specially Trinitarian
theme ; our present system of allegorical morality features, which would have remained permanent.
is the lineal descendant of true veiled Monotheism, Now as collateral evidence of my contention I
which in a pagan and persecuting world had need pray you to follow me into the consideration that in
in every clime and in every age of some scheme of our Freemasonry may yet be traced allusions and
self-defence. references to that system of esoteric teaching and
W 11 may not be able to trace in definite order dogma, which was undeniably the result of the
every step in the vast procession of forms through destruction of the exoteric Monotheism of Judea, I
which the Monotheistic secret has been shrouded, mean the Jewish Kabbalah-which first took shape
veiled, and preserved, or even to trace a distinct as a definite secret Sophia, wisdom or doctrine after
groove in the wheel of time in any one nation or the Fall of Jerusalem, and which was founded on
century, but history is at no time free from the the basis of the Monotheistic truths accumulated
survival of scraps of evidence that a mystic associa- during centuries of more or less pure outward
tion was at work, preserving and consecrating some observance of a Monotheistic religion.
high ideal, some great dogma. This Kabbalah then crystallized gradually into
a theological scheme, and became more and more
The absence of distinct and definite histories of elaborated through the dark ages following the ruin
secret Monotheistic societies is really an evidence of of the Augustan era; to dominant paganism followed
their reality and of their successful operation, and utter ignorance of the masses until a dawn arose in
the vast number of forms assumed by the true Europe and a Monotheism was developed anew, not
Believers, at one time resembling a military organi- Jewish, but Christian, and became exoteric, and its
zation, at another a priesthood, at another a philo- exoterism became its weakness, and its priesthood
sophic sect, at another time the secret held by three, became once more self seeking, and neglected the
two, or even one man-a king-at others of wide- primal truth-yet even through this period the
spread significance, is to me but evidence of the esoteric purity was preserved by the few, by the
reality of my contention. learned, by the pious.
And I a.ffirm, and could afford considerable I will not wander into the area of discussion
evidence in support of the view that even among the which rages around the sole origin af Freemasonry
priesthood of what have apparently been the most from trade guilds, from Templarism, from the
debased and extravagant religions, there has always Jewish race, from the Hermeticists, or from the
existed an esoteric doctrine held by a select hie- Rosicrucians.
rarchy, and that doctrine the Unity of God, as a I am content to recognise that all these associa-
Creator, Designer, and Ruler, apart from the modes tions have been concerned in its growth, and am
of His manifestation tons mortals, whether by pro- content that our present system points boldly to the
cesses and sublime emanations, or by Sonship, or by cardinal truth, confessing that in its progression
influence of the Holy Spirit, or by the developement along the ladder of time it has been assisted by each
into sex, or by maternity ; all of these modes of and all of these, and has survived them, and has
representing the action of a unique impersonal God, thus proved its right to exist. To say the least of
in relation to His works. it the mystery would only be increased by a dogma
The Jews have ever been true Monotheists and that the officials of Freemasonry in the seventeenth
have been ever persecuted, and the Old Testament, century were so intensely learned that they con-
their own narrative of ~hemselves, is perhaps the structed propio motu, such a system, in which the
chief extant volume recording struggles to preserve doctrines and essays of the most ancient Aporreta
a. pure Theocracy, to preserve a religion of Mono- shine forth.
theism, pure and free from idolatry. And although The Kabbalah as a system of Theosophy has
at times we find, superficially speaking, the whole pre-eminent claims to be considered primus inter
Jewish nation gone astray, yet there is collateral pares, among all the theistic speculations of mankind,
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CoRONATI. 57

which have a bearing on, and l1ave taken part in the The insistance on a candidate for masonry prov-
formation of, the Masonic Aphanism. I shall briefly ing himself free from deformity is a requirement
point out a few masonic points which are illuminated which was common to the selection from among the
by a comparison with the Kabbalah. Some refer- Levites of a priest of the Jews (see Leviticus xxi.,
ences to the mysteries are conveniently interspersed, 18), and to the reception of a neophyte in both the
of these there is much evidence that the Egyptian Egyptian and tbe Eleusinian mysteries, and a further
forms are the oldest; now it must be specially point of resemblance is seen in the refusal to admit
remembered that the Lecture on the Tracing Board a slave, or any but a free man. If the whole aim of
of the fi~st degree actually refers to th3se customs of Fre~masonry were to propog•1te brotherly love and
the anc1ent Egyptians as the fount of origin for charity, why refuse to extend its blessings to the
many masonic points ; it refers also to the doctrines cripple, or the maimed, or to him in subjection.
of Pythagoras whose five pointed star I mention The legend of the Three Grand Masters, of
later on. whom one is lost-becomes remoYed to the invisible
Among the masonic points which have been world-i3 a curious image of the Kabbalisti::) first
d~rived from the ancient mysteries, I notice the
triad of the emanations of the unseen and unknow-
tnple degrees of the system corresponding to the able Ain Soph Aur, the boundless one, boundless
mysteries of Sera pis, Isis, and Osiris. Now our light, first is Kether the Crown, thence proceed
second degree has feminine sucrgestions · note Chochm:1h and Binah, wisdom and understanding,
Shibboleth, the ear of corn, the wat~r, for co~ refer~ and then is the Crown concealed and lost to percep-
to the goddess Ceres, female, or Demeter, Gemeter, tion in its exaltedness, the word is lost, and replaced
earth mother, and water is female in all old lanau- by ot.her titles.
~ges; compare Binah, mother deity ; and our third In the Ten Sephiroth, as in our Lodges, we are
1s a very close approximation to that which repre- taught of two great pillal'S, one on the right and
sented t?e slaying of Osiris. The battery of on the left, the pillars of Mercy and Judament·
~cl~~atw?- '~he~ the candidate is restored to light then a third exists between them, that of s~erity~
1s a. airect ImitatiOn of the sudden crash of feigned tempered by mercy, and called pillar of :Mildness.
thund_e~ and lightning by whicli the peophyte of the These are similar to the Masonic pillars of Wisdom,
Eleusiman mysteries was greeted. The death of Strength, and Beauty, while tlJe A in Soph Aur abo>o
Osiris ann resurrection as Horus are represented as them is the Mystic Blazing Star in the East. Wis-
the decease of the. fellow craft and the raisin C. of a dom, Strength, and Beauty are the Sephirotic Triad
new master mason. " of Chochmah, Geburah, and Tiphereth.
. The entered apprentice is referred to three The several emanations of the Sephiroth of the
hghts, these are Osiris in· the east Isis in the west Kabbalah, one proceeding from the other, produce,
and H_o:ns,_ who was master or li;ing lord in plac~ as they are always designed in visible form, a
of Os1na, m the south. Note also that there is no tort.uous path, at once reminding us of the Winding
light in the north, the type of night, and of dark- Staircase. Indeed one form of the contemplation of
ness, in t-his also the idea is an ancient one. The the Eternal was described by the Kabbalists as
th~e gr~at, though emblematic, lights compose a ascending by the Sephirotic names and descending
bright trmngle, the three lesser lights an inferior or by the paths. This tortuous pa.th is also like the
darker one, the two combined may be considered in lightning flash, as is said in the '· Sopher yetzirah "
a group as a .six-pointed star, the Hexapla, or seal of or "Book of Formations," which has been translated
Solomon, whiCh was also a notable emblem in all the !>Y myself and is now published at Bath, and
old initia;tions. This Hexapla was a type of the 1s, pe~haps! the oldest monotheistic philosophical
number SIX, esteemed a male number assi!med by the .tract m existence. Note, the . Son of God is also
Kabbalists to Microprosopus, the Vau of the Hebrew spoken of as the" Light of the World."
alpha:bet, and of ~he Tetragrammaton, the six middle Four tassels refer to four cardinal virtues, says
Seph1roth, espeClally the median 6th, the Tiphereth, the first degree Tracing Board Lecture, these are
or Beauty of the Deity. temperance, fortitude, prudence, and justice; these
The Pentalpha, or emblem of health, the Pyth- again were originally branches ef the Sephirotic
agorean emblem, is the five-pointed Masonic star Tree, Chesed first, N etzah fortitude, Binah prud-
~ve is the Hebrew He, a female potency accord: ence, and Geburah justice. Virtue, honour, and
IDE; to the Kabb~lah, and may be either the Superior mercy, another triad, are Chochmah, Hod, and
He, the mother 1dea, . or the lower He, the Bride of Chased.
God, ~he Church, the Kingdom, these two together Another well-known Sephirotic Triad deserves
constitute the Elohim, a feminine plural noun, con- mention here, the concluding phrase of the Lord's
~tantly used as a title for creative power in tha Prayer, of the Prayer Book version, which, however
narrative of Genesis in chapter one, and np to the is not found in the Douay version, nor in the revised
end of verse four of chapter two, where the Jehovist New Testament, viz: the kingdom, the power, and
narrative commences. the glory-Malknth, N etzah, and Hod.
It is a curious coincidence that the Acacia As may be seen by the diagram many triads
referring to the burial of H.A., and which the fellow may be formed, and different authors speak of
arafts dressed in white, carried in their banda as different numbers ; thus Frater S. C. Gould, of
emblema of their innocence, is the same word as the Manchester, New Hampshire, describes nine ; Fra.
GTeek C1Kwc1a, which means innocence; it was also MacGregor Mathers, notes ten ;* but oven more may
8.b emblem of immortality. • Kabbalah, p 267.

H
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LoDGE QuAruoa CoRONATI.

be formed, of course, if relative sequence be not masculine operatives, has perhaps necessarily ex-
insisted upon. cluded females ; many military and hierarchical
The Winding Staircase consisted of 3, 5, '1, mystical societies have also from their essence con-
steps, if not of more, of these three referred to the sisted of males alone. The very low state of female
three Rulers of a Lodge, these are the three mother culture in the ancient world and during the middle
letters of the Hebrew alphabet, A, M, S, typical ages, also no doubt contributed towards the exclu-
again of fire, air, and water, the three first Sephiroth. sion of women from mystic rites and from active
Five to hold a Lodge and seven to make it perfect, interference with religious ceremonies; an exclusion
these are the Hebrew seven double letters, parallel which, were we about to constitute a new form of
emblems to seven planets and seven lower Sephiroth. concealed worship, would hardly be tolerated in the
Three, five, and seven amount to fifteen, which is present year of grace, and certainly could not be
equivalent to J AH, God, Yod, and He, ten and five; defended in argument. This ancient exclusion of
every Hebrew word is also a number, and the women from secret rites (to which there were some
reverse. These seven persons, again, are typical of few exceptions) has been expanded also in another
the seven most learned Rabbis who held the direction, with baneful result: I refer to the complete
Assembly named in the Zohar, Idra Suta, in which removal of all female types, forms, and stages from
the essence of Deity is discussed as a Holy Mystery. the ideas of the higher powers, angels, archangel~:~,
The still more Holy Assembly of Rabbis, the Idra and the emanations of Deity, which certainly existed
Rabba included three more, these formed the Keepers in the oldest forms of the Kabbalah, and in the
of the Veils of the original R. A. Chapter, for whom minds of the composers of the early chapters of the
the lower offices of Treas., I. G., and Sentinel are now Pentateuch. It cannot be doubted that a very large
substituted; some very learned patron of the order number of minds cling firmly to the Roman Catholic
caused this change to be made, fearing that it might type of religion, owing to its insistance on reverence
be a blasphemy to represent these three highest and praise to the beatified woman-Mary-who is
powers in a Lodge which might become too ordinary representative of the ancient views of the female
a business. They were types of the first Sephirotic counterpart of God-head.
Triad. Freemasons little know how close they have With this digression I must conclude, and I beg
been to the personation of the most exalted types of for a lenient judgment on these discursive remarks
Omnipotence. on our mystic order, for even if the views be
The letter Gin the centre of a Fellow Crafts erroneous, they may yet call up a refutation which
Lodge, has received several explanations; I would shall be found of great valne to the brethren present,
add that it has a relation to Ghimel, the Hebrew G, and Freemasons in general.
the third letter of the alphabet, the three, meaning
Trinity of Deity ; the third Sephira is Binah, the
mother of Microprosopus, the son, a feminine potency,
BRo. Go"GLD took exception to the main argnment of the
Mother of God, with uncial Greek capital G. The paper. However correct it might be to aver that the craft's
present masonic interpretation is folly, the idea. of a religions teachings were now Monotheistic or un8'3ctarian, this
modern ornamental lecturer. could not strengthen Bro. Westcott's views, unless it were
Again the two parallel lines, the one Moses, the shewn that such had always been the case. Now, as a matter
other King Solomon, enclosing a circle, bearing a of fact, in almost all the genuine [documents of the Free-
masons, direct invocations to the Trinity were found, and
central point, is purely Kabbalistic. The point is the existing Masons' Creed was unknown before 1717-1723.
Tiphereth, beauty of conduct within a circle of BRo. SIMPSON pointed out that many of the peculiarities
virtues and bounded by the pillars Mercy and Justice. adduced by the Lecturer were not confined to the Kabbalah,
Regard for a moment the varying titles ; but were on the contrary, universally met with throughout
Great Architect, the Foundation, Jesod the centre the East.' These would, therefore; carry no weight in the
present instance; but this fact did not detract from the valu€-
of the lowest triad. of the other similarities brought to their notice. He con-
Grand· Geometrician, the beauty of design, cluded by moving a vote of thanks.
Tipheretb, centre of the median triad. BRo. DR. WooDMAN rose with great pleasure to second
Most high, the awful Kether, the Crown, the vote of thanks to Bro. Dr. Westcott. He pointed out the
part.Iy concealed, at sight of whose face a mortal, proper view that was to be taken of the teachings of the
unprepared, must die. Notice the grandeur and Craft in langnage closely corresponding with that of our
ceremonies, insisting that the great and final purpose was the
mystery increases as we pass up the Masonic ladder knowledge of God. That in these aims we not only joined
or the Sephirotic Tree. hands with the Kabbalah, but, as Dr. Westcott had shewn,
The perambulation by the candidate under ap- also followed in many instances its methods.
propriate guidance is an apt imitation of the cere- BRo. SPETH admitted, as stated in the paper, that the
mony in the Ancient Mysteries. Craft required morally free and sound men as candidates for
Another remnant of the same form was until its mysteries, and that not so very long ago these pre-
.recently, and may be still, extant in Scotland, the requisites were insisted upon in th~ir physi~al and lit.eral
sense. But he failed to see that herem we cop1ed the LeV1tes.
'4igbland custom Deasil was to walk three times Whatever may have been the primary origin of our craft, its
round a person in the direction of the sun, for a immediate past was bound up with the trade guilds. These
favourable effect. To perambulate against the sun refused an apprentice of unsound limbs, because the .chances
was called Widdershins, and was an evil omen and of his becoming a burden on the funds of the fratermty were
act. obvious; neither was it likely that he would prove a .profit-
able servant, especially in so arduous an occupat10n as
Freemasonry, as one special developement of a masonry. For the same weighty reaso~s Freemaso~ry
long series of Monotheistic secret associations, being rejected a candidate on the verge .of paup~nsm. The !fU~ds
constituted on a basis of masonic operations by insisted upon free birth from a feeling of pnde and supenonty
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 59

to the bondsman or bondsman's son, a. sentiment which Bro. order, they were placed in " loculi plumbei," le&den
Speth in no way blamed, ag we should .all probably have been coffins, and cast info the Tiber.
actuated by it had we lived in the times when villainage and A certain Nicodemus is said to have raised the
serfdom were yet flourishing. Besides which, if the. guilds coffins and taken them to his own house; levavit says
had taught their mysteries to a bondsman, it is obvious that
he could have been forced by his lord to wori. for him at that the legend.
special craft without adequate remuneration, and thereby 'l'wo years afterwards Diocletian ordered the
lowered the standard of wages. Bro. Speth therefore looked soldiers to pay homage to a Statue of 1Esculapius,
upon the Levitical observance as a pure coincidence. Further, but four "Cornicularii," or wing-leaders of the city
Bro. Westcott, had alluded to the feminine character of the militia, refused. They were ordered to be put to
second degree, but had failed to show that the degree in itself
was ancient. If not, any resemblance now must be . of no death in front of the image of 1Esculapius by
consequence, as being imported and casual. He himself held strokes of the Plumbata, "ictu plumbatarum,'' and
the second degree tp be a fragment of the first d~gree, their bodies cast into the streets to the dogs, where
separated from its parent at the beginning of the. last they lay five days.
century ; but that was a matter too lengthy to go into at the Then Sebastianus, with Pope Melchiades, is
present moment.
said to have taken up the bodies and buried them in
BBO. MATHERS supported the lecturer; and in answer to
the last speaker mentioned several matters as corroborative
the cemetery on the road to Lavica. By the use of
of the easentia.lly feminine colouring of the second degree. the word " Arenaria " allusion is made to the sand~
BBO. WooDFORD (in the chair) in summing up, could not pits iu which slaves and criminals were buried, but
avoid once more congratulating the members on the obvious Christians never. But in order to conceal the
advisability and utility of snch discussions so wisely inaugu- catacombs from their persecutors, openings and
rated by the Lodge Qnatnor Coronati. He thought it was entrances were made and used in the Arenaria to
now plain that they were not only interesting to those deposit the bodies (lf martyrs and the like in the
present, but poBBessed much educational value, as leading to
thought, study, and verification. He could not agree, he felt catacombs. Here they seemed to have remained
honestly bound to say, either with Bro. Westcott's premises till the ninth century.
or conclusions. His studies with respect to the myths, For though Melchiades appointed the day, 8th
legends, and cosmogonies of the world, led him to regard a November, in the fourth century, and it is recog-
Trinitarian rather than a Monotheistic teaching as universal, nized as such in the Sacramentary of Gregory 200
and whilst admitting a large Hebraic influence on Freem.asonry,
he could give it no preponderating claim, but pointed to years later, and Pope Honorius in the seventh
Phmnician, Roman, and Greek mysteries, Hermeticism, century built a church to their especial honour, it
Rosicrucianism, and other factors, as all contributing largely was not until the ninth century apparently that
to the present complex fabric. He, however, welcomed all Pope Leo translated the relicsof the nine worthies
contributions from all sources, and all students towards the to the restored and embellished church on the
elucidation of the general subject, and must confess that Bro.
Westcott had certainly called their attention to many curious Coolian Hill, now called the Church of the " Santi
a.na.logies. Cuatro Incoronati,"-Incoronati in modern Italian
The vote of thanks was then put and passed, and the being identical with Coronati iu mediwval and
brethren adjourned to refreshment. classic Latin.
It will be seen that the names have become
confused as time has rnn on, and various appeilations
have been given to the four and the five. Originally
'!'HE QVA'.l'lJOB COBOlfA'l'I. the legend gives Claudius, Castorius, Simphorianus,
( CO!fii:UNICATJ:D.) and Nicostratus, and to these Simplicius is added.
THE Legend of the Quatuor Coronati is very The remaining fonr in one of the earliest legends
interesting to Freemasons because in the legend, as are said to be Severns, Severianus, Carpophorus,
in the Arnndel MS,-a transcipt of the more impor- and Victorinus. This makes nine in all,-nine
tant portions of which follows,-the Quatuor were worthies,--concerning whom there is no reason to
originally fonr Craftsmen by name Claudina, Cas- disbelieve, no a priori objection to, the perfect trnth
torius, Simphorianns, and Nicostratus, "mirificos in of the legend. Clear it is that in process of
arte qua&rataria," which though it is translated the time the facts of the story itself have become a little
"art of carving," is literally "the stone-squarer's confused and the names intermingled, but there is
art," or the art of stone-squaring. They are dis- no doubt from very early days the four or five have
tinctly called "artifices," artificers, although as the been commemorated on the same one day. In one
legend shows us, to the four artificers are joined four martyrology, November 8th is thus commemorated
milites; whilst one Simplicius, converted to Christia.rl- " Senas ornantes idua merito atque oruore, Claudi,
ity by the four during the progress of events narrated Oastori, Simplicii, Simphoriani, et Nichostrate pari
by the legend, is added to the stone-squarers, making fulgetis luce coronre." One early writer terms them
nine in all. They are declared to have been fratres, but whether he means fratres in blood, in
Christians "ocr:ulte," secretly. Diocletian ordered confession, or fratres collegii does not clearly appear.
8.n image of 1Esculapins to be made, and after a As is well-known the Sa.rum Missal of the 11th
contest and dialogue with " quinque Philosophi " century gives the names as in the Arundel Hagiology,
Bimphorianus, who appears to be the leader and but the names vary much in different legends and
spokesman, adds Simplicins to the nnmber,-now five, service books. Some of these differences are no
-and refuses, on their behalf and with their consent, doubt scribal errors, and some attest remarkably the
~make the image. They are brought before Lamps-- variability and the uncertainty of tradition. For
dins the Tribune, who after reference to Diocletian instance we find Ca.stulus, Semphorianns, Christorius
orders them to be stripped and beaten with scorpions, Significanus, Clemens, and Cortianus, all applied ~
" swrpionibus mactari," and then, by Diocletia.n's some of the nine. In some MSS. the five are found,
60 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

not the four; in some the four are mentioned, not doubt many valuable similar MSS. remain unknown
the five. Nothing can be decided from such muta- and uncollated in the Vatican Library, and the
bility of the legend, or even safely argued. greater libraries, and even private collections of
In one of the Steinmetz Constitutions they are MSS. To Mr. J. 0. Halliwell Philips the English
simply described as Claudius, Christorius, and Sig- Craft owes its introduction to this most ancient
nificanus, while in the beautiful illumination from legend and valuable link between the Freemasonry
the Isabella Missal four only appear,-with the of the past and the Freemasonry of the present, as
emblems of Craft Masonry one and all, the square, contained in the "Masonic Poem."
the plumbrule, the trowel, and the gavel,-though The Arundel Legend is taken from a fine MS.
five are mentioned in the commemoration prayer, of the 12th century, in the British Museum. Its
Simphorianus, Claudius, Castorius, Simplicius, and proper reference is .Ar: MSS., 91, f 2186. -There
Nichostratus. This is explained in the .Arundel is another copy of the legend in the British Museum,
legend by the fact that Simplicius was not one of Harleian MSS., 2802, f 99. There is also a short
the original four, but being a fellow-workman and notice of the Quatuor Coronati in Regius MS., 8, c,
secretly desirous of becoming a Christian, he was 7 f 165, of the 14th century.
baptized by Quirillus, the B:shop, and so suffered In the Harleian MS., 2083, Simphorianus is
m:trtyrdom with the other four. given as Simphronius; in the Regius MS. tho names
It may be observed here, that the legend is in are as in the Arundel, but in different sequence.
itself purely Italian in its inception, though it has In Alban Butler's Lives the Four Crowned
spread probably with the Craft Lodges into Germany, Martyrs are named Severns, Severianus, Carpo-
Gaul, and Britain. phorus, and Victorinus; and he adds, "five other
There are several old Acta and Gesta Quatuor martyrs, called Claudius, Nicostratus, Symphorianus,
Coronatorum and several special Legends, Martyrolo- Castorius, and Simplicius, who had suffered in the
gies, and Hagiologies, of the Coronati, and the same persecution are buried iu the same cemetery."
subject still requires study and illustration, as no A. F. A. WooDFORD.

THE LEGEND OF THE QUATUOR CORONATI.

From the Arundel MSS.

lNCIPIT PASSIO SANCTORUM MARTIRUM CLAUDII, HERE BEGINS THE PAssiON OF THE HoLY MARTYRs
N rcosTRATI, SrMPHORIANI, CAsTORis, SrMPLrcn, CLAUDIUS, NrcosTRArus, SIMPHORIAN, CAsTo&rus,
vr. I nus N OVE1!RRrs. AND SlMPLICIUS.

T EMPORIBUS quihus Dioclitianus perrexit Pannonis, IN the days when Dioclitian went to Pannonia,
ad metalla diversa sua present.ia de montibus absci- that he might be present at the hewing out of
denda, factum est durn omnes artifices metallicos various metals from the mountains, it happened
congregaret, invenit inter eos magne peritie arte that, when he assembled together the workers of
imbut0s homines nomine Claudium, Castorium, metal, he found amongst them some men, by name
Simphorianum, Nicostratum, mirificos in arte Claudius, Castorius, Simphorian, and Nicostra.tus,
quadrataria. Hi occulte, Christiani erant cnstodi- endowed with an art of great skill-wonderful
entes mandata dei, et qnicquid artis operabantur in workers in the art of carving. They were Christians
sculptura, in nomine domini nostri lhesu Christi in secret, keeping the commandments of God, and
sculpeban t. whatever work they did in the art of sculpture they
did in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.

Factum est quodam die imperante Diocletiano, It happened on a certain day, as Dioclitian was
ut. simulacrum solis cum quadriga ex lapide thaso giving orders for the workmen to carve an image of
artifices cum omni argumento currnm, equos vel the sun, with his chariot, chariot horses, and every-
omnia ex uno lapide SC'1lperent. Eodem tempore thing from one stone, that at that time all the work-
omnes artifices cum phylosophis cogitantes, ceperuut men deliberating with the philosophers began to
artis hujus dclimare sermonem. Et cum incidissent polish their conversation on this art; and when
lapidem magnum ex rnetallo thaso, nonconveniebat they had com<J upon a huge stone from the metal of
ars sculpture, secundum preceptum Dioclitiani Thasos, their art of sculpture was of no use, accord-
.Augusti. ing to the command of Dioclitian Augustus .
Et mnltis diebus erat contentio inter artifices And for many days there was a contention
et phylosophos. Quadam autem die convenerunt in between the workmen and philosophers. But on a
unum omnes artifices septingenti viginti duo, cum certain day all the workmen came together into one
phylosophis quinque ad textem lapidis, et ceperunt place, seven himdred and twenty-two, with the five
venas lapidis perquirere, et erat mira intentio inter philosophers, to the surface of the stone, and began
artifices et phylosophos. Eodem tempore Simphori- to examine the veins of the stone, and there was a
anus confidens in fide quam tenebat, dixit ad co- wonderful purpose amongst the workmen and the
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATJOR CORC•NA1'f. 61

artifices ; Rogo vos omucs, date mihi fiduciam, et philosophers. At the same time Simphorian, trust-
ego invenio cum discipulis meis Claudio, Simplic·o~ ing in the faith which he held, said to his fellow-
Nicostrato, et Castorio. Et querentes venam met.alh workmen : I ask you, all of you, give me your confi-
cepereunt sculpere in nomine domini nostri Ihes::o ,dence, and I will.find it out, with my disciples,
Christi artem, et bene consequebatur sculptura Claudiu~, Simplicius, Nicostratus, and Castorius.
secundum preceptum Augusti. And, examining the veins of the metal, they began
the~r art of CJ,rving in the name of our Lord Jesus
Christ. And their work met with success, according
to the commands of Augustus.*

Eodem tempora delectatus est Dioclitianus At the sam3 time Dioclitian Augustus took
Augustus in arte et nimio amore captus precepit delight in the art., and, seized with an excessive love
ut ex metallo porphyritico columnas vel c:tpitella for it, gave orders that columns, or capitals of the
columnarum ab artificibus inciderentur. Et >ocavit columns, should be cnt out from the porphyry by the
ad se Claudium, Simphorianum, Nicostratum et workmen. And he called Claudius, Simphorian,
Castorium atque Simplicium. Quos cum gaudio Nicostratus, Castorius, and Simplicius to him,
suscipiens, dixit ad eos: Desidero per peritiam artis and, receiving them with joy, he said to thC'm: I
vestre capitella columnarum ex monte porphyritico desire that the capitals of the columns may be hewn
incidi. Et ex precepto abierunt cum multit.udine from the porphyry. And by his order they departed
artificam et phylosophis. Venientibus autem eis ad with the crowd of workm"n and the philosophers,
montem porphiriticum qui dicitur igneus, ceperunt and when they came to the mountain of porphyry,
incidere lapidem in pedibus quadraginta uno. which is called fiery,t they began to hew the stone
in forty-one feet.
Claudius omnia in nomine domini nostri Ihesu Claudius did everything in the name of our
Christi faciebat, et bene Beqnebatur eum ars. Lord Jesus Christ, and his art served him in good
Symplicius autem qui erat gentilis, omnia quecunque stead. But Simplicius, who was a Gentile, what-
faciebat, non erant convenientia. Quodam autem ever he did was of no use. But on a certain day
die dixit ad Symplicium Nicostratns : Frater, Nicostratus said to Simplicius: My brother, how is
quomodo tibi ferramentum tuum confringitur r is it your tool is broken ? Simplicius said : I beg
Simplicius dicit, Rogo te tempera mihi ut non you temper it for me that it may not break.
confringatur. Respondit Claudius, tt dixit : Da Claudius replied, and said: Gi1·e me all the imple-
mihi omne ingenium artis. Et dum dedisset omnem ments of your art. And when he had given him
sculpturam ferri, dixit Claudius: In nomine domini his carving tools, Claudius said: In the name of the
Ihesu Christi, sit hoc ferrum forte, et sanum ad Lord Jesus Christ let this iron be strong and fit to
facienda opera. Et ab eadem bora cepit Simplicius work with. And from that hour Simplicius began
omnem artem quadratariam cum ferramento suo, his carving with his own tool, like Simphorian, well
sicut Simphorianus bene et recte operari. and properly.t
• • • • • • • • * * * •
Et ita sculpentes facturas diversi operis dabant And so, they took pa.ins in carving objects of
studium, et bene sequebatur cos ars consilio eorum varied workmanship, and their art served them in
qui nihil per peritiam artis philosophic faciebant good stead, on the plan of those who did nothing by
nisi in nomine Christi opcrabantur nitide. Ho~ skill of the art of philosophy, but performed exqui-
videntes philosophi, suggestionem dedcrunt Diocliti- site work in t.he name of Christ. When the philo-
ano ~ugusto dicentes : Summe princeps et oruator sophers saw this they made a suggestion to Dioclitian
secuh, magnum est consilium precepti vestri et Augustus, saying: Mighty Prince, adorner of this
man~uetudinis in opera montis designati, ut lapis age, great is the sagacity of your command and
pretwsus incidatur ad mirificum oruamentum clemency in this -work of carving the mountain, that
reipublice vestre, et niulta opertl. clara facte sunt in the precious stone should be hewn for the wonderful
columnarum metallo, miroque lahore serenitatis adornment of your kingdom ; and many beautiful
vestre. Dioclitianus Augustus dixit: Vere delector -works have been made in the metal of the columns
peritia. horun;t hominum. Et fecit omnes quinque and with the wonderful labour of your highness.
aspechbus sms presentari. Quibus letus ita dixit: Dioclitian Augustus said: I am verily delighted
Per virtutem deorum, quia sullimabo vos divitiis et. witb the skill of these men. And be caused them
donis, tantum sigilla precidite de monte hoc porphiri- all five to be brought into his presence, to whom in
tico. Et jussit victorias et cupidines et conchas his joy he spake thus: By the power of the gods, I
iternm fieri, maxime autem Asclepinm. will elevate you with riches and presents, only cut
me out first images from this mountain of porphyry.
And he- bade them make images of Victory, Cupids,
and more shells, but especially an image of .LEscula-
pius.
• The next paragraph describes Lhe completion of the work in 25 days and the rejoicings consequent thereon. t JgneOB.
becat The next six paragraphs relate h_ow Simpllcius, enquiring into this mystery, WM instructed by Claudius in the elementary troths of Christianity~
me conv~rted and prayed tor bapt1_sm: how the. five visited Bishop Qui rill us in pri8{\n, who after due examination and e~hortation baptized the
catechumen • how they returned to their work" in the name of Jesus Christ with the sigil of the Cross·". how the philosophers questioned them anent
the sign and charged the~ with mtUCic, how they answered them and how many of the workmen were ;1early con,·erted; bow the work waa displayed.
before the Emperor and hts joy thereat ; and h_ow fu~her work was ordered and executed to the dismay and anger of the phlloeopherH, who from a
certain pas~age would appear to have been considered mstructors of the workmen, master scuJ ptorts or builderae
62 TRANSACTIO:ss OF THE LODGE QrrATUOR CoRONATr.

Et fecerunt conchas, victorias, cupidines et And they carved shells, Victories, and Cupids,
Asclepii simulacrum non fecerunt. Et post aliquantos but did not make an image of ..Esculapius. And
dies obtulerunt opera sua in diversa ornamenta after some days they offered their work of images
sigillorum. Similiter letificatus Dioclitianus Augus- with their yaried ornamentation. Dioclitian Augus-
tus in peritia artis quadratarie; dixit ad Claudium, tus was equally pleased with their skill in masonic
Simphorianum, Nicostratum, Castorium, atque Sim- work. He said to Claudius, Simphorian, Nicostratus,
plicium : Gaudeo valde in studio artis vestre. Castorius, and Simplicius : I rejoice much in the
Tamen, quare non ostenditis amorem, ut deum skill of your art, yet why did ye not show your love
Asclepium cunctarum sanitatum dolaretis? Pergite by carving an image of ..Esculapius, the god of
nunc cum pace, et date operam in hoc simulacro. health ? Go now in peace, and give your attention
Et leones fuudantes aquam, et aquilas et cervos et to this image, and fashion lions pouring water, and
gentium multarum similitudinem operamini. eagles and stags and likenesses of many nationR.
Tunc abierunt et fecerunt secundum consuetu- Then they went away and did according to their
dinem et operati sunt omnia excepto simulacro custom, and performed all the work except the
Asclepii. image of ..Esculapius.
Post aliquos vero menses illi dederunt sugges- But after some months the philosophers sug-
tionem Augusto Dioclitiano philosophi, ut videret gested to Diocletian Augustus that he should see
opera artificum. Et jussit omnia in campo afferri. the work of the workmen. And he ordered every-
Et dum allata fuissent, Asclepius non est presentatus thing to be brought into a public place; and when
secundum preceptum Dioclitiani Augusti. Et dum they had been brought the image of ..Esculapius,
nimio amore ipsum requireret,suggestionem dederunt which Diocletian Augustus had ordered, was not
philosophi Dioclitiano Augusto dicentes : Piissime displayed, and when he, in his excessive desire,
Cesar et semper Auguste, qui omnes homines dilig-is, demanded it, the philosophers made a suggestion to
et es pacis amicus, sciat mansuetudo tua quia hos Dioclet.ian Augustus, saying: Most glorious and
quos diligis Christiani sunt, et omne quicquid impe- august Cresar, who lovest all men, and art a friend
ratum fuerit, in nomine Christi faciunt. Respondit of peace, let your clemency know that these men
Dioclitianus Augustus et dixit : Si omnia opera whom you love are Christians, and perform whatever
eorum in nomine Christi magnifica esse noscuntur, is commanded them in the name of Christ. Diocletian
non est crude!~ sed magis gloriosum. Responderunt Augustus replied, and said: If all their works are
philosophi dicentes : Ignoras piissime, quia precepto known to be magnificent by the name of Christ, it is
pietatis tue, non obediunt, conscientia crudeli, et not a matter for reproof but rather of admiration.
ideo noluerunt artis munificentian in cdificationem The philosophers answered,pnd said: Knowest thou
simulacrum dei Asclepii ostendere imaginem. not, most upright emperor, that they are not obedient
Dioclitianus Augustus dixit : Deducantur ad me to your kind commands, through a reprehensible
isti viri. knowledge, and therefore would not display the
magnificence of their art in the building of an
image of the god ..Esculapius. Diocletian Augustus
said: Let those men be brought to me.
Et cum vocati fuissent Claudius, Simphorianus, And when Claudius, Simphorian, Castorius,
Castorius, Nicostratus, et Simplicius, dixit ad eos Nicostratus, and Simplicius had been summoned,
Dioclitiall.lls Augustus: Sci tis quo affectu et gratia Diocletian Augustus said to them : Know ye with
diligeret vos mansuetudo nostra, et pio amore vos what affection and favour our grace has loved you.
foverim i' Quare non obedistis preceptis nostris ut and how I encouraged you with a loving considera-
sculperetis de metallo porphiritico deum Asclepium? tion ? Why do ye not obey our commands that you
Respondit Claudius : Pie Bt)mper Auguste, obedivi- should carve an image of the god ..Esculapius out
mus pietati vestre, et se•vivimus claritati tue, of the porphyry ? Claudius replied : Most generous
imaginem vero hominis miserrimi nunquam faciemus, Augustus, we have obeyed your grace, and have been
quia sic scriptum est: Similes illis fiant 4ui faciunt subservient to your mightiness, but an image of that
eo, et omnes qui confidunt in eis. most wretched man will we never make, for it is
written, " They that make them are like unto them,
and so are all those who put their trust in them."
Tunc exarserunt philosophi adversus eos, Then the philosophers were enraged against
dicentes ad Dioclitianum: Piissime semper Auguste, them, saying to Diocletian: Most revered Augustus,
vides perfidiam quomodo pietati vestre, superbo you see their perfidy, how they answer your grace
sermone loquuntur. Dioclitianus Augustus dixit: with haughty words. Diocletian Augustus Raid:
Non execrentur periti artifices, sed magis colantur. Skilled artificers should not be hated, but rather
Philosophi autem dixerunt. Ergo serviant precepto honoured. But the philosophers said : Therefore
pietatis vestre, aut nos invenimus qui faciant secun- let them obey your command or we find others to do
dum voluntatem clementie vestre. Dioclitianus according to your wishes. Diocletion Augustus
Augustus dixit: Inveniantur doctiores hujus artis? said : Can there be found men more skilled in this
Philosophi dixerunt: Nos procuravimus viros, re- art P The philosophers said : We have procured
ligione suffultos. Dioclitianus Augustus ait: Si de men supported by love of the gods ! Diocletian
hoc metallo procuraveritis ut deum Asclepium Augustus says: If you have obtained men to make
faciant, et hos sacrilegii pena constringit, et illi the image of the god ..Esculapius from this metal
magni erunt apud nostram mansuetudinem. (and he constrains them by the punishment of
 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LoDGll QuATUOR CoaoNATI. 63

sacrilege) they, too, shall be great through our

generosity.
Tunc ceperuut philosophi cum Claudio, Sim- · Then the philosophers began to dispute with
phoriano, Nicostrato, Castorio, et Simplicia, habere Claudius, Simphorian, Nicostratus, Castorius, and
a.ltercatiouem dicentes: Quare in arte vestro precep- Simplicius, saying: Why do ye not obey the com-
tis domini piissimi Angnsti non obeditis et facitis mands of our most revered master, and do his will ?
ejus voluntatem? Respondit Claudius et dixit: Claudius replied, and said·: We do not blaspheme
Nos non blasphemamus creatorem nostrum, et nos our Creator, and confound ourselves, lest we be found
ipsos confundimus, ne rei inveneniamnr i11 conspectu guilty in His sight. The philosophers said: It is
ejus. Philosophi dixerunt: Claruit quia Christiani evident you are Christians r Castorius !!aid : Truly
estis. Dixit Castorins : Vere Christiani sumus. we are Christians.
Tunc philosophi elegerunt alios artifices quad- Then the philosophers chose other workmen in
ra.tarws, et fecerunt sculpentes Asclepium ante masonry, and they carved JEsculapius before their
conspectnm sunm. Et cum vidissent sim'lllacrum ex eyes. And when they saw the image from t.he
metallo preconisso et protulissent ante philosophos, [preconisso] square metal, and had brought it to the
post dies triginta unum philosophi nnntiaverunt philosophers, after thirty-one days the philosophers
Dioclitiano Augusto Asclepium perfectum. announced to Diocletian Augustus that the image of
JEscnla.pius was finished.
Et jnssit Dioclitianus deferri simulacrum. Et And Diocletian ordered the image to be brought
mira.tus est, et dixit : Hoc artis ingeoinm ipsorum to him. And he marvelled, and said: 'rhis is the
est, qui nobis in artis sculptura placuP.runt. Philo- genius of those men who have pleased us with their
sophi dixerunt : Sacrat.issime princeps semper art of sculpture. 'l'he philosophers said: Most
Auguste, hos quos declarat serenitas vestra. in arte sacred and ever august prince, let it be known to
quadrataria peritissimos esse ; id est Claudium, your clemency that these men whom your grace
Simphoriannm, Nicostratum, Castorium, et Simpli- declares to be the most skilful in the masonic art,
cinm, innotescat mansuetudini vestre, eos sacrilegos namely Claudius, Simphorian, Nicostratus, Castoriu>~,
Christianos esse, et per incantationurn carmina omne and Simplicins, are heretic Christians, and, by the
genus humannm sibi humiliari. Dioclitianus dixit: charms of incantations, the whole human race is
Si preceptis justitie non obedierint, vera est locutio humbled to them. Diocletian said: If they obey not
suggestionis vestre, ferant sententiam sacrilegii. the commands of justice, and the word of yo~r
accusation is true, let them bear the judgment of the
heretic.
Et j.nssit cnidam tribuno Lampadio nomine, sub And he ordered a certain tribune, Lampadius
moderatione verborum:cum philosophis au dire dicens: by name, to listen to them, together with the
Justa examinatione eos proba. Et in quos inventa philosophers, with temperate words, saying: Try
fuerit querela falsi testimonii, reatus pena feriantnr. them with a fair examination. And in whom com-
plaint of false witness is discovered, let them be
smitten with the punishment of guilt.
Eodem tempore Lampadius tribunus jussit ante At the same time Lampadius, the tribune,
templum .solis in .e~dem loco tribunal parari, et ordered a tribunal to be prepared in the same place
on;tnes artifices colligi, et Simphorianum, Clandium, before the temple of the Sun,and all the workmen to
N1costratum, Castorium, et Simplicium, et philoso- be assembled, and Simphorian, Claudius, Nicostratus,
phos. Ad quos publica et clara .voce Lampadius Castorius, and Simplicius, and the philosophers. To
tt:Ibunus dixit: Domni piissimi principes hoc jubentes whom publicly, and with a loud voicA, Lampadius,
du.erunt, ut veritate a nobis cognita inter philoso- the tribune, said: Oar most revered lordR and
phos . et magistros,' Claudium, Simphorianum, princes have given this command, in order that the
Castormm, Nicostratum, et Simplicium, clarescat si truth between the philosophers and masters, Claudius,
vera accnsatio esset. Simphorian, Castorius, Nicostratus, and Simplicius
may be made known, and it may be clear if this
charge is true.
Inter partes clamaverunt omnes artifices Then all the workmen, instructed by the
quadratarii, inV'idiose moniti a philosophis: Per philosophers through envy, cried out: For the safety
sa!utem piissimi Cesaris toile sacrilegos, toile magos. of our most revered Cresar away with the heretics,
V1dens autem Lampadius tribunus, quiA. invidiose away with the magicians. But Lampadius, the
clamarent artifices, dixit: Causa adbnc terminata tribune, seeing that the workmen were crying out
non est, quomodnm possum dare sententiam ? through envy, said: The trial is not yet completed;
Philosophi .dixerunt: Si non aunt magi, adorent how can I give sentence. The philosophers said: If
d~um Ce~ans. Continuo jussit Lampadius tribunus they are not magicians, let them worship Cresar's
S~.phonano, Claudio, Castorio, Nicostrato, et Sim- god. Straightway Lampadius, the tribune, com-
phciO, adorare deum solem, ut destruatis consilium maned Simphorian, Claudius, Castorius, Nicostratus,
philosophornm. Qui respondentes dixerunt: Nos and Simplicius, to worship the Sun God, that you
nunquam adoramus manuum nostrarum facturam, may confound the purpose of the philosophers.
sed adoramus deum ccli et tette, qui est imperator They, replying, said: We do never worship the work
perpetuus et dens -eternus, dominus Ihesus Christus. of onr own hands, but we w.>rsbip the God of heaven
Philosophi dixerunt : Ecce cognovisti veritatem, and earth, who is the everlasting Ruler and Eternal
64 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

renuntia Cesari. Tunc Lampadius tribunus jussit God, the Lord Jesus Christ. The philosophers said:
eos retrudi in custodia publica. So thou hast learnt the truth tell it unto Cresar.
Then Lampadius, the tribune, ordered them to be
thrust into the common prison.
Post dies vero novem, invento silentio rennncia- But after nine days, quiet being restored, they
Vit gestum Dioclitiano Augusto. Eodem' die et told the matter to Diocletian Augustus ; on the same
philosophi accusabant eos invidiose principi dicentes, day, also, the philosophers accused them, through
si hii evaserint perit cura deorum. Iratus Diocliti- envy, to the prince, saying: If these men should
anus Augustus dixit: Per solem quod si non sacrifi- escape, the worship of the gods is destroyed.
caverint deo soli secundum morem antiquum et Diocletian Augustus said, in anger: By the sun
monitis non obedierint, diversis et oxquisitis eos himself, but if they sacrifice not to the Sun God
tormentis consumam. according to custom, and obey not my instructions,
I will consume them with various and exquisite
tortures.*
* * * * * * * • • • • •
Tunc Lampadins a tribunali surrexit, censiderans Th_en Lampadius rose from his judgment seat,
preceptum Dioclitiani, et iterum retnlit rem gestam considering the command of Diocletian, and again
DiQclit.iano Augusto. Tunc Dioclitianus Augustus related the matter to DioclP.tian Augustus. Then
artem eorum considerans, precipit Lampadio tribuna Diocletiau Augustus, considering their art, ordered
dicens; Amodo si non sacrificaverint et consenserint Lampadius, the tribune, saying: Henceforth, if they
deo soli, verberibus scorpion urn eos affiige. Si autem have not sacrificed and consented to worship the
consenserint, deduc eos ad mansuetudinem nostram. Sun God, affiict them with stripes of scorpions. But
if they consent, lead them to our grace.
Post dies vero quinque iterum sed it in eodem But after five days he again sat in the same
loco ante templum solis, et jussit eos sub voce precona place in front of the temple of the Sun and ordered
introduci. Et ostendit eis terrores et genera them to be led in by voice of the herald. And he
tormentorum. Quibus iLa locutus est Lampadius showed them the terrors and various kinds of the
tribunus dicens : Audite me et evadite tormenta, et tortures. To whom Lampadius spoke thus, saying:
estate cari et amici nobilium principum, et Listen to me, and escape the tortures and be dear to
sacraficate deo soli. N am jam loqui non est apnd and friends of the nobles and princes, and sacrifice
vos sermonibus blandis. Respond it Claudius unacntn 1,o the Sun God. l!,or it is not now for me to speak
sociis, cum magna fidncia, dicens: Nos non paves- to yon in gentle words. Claudius replied, with his
cimus terrores, nee blanditiis frangimur, sed timemns companions, with great confidence: We fear not
tormenta eterna. N am sciat Dioclitianus Augustus terrors, nor is our purpose broken by soft words, but
nos Christianos esse, et nunquam discedere ab ejns we fear everlasting torments. For let Diocletian
cultura. Augustus know that we are Christians, and will
never depart from His worship.
Iratus Lampadius tribunus, jussit eos spoliari, Lampadins, the tribune, enraged, commanded
et scorpionibus mactari sub voce precona dicens; them to be stripped and beaten with scorpions, by
precepta principum contemnere nolite. proclamation of the herald, saying : Despise not the
commands of our princes.
In eadem bora arreptus est Lampadius tribunus In that same hour Lampadins the tribune was
a demoniu, et discerpens se expiravit sedens in seized by an evil spirit, and tearing himself, expired
tribuuali suo. Hec audiens uxor ejus et familia sitting in his judgment seat. When his wife and
cucurrit ad philosophos cum mugitu magno, ut family heard this they ran to the philosophers with
divulgaretur Dioclitiano Augusto. Hoc cum audisset great wailing that it, might be made known to
Dioclitianns Augustus, iratus est vehementer, et Diocletiau Augustus. When Dioclej;ian_ Augustus
nimio furore dixit: Fiant loculi plumbei et vivi in heard this he was violently enraged, and said with
eos recludantur et proiciantur in fluvium. excessive fury: Let coffins of lead be made, and let
them be shut up alive therein, and cast into the
river.
Tunc Nicetius quidam thogatus qui assidebat Then Nicetius, a certain citizen, who sat by
Lampadio fecit preceptum Dioclitiani Augusti et Larnpadius, performed the order of Diocletian
fecit loculos plumbeos et vivos omnes in eis clausit, Augustus, and made coffins of lead, and shut them
et precipitari jussit in fluvium. Sanctus autem all alive in them, and ordered them to be cast into
Quirillus Episcopus hoc audiens in carcere, affiixit se the river. But the holy Quirillus, the Bishop, when
vehementer et transivit ad dominum, qui omnes he heard of it in his prison, was deeply grieved, and
passi sunt sub die sexto Idus Novembris. passed to the Lord, all of whom suffered on the sixth
day of the Ides of November.
Ipsis diebus ambulavit Dioclitianus Augustus In those same days Diocletian Augustus jour-
exinde ad Syrmem. Post dies vero quadraginta neyed from thence to Syrme. But after forty-two
duos quidam Nichodemus Christianus levavit locnlos days a certain Nichodemus, a Christian, raised the
cum corporibus sanctorum, et posuit in domo sua. coffins with the bodies of the saints, and placed them
V euiens vero Dioclitianus ex Syrmi post menses in his own house. But Diocletian Augustus, coming
' The two l!a~phs omitted describe how Lampa.dius once more confronted the five with the philosophers, how they still remained drm a.nd
unshaken in theu fa1th, Lampadius trying to persuade them in vain.
 TRANSACTIONS oF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 65

undecim ingressus est Romam, et statim jussit in from Syrme after eleven months entered Rome, and
thermis Trajani templum .Asclepii edificari et simul- immediately commanded a temple of ...Esculapius to
acrum fieri ex lapide preconisso. be built in the baths of Trajan, and an image to be
made from the [preconissoJ squared stone.
Quod cum factum fuisset, jussit ut omnes militie When this ha"d been done, he commanded that
venientes ad simualcrum .Asclepii sacrificiis ad thuri- all the soldiery coming to the image of .iEsculapius
nca.ndum compellarentur j maxime urbane prefecture should be compelled to offer incense with sacrifices,
milites. Cumque omnes ad sacrificia compellerentur, especially the city militia. And when all were
q11a.tuor quidam cornicularii compellebantur ad sacri- compelled to sacrifice, certain four [ cornicularii]
fica.ndum. lllis autem reluctantibus, nuntiatum est wing-officers were compelled, but when they resisted
Dioclitiano .Augusto. Quos jussit ante ipsum it was told Diocletian Augustus. .And be ordered
simulacrum ictu plumbatarum deficere. Qui cum them to be put to death in front of the image itself
diu cederentur, emiserunt spiritum. Quorum with strokes of the plumbata.• And when they
eorpora jussit Dioclitianus in platea canibus jactari. were beaten for a long time they gave up the ghost,
Que etiam corpora jacuerunt diebus quinque. whose bodies Diocletian ordered to be cast into the
street to the dogs. And their bodies lay there five
days.
Tunc beatus Sebastianus noctu cum Sancto Then the blessed Sebastian, with the holy
Melchiade episcopo collegit corpora, et sepilivit in bishop Melchiades, collected their bodies by night,
via Lavicana miliario ab nrbe tercio, cum sanctis and buried them on the road to Lavica, three miles
aliis in arenario. Quod dum eodem tempore sed from the city, with the other holy men in the ceme-
post duos an nos- evenisset, id est sexto Idus N ovem- tery. Whilst this bad happened at the same time,
bris et nomina eorum minima reppariri potuissent ; namely, ou the 6th of the Ides of November, but
jussit beatus Melchiades episcopus ut sub nominibUB two years later: and their names could with difficulty
sanctorum martyrum Claudii, Nicostrati, Simphori- be found. The blessed Melcbiades the bishop
ani, Simplicii, et Oastorii, anniversaria dies eorem ordered that under the names of the holy martyrs
recoleretur, regnante domino nostro Jhesu Christo, Claudius, Nicostratus, Simphorian, Simplicius, and
qui cum patre et spiritn sancto vivit et regnat deus Castot·ius, their anniversary should be observed, our
per omnia secula. seculorum. .Amen. Lord Jesus Christ reigning, who with the Father
and Holy Spirit liveth and reigneth, God through
all ebrnity. .Amen.
• Thongs weighted with leaden balls.

8TH NOVEMBER, 1887.

The Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall at 5 p.m. There ADD BESS.

were present Bros. the Rev . .A. F . .A. Woodford, in the chair.
R. F. Gould, W. M. Bywater, G. W. Speth, and Dr. W. Wyn~ BRETHUEN.-In plaeing before the Lodge an
Westcott. .Also the following members of the Correspondence
Circle: Bros. S. Richardson, D. P. Cama, P.G. Treasnrer address from the chair, I am animated by the desire
H. Lewis, F • .A. Powell, J. P. Last, G. Kenning, W. Lake: of inaugurating what I hope may become an annual
C. F. Hogard, P.G.St.Br., Dr. W. R. Woodman, P.G.Swd.Br., feature of our proceedings, as it seems to me the
H. Lovegrove, J. S. Cnmberland; and the following Visitors: very best way in which can be periodically brought
W. W. Lee, No. 1987; F. Pegler, No. 1671; J. K. R. Cama, home to us, the benefit of now and then touching
No. 2105; and S. Shorter, W.M., .A. Pringle, S.W., Josiah
Honle, P.M., G. C• .Andrews, P.M., and G. Greiner, all of Mother Earth, or in other words of subjecting the
Moira Lodge, No. 92. position and prospects of the Lodge to an analysis,
Bro. W. KeiJy, Past Provincial Grand Master, Leicester whereby we may estimate how far it fulfils, or falls
and Rutland, was admitted. as a joining member of the Lodge. short of fulfilling, all the purposes for which it was
called into being.
Bro. R. F. GoULD, P.G.D., was installed Worshipful
Master of the Lodge, and appointed his Officers as follows :- The Secretary has supplied me with a statistical
report, but from which, as it will shortly come
Bao. SIB CHARLEs W..umEN, P.G.D., I.P.M. before you in another form, I shall merely extract
, W. SIMPSON, S.W. two items ; one referring to our Correspondence
, Muoa S. C. PRATT, J.W. Circle, and the other to our printed Transact-ions.
, W. BESANT, (elected) Treasnrer. The Correspondence Circle has reached a total of
" G. w. SPETH,
155 members, residing actually and literally in all
Secretary.
parts of the globe. This shows the amount of
, W. M. BYWATER, G.Swd.Br. S.D. interest which is taken in our special labours : and
.. PaoJ'. T. HAYTEB·LEWIS, J.D. I submit that the manner in which the Lodge of the
, Da. w. Wn"N WEsTcOTT, I. G. Qm.tuor Coronati is now regarded by students of all
, J. W. FREEMAN, (elected) Tyler, nationalities as the centre of Masonic light, should
not be without weight, when we proceed to consider
whether the responsibility we have voluntarily
The WoRBHIPJ'UL MASTliB delivered the followiDg asEumed as a general school of instruction has been
66 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATJ.

exercised with discrimination, and how' far any retains the shell, of which our German brethren
variations on our established procedure would be possess the kernel.
attended by advantage.
Lodges of Instruction (so-called) exist., it is
The second item which I take from the statis- true, but these oracles are dumb when a question is
tical report, relates to our printed Transactions. The asked which soars beyond the mere routine duty of
first number appeared in August last, and a second the various officers of Lodges, in and during, the
will be issued about the end of this month. The ceremonies of the Craft. Indeed, I might go farther,
part already published contains five lectures (or and say that when in rare cases a reply is vouchsafed,
papers) by members of the Lodge, and two have it savours of the teaching of the Bologna school of
been delivered subsequently, making seven in all. painters, whose representative-Annibal Caracci-
Here I come to the argument which I wish to use once said to a scholar, " What you do not understand
in justification of this Address. you must darken."
My ideal of such a Lodge as ours is, that it
should represent au educational ladder iu Masonry, One, and perhaps the most urgently needed
reaching from the abyss of Masonic ignorance to t.he requisite, to a true study of Freemasonry, is a series
zenith to which we all aspire. That it should supply of papers or lectures of an elementary character,
elementary teaching for those on the nethermost each one dealing on broad historical lines with a
rung, and also be ready to discuss purely academical particular epoch, carefully avoiding technicalities,
questions of the most abstruse character, (if in the moot or disputed points, and above all steering clear
remotest manner calculated to enlarge our Masonic of theories. Of theory, indeed, it has been well said,
knowledge,) for the mutual improvement of those that its is worth but little unless it can explain its
on the highest. own phenomena, and it must effect this without
The papers which have been read before the contradicting itself ; therefore the facts are but too
Lodge (the brethren will do me the justice of ~eliev­ often assimilated to the theory, rather than the
ing that I am not here passing judgment on my theory to the facts. Most theorists may be com-
own) have been of an exceptionally high standard, pared to the grandfather of the Great Frederick (of
an"d as special studies or academical discussions, Prussia), who was in the habit of amusing himself,
their vahe can hardly be over-rated, but it has during his fits of the gout, by painting likenesses of
occurred to me, that for the purposes of a body his grenadiers, and if the picture did not happen to
teaching, or endeavouring to teach the elementary resemble the grenadier, he seUled the matter by
principles of Ma,sonic Science and History, in which painting the grenadier to the picture.
capacity-as it seems to me-this Lodge should also By eschewing theories, therefore, and adhering
aspire to make its influence felt, they somehow fail strictly to facts, I think we might arrange a system
to quite hit the mark, or to use a figure of speech, of elementary lectures, supplementary to those of a
the lecturers have shot over, or beyond it. more advanced kind, which, while comprehensible by
This, l think, demands our attention, because the youngest Entered Apprentice, would at the same
there appears some danger lest the special work of time enlarge the foundations upon which the
the Lodge, as a purely masonic body, might become specialists among us might erect the scaffolding for
complet.ely overshadowed by the more engrossing their superior workmanship.
studies of the specialists among us, especially when These lectures should, if possible, be delivered
embodied in papers combining so much real learning by different brethren on each distinct occasion, and
and research, and displaying such exquisite literary when completed might serve as a text-book for
workmanship as we have had read in this Lodge. beginners, and would, no doubt, be largely used, in
The suggestion, therefore, I have now to make the same way that we should in the first instance do
is, that without superseding the style of papers ourselves, by the various Lodges throughout the
hitherto read before the Lodge, a course of action I world.
should myself very greatly deplore, we might occa- It may, indeed, be advanced that there are
sionally vary them. by reading others of an elemen- already in existence text-books from which the
tary and purely Masonic character, and that in this student who wishes to obtain a bird's eye view of
way the wishes aud tastes of all members might be the general subject of Freemasonry may do so quickly
consulted, without detriment to the special functions and easily. But if so, I am quite unable to indicate
of the Lodge. Let me postulate, in the first instance, where they may be procured. Findel, no doubt, has
that there is something more in Freemasonry, than written, or rather compiled, a concise history of the
the mere acquisition of the ritual of our present Society, but, like most Germans (to adopt the words
ceremonies, and the accumulation of degrees-the of Samuel Taylor Coleridge), while he is not alto-
vast majority of which are only Masonic in the sense gether wrong, like them, also, he is never altogether
that none but Freemasons are admitted to them. right. Of my own recent work, as indeed of all that
Our London Lodges are, to a great extent, select I have inflicted upen my brethren, I am naturally
and expensive dining-clubs; and in the Provinces- inclined to Rpeak with indulgence, for parental love
with but here and there a solitary exception to the is perhaps best exemplified, in the affection which
almost general rule-t.hough the feasting is on a one feels for the most ricketty offspring, but putting
more reduced scale, tLe entire instruction communi- sentiment aside and taking my History of Free-
cated to inq airing brethren consists of a smattering masonry to be worthy of its title, I should be the
of ritual and ceremonial. very last person to contend that it is either com-
Of English Masonry, it has been said, and not pendious-which would be a manifest absurdity-or
without great show of reason, that it now only a complete guide to students, except to those who
 TRANSACTIONS oF THE LoDGE QuuuoR CoRONATI. 67

will patiently read it through from the first to the special duties, which can only be pl;asantly and
last chapter. satisfactorily exercised by beipg apport10ned equally
Sir Richard Burton, in one of his earliest works among us all.
has remarked:-" Next to the Antiquary, in simpli-
city of mind, capacity of belief, and capability of
assertion, ranks the Freemason." This picture is The WORSHIPFUL MAsTBll, Bro. R. F. Gould, read the
scarcely overdrawn, but I think that the jesting following paper:
words of the great traveller would soon cease to
apply to any Lodge of Freemasons wh? might adopt
the scheme here advocated, and who m the regula- El'iGLISK PBEEMASOl'i:B.Y
tion of their proceedings should determine to propose BBFOBB '.E'KB BllA OF G:aA•D LODGBS, (1717.)
with diffidence, to conjecture with freedom, to
examine with candour, and to dissent with civility:-
" in rebus necessariis sit unitas ; in non necessariis IT WAS asserted by the founder of the Illuminati,
liberalitas; in omnibus, charitas." Dr. Adam Weishaupt, that." No man can give any
The divisions or sections into which the series account of the Order of l!,reemasonry, of its origin, of
of lectures should be arranged, would fall more its history, of its object, nor any explanation of its
properly within the province of t.he Lodge as a mysteries and symbols, which does not leave the
body to determine, though I will at once state that mind in total uncertainty on all these points." This
Early Scottish Masonry should indubitably form was expressed about a century ago, and iti almost as
the Rnbject of the second lecture; and the opening true now as then, the only point on which more
History of the Grand Lodge of England the third. light has been shed in the interval, being the history
Other papers on English, Scottish, and Irish Masonry, of the Institution. This, indeed, we cannot trace
might brmg the number of lectures to about eight, back any great distance, but we reach the 14th
and constitute a iirst series of the undertaking, after century, when the actual proofs are exhausted, and
which, however, there would still remain a large there is nothing to help us but tradition and con-
number of subjects, albeit only indirectly connected jecture. But we are fully justified in believing that
with this country, which might supply the materials much evidence must have existed which has now
for a second, third, and fourth series of the same perished, not to speak of what may even yet be
class of work. brought to light, albeit at present entombed in the
vast mass of ancient writings distributed throughout
I shall now proceed with a short paper, in which those public and private collections in Great Britain,
I shall reduce theory to practice, and enable you to that await, alas ! the examination and classification
test the soundness of my conclusions by an experi- of diligent and competent investigators.
mental Essay (or Lecture,) dealing with what is The subject of this Paper I shall treat under
actually known of Freemasonry in England before three heads or divisions. The first, Oral Traditions,
the era of Grand Lodges, of which the first or taking us back to the time of St. Albau, the first
Mother of Grand Lodges was the Grand Lodge of Christian martyr in Britain, and coming down to
England, established in London in 1717. about the close of the 14th century. Tha second,
Before, however, I commence to read it, let me the Legend of the Craft, on the evidence of the
give just a word of explanation as to the circum- Old Charges, or Manuscript Constitutions, beginning
stances under which it has been prepared. At our at about the year 1390, and carrying us down to (and
)ast meeting I ventilated some of the ideas to which beyond) 1646; and the third, Symbolical Masonry
I have given fuller expression in this address, but from 1646, the date of Elias Ashmole, the Herald
I had no intention of reading a Paper. Indeed, on the and Antiquary being made a Freemason at Warring-
contrary, having already read one, I hoped that ton, down to the formation of the first or original
every member of the Lodge would do the same thing Grand Lodge in 1717. These periods are not
before my own turn came round again. Brother selected arbitrarily, but because there is no
W. H. Rylands held out some hope of being able to evidence from which we can actually prove (though
read the paper for this evening, and it was with a we may reasonably infer) the existence of either a
very painful feeling of disappointment that I found speculative science or a legendary history before
he was subsequently prevented by various causes 1390 (ca), so that traditions must be taken for what
from doing so. Our worthy and untiring Secretary they are worth, and even if this amounts to very little,
then wrote to me saying, to use his own words, that the fact should nevertheless not be lost sight of, that
he was " in a real fix." -The other papers that were they were given to the world on the authority of very
available fo:r reading in Lodge were too long for an eminent men, and have influenced all masonic
installation meeting. He then reminded me of the writers down to our own days.
idea I had, as it were, thrown out at the previous The 2nd period-1390-1646-covers exactly
meeting, and furnished me with a syllabus of the kind 250 years, and throughout the whole of it there is
of paper which he wished me to prepare. This, no evidence of liTing Freemasonry in South Britain.
brethren, is in effect my apology for being the By this I mean, there are no Lodge Minutes or records,
lecturer this evening, as I think the more new voices nor have we evidence from any source whatever
we hear on these occasions the better, and I should which will reduce to actual demonstration that
be sorry for the members of this Lodge to believe, for there were :Free and Accepted Masons who met in
an instant, that they had placed a brother in the Lodges in South Britain before 1646. That they
chair, who wished to claim a monopoly of those did, we cannot doubt, for the testimony of tho Old
 68 TRANSACTIONS oF THE LOl>GE QuATUOR Co'RoNATr.

Charges or Manuscript Constritntions, though silent, or even e.stablish them in this ~ingdom n Masonry
is sufficiently conclusive on this point, and there is :-accordmg to the same authority-was established
the collateral evidence of Scotti11h Masonic recordi, m England by St. Alban, and " it fl.ottrished more
which are of superior antiquity to our own. or less down to the days of King .Athelstane, who
The 3rd division of the subject I name "Symbo- granted the Mason~ 11: chat-ter:" On the authority,
lical Masonry," because we know tha.t Elias .Ashmole therefore, of the opm1ons ascnbed to these eminent
did not follow the Mason's trade, and therefore that men (Wren, Dugdale, and .Ashmole), there grew up
in being "made a Freemason " in 1646, he became, a theory that all Gothic Churches were erected by
as every brother present this evening has since a body of tmvelling Freemasons acting in concert
become, a member of a society using the terms of the an~ being apparently a kind of lay brethren, guided
Masonic art to typify somethina- external to its entirely by the "monks," and always working a.s
operative. practice. It is of course, deducible, that one man, were assn.medly nnder the control of one
the other specnlative MaE.ons in the Lodge, when supreme chief, a.s the Franciscans and Jesuits of
Ashmole was received, must have been admitted later times by a " general."
before him, but the entry in his diary under the date .Also coupled with this was ordinarily found a.
of October 16th, 1646, affords the earliest positive belief that the Gothic architecture practised by these
evidence of the reception of a non-operative-or monks and Masons, was, in its origin, an emanation
indeed of a candidate of any description whatever- from Byzantium, thus forming a link by which to
in an English Lodge. connect the Masonic bodies and their architecture
To begin then with Part I. Oral Traditions. with the East, and .so on up to the Temple, and
These were given to the world on the authority furthet- still, if necessary, ad infinitum.
of three very eminent men, viz. :-Sir Christopher Around these traditions there gathered otherS;
Wren, Sir William Dugdale. and Elias Ashmole, the most noteworthy being that long prior to the
and are as follows : year 1717 there were both Grand Lodges and Grand
Wren's opinion, which I shall first cite, is given Masters, and among the latter no less a person than
in the Parentalia, or Memoirs of the Family of the Sir Christopher Wren himself. Though it will be
Wrens, compiled by his son, an~ published by his evident-as tradition is wholly insufficient to bolster
grandson in 1750. "The Itahans (among whom up an absolute impossibility-that he could not well
were yet some Greek refugees), and with them have held an office in the 17thcentury which dicl
French, German, and Flemings, joined into a Frater- not then exist. The older traditions I fear m'll8f;
nity of Architects, procuring Papal Bulls for their also be allowed to pass into oblivion, but I ha,ye
Encouragement and particular Privileges, they thought it right to cite them, because theirinfluenca,
stiled themselves Freemasons, and ranged from one thongh on the wane, is hardly yet extinct, as they
Nation to another, as they found Churches to be will be found embalmed in some works on architec-
built, (for very many in those Ages were everywhere ture, and even in our most recent encyclopmdias.
in Building through Piety or Emulation). Their Part II. -The Legend of the Craft as contained
Government was regnlar, and where they fixed near in the Old Charges or Manuscript Constitutions.
the Building in Hand, they madt: a Camp of Huts. Before, however, proceeding to describe these
A Surveyor govern'd in chief; every tenth Man WBB documents somewhat in detail, a few preliminary
called a Warden, and overlooked each nine." observations are essential.
Dugdale's statement is thus related by John In 1330, we hear of a Lodge in connection with
Aubrey in his N atnral History of Wiltshire, and St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, and in 1335 of
dates from some period before 1686. one at York, but from the "Orders" supplied to the
" SR. William Dugdale told me many years since, Masons at work in the latter, there is nothing from
that about Henry the third's time the Pope gave a which we can infer the existence of a speculative
Bull or diploma to a Company of Italian Architects science. It is true, indeed, that each of our great
to travell up and downe over all Europe to build Cathedrals had u. gang of workmen attached to it in
Churches. From these are derived the Fraternity regular pay, and Sir Gilbert Scott-no mea.n
of Free-Masons. They are known to one another by authority-has noticed the significance of this fact,
certayn Signee & Watch-words: it continues to this though, as he well puts it, " the fables of the Free-
day. They have Severall Lodges in severall Coun- masons have produced a natural re-action, and the
ties for their reception : aud when any of them fall degree of truth that there is in these traditions has
into decay, the brotherhood is to relieve him, &c. consequently been overlooked." But I must pass on
.The manner of their adoption is very formall, and to surer gronn<l. The first use of the term " Free-
with an Oath of Secrecy." masons " occnrs in the City records under the years
Lastly, there is the opinion of Elias .Ashmole, 1376~i', and the second (ffrs Maceons) which refen
which was contributed to the Biograpbia Britan- to the building trade in 1396. Neither of these,
nica by Dr. Knipe. "What from Mr. E. Ashmole's however, tends to lengthen our Masonic pedigree :
c"llection I could gather, was, that the report of our and here I may conveniently mention that the term
Society's taking rise from a Bull granted by the "Freemason" does not occur in the very oldest docu-
Pope, in the reign of Henry III., to some Italian ments of the Craft. Also, that as far 88 an opinion
.Architects, to travel over all Europe to erect chapels, can be formed, it was preceded by the expression
was ill-founded. Such a Bull there was, and those "trew Mason," which in later versions of the
.Architects were Masons ; but this Bull, in the Old Charges was exchanged for "Freemason."
opinion of the learned Mr. .Ashmole, was confirmative .About the year last named (1396), or between 1390
only. and did not by any n::.t..:ms creatP. our fraternity, and 1400, our actual genealogical inquiry has its
 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LoDGE Q·uATUOR CoRONATI. 69

beginning. This we me_et with in wh~t is ?alleq the The next evidence is that of Dr. Plot, who
Halliwell Poem, an ancient ma.nuscnpt still extant, publisded the National History of Staffordshire in
dating from about the last decade of the 14th cen- 1686 and in that work we are informed that Free-
tury, which relates a legendary history, and possesses mas~nry was "spread more or less over all the
other features, clearly showing that a. copy of the Nation," and that the members comprised "persons
Old Charges or Manuscript Constitutions had ~een of the most eminent quality." The admission,
seen and utilized by the versifier Qr compiler. according to Plot, chiefly consisted in the communi-
Similar evidences attesting the existence of such c&tion of " secret signes," which, he averred, were of
documents in the 15th century is afforded by another so potent an efficacy, that "a Fellow of the Society
ancient writing known as the Cooke M.S. After when si!!Ilalled by one of them, would be obliged to
which, and without a break, we are brought down forthwith come down even from the top of a Steeple "
to the 16th century, when we meet with the earliest in answer to it. This whimsical conceit became in
existing copies of the class of documents I am a~out the next century the subject of the following parody:
to describe more fully, and which there is httle " If on House ne'r so high,
Or no doubt were extensively used in the 14th cen- A Brother they spy,
tury, though our actual knowledge with rega~ to As his Trowel He dextrously lays on ;
them is restricted to a single channel of informatiOn. He must leave off his Work,
The Old Charges, or Manuscript Constitutions, And come down with a Jerk:,
are known by a variety of names, e.g., The Masonic At the Sign of an Accepted Mason."
Constitutions, the Constitutions of the Craft, the Dr. Plot then cites an Act of Parliament--3 Hen.
History of Freemasonry, and the Legend of the VI.,c. i., A.D. 1425-w hich, he says, "quite abolished
Guild, etc., etc. Ordinarily they are in roll or scroll the Society, though the Act was too little observed."
form, and consist of three parts : Firstly, The The Act of Parliament referred to was really one of
1ntrodnctory Prayer, Declaration, or Invocation; the Statutes of Labourers, and only affected the
Secondly, The History of the Order, or the Legend working Masons ; but as "most authors are like.
of the Guild, which beginning before the Flood sheep, never deviating from the beaten track," it
a.llndes to Enclii, Solomon, (and many other biblical will surprise no one that the error into which Plot
characters,) and Charles Martel, and generally ends fell was repeated by later writers. Indeed, to give a
-with the era of King Athelstane, or about 926; and single example, Governor Pownall, a celebrated
thirdly, the peculiar statutes and duties, the regula- antiquary, in his " Observations on the Origin and
tions a.nd observances, which the Craft in general- Progress of Gothic Architecture, and on the Cor-
or Masons in particular-are bound carefully to poration of Freemasons ; ~npposed to be establishers
uphold and inviolably to maintain. of it as a regular Order,"-a paper read before the
By no other Craft in Great Britain has docu- Society of Antiquaries in 1788, thus alludes to the
mentary evidence been furnished of its having Act of Parliament (142~) and the Freemasons:-
claimed at any time a legendary or traditional history. " This statute put an end to this body, and all its
This Craft Legend sustained no material varia- illegal chapters and pretences. It should seem,
tion from about 1650 down to 1717, during the cen- however, that societies of these masons met in mere
tury and more which preceded the era of Grand Lodges clubs, wherein continuing to observe and practice
These documents were used at the reception of some of their ceremonies which once had a reference
candidates for admission. The Craft Legend was w their constitutions and to the fo.undation of powers
read to them, and they then swore on the holy which no longer existed, and were scarcely under-
writings to faithfully observe the statutes and stood, they only made sport to mock themselves,
regulations of the Society. and by degrees their clubs or Lodges sunk into a
In the first volume of my " History of Free- mere foolish, h!irmless mummery."
masonry," published five years ago, a great number Dr. Plot was guilty of other mistakes, so that I
of these ancient documents are fully described, and do not think we should place too great reliance on
many others are briefly referred to. Since then his statement that the number of Freemasons was
seven additional MSS. have been discovered, bring- very numerous in his time, as it is quite inconsistent
ing the grand total to close upon sixty. with the testimony from every other soUI"Ctl, except
The Old Charges or Manuscript Constitutions one, to the reception of which, moreover, some
are supposed to have been introduced into Scotland objections may be raised: though as other members
from England, and at least four copies exist which of the Lodge are satisfied as to its admissability in
were in use in Scottish Lodges in the 17th century. evidence, I shall now cite it. This is a copy of the
The third part of my general subject begins Old Charges or Manuscript Constitutions, in the
with the initiation of Elias .Ashmole a.t Warrington, possession of the Lodge of Antiquity, No.2, which
in 1646. His diary simply records that he was at the end has the following attestation clause : -
made a Freemason, and the only other noticeable "Written by ~o.b.eri ltlal'tgcU, Clearke to
:feature of the occurrence consists in the fact, which the WoRSHIPPFULL §j:o.rl.dlJ of the FREE ~a9on•
we have to thank our Bro. W. H. Rylands for of the CITY of ~onl'ton in the second yeare of the
elucidating, that the Lodge was composed almost, Raigne of our most GRACIOUS SovERAlGN LoRD
if not entirely, of speculative or non-operative ~ing ~am.e• the SECOND of ENGLAND, &c. Annoq
members. Domini, 1686."
This was also the case when Ashmole, apparently My objection to this evidence is, that the:x:e is
after an interval of 35 years, was present at a Lodge uo proof whatever of such a man or such a Soc1ety
held at Masonic Hall, London, :411682. being in existence in 1686, although, of course, I
70 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

freely admit that such proof may yet be forthcoming. There was a Lodge, as already related, at York
In 1688 Randle Holme, the Chester Herald, in in 1793, and this no doubt continued in activity
his "Acadamie of Armory," styles himself" a mem- until1712, when the earliest existing York Minutes
ber of that Society called Free-Masons." have their commencement. From these we learn
Chester Freemasonry in the last half of the that according to the custom there, candidates for
seventeenth century has been made the subject of reception were "sworn and admitted into the honour-
minute research by Bro. W. H. Rylands, who has able society and fraternity of Free-Masons." There
demonstrated that of 18 brethren belonging to the are entries under the years 1712, 1713, 1714, and
Lodge, of which the Herald was a member; four 1716, and the last one runs : -
were Aldermen, and four Masons. There were two "At St. John's Lodge in Christmas, 1716. At
gentlemen (including Randle Holme), a merchant, the house of ML James Boreham, situate [in] Stone-
cloth worker, glazier, tailor, carpenter, tanner, brick- gate, in York, being a General Lodge, held there by
layer, and labourer. It remains to be stated that a the honoble Society and Company of Free Masons,
copy exists of the Old Charges or Manuscript Con- in the City of York, John Turner, Esq., was sworne
stitut.ions, which was transcribed by Randle Holme, and admitted into the said Honoble Society and
probably about 1665. This will be found in the .Fraternity of Free Masons.
Harleian Collection (British Museum), and in the Charles Fairfax, Esq., Dep. President.
same volume of manuscripts {Harl. MS., 2054) and John Turner."
immediately succeeding it is the following form of
oath, in the same handwriting:- The Grand Lodge of England, the first body of
the kind, was formed and constituted by four
" There is .seurall words & signes of a free London Lodges on June 24-St. John Baptist's day
Mason to be revailed to yu wch as yu will answ : -1717.
before God at the Great & terrible day of Judgmt Here I come to the end of my tether, and am
yu keep secret & not to revaile t.he same to any in fully conscious of the very imperfect sketch I have
the heares of any pson w but to the Mrs & fellows placed before you. To really grasp what the Masonry
of the said Society of free Masons, so helpe me was that preceded the era of Grand Lodges there ia
God, &c." needed a companion picture, viz., a sketch of Scot-
I now pass to the year 1691, in which year John tish Masonry from 1598, when its actual records
Aubrey wrote the following note in a manuscript commence, down to 1736 when the Grand Lodge of
work-the Nat ural History of Wiltshire-but which Scotland was erected. Two systems of Masonry
was not printed until 1844. were for several centuries pursuing their course,
"1691 aide by side, inN orth and South Britain respectively,
Mdm, This day [May the 18th being and we cannot fully comprehend either one of
after Rogation Sunday them without the light that is reflected from the
Monday J is a great convention at St. other. The next paper, therefore, of this class,-i£
Paul's Church of the Fraternity of the we are to have any more of them,-ought, without
Accepted Masons: where Sir Christopher Wren
is to be adopted a Brother : and Sr Henry doubt, to be devoted :to the early Masonry of Scotland.
Goodric . . . of ye Tower, & divers Lastly, and by way of summing up some of the
others-there have been Kings, that have conclusions which seems to me to arise out of the
been of thiS Sodalitie."
special inquiry we have been pursuing this evening,
Whether or not Aubrey's prediction was verified Jet m!' add:-
by the admission or adoption of Wren, is a puzzle It is, I think, abundantly clear that the Masonio
that still awaits solution. body had its first origin in the trades-unions of
According to Dr. Anderson more than six mediooval operatives.
Lodges met in London about the year 1693, and at Whether these unions inherited, or assimilated,
-the same date there is evidence of Lodge activity at traditions or ceremonial observance'l from previously
York. existing Rodalities or societies, is open to .conject~,
In the eighteenth century there was a Lodge at but at present incapable of proof. Theones of ongm
Alnwick, 1701, and at Scarborough, 1705. or possible derivation might well serve as the title
The Society seems to have been at least a well- for some future paper, but their consideration this
known oi:J.e in 1709, as we may infer from an Essay evening would be foreign to my purpose. After
by Mr. (afterwards Sir Richard) Steele, which the great cataclysm of the ReformatiOn, no more
appeared-June 9th-in the Tatler, from which I churches were built, and hence the builders •died
give an extract : - out. while the unions having lost their raison a'etre
June 9th, 1709.-" But my Reason for troubling nat~rally dissolved, except some few scattered
you at this present is, to put a stop, if it may be, to through the country and these vegetate~ in obs~urity
an insinuating set of People, who sticking to the for a period of close upon two centunes, until we
LETTER of your Treatise, and not to the spirit of it, find them re-organised and taking a new poinl de
do•assume the Name of PRETTY Fellows; nay, and depart, about the year 1717. But by th~ .time t~e
even get new Names, as yon very well hint. . . Maaonic bodies appear under a new gmse. While
They have their signs and tokens like Free-Masons." still retaining as was . natural, ma~y forms, cen;-
The same writer, also in the Tatler-May 2, monies, and words whiCh they deriVed from their
1760-mentions a class of persons of whom he direct anoostors, the working Masons, yet we find
state.'J : " One would think that they had some secret that operative Masonry was, and probably long had
Int-imu1ion of each othm like the Freemasom." been, in a state of decay, and a new form, that of
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORC>XATI.

speculative or symbolical Masonry had been sub- "Architecture in the Himalayas." by Bro. W. Simpson;
·• Rosicrucian Thoughts on the Ever-burning Lamps of the
stituted in its place. Ancients," "Commentary on the Ten Sephiroth," "Sepher
The precise manner in which the older system Yetzirah," and "The lsil!.c Tablet," by Bro. Dr. W. Wynn
was at first over-shadowed and finally supplanted by Westcott; " The History of Freemasonry in the City of
the new, it is impossible to explain ; nor do we know Dnrham,"by Bro. Wm.Logan; "Tratado Pr8.ctioo de Arimetica
whether, so to speak, Ma.sonry always had its Mercantil," by Bro. Jose Mayner y Ros; "Whytehead's Poetical
1lpecnlative side, even in the 14th century or earlier. Remains," by Bro. T. B. Whyte head; "History of Freemasonry
in Sussex," by Bro. T. Francis; •·-History of the Minerva.
There is probability though no certainty that it had, Chapter, No. 250, Hull," by Bro. M. C. Peck; "The Two
but on this point the ancient documents to which I Systems," by.Bro. John Haigh; "The Masonic Directory for
have previously referred aro our sole guides, and I New Zealand, 1886," by Bro. George Robertson; "Die ersten
cannot undertake to say that some expressions which Jahre der Grossloge von England" (2 parts), " Das Sloane
may be found in them will convey the same conclu- MS., No. 3329," and "Studien tiber den Meistergmd," by
Bro. F. K. Schwalbach; "Einige Betrachtungen tiber da.s
sion to other minds as to my own. Verhalten der 'Londoner Gross Loge zer den alten Ueberliefer-
.All that can be predicated with confidence is, ungen der Werkmanrer," by Bro. Dr. W. Begemann, Rostock;
that an alteration in the method of communicating "Record of a. Year's Work, etc., Lodge Prudence, No. 2069,"
the Masonic secrets took place after 1717, bnt the by Bro. C. L. Mason. From Bro. M. C. Peck, "A Sbort His-
question of degrees, or in other words, a comparison tory of the Provincial Grand Lodge of North and East Ridings
of Yorkshire," by Bro. J. P. Bell; "Ceremonial of the York
between the Masonry practised before and after the Jubilee Meeting, 14th July, 1887 "; a. "Sermon preached at
era of Grand Lodges, will only be ripe for practical J nbilee Meeting, York," by Bro. the Dean; Form of Service
discussion, when we have advanced a little further at Jubilee Meeting, York; Rules of North and East Yorkshire
upon the path, which I shall much congratulate Educational Fnnd; and Medal of York Jubilee Meeting, 14th
myself if I prevail upon yon to pursue. July, 1887. From Bro. A. E. Austen, "Proceedings of District
Grand Lodge of South Africa (East Division), 15th June,
1887." From Bro. J. Haigh, "History of Corinthian Lodge,
Concord, Mass.," by Bro. L. A. Surette; "Proceedings of the
BRO. WOODFORD said that as this was the first essay of Supreme Council, 33o, for America and Dependencies, for
the kind they had had the privilege of hearing, he thought 1886 "; "Information for Members of the Scottish Rite for
they ought not to let it pass without a. note on the minutes. America and Dependencies"; and "An Address delivered
He, therefore, proposed that a. vote of thanks should be re- before tho Grand Consistory of Minnesota., 12th November,
corded tO the Worshipful Master for his paper. He was a. 1885." From J3ro. H. Whymper, " Schluessel der Chemis-
heretic on a. great many points laid down by the Worshipful tischen Philosophy, Strassburg, 1602." From Bro. H. Sadler,
Ma.ater as law. He was a. Freemason who believed in the "Masonic Facts and Fictions." From Mr. Wyatt Papworth,
traditional teachings to which he had been listening for the "Architectural Drawing in the Middle Ages," and "Notes on
better part of forty years. Therefore, white he cordially the Superintendents of Engli3h Buildings in tho Middle
thanked the Worshipful Master, as a student, for the paper, Ages."
Bro. Gould, knowing what his ideas were, would quite agree
Seven Loclges and 24 brethren w•·re adrnit.tC'd members
that it was only natural and consistent in him to enter a
of the CorreRpondence Circle, bringing the total number up
friendly protE'Bt against his eloquent assumptions. It would
strike them all that when they had many old legends it was an
to 15:J.
evidence that thoae thinga were not written for nothing. The death. on the 17th July last, of Bro. E. T. Budden,
All the Worshipful Master had said was true respecting who had joined the Lodge on the 2nd June previously, was
the desirability of occasionally having popular papers, and as announced. The Secretary was instructed to write a letter
an old mason he quite concurred. He was expressing the to his son, Bro. F. Budden, expressing the grief and condo-
wishes of all when he said that they would be happy to assist lence of the brethren.
the Worshipful Master in making the papers as interesting as
p0811ible. Their one desire was to make the Lodge of use to The following !JrothPr was proposPd as a joining- member
all by encouraging an intelligent study of their masonic Brother Henry Josiah Whymper, of l\lurree, Punjaub, Past
history, and he agreed that that could only be done by inter- Deputy District Grand Master of the Punjaub."
spersing their more erudite and special papers with lectures
of an elementary nature. The Secretary announced that Bro. Whymper had gener-
ously placed at his disposal the litho stones which he had had
Bao. BYWATER seconded the motion, as he consiclt'red prepared of the ·' ~Iasonic Poem," thl\s saving the Lodge a
they were indebted to the Worshipful Master for laying down considerable sum of money on their first volume of reprints
the suggestion, which would not fail to be a boon. now preparing. The thanks of tho Lodge were voted to Bro.
The brethren in general having refrained from comment Whyrnper, and it having been ascertained that his copy of
owing to the lateness of the hour and the work still to be Bro. Gould's "History of l<'recmasonry" was short of tho last
transacted, BRo. GouLD said his admiration for Bro. Wood- volume, the Secretary was instructed to ask his acceptance
ford's ability was now greater than ever because, although thereof from the Lodge us a token of their appreciation of his
he had endeavoured to keep clear of controversial facts in the fraternal generosity.
paper he had prepared, Bro. Woodford had yet managed to
disagree with him ; they wore not always fighting on the Tho Report of the Library Committee was deferred to
same side, but they were labouring for the Aame end. The next meeting.
particular point he had laid down was that there wag no
positive evidence before 13go. He hoped that the papers
would assist brethren in grasping elementary facta and thus The remaining business having been transacted, and this
enable them to study books of a more advanced kind. being the anniversary festival of the Four Holy Crowned
Martyrs, the brethren adjourned in considerable numbers to
The vote of thanks was passed mem. con. refreshment.
The nsualloyal and masonic toasts having been honoured,
The following list of presentations to the Lodge Library
was announced, viz.: From the Editors, current numbers of Bao. GoULD, W.M., in proposing "The Grand Officers,"
the Toronto .F'reemason and "Latomia." From Bro. Beck, of said this was a subject upon which he could say much, were it
Dresden, current numbers of" Die Bauhtitte" and" Jahrbnch not for the fact that he was one of that body himself. They
des Lessings-bnndes," 1884 and 1886. From Bro. Whytehea.d
" L'Ordre des Franca-masons trahi et le Secret des Mopses,'; o Bro. Wbymper having been on&ble_ to oupply the Editor In time with
the full particular~~ of blo Masonic career, they will be given In the next
1745. From the Authors." Pnjahs in the Sntlej Valley"; and number '>f these TransactiollB.
72 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

had a great many Grand Officers in the Lodge and in the his resolute and daring character, I think we felt that hiB
Correspondence Circle, and they were all pleased when the election must reflect honour on our choice. It may be said
W;M., for the time being, was honoured by receiving Jubilee that "there's many a slip 'twixt the cop and the lip."
honours. He should have asked that distinguished brother to This is exemplified by the fact that our W.M. elect was
respond, bot he was going to ask him to reply for a special sent to the Cape before we could get to work. There is
toast. He mentioned on a former occasion that they were just one other feature. When Sir Charles Warren went to the
pleased to have other members who were similarly honoured Cape for the second time, he went with a considerable repn·
in the matter of Jubilee honours. There were several Grand tation, and it was quite equal to ~he further demands made
Officers present, including Bro. Woodford, who was a very old upon it. His great energy and the excellent arrangements
Grand Officer, Bro. Sir Charles Warren, Bros. Dr. Woodman he made, combined vi"ith the celerity of his movements, quite
and Hogard, and Bro. Bywater. They all knew that the rule overcame those to whom he was opnosed. The enemy knew
differed as to whose name should be coupled with the toast, their man, and were aware of his military ability, so that
and he was a little inclined to depart from the genera.! role there was no appeal to arms, and his object was at-
and couple the name of Bro. Bywater, who was actuall.v per. tained without bloodshed. All that I have said proves that
forming the duties of Urand Sword Bearer at the present no commander of an expedition could have fulfilled the
time. mission better, but if he had been a little hferior t.o what
BRo. BYWATER, on behalf of the Grand Officers, returned he really was, his reward would probably have been far
hearty thanks for the very kind manner in which they had greater. Instead of meeting with the reward he merited
taken notice of that body. It was the delight of the Grand the authorities fell into the old role, and he returned to
Officers to discharge faithfully every duty that devolved upon his duties as Colonel in the Engineers. We were theu
them, and they were gratified to receive the kindly feelings of enabled to start the Lodge, although immediately after..
the Craft as their reward. wards he was sent to Suakin but had returned tG
them safe and sound. Since then he has been a regular
BRo. R. F. GoULD, W.M. " I now come to the toast of attendant at our meetings, when the affairs connected with
the evening, and I therefore have asked the Brethren to charge his public duties permitted him, and he has found time
in the usual formal manner. The toast I have to propose is amongst his many engagements to read before us one of the.
that of "The Immediate Past Master, Bro. Sir Charles most brilliant papers that adorn our Transactions. He has
Warren." In considering.the most suitable manner in which been at all times a very enthvsiastio Freemason, and when he
I should bring this toast before you, I was powerfully influenced was in South Africa, this was acknowledged by a Lodge
by thinking of the manner in which I should like to hear it being formed and called after him, meeting in Griqnaland
myPelf. You would like me to tell yon all I could gather to. There is just one thing more I wish to say. I desire to 110m up
gether, in order to show you what measure of a man we have in a few words the estimation in which he is held by us all
had to rule ns. Our worthy and distinguished brother entered I was reading a short account of Sir Philip Sidney, and I
the army as Lieutenant, Royal Engineers, in 1857, and before shall put it to yon that what was said ofltim in the sixteenth
ten years we find he was conducting an exploration in Pales· century can equally be said of Sir Charles Warren at
tine, and excavations in Jerusalem. In connection therewith the present time. "He seemed born on purpose for what·
I will read one extract from "Our Work in Palestine, 1875," ever he was about." Whether in Palestine, South Africa,
that will show you what was thought of the manner in wJllch in the Nile Desert, or in this Lodge, he has always
the duties were conducted. "Let us finally bear witne!ls to shown the same fertility of resource, and has adapted
the untiring perseverance, courage, and ability of Captain himself to the many phases of his remarkable career.
Warren. Those of us who knew best under what difficulties Bro. Sir Charles Warren, it is now my pleasing duty to
he had to work, can tell with what courage and patience they present yon with a number of books which have been written
were met and overcome. Physical suffering and long endnr· by members of the Lodge, or brethren belonging to the Cor-
ance of heat, cold, and danger were nothing. So long as an respondence Circle. The method we have taken of ackno:w-
interest in the modern history of Jerusalem remains, so long ledging the great services you have rendered, we heartily
as people are concerned to know how sacred sites have been trust may be as pleasing to yon as it is to ns. We hope they
found out, so long will the name of Captain Warren survive." will remind yon of the brethren who wrote them, and that
In connection with that work Captain Warren brought out they will convey to you, mutely but forcibly, that the hands
two books, " Underground Jerusalem," and "The Temple and by which they were written are .llwayil ready to grasp your
the Tomb," both of which give a deal of instruction and in· own whenever yon can afford us the privilege of being with
formation to biblical scholars. The next we hear of him in us in the Lodge."
the public world was in 1876, when he was especially selected The Tyler here approached the table with a number of
to settle and arrange the boundary line of the Orange Free elegantly bound books, on a silver tray. The 26 volumes had
State. In the following year he was appointed to settle the been contributed by the respective Authors, for the purpose
land law of Griqualand, and with what tact, discrimination,
of the presentation, and were all on Masonic, architectural, and
and zeal, he discharged that important duty they were all archreological subjects. The collection consisted of 40 distinct
aware. The work of Bro. Warren, however, consisted of works, representing 23 Authors, all of whom are members of
other thing besides civil duties, for when the Kaffir War broke
the Lodge and of its Correspondence Circle.
ont he commanded the Diamond Field's Horse, and his con·
spicuous bravery and boldness, and rapidity in action, were The following is a list of the authors and works :-Jno,
frequently brought before the notice of the authorities. A Lane, "Masonic Records 1717-1886 ;" J. Ramsden Riley,
few years later, in 1879, peace was restored, and he was "The Yorkshire Lodges; " W. Simpson, "Pujahs in the
selected to role that turbulent region which he had so success· Sutlej Valley," and '·Architecture in the liimalayas," in one
fully reduced to order. Those difficult duties he continued vol.; Harold Lewis, "Beginnings of the Bath Newspaper
to discharge for two years, until the home Government Press," and "History of the Bristol Mercury," in one vol., and
re-called him. He had by this time so endeared himself to "The Church Rambler," in two vols.; Professor T. Hayter
all with whom he had been connected, that when he left the Lewis, " Colour and coloured decorations," "Notes made
Cape they seve!"ely felt his loss, and it was mentioned at the during tours in Sreece," and" Notes on Ancient and ~odern
time as a public calamity. He came back to England, and we Egypt," in one vol.; Jno. Chapma'!l, "The Great Pyrannd and
hear of him in the Egyptian war, where he commanded a Freemasonry;" T. Francis, "History of Freemasonry in the
perilous mission, and succeeded in bringing ~o justice the Province of Sussex;" W. J. Hnghan, "Origin of the English
murderers of Professor Palmer and othf'rs wlio were put to Rite of Freemasonry;" Wm. Logan, "History of Freemasonry
death by the Arabs. In 1884 he volunteered to proceed by in the City of Durham;" G. P. Brockbank, "History of St.
way of Abyssinia and visit Khartoum to ascertain news of John's Lodge, No. 221, Bolton;" Dr. W. Wynn Westcott,
Gordon, but his offer was not accepted, and he was induced to " Rosicrucian Thoughts on the Ever-burning Lamps of the
enter into another important enterprise-the foundation of Ancients;" J.ames Newton, "History of Royal Arch Chapter
this Lodge. I may be asked on what grounds did we judge of Concord, No. 37, Bolton;" T. B. Whytehead, "Some
of him to fill the position of the first W.M. Whether we Ancient York Masons and their early Haunts;" W. Kelly,
regarded him as a man of letters, and as a great and brilliant " History of Freemasonry in the Province of Leicester and
writer, or whether we considered his sterling qualities, and Rntland," "Records of the Corporation of the Borough of
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 73
Leicester," in onevol., and "Noticesillustra.tive of the Drama BRo. REV. A. F. A. WooDFORD,. P.G. Chap., in proposing
in Leicester;" W. M. Bywater, "Notes on Laurence De~ott, " The Health of the W.M:. ," said t.'l.9 I.P.M. had concluded his
G .S., and his work;" W. W~;;~on. "Masoilio Career of the Rev. most interesting speech. with the remark that as the brethrea
Thomas Cartwright Smyth;" G. W. Speth, "History of the were aware he was in accord with Bro. Gould, W.M. If, in
Lodge of Unity, No. 183, London;" J. Todd, "HiRtory, &c., certain subjects, there were sliglrt and minute differencea
of the York Lodge, No. 236;" R. F. Gould. "The Atholl betwe-en their W .M:. and hi01self, in one thing,_at least, he was
Lodges;" Rev. A. F. A. Woodford, "Encycloposdia. of Free- entirely in accord with the !.P.M., and that was that the
masonry;" C. P. MacCalla, "Dr. Franklin's Newspaper Lodge had done itself great honour in selecting Bro. Gould
Accounts of Freemasonry, 1730-1750 ;" H. Sadler, "Masonic as its W.M. There was no brother who could have more
Facts and Fictions;" and W. H. Rylands, "Freemasonry in fittingly presided over the beginning of this Lodge than their
the XVII. Century in Warrington,'" "ditto in Chester,"" Free- I.P.M .. and when the election for the second W.M. came
mason's Tomb," " Early use of word Freemason," and other round; they unanimously put into the chair a brother, who by
papers, in all, eleven in one volume. his ptiblic work had done more to raise the intellectual
character of Freemasonry in England and all over the world
than probably any living brother. He ventured to say that
BRO. Sm CHAs. WARREN, G.C.M.G. "I am going to ask Bro. Gould's History was a brilliant example of literary work,
i'o be allowed to claim your indulgence, for I have had a good foritslucidity, power, and lustre, andforthe wonderful aptitude
many difficulties to contend with in the last few days, and
.have been a. good deal harassed on your behalf, in securing the displayed in marshalling facts. They had several Masonic
w-riters amongst the members and Correspondence Circle, and
li&fety of the Metropolis. In doing this, I have not ·had time
to turn my attention to the subject of tilis Lodge, and am
they had a rising brother in their midst-Bro. Westcott, but.he
not, therefore, enabled to reply in a manner suitable to the ventured to say for Bro. Gould that he stood in the annals of
occasion. It is an occasion on which I feel most deeply. I am archreology of England almost the first, if not the first, of
sensible of what the W.M. has said, and I also appreciate the living Masonic writers. Therefore this Lodge, having so dis-
good wishes of the members and visiting brethren very much. tinguished an historian of Masonry, felt justified in selecting
I am quite unable to find words to express what I feel. 1 could him as the W.M. to preside over it. As heha.d mentioned, he
not help being somewhat tickled with regard to something augured very happy results in having a brother as W.M. who
the W;M. said concerning my eventful career. At the was versed in the higher branches of Masonic history. In the
present moment, working at a critical time of your history, words Bro. Gould delivered in the Lodge he heartily concurred,
I am endeavouring to keep peace in the Metropolis, but my and he trusted that their labours would lead to the subject of
position you must remember is precarious, for as I have been Masonio archreology becoming more popular in the Craft,
twice turned out and recalled by a. paternal government, so I He did not, however, take quite so despondent a. view as the
may possibly be turned out again. I can assure you as a. W.M, had done of the present state of Masonic knowledge.
Mason that I endeavour to do my duty and ask no man's favour. He could remember the time when Masonic lectures were very
With regard to the. work I have done in this Lodge, I am afraid infrequent and unpopular affairs, when a syllabus of lectures
that it is extremely minute-. There is only one pohr.t on which 1
was a thing unknown. He thought they would notice a change,
I take. czoedit to myself, and that is, I think I know how to let and they of that Lodge would be glad to think, they had
well alone, and I do not meddle with what I see being done helped to light up a. torch which would extend not only
wen. I have seen the werk in such excellent hands, that I Masonic librarierr, bnt a taste for the intellectual culture of
have thought. there. was no occasion for me to interfere. We Masonry. To no- abler hands could this task be delivered than
bad the great experience of the present W.M. and of the to thoae of the W.:M.., for under his auspices their meetings
GfticeJ'B of the Lodge, and we had the wonderful assistance would not be without interest, but wonld be productive- of
of our brother Secretary. All those who know our Secretary good. They would meet on the level· arul part on the squ&l!'ll,
mUllt know- the immense amount of good work he performs, glad to be permitted to give humble assistance to the spread
and the result it will produce for Masonry, and I feel myself of. Masonic intellectuality, and a better knowle.dge of our
indebted to him for the way in which he has carried the- ancient and valuable Craft. He begged to propose the health
matter through and relieved me of work. Bro. Speth has not of their W.M.
only relieved me, but has a¢ually brought credit to my name, BRO. GoULD, W.M., in reply, said he was very mtich
which should really stand to his own. I must take this oppor- obliged for the kind manner in which the toast had been pro-
tunity of saying I am extremely gratified that the Lodge posed and received; but as he felt that his voice had been so
at the present time is in the bands of the present W.M. I do much heard he would not speak at any length. lt had
not know anybody who is so suitable for the chair of this been a. great gratification to him to hear the kind word!r
Lodge, and I must congratulate you upon having Bro. Gould spoken by Bro. Woodford. They had their differences, but
as your W.M. I was initiated in Gibraltar, and can they were of a. nature that Ullually occurred between husband
&1181ll"e. you that there, Bro. Gould's name was a household and wife. Although they quarrelled between themselves, they
word, and we looked up to him in 1858 as a man of consider· would not allow anyone to come between them. They
able reputation, and it is therefore the greatest satisfaction were as good friends as it was possible to be. He felt on some
to me to find him presiding at this table. I can only say with occasions that there were some brethren who had known him
regard to the books, that I shal.lmake a point of reading them by reputation, but had not met him in the flesh. Before those
w-ith the utmost diligence. I have been a dtligent Mason in the he had to pass a somewhat formidable ordeal. It was. said
past, and have endeavoured to learn something, but I know that his History was long a.nd somewhat dry, and he was afraid
the great amount of work necessary to acquire more than a that the summons to this meeting, stating he would read a
~~t?ring of the subject.. There is a certain flavour of irony lecture, had induced many brethren to keep away who would
m grvmg me these booka.morder that! ma.y learn something, otherwise have been present. He thanked them very much,
and I acknowledge my insufficiency. I think, however, I do know and he felt that a brother who occupied the chair of a Lodge
something about the Temple of Jerusalem, but I know very little that laid down any particular course of action had a respon-
of modern Masonry, and shall be pleased to study the subject. sible time. As their W.M. he felt there was little chance of
I feel much the kind thoughts of the brethren who have given going wrong while Bro. Speth was Secretary. He would now
me these books, and whenever 1 take up one of them, I shall propose " The Visiting Brethren." They were always glad
remember it belonged to a brother whom I loved and revered. to see visitors, and those brethren would see that without
I most sincerely thank you for having thought of giving them them the Lodge would be hardly pressed. There was a
to me. I am quite unable to say more than I have, and I can certain class of visitors present in whom he ·took special
only thank the W.M. and brethren most heartily for the way pride. He referred to the ml;lrobers of the Moira. Lodge,
in which you have treated me. The W.M. said be considered to which be belonged, and he took it as a great compli-
this the toast of the evening, but that w-as unfair to himself, ment to him that they should be present. When the
and I hope you will regard the toast of the evening as the Quatuor Coronati Lodge was being inaugurated it was
toast of the W.M. I feel I am so inadequate to offer it necessary to have the petition recommended by anot·her
properly, that it will be offered by a brother who is one of the Lodge, and this was kindly done by the Moira Lodge. He
srea.t; authorities in Freemasonry, and who, as we know, is in W'\B glad to see the W.M. of that Lodge, Bro. Shorter, present,
:perfer.t accord. with Bro. Gould on all Maspuic matters." whose name he should couple with the toast, as also that of

J
7'4 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

Bro. Kenning, the proprietor of the "Freemason," but as that duct, was not present, having been obliged to leave. How-
brother had left the room he would substitute the name of ever, as that brother had left the room, he could do no o\her
Bro. Lake, Past Provincial Grand Registrar of Cornwall, who than thank the W.M. for the kind expressions he had used,
was well known, and could not be known too well. He wished but he felt that not one half of them was due to him. Bro.
to take this opportunity of thanking Bro. Lake for the valu- Gould had always expressed himself kindly for the few favours
able assistance he had rendered him in many stages of his he had received. He should like to say that the idea. of start-
masonic career, and for the many ways in which he had ing a series of lectures on elementary Masonic history was a.
served him he could not speak too warmly. very good one. The Masonic world looked upon that Lodge
BRo. SHORTER, on behalf of the visitors, tendered sincere as a. very learned body, and came to it hoping to get· in forma·
thanks for their hearty reception. The ceremony they had tion ; but on former occasions it had, unfortunately, reminded
had the privilege of witnessing, and the paper they had heard him of a bench of bishops resolving some abstruse theologioaJ.
~ead had proved most interesting to them, and theJ enjoyed problems, on which occasions he could only. liken himself, and
1t exceedingly. He had no doubt that a great many v!sitors those on the same level of Masonic erudition, to an awe-
had never before had the privilege of hearing so instructive Rtruck and deeply perplexed layman. He was quite sure,
a lecture as had been read. Representing the members of the however, that the meetings would now be much more popular
Moira Lodge, he would say that they felt great pleasure in with Masons who desired to increase their elementary know-
see'ing Bro. Gould installed in the chair, and they wished him ledge of Masonic history.
a pleasant and successful year of office. The other toasts were " The Officers of the Lodge,''
BRO. LAKE said he had no idea he should be called upon responded to by BRo. SPETH, and "The Memory of the
to respond, and expressed his regret that Bro. Kenning, the Quatuor Coronati,'' with which the name of BRo. WooDFORD
proprietor of the paper, which he had the honour to con. was coupled.

'l'B:E APOSTLE St. PAUL, A MASOlf.•

[COl>!MUNICATED.]
MANY, perhaps the majority, ascribe a Christian charm, and to render less b1;1.rdensome and hazardous
origin to Freemasonry, show its developement from the sacrifices demanded of their associates.
Christian elements, and place its first beginnings in The practice of self-amelioration and perfection,
the 12th century at latest, whilst others are unable progress in intellectual and practical education, the
to find a date sufficiently early for it, and affirm adornment of the inner and outer life, procured for
symbolically, that Freemasonry is as old as the t.hese institutions the name of Edification,t building
world and the human race. Both are right and both llp. This widening of the idea originally bound np
are wrong, according to the point from which we with bauen, to construct, build, bau, a structure, an
view the matter. edifice, arose by allying the meaning of the word
Builder~, di"ine builders, Masons, Dionusioi, in its effects on humanity with the analogous ideas
kabeiroi, were the appellations of those men who ofcultivating (anbauen)thefield,constrJ.cting(zusam-
interested themselves specially and actively in menbauen) a dwelling. The corresponding idea in
the formation of man's social state, and in his the builder-societies and mysteries was usually ex-
progress in knowledge, and political as well as pressed by the Greek oikodomein and the Latin
religious life. In order to operate with more em- colere.
phasis and success they were banded togther in The places of meeting of the builder-societies,
secret societies and thus arose the builder-societies, and subsequently the meetings themselves, were called
masonic lodges, skenai, and mysteries, which must Lodges, skenai, or leskai, logeia, speech-places, and
not be regarded originally otherwise than as educa- the receptacle which served for the deposit of the
tional institutions for that part of mankind still deed of constitution or other documents of the Society
lagging in the rear of humanity and culture. was called the chest, kibotos; but when later on the
priesthood was sundered from the builder-societies,
.An imitation of these institutions, but on a the Lodges became Temples, naoi; the members,
freer basis, is to be met with in the Jewish Syna- hiereis; and the chests, archives.
gogues, which, especially subsequent to the exile of The so-called Tabernacle of tbe Covenant was
this race, developed greatly amongst the Jews and nothing more nor less than such a meeting-p:.,ce for
were partly even accessible to the heathen: from the Israelite builder-society which had been formed
them, it would appear, that the Chairmaster, bema, in Egypt.
was introduced into Masonry. .All builder-societies
concealed themselves, more or less, under the cloak The builder-societies or Mason-Lodges and the
of secrecy as far as regarded their working, erga, Egyptian priest-hood which had proceeded from
institutions and customs ; and their members sought them, were the preservers, for a series of ages, of the
to distinguish themselves by a certain reticence knowledge of, and opinions on, political and religious
in the presence of others. matters, which their members, the wisest, most learned
and highly educated of the people, had acquired: of
This secrecy and reticence were originally im- which, however, they only communicated so much
posed upon them by time and circumstances, in order to the people as they considered justifiable and good
to lend a certain dignity to the claims they made
upon the conduct of their members, to clothe t Erbauen in german would be more elegantly translated culture,
participation in their fraternity with a particular education. It is derived from batten, to build up: and as the author la.ys
stress on the root-signification of the word, I seek to reproduce his idea.
by the somewhat uncouth word Edification as being akin to edif "';, Co",.
' Translated by :Bro. G. W, Speth. P:K. Sec. 2076. struction and structure might equally serve the turn.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 75

for them. The form also, in which they impa¥ted cloth from the hair of goats native to Sicily, the
their wisdom to the uninitiated, .Was selected with birth-place of the Apostle. But in Pontus, where
special care. Aquila came from, these rough haired goats were
unknown. How did Aquila then learn the handi-
The Institution of Christianity is, according to craft of tent cloth making ?
the spirit and intentions of its Founder, clearly
nothing but a builder-society, an educational insti- From u. Corinthians, v., l-4, may be deduced
tute in the highest sense of the word : an oikodome that the Apostle uses this word skene (tent) in the
tou theou. The fundamental idea is a mutual elevation sense of house, dwelling. He belonged, therefore,
by doctrine and precept, and moreover, for all man- under the appellation skenopoios, as also Aquila, to
kind, without distinction of birth, sex, and worldly the building craft, the builder-societies, both. in the
position. natural and the symbolical signification of the word:
he was a master-builder or mason, and he and
But the builder-society, Christianity, differs Aquila were thus able to easily procure employment
from the builder-societies of heathen antiquity not and sustenance for a considerable time in Corinth, a
only by its universality, but also by its publicity. city celebrated for its buildings.
The whole human race was to have part and pareel
in the now patent, unveiled knowledge of the hitherto As a proof of the Apostle's membership of the
secret doctrine of the kingdom of God. In conse- builder-associations, we may also consider the pecu-
quence of this difference Christianity was called, as liar use of the word stegein, 1. Corinthians, c. ix, v. 12,
opposed to the Mysteries, musteria, Evangel, euan- and 1. Thessalonians, c. iii, v. 5. In the first instance
gelion, Gospel, i.e., beneficent, blessed, Unveiling, the words are te exousia taute alla panta stegomen,
Discovery, Revelation. translated by Luther, "we have not used this power,
but suffer all things." This means, "we have made
The Founder of Christianity in His opposition no use of this power permitted to others amongst
to secrecy and separatism was obliged to seek for His you, but have tiled, i.e., but lay claim to nothing,
first disciples and followers amongst those who were pledge you to nothing."
not impressed with the false importance of a secret
doctrine, who had not been rendered stiff-necked In the second instance the words are 1neketi
and captious by separatism; that is, amongst the stegon, (Luther-no longer forbear) i.e. no longer
people, with whom simple practical truth as opposed tile, no longer remain inactive.
to hollow, feeble and sapless speculation, whole-
some common sense in contradistinction to worldly The word stegein, translated by me, to tile, is a
philosophy, sophia tou Kosmou, had still retained technicality of the building trade and means the
their value and influence. last operation in building, the superposing of the
roof. This word therefore acquired in the builder-
When Christianity spread beyond the borders societies the meaning to cease building, to refrain
of its native land the old builder-societies were pre- from further participation in building work.*
cisely those who were in special danger of their
existence and former importance by its universal The virtue which the building-societies im-
acceptance. Many of these were so degenerate and pressed upon their members as the most edifying,
decrepid, that little remained to them wherewithal as most conducive to edification, and which St.
to cloak their poverty and corruption, but the veil of Paul recommends to Christian builders as the flower
s~crecy. Amongst these builder-societies, mason- and crown of humanity, the highest aspiration of
lodges, as they were found in all considerable cities, christian builder-societies, is agape, love, union in
one society especially distinguished itself; that in love. In his epistle to the Corinthians, amongst
the oldest and most celebrated city of Syria, whom St. Paul worked and taught eighteen months,
Damascus; which, as it would appea;r, deputed a the word is repeated twenty-three times. Most re-
master from its midst, especially to suppress and markable is the distinction (r. Corinthians, c. viii,
root up the new and rival builder-society, Christ.ian- v. 1,) between gnosis, wisdom of the mysteries, and
ity. This master was St. Paul. agape, christian union. "Knowledge puffeth up,
There are many not unimportant grounds of but charity edifieth," i.e., the speculations of the
suspicion that Paul was a member of the builder- mysteries induce pride, but the christian union pro-
society at Damascus, and a master thereof, perhaps duces amelioration. The orignal meaning of agape
even the Chair-master. is not love, charity, but union, unity: thus agapai
(usually translated lovefeasts), are originally unions
Acts of the Apostles, 18 c., 1 and following for christian edification, mutual culture associa-
verses, relates that Paul came from Athens to Corinth tions.
and there met a Jew from Italy, called Aquila, and The constant use of all these words points to the
his wife Priscilla. He abode with them and worked supposition that St. Paul wa;o; a member of a builder-
with them, they being both skenopoioi ten techne. society, mason lodge.
(Luther translates these words " carpet-makers by
trade.") The we>rd skenopoios is not to be found in In this sense the fraternity of masons is thus as
any other writer. The Fathers of the Church ex-
* BrethrPn may perhaps be assisted in following our Brother's line of
plained it as leather-workers, saddlers, bootmakers, ar~ument and thought, by bearing in mind that a German Freemaeon
tentmakers, that is, for travelling tents. It has wnting to resign his membership of a Lodge would invariably use the
expression Ich decke die Loge, i.e., I tile the Lodge; tile with them being
been assumed that St. Paul ma,nufactured tent the Craft equivalent for our English resign.
76 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

old as mankind itself, and the most energetic and duty,-to ally himself with the great fraternity of
active apostle of Christianity was a mason. The Freemasons ; he will only build, edify, construct.
agreement of the principles of Freemasonry with cultivate, with the greater zeal.
those of Christianity can only be denied by the
malevolent or those totally unacquainted with the CARL HERMAXN TEXDLER,
Craft. But if St. Paul himself was a mason, it surely
must be permissible for every servant of Christ, Member of the United Lodges, zu den drei Schwertern.
every minister of the Gospel,-nay it must be his and .Astriia zur grunenden Rante, in Dresden.

REVIEWS.

LA~m's :MAsoxiC REGISTER.*-This remarkable THE IsiAc TABLET OF BE~IBO; BY DR. \V. \VYNN
work was brought out by Bro. John Lane at the close WEiTCOTT.*-This volume, which is got up in a
of 1886, and possesses a special interest of its own, in handsome and very readable form, provides us with
having been tendered as the Essay, or Master piece, a historical, critical, and explanatory treatise on this
of that worthy brother, on his becoming a candidate most curious .gem of Antient Egyptian Art, in con-
for admission into the Quatuor Coronati Lodge. junction with a well executed Photogravure of the
The title itself is misleading, though only in a Tablet of Bembo, or Mensa Isiaca as it is also called;
good sense, for one would never infer from the modest the Photograph was taken from a pen and ink
designation of the work, what a monument of diligent drawing by the author, and in it the details are all
research and laborious industry it really is. carefully finished even to the most minute hierogl~­
In effect it is a Gazeteer-i.e., a geographical or phics. This drawing was made some years ago and 1s
topographical dictionary-of our English Lodges, both artistic and accurate. The original has from time
from A.D. 1717 down to the date of p11blication, in- to time excited the interest and attention of many
cluding alike those established on British soil, and learned men, " mysterious in its conception and of
the n!lmerous offshoots from the parent stems which unknown origin" it " merits examination and
existed, at any time, beyond the seas. research." The Tablet still exists, but is much
The numbers. borne at different times by the mutilated, in the .Museum at Turin; a copy was
Lodges, their dates of constitution, and successive made about 1559 by .LEneas Vico de Parma, before
places of meetings, are given with great fulness and this mutilation occurred, and the present drawing is
detail, so that it would be quite possible, from this taken from his work.
work alone, to compile a short or skeleton history of Pignorius, Montfau<;on, :Shuckford, Kircher,
e-v-ery lodge-living or defunct-of English maternity. Warburton, Keysler, Caylus. Chiffiet, the Abbe
Altogether there have been in England, four Plucbe, Jablonski, Wilkinson, Eliphaz Levi, Bonwick,
Grand Lodges, or if we count the amalgamated body and others, ha>e interested themselves in this most
of 1813 as a distinct Institution, five; and the valuable specimen of mystic gravure.
records of all these organizations were subjected to It seems probable that the Mensa Isiaca was
a severe and careful scrutiny by Bro. Lane. Every made by Egyptians in Egypt and taken thence to
known calendar or list of Lodges, official or otherwise, adorn a temple of Isis in Italy. Its modern history
bearing either directly or indirectly upon the general commences at 1527, when it was found in the ruins
subject, has also been collated by him. The labour of Rome after that city was sacked by the soldiers
has been immense, but as the results are in exact of Charles V. of Germany; after many vicissitudes
proportion to it, the compiler is rewarded for his it at length fell into careful hands, and was copied
diligence and assiduity 0y the consciousness of having by Vico de Parma, and others, and several treat.is~s
written, what may be justly termed the most useful upon it were written, and some of them are still
work of reference-to the students of this branch of extant. Of these, that of the eminent Jesuit
our antiquities-in the literature of the Craft. Athanasius Kircher is the most thorough, and there
A great merit of this book is the handy and are other notable ones by Pignorius, Caylus, :Mount-
easily-understood method of its arrangement, while fau<;on, and Jablonski. Our author translates Ion~
to leave nothing to chance, Bro. Lane has added a passages from these works and comments on the1r
comprehensive index, by the aid of which the wealth views ; and then presents us with his own opmwns,
of materials so admirably compressed by him within which may be summed up as follows :-that the
the two covers of the work, is rendered accet~sible in Tablet was designed about the time of the Ptolemies,
every particular to his readers and subscribers. 300 B.C., that it was intended to serve an esoteric
R. F. GouLD, P.G.D., W.M., No. 2076. purpose, to represent a ~ummary of the a~,tro-t~eo­
logical views of the pnesthood of later .A.nt1ent
* ldaaonic Records, 1717-1886, comprising a. list of all the lodges at home Egypt," and that it is intimately connected with the
and abroad warranted by the four Grand Lodges and the United Grand
Lodge of England, with ~heir dates of Constitution, Places of Meeting, origin of many " mysteries " and secret doctrines.
Alteration in Number, &c., &c. Exhibiting all the Lodges on the English Then follows a digression upon the "Tarot" the
Register for 1886, together with those previoUBly on the Roll, specia.lly
arranged in Tabnlar Form to shew at one view all the Numbers taken by symbolical series of designs, or cards of Italy, in
each Lodge during the Successive Enumerations to the present date; a.lso
particulars of a.ll Lodges having special privileges, centenary jewel warrants, • Tabula Bembina aive Mensa Isiaca. The Isiac Tablet of Ca.rdina.t
etc., et.c., hy John Lane, F.C.A., P.M., 1402, Torquay: with a.n introdm-tion. Bembo. Its History and Occult Significance, by W. W:ynn Westcott, M.B.,
by William James Hug han, Past Senior Grand Deacon of England, London : Hon. )l~s Soe., Ros. in Ang., Hon. Member Hermetic Soc. Hath: Robt.
George Ienning & Co., Great Queen Street,l886. Dedicated, by penn iss! on, H. Fryar, 1837, (Yea.r of Jubilee). (Limited to 100 copie>, and a few first<
to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, K..G., K..'l'., etc., etc., M. W. Gra.nd Maater. proofs, with margin, for framing).
 TRANSACTIONS or THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoBONATI. 77

which the late Eliphaz Levi thought he found the Again it is noticeable that in the upper division
secrets of everything that has ever been hidden ; the alone, does the Ret or Crown of Upper Egypt occur,
&llthor points out the connecting links between the in the case of the figure marked V. .
Tablet and the Tarot on the one hand, and the While H in the same compartment wears the
Antient Kabbalistic Book the Sepher Y etzirah, on At£ or Crown of Osiris, while beneath her right hand
the other hand. are the hieroglyphics of t'he name Isis followed by
The Editor has kindly granted llle space for the the snake, the determinative of goddesses.
following collateral observations and quotations. Now in the lower division the figure marked .\
Sesostris divided Egypt into 36 N omes, in this wears the Techr or Crown of Lower Egypt, and those
Tablet there are 36 human figures exclusive of the marked E and cp the Pschent or Crown of both the
four figures of priest!! in attitudes of adoration which Upper a,nd Lower country conjoined. It is true that
are merely accessories to the Bulls : now we know the figure marked P in the upper division also wears
from the evidence of the monuments that the the Techr or Crown of Lower Egypt, but there are
Egyptian nomes had each an especial tutelary deity combined with it the Solar Disc and Plumes together
or deities, thus then these figures may represent the with the horns of Kneph and Amon, symbolic of the
tutelary divinities of each nome. creative spirit similar to those worn by Thoth in the
In confirmation of this view, it is to be noted figures marked Q in the central compartment. The
that the three chief longitudinal divisions of the Female figures marked Z in the Upper compartment
Tablet agree with the Antient divisions of Egypt, and T in the Lower wear LEopard skins over their
into Upper Egypt., Lower :Egypt, and Middle Egypt, ordinary costume.
or Heptanomys, the seven nomes, and it is to be noted The figure marked E in the Lower compartment
that the middle compartment consists of i figures. is apparently a duplicate of that marked M in the
In connection with thi8 we may quob Brugsch, same division, and both are apparentlyrepresentations
Egypt, 18i9 edition, page 15, "This special division of either Pthah or else of Chons, or Khons, who is
of the upper and lower countries into the districts sometimes represented in this manner.
called no_mes is of the highest antiquity, since we Note that in the Limbus or border, the figures
already find on the monuments of the rvt.h Dynasty numbered 55 and 64 are giving the F.C. sign, they
some nomes mentioned by their names, as well as apparently represent Horus and Anubis.
some towns, with the nomes to which they belonged. We may also notice that the first or upper
Thirty centuries later the same nomes appear on the division of the Tablet is no doubt astronomical,
monuments of the Ptolemaic and Roman times, the figures in the lower division many of them
arranged in regular and very detailed tables, which being somewhat similar. Whilst the right· and
separate the upper and lower country by a clear left compartments of the middle division refer
distinction, Upper Egypt contained 22 nomes, Lower to the Nile in its overflow and in its opposite
Egypt 20, so that there was a total for all Egypt of state, shewn by the female breasts. In connec-
42 nomes, which the native language designated by tion with the arrangement of this Tablet in
the word Sep or Hesep, sometimes by the word Tash. Triad, Heptad, and Dodecad, we may quote the
According to an account given in a Papyrus, the
division into 36 districts rests on a particular view, ,~''~ li::l'/ iM~ ~·~t!l 11i'"l:' i!:lD (') m::·o • '' p~t~)
which connected the terrestrial divisions into nomes, C'l;.!l O'iiD !!'i:r., pm i"'~'~i:' ~1t.5 i"';!'~C' i'i'l~n i1li:Jt!l
with the 3G ruling houses of heaven (in astrology). i"';.!/~:7 ·::~~ ~;.t ;n~ * * * * : i"'t.:n~O::l c•-:r lll it!'))
In the celestial Egypt, as in the terrestrial, the first
nome-in this case that of the first ruler-was l~l::lll ;::·;~ l:l')i:' '::ll .,!) i"'li:Ji:' 11l)::li:' '::!) ~!) ;t;·~t!l
dedicated to the Goddess of the Star Sothis.(Sirius)." : ilt:J io! i'Pli~
"The Triad, the Unity which standeth alone by
(page 13) "South Country=Set= White Crown. itself, the Heptad divided into a Triad opposed to a
, North Country=Hor=Red Crown. Triad and the Medium standing between them, the
Duodecad which standeth in war, * * * The
(page 16) Sacred lists of names gave names of Unity above the Triad, the Triad above the Heptad,
temples of Chief Deity-Priests, etc. and the Heptad above the Duodecad, and they are
-Holy Trees-Town-Harbour of all linked together each with each." (Sepher
Holy Canal, etc., etc." Yetzirah, chapter 6, section 3., a most valuable work
by the same author).
Furthermore it is to be observed that the We cannot but rejoice that this beautiful and
character, a cross in a circle, which is a determinative mysterious Tablet has been preserved, and our
of the names of countries, towns, and districts, is of thanks are due for the pains taken in its most
frequent occurrence in this Tablet, as also the careful description. There is no doubt that a large
character which is the determinative for water and number o£ students will dissent from some of the
low lying districts. But in Brugsch's edition of the author's views, but no one can refuse to P.ckuowledge
Sha1-An-Sinsin, or'' Book of the Respirations of Isis;" that this treatise is the work of an erudite scholar,
the character, a cross within a circle, occurs as a and a well-read mystic.
Phonetic in the hieroglyphic group which represents
the name of the goddess Nupa or Nutpe=Rhea; so WILLIAM RoBT. Woo.pMAX, M.D., P.G. Swd. Br.,
that it is not contrary to precedent that the cross Supreme Magus-Soc. Rosie. in Anglid.
within a circle should be employed as a Phonetic
instead of as a determinative.
78 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRONATT.

.STUDIES OF THE MASTERS' DEGREE, BRO. F. K. upon two errors. In the first place he curiously enough
ScHWUBACH.•-This is a collection under one cover denies that "fellow ~raft" means what it implies, i.e.,
of seven reprints written at long intervals, by a clear member of the guild. He asserts it is only equiva-
and incisive writer and deep thinker, and with lent to journeyman (Gesell) and that the journeyman
evidently only one desire, that of impartially arriving was not a member of the Craft. Well, on this
at the pure truth. His primary object is to fix a point our Brother is undeniably mistaken. In
date for the introduction of the H. Legend into England, the apprentice having completed his
Freemasonry. In the first paper our Bro. examines time was made free of the Craft, fellow craft,
the evidence of the Old Charges. The versions at his member of the guild, and, if in a position to do so,
disposal were" the Masonic Poem," Cooke's, the ten was entitled to set up as a master there and then. If
reprinted in Hughan's "Old Charges," the Atcheson- too poor, he remained a journeyman. Master and
Haven, and Edinburg Kilwinning fl'om Lyon's great journeyman were both Fellow Crafts, and Anderson
work, and Cole's Constitution. The conclusion be uses the terms master and fellow craft as indicating
arrives at is that the Legend was introduced between one and the same person quite indiscriminately.
1717 (or closer still1720) and 1725. His argument, In Germany matters were different. The
however, suffers from two errors. He assumes that apprentice became at tbe end of five years a journey-
the name employed in these old documents, Amon, man, and under the most favourable circumstances
Aynom, Aynon, etc. is a corruption from the Lands- remained so for at least two years. He was not a
downe MS. "that was called a man that was Master of Fellow Craft (except among the Steinmetzen) but
Geom(ltry." He asserts that it was easier in English could become a member of the journeyman fraterni-
to convert a man into .Aynon than Hiram. This is ties. Not till he became a master did he join. the
a matter for expert opinion, but to me the possibility guild, and thus become really a Fellow Craft. This
is rather far fetch1.~· It does not seem to have has misled our writer: but he is quite right in his
struck our author that two Hirams may have been assertion that in 17~3 Master ordinarily meant
somewhat confusing to our predecessors, that they Mas tee of a Lodge and not Master Mason, but, I may
may in their ignorance have tried to give a distin- add, that Master Masons, in an operative sense, did
guishing sound to the second, and thus arrived exist, though not then recognised as a degree by
at Aynon. His second great mistake is con- Grand Lodge.
nected with Josephus. He asserts that the first His second mistake is the assumption that from
easily procurable edition of Josephus was that the earliest times the apprentices and fellow crafts
of Hudson, 1720, and presumes that an English possessed virtually the peculiar secrets now appor-
translation must have appeared shortly after. This tioned to each degree. There is evidence enough, to
is conjecture with a vengeance. As a matter of fact my mind, to show that before 1717 and up to 1725
we have an English. edition of Josephus as early as probably, the apprentice possessed the secrets of both
1602. It is evident that had our Brother been these degrees ; and as soon as I can spare the time
acquainted with the Inigo Jones MS. and the dis- from the duties connected with my position in the
putations lately carried on there anent, he would have Lodge, I shall attempt to prove this and ventilate
avoided this latter pitfall. In a footnote, however, he my theory of the degrees. .Bro. Schwalbach divines
throws out a clever suggestion, that the first rightly enough that between 1723-1/2.5 it became
appearance of a man may have been an ignorant necessary to have three degreeR, and having already
transcript from an unknown MS., which spoke of apportioned (wrongly, as I think) the fi;st and second,
Hiram as .Amdn, a Hebrew word meaning Master- he is naturally forced to the conclusiOn that some
builder. palt.ry unfledged ~ecrets, which he fancies .forme:·ly
In the second paper our author reviews the belonoed to the chair, were enlarged by the mventwn
internal evidence of the historic portions of the 1723 of th~ Hiramic Legend, and thus formed the third
and 1738, Const.itutions, and very naturally deduces degree. Now there is not the least indication any-
therefrom that the death of Hiram was of no import- where of these chair secrets, and they are solely the
ance to Anderson in 1723. He thus reduces the result of our brother's curious "fellow-craft not a
exact date of the introduction of the Legend by two fellow-craft" theory. I venture to think that if
years and is now enabled to fix it at between 1723- Bro. Schwalbach will accept my theory, he will find
1725. This reasoning is so well known to English it fit in with Anderson ; if not with the MS. Con-
Students as to require no comment. stitutions. In 1717, and previously, theapprentice
In the third paper the author collates the " Old possessed the present first and second degrees in one;
Charges" of 1725 with the version of 1738 and the the fellow-craft possessed a degree, no matter what
"new regulations." His conclusion is thus ex- at present. In 1725 the demand arose for a Master-
pressed, " so much is evident, that between 1723 and Mason's degree; and th11 Fellow-Craft's former degree
1725 a transformation took place as regards the (whether this was Hiramic or not is for the moment
mastership." I quite agree with Bro. Schwalbach's immaterial) was bodily transferred to the Master-
words, bn"t not with the construction he places on Mason, and possibly considerably developed. This
them : a transformation took place at that date, but left the Fellow-Craft without one, so the apprentice
not the one he supposes. His argument is based had to cede half his ; it was divided in two.
Our author is therefore partly right; quite right
• Studien tiber den Meistergrad, von Br. F. K. Schwalbach, Mitgl!ed der as regards a transformation !l'nd the d:-te ; bnt
JohanniologP "Zur gekronten Schlange" in Gl!rlitz, Ehrenmitglied der this does not bear upon the perwd of the mtroduc-
groBSen Loge von Preusaen, genannt "Royal York zur Freundshaft," des
Innersten Orienta derselben und mehrerer Johannislogen. Separat Abdruck tion of the Hiramic Legend. Gould's" Examination"
&US den II Bausteinen n ala Manuakript ftlr BrUder Freimaurer Meister,
Berlin, l88i. Verlag von Max Paach, Kllnigl Hoi·Buch.handlung. (Postboy, 1723) contains palpable allusion to the
 TRAN'8ACTI010! OP THi: LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 79

entered apprentice pari, {both degrees in bne) and research: for which purpose it will in future be
to the Masters' part, and this MMters' part is found on the shelves of the Quatuor Coronati
evidently connected with the Hiramio Legend. It Library.
will be noticed that the date of publication is two G. w. SPETH, P.M.
years earlier than the transformation in Grand Secretary, 2076.
Lodge, a.nd the verbiage much more ancient still.
Chapter IV. examines the evidence to be found
SoME REMARKS ON THE GRAND LoDoF. OF LoNDOlf
in Lyon's History, and proof is adduced of what "!"e
AND ITS TREATMENT OF THE DOCUMENTS OF THE
well know, that Scottish Masonry was slower m
OPKRATIVE MAsONs, BY DR. W. BEOEMANN, ResTOCK.•
developement than English; and more es.pecially t.hat
the masters' degree is of very late mtrodnc.bon. -'l'hose of us who have already admired Bro. Bege-
All this is correct and well argued, but unless It be mann'B vigorous and incisive, albeit somewhat
premised that the Hira.mic Legend could not exist teutonic, English in the columns of the London.
before the masters' degree was formed, it is not to the Freemason, will be prepared to believe that, when
pnrpose. But I quite believe that the Legend was writing in his mother-tongue, his clear and close
not known in Scotland till Desaguliers' visit in 1721, reasoning and lucid argument afford his readers keen
because even the 2nd degree was not known till then. intellectual pleasure, quite irrespective of their con-
Working or operative apprentices were declared free currence or otherwise with his views. In the small
in the Lodge, i.e., passed Fellow-Crafts, a mere trade treatise before me I hardly know which to admire
formality, and the apprentices were pres~nt at the more, his style or his indefatigable industry of com-
ceremony, therefore there were no pecuhar secre~s parison and research. The greater part of t?e es~ay
attached to the degree-: Speculativ~ or Geo~atw is devoted to showing up Dr. Anderson as a historian.
Masons were sometimes made apprentices, sometimes Dr. Begemann takes one paRsage after another fr?m
Fellow-Crafts, sometimes even called Mast.ers ; but the l#2:J and 1738 Constitutions, compares them With
the ceremony was all one, they merely received the the same passages in the " Old MS. Charges," from
"Mason-word." It must never be forgotten that in which he presumes them to be derived, and demon-
the i8th century Scottish Masonr;r was still opera- strates very clearly what he considers the wilful
tive, that Scothsh Lodges had still legal duhes to forgeries of Anderson. Bnt, cui bono? Are we. to
perform, whereas in England their legal standpoint assume that German students are still in such an
had disappeared long before. elementary stage of their education as to require
reminding that Anderson is untrustworthy as a
The remaining three Chapters are of a. nature guide to pre-1717 masonic history P Possi~ly so:
which forbids detailed comment. Our Bro. seeks to but English students at least do not reql11I'8 a.n1
elltablish the pre-existing elements for the masters' such reminder. From their point of view Begem&Jll1.
degree in 1717 and discusses freely, and in a. manner is simply brea.lcing a fly on the wheel. What are
:repugnant to our old-fashioned English ideas of the facts of the case r Anderson was ordered to
propriety, various printed examinations, catechisms, "digest into &. new and bett.er method the History,
a.nd (so called) exposures. Much that he lays down Charges, and Regnlations, of the Ancient Fraternity;"
carrie& conviction with it, much also calls for i.e., in plain English, collect the old myths and
refutation, but ~tis quite.impossibl~ to discuss these legends and reproduce the~ in a. more prese~ta~le
matters except m Lodge Itself. Hts arguments are form. This he has done, adding to them, embelliShmg
clever, forcible and obviously candid and impartial, them, bringing them as far as ~o~ int? accordance
but are warped by the fallacious conclusions already with strict chronology, and mfusmg mto them a
arrived at in preceding chapters. Curious it is to smattering of learning which the old version lacked.
see revived the exploded theory that certain in- To make the past conform to the present he converted
herited words are of Gaelic origic ; more startling Lodge Masters into Grand Masters, General Assem-
still to be assured that " Cassia " is of Gaelic birth ; blies into Grand Lodges, Patrons of Architecture
very amusing to witness his struggles to prove that into Rulers of the Craft, and so on, ad infinitum.
banag, beanag, a little woman, a wife, really means a He found a myth, a legend befo~ him, and he !e~t it
tl:!idow, which, be it said, is bantrach and very con- a. still more ornate legend; he did not convert It mtQ
tradictory to find that Anderson did not know this, accurate history, he was not even ordered t~ do s?,
and therefore forced himself to discover a Hebrew but to " digest into a. new and better method. It IB
derivation : but having arrived at these utterly true, Desagu.liers calls it "a j~t and exact account
wrong conclusions our author is constrained to account of Masonry" but was it. ever mtende~ th~t any_ ~me
for them, and so expresses his faith in that most should believe this ? Rider-Haggard m his exCitmg
unhistorical of statements, that the Freemasons were " King Solomon's Mines" refers the reader to Mr.
F,tisans of the Stuarts, and that the third degree Streeter the Bond Street Jeweller, for corroboration
18 the outcome of a Jacobite plot.
of his sc~upulous veracity, and yet the whole book is
It will be seen that I totally dissent from Bro. a series of wonderful inventions without even a myth
Schwalbach's premises, arguments, and conclusions, to back it up. Should we not smile at any one who
and merely assent to his statement that in 1725 a took it for History ? And must we not smile at any
transformation took place ; but throughout I admit. one who takes the trouble to prove that Anderson's
his ca.ndour, single desire for truth, industry and digested legends are not History ?
research. The book is wrong, but it is a valuable • Einla'e Bemerk:ungen Uber daa Verhalten der Londoner G1'0881<>~ro zu
study nevertheleBB, and may be consulted with great den oJten t:Jeberllelarungen der Werkm•urer. [A reprint from the "Zir·
kelcorrespondenz" of theNa.tlonal Grand Lodge ol Germany, Part& II. o.nd
benefit by any student plL.--sning the same line of UL ofl6th Annual Volume, 1887.]
80 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LonGE QuA'l'UOR CoRONAn.

It is simply the old legend fitt.ed to modern should be translated for the benefit of our English
requirements, and, with i.be exception of the very students. The same unfortunate mistake as regards
ignorant or the very credulous, bas never been, and the first English edition of Josephus re-appears, and
was never meant to be, otherwise regarded. The Old all conclusions founded on this error must of course
Charges were in the same way attuned to new purposes, be gi>en up. But their omission scarcely impairs
and here Payne deserves credit for having been able the force of an argument which is mainly derived
to preserve so much of their original tenor. When from minute examination of internal evidence and
Bro. Begemann therefore exclaims " It is no longer arduous comparison with other versions. He con-
open to doubt that this man with his fertile cludes that the document dates from about 1725,
imagination has produced great evil in the History and that its product.ion is due to the same circum-
of Freemasonry,'' and again "Thus did the Grand Rtances which necessitated Anderson's new version of
Lodge by false teaching and deceit scandalously the old legends. Expert evidence as to antiquity of
desecrate the Temple of Truth," we can only shrug paper aud binding, etc., is put on one side with the
our shoulders and wonder at his misplaced earnest- natural remark that a compiler in 1725, wishing to
ness. Begemann does not attack Anderson's 1738 produce a MS. apparently dating from 1670, would
account of post-1717 Freemasonry, which is really have encountered small difficulty in procuring paper
of historic importance to us ; we are therefore left in etc., and imitating hand writing of half a century back.
doubt how much credence he would attach to this; Personally, I can not claim the intimate acquaintance
but to my mind, and possibly to Begemann's also, ( ?) with, and minute study of these documents necessary
Anderson's inaccuracy in legendary matters, nay, to enable me to pose as a judge in the matter; my
his embroidery of the old traditions, should not be opinion is therefore given with great diffidence; but
allowed to invalidate his historical testimony :~the it does appear to me that the Doctor's arguments
two should be kept totally distinct. One point of are very cogent and difficult of disproof. Any
our writer's essay deserves mention ; he is inclined attempt to delinea 1.e them here would occupy too
to believe, in spite of Bro. Gould's reasonings, that much space ; would in f(tct amount to a translation
Sir C. Wren was a Freemason, though of course, of the greater part of the essay; whereas the object
never a Grand Master. of RcYiews in Ars Quatuor Coronatorum is mm-ely to
The second part of this paper treats of the keep both our Inner and Outer Circles acquainted
"forged versions of the Old Charges." This is an with the general outlines of contemporary masonic
elaborate attack on the Inigo Jones MS. Dr. research in all quarters of the world.
Begemann has already expressed his views in the
" Freemason" on this subject. This essay follows G. w. SPETH, P.M.
the same lines but in a much more compendious
form, more easily grasped and clearly expressed, and Sec. Quat. Cor. 2076.

OBITUARY.

WITH very great regret we have to record that years maintained an honourable position in this
death has for the first time Revered a link in our respect, and to the honour and credit of the late Mr.
fraternal chain. Bro. E. '1'. Budden, of vVimborne, Budden it should be stated that he did a great deal
Dorset, who only joined our ranks in June last, more than can be stated in a brief newspaper
being then in wretched health, was gathered to the paragraph towards placing the Masonic Charities of
Grand Lodge above on the 17th July. In January the Province of Dorset in their present satisfactory
last he was attacked by phH•risy which left his heart position. From the establishing of the Dorset
in a very weak state, and dropsy having set in he Masonic Charity he discharged the duties of the
was removed early in July to Bournemouth. The secretaryship, to the entire satisfaction of all the
change at first appeared to do him good, but to the brethren, and when through his failing health he
great grief of all who kuew him he subsequently was obliged to tender his resignation of the office, it
relapsed and departed this life in the 57th year of was accepted with regret, and to mark their appre-
his age. The following cutting from the local news- ciation of his valuable services, at the last meeting
paper will show the esteem in which our Brother of the Charity Committee held about a fortnight
was held by his neighbours. since, they presented him with a silver tea: kettle.
" For some time past Mr. Budden has been in In Church matters Mr. Budden also took a very
failing health, but it was not until recently that his lively interest. He was one of the three first
illness assumed a serious character, and the announce- representatives to the Salisbury Diocesan Sy.:nod,
ment of his death will be heard with considerable and for some years was chairman of the Educational
surprise as well as unfeigned regre~ by a large Committee of the Synod. A quarter of a century
number of persons in Dorset and Rants. Mr. ago, when the Wimborne Rifle Volunteer Corps was
Budden for many years took an active part in the formed, the deceased rendered very important
public affairs of the town of Wimborne, but it was services, and was chosen secretary to the corps, and
in connection with the Provincial Grand Lodge of it may be worthy of remark that he was the first
Freemasons that he was best known and respected. member to be sworn in in connection with the
Freemasonry has become proverbial for its splendid Wimborne Volunteers. Each post since Mr. Budden's
charities, and the province of Dorset has for many death has brought to the family many letters of
 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LoDGE QrrATUOR CoRONATI. 8l

sympathy, and, amongst them,' one from the Bishop \Ve have further to record the death on Thursday,
of the Diocese. The funeral is arranged t.o take 11th August, of BJ"O. William Kingston, District
place at Wimborne this day (Wednesday), and is Grand Master of Malta, who first entered on his
expected to be very numerously attended by the high office in l8G9. lie left Malta in July last for
brethren of the Masonic Lodges of Wimborne, Poole, his health's sake; but unfortunately the change of
Wareham, Bournemouth, and Ringwood. We scene and climate failed in the desired effect.
understand there is to be a Masonic service held at
St. Cuthberga Lodge previous to the body being
conveyed to the Cemetery." Also, in his :-6th year, of the R.W., Lord de
The Masonic service mentioned above was held Tabley. Past Provincial Grand Master of Cheshire,
in the St. Cuthberga 'Lodge under the direction of over ·which province he had ruled since 1865.
its W.M., llro. F. Budden, son of our deceased brother, resigning last year on account of ill-health.
himself a P.M. of the Lodge. A sketch of our
brother's Masonic career will be found on page 36
of our Transactions.

LITEB.A.:B.Y.
On January 8th, 1887, Sir C. Warren, Immediate fore chieHy devoted to the affairs of those provinces.
PaRt Master of Quatuor Corouati Lodge, presided It would be m'l.nifestly unfair to juJge of the first
over a meeting of the Jews' College Literary Society, number because it is avowedly printed in a hurry
when Mr. Marcus N. Adler, M.A., read a paper on and prematurely, in order to record the masonic
the "Temple of Jerm;alem." The paper and the feFtivities connected with the visit of the Pro-Grand
remarks of the Chairman have been printed in Master the Earl of Carnarvon to the Colony; but
pamphlet form. even under these unfavourable circumstances it is a
Bro. Sadler, Grand Tyler and Sub-Librarian, creditable production and we wish it every success.
Grand ~odge of England, Member of our Correspon-
dence C!rcle, has forwarded to us a copy of his latest
productw:n, "Mas~mic Facts and Fictions." We The papers by Bro. G. W. Speth "On the
hope to present our readers with a review and Steinmetzen," and by Bro. A. F. A. Woodford on
critique in our next part, as time will not allow of " Hermeticism" (pp. 17 and 28 of our Transactions),
our doing so in this number. We cannot, however, have been translated into German and reprinted in
refrain from congratulating our Brother on the extenso in the Latomia, Berlin, !Mlitcd by our corres-
termination of his arduous labours. ponding member, Bro. Cramer.

. Bro. W. T. R. Marvin, Boston, U.S.A., is pre- Bro. F. K. Schwalbach of Harburg, Director of

parmg a supplement to his great work on " Masonic the Real Gymnasium of that city, Past Master of
Medal!!." Lodge Augusta, (Sprottau), Honorary Member of
_In July, the Philadelphia "Keystone" entered the "Royal York" Grand Lodge of Prussia, and of its
on Its 21st year of production. Few Masonic "Innermost Orient," will, in January, 1888, with the
periodicals have ever attained their majority and assistance of the said Grand Lodge and Orient,
few have better deserved it. We congratulate the commence the publication of a Masonic Quarterly
editor and proprietor, Bro. McCalla, a member of Review. The first number will contain Bro. Schwal-
the Quatuor Coronati Correspondence Circle. bach'tl translation and explanation of the Mason's
Examination and Catechism from the " Grand
The first number of the " South African Jl'ree- Mystery."
mason" has reached us. It is published at Cath- The publication is announced in Leipsic of
<:art, Cape Colony, under the patronage of the "Papsthum and Freimaurerthum, a historical study
District Grand Masters ( E.C.) of the east and west by a catholic who is not a Freemason, and has no
divisions of Cape Colony, and of Natal; the Deputy intention of becoming one." Published by .Albert
Grand Master for South Africa (D.c.), and the Unflad, Leipsic. In spite of its unpromising title
Deputy Grand Master of Scottish Freemasonry for " Papacy and Freemasonry" the work is an eulogium
South East Africa : and will, we presume, be there- of the Craft.

EXTB.ACTS P:B.Olll[ COB.:B.ESPONDENCE, NOTES, ETC.

ENGLAND. curiosities, was opened at Plymouth in the Huysche
Masonic Temple on Monday, 27th June, and closed
The Most Worshipful the Grand Master, on the 2nd July. There were over 1,000 exhibits,
H.R.H. the Prince of Wales laid the foundation many of rare value. Bro. G. L. Shackles, of Hull, a
stone of the hospital at Great Yarmouth with full member of our Correspondence Circle, sent no less
Masonic ceremonial on Wednesday, 18th May. than 200 medals, struck by various German, French,
An exhibition of Masonic books, manuscripts, American, Belgian, Swiss, Austrian, Dutch, Swedish,
and other documents, medals, jewels, regalia, and and English Lodges. We note with pleasure that
82 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR ConoNATI.

no less than 14 exhibitors out of 84 are on our roll GERMANY.

of members.
Lodge "Hansa," Bremen, having been fortunat&
The Earl of Sussex Lodge, Brighton, No. 2201, enough to inhent a suitable property, is about ro
was consecrated on the 15th July, 1887, by H.R.H. convert it to Lodge purposes and will thus be properly
the Duke of Connaught, Provincial Grand Master. housed ; a want long felt and now happily supplied.
The foundation stone of the Parochial Rooms, (Bro. Beck, Dresden).
attached to the Church of St. Jude, Dulwich Road, The Lodge " Friedrich Wilhelm zur Gerech-
S.E., London, was laid on the 21st July with Masonic tigkeit" in Ratibor, possesses, besides its benevolent
ceremonial, by the Right Hon. the Earl of Lathom, fund, three other charitable institutions. One of
R.W. Deputy Grand Master. them is curious. Amongst the festivals of the Lodge
On Tuesday, the 11th August, in the Lodge of is the feast of Santa Claus. The children of present
South Shields, Lieutenant Woo, of the Imperial and past members are received in the Lodge premises
Chinese Navy (Flag-Lieutenant to Bro. Lang, and addressed by theWorshipful Master. A certain
Admiral of the Chinese Fleet), was initiated into brother, appointed for the occasion, then appears
Masonry. He responded subsequently to the toast disguised as Santa Clans and distributes presents to
of his health in fluent English, as also in Chinese. the assembled youngsters. (Ibid).
Bro. Woo is, of course, not the first Chinese initiate, In the Lodge "Joseph zur Einigkeit," Madge-
but the circumstance is sufficiently unusal to be of burg, no less than 35 lectures on various subjects
interest. were delivered in the course of the last year. In this.
The foundation stone of the New Municipal town there is scarcely a society for furthering the
Building, West Hartlepool, was laid with Masonic general good which does not owe its inauguration in
Honours by Bro. Lieut.-Col. Cameron, Past Pro- a great measure to the local Freemasons; at whose
vincial Senior Grand Warden, Durham, on the 17th head, on whose committees, members of the two
August. local Lodges are not prominent. (Ibid).
On the 17th October the Earl of Euston was On page 46 we gave a resume of Masonic
installed Provincial Grand Master of Northampton- arrangements under the Grand National Lodge of
shire and Huntingdonshire. Saxony. Bro. Beck desires us to add, that apart
On the following day Prince Albert Victor, from its purely representative character (as detailed
Sen. Grand Warden of England, laid at Northampton, by ns) SO CQUtrary to the limited representation of
with Masonic honours, the foundation stone of the many German Grand Lodges, it also possesses special
General Infirmary, in commemoration of the Queen's characteristics, viz. : sole jurisdiction within its own
Jubilee. territory, and perfect freedom of ritual. The Grand
Lodge Providence, of Leeds, has during the Lodge itself works the Schroder or Hamburg Ritual.
official year of its late W.M., Bro. Letch Mason, but in the 20 subordinate Lodges, four rituals are
enjoyed a series of Lectures on Masonic Subjects, represented, viz. the "Schroder," the "Fessl€'r," the
from Bros. the V. W. the Dean of York, P.G.C.; "Royal York," and the" Three Globes" working.
Tudor Trevor, P.M.; T. B. Whytehead, P.M., of York ; Friendly Societies are accorded far more notice
James Stevens, P.M., of London; J. R. Dove, P.M., among German Masons than with us : they are
of Huddersfield; Dr. Symth, S.G.C.; J. Ramsden looked npon as analogous bodies. Bro. Beck there-
Riley, P.M., Bradford; and the W.M. himself. fore does not fail to report on them also. It may
interest our readers to learn how this outcome of
HUNGARY. English Thrift, Mutual Help and Combination,
thrives in the Fatherland, so we summarise our
Lodge" Fraternitas" in Neusab, Hungary, for correspondent's information.
some time dormant, is about to be revived. (Bro. Beck, Odd Fellows.-The District Grand Lodge of
Dresden). Saxony meets at Dresden. It is convoked every
A new Lodge " Union " has been opened by the other year in July. Subordinate Lodges in Dresden
Grand Lodge of Hungary in Klausenburg. (Ibid). are Sa:x:onia Lodge, Humanitas Lodge, and Lessing
A remarkable series of motions has been made Lodge ; they meet at 23, Zahnsgasse.
in Lodge "Konyoes Ka.Iman," Hungary, by Bro. Ancient Order of Druids.-Elbvalley Grove, No.
Anton V aradi. 7, meets every W ednesda.y evening.
1. Tbat the Craft should pay especial attention The Free Forest Lodge is a society to found a.
to the syllabus of the intermediary schools and home for quarrymen, and to assist indigent and
influence their reform. unfortunate members in the district of Saxon
2. That the Craft make its influence felt from Switzerland. Address, Reitbahnstrasse, 21.
a purely humantarian point of view on the class-books. As a further proof of this feeling of fellowship,
3. That the Craft influence the teachers, by Bro. Beck sends us another item. The Order of
inducing such of them as belong to the Fraternity, to Druids in Augsburg has dissolved itself. A portion
instil into the youths nuder their tuition the principals of these Druids applied for initiation to Lodge
of true humanity, and further seek to win over those "Augusta" of that city, which met their petition by
not of the Society, in order that the rising generation granting them very considerable facilities. [We
may not only be instructed but also brought up in presume in the matter of fees, etc.]
the spirit of our Institution. We beg once more to call attention to Bro.
Beck's kindness in supplying us with notes and items
 TRANSACTIONs OF '!'HE LoDm: QuATUOR CoRONATI. 83

of news, and trust his example will soon be followed this Lodge, on " Freemasonry in Palestine." We
by others of our members of the Correspondence think Masonry would have been an appropriate
Circle. substitute for "Freemasonry," but we are glad to see
The Amalgamated Dresden Lodges have issued the reviving interest in intellectual work for some
their programme of entertainments for this winter. time apparent in Lodges under the English Consti-
From October to March there will be lllectures and tution.
1 concert, open to members and their families. The The Pro-Grand Master, the Earl of Car-
lecturers are all brethren, and the syllabus embraces narvon, has been enthusiastically received by our
such subjects as Heralrlry, Schack and his works, Brethren at the Cape. On the 19th September he
the developement of Dresden, Orthoepy, especially was present at a special meeting of the District Grand
as regards the letter g., China, Siam, Electricity and Lodge (English Constitution), convened for the
Chemistry (both with experiments), Glass and its purpose in the Temple of the Gcede Hoop Lodge.
production, etc., etc. Ht>re is a hint for some of our This Lodge is under the Grand Orient of the
country lodges to follow, and supplement the village Netherlands and is the oldest in Africa. The Lodges
penny readings, which as "Ruddigore" has it, are of the neighbourhood under both the Scottish and
often "not entertaining." Dutch Constitutions attended as visitors, as did the
Deputy Grand Master of the Netherlands and Bro.
SPAIN. Sir Hercules Robinson, the Governor. Addresses of
On page 45 we gave some information respect- welcome were presented from all three District
ing the Craft in Spain, and appealed to Bro. Grand Lodges, and from more remote districts and
Contreras to enlighten ns on certain points which Lodges in South .Africa.
remained doubtful. We translate from his letter, On the 27th September, the Pro-Grand
as follows : - Master dedicated the new Lodge premises of the
" The Gran Oriente de Espana is formed by British Lodge, No. 334, at Cape Town, in the
-two Masonic bodies perfectly distinct and indepen- presence, and with the assistance, of Sir Hercules
dent, united only by the tie of mutual regard. The on{l, Robinson, the governor; Bro. Hofmeyer, Provincial
the Supreme Council, governs the 4o-33°, its Grand Grand Master, Dutch Constitution; Bro. J. Saunders,
Commander being General Carmona. The Gran representing the Scottish Craft; and Bro. Fairbridge,
Logia Simb61ica governs the three degrees of the the District Grand Master, English Constitution.
Craft under the Grand Master, Miguel Morayta, as A new Lodge," Jubilee Lodge," has been opened
llro. Salmeron y Alonso declined the honour. This at Barberton, Transvaal Goldfields, under the juris-
Grand Orient is the one formerly ruled over by Grand diction of the Grand Orient of the Netherlande.
Masters Sagasta, Romero Ortiz, and BeceiTa." (Bro. Dieperink, Somerset west, Cape).
(The other two jurisdictions in Spain are as
given on page 4G.) On the 21st J nne, Bro. Sir Hercules Robinson,
"The former Grand Orient of Perez, the Iberian the governor, laid the foundation stone of a statue
Grand Orient, and the Consistory of Malaga are all to H.M. the Queen, in the grounds of Parliament
dead." House, Cape Town, with Masonic rites. Bro. J. H.
This still leaves one Grand Orient unaccounted Hofmeyer, Provincial Grand Master under the Dutch
for--we allude to the one formed in 1874 on the Constitution, handed the trowel to the governor, and
resignation of Zorilla, and since ruled over by the oration was delivered by Bro. the Dean of Cape
Magnan, Carvajal, Ferrer, Conder, Avalos, Oriero, Town. (Ibid)
and Panjano. What has become of this, and, if In the first week of August an English Royal
dead, when did it expire? We appeal to Bro. Arch Chapter was consecrated at Simons Town.
Contreras once more ; nothing is more complicate<i (Ibid).
that Spanish Freemasonry, and it would be a relief EAST INTIIA.
to get these matters definitely settled. Further, On Saturday, November 12th, 1887, H.R.H.
does the Gran Oriente Lusitano U nido still exercise the Duke of Connaught was installed District Grand
jurisdiction in Spain ? :Master of Bombay, English Constitution. He was
subsequently installed Past Grand Master of the
ITALY. Provincial Grand Lodge of Scottish Freemasonry in
According to a communication from Bro. Muller, all India. The ceremony took place at Freemasons'
of Turin, to the Union of German Grand Lodges, the Hall, Bombay.
Independent Supreme Council of the A. and A.S.R., AMERICA.
hitherto existing in ltaly, has at length amalgamated
with the Grand Orient, electing the Grand Master, The Grand Lodge of Mexico has elected General
Bro. Lemmi as its chief; thus combining all Italian Ramon Corona as Gra.ud Master. This Grand Lodge
jurisdictions under one.• (Bro. Beck, Dresden). constituted 24 new Lodges last year. (Bro. Beck,
Dresden).
SOUTH AFRICA. The corner stone of the new Public School
Addington Lodge, 1937, Durban. On July Buildings, Huntingdon, West Virginia, U.S.A., was
28th, the Rev. J. Oxley Oxltmd, District Grand laid with the customary masonic rites on the 4th
Ch&plain of Natal, delivered a lecture before July by the Most Worshipful Grand Master of the
State, Bro. Hiram R. Howard.
* According to Bro. Gould'• HlstorJ this deelr&ble result had already The foundation stone of the City building of
been obWJned In 1878. Whev.oe r.od when aroee tbil n,... Bopreme Council
 TBANsACTIONs OF THE LoDG'I QuATUOR CoRONATI.

Charlottetown, Prince Ed ward's Island to be erected 1766,. by .Zinnendorff's Grand Lodge, threw off its
in commemoration of Her. Majesty's 'Jubilee wa~> allegiance m 1807, and in 1809 the English Provincial
masonically laid, on the 1st July, by the Ron.' John G~d Master of Hamburg granted it a. warrant &s
Yeo, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge Prince an mdependent Lodge. Lodge Archimedes Alten-
Edward's Island. ' bmg, was constituted by Minerva, Leipsic in 1742
In May the Grand Lodge of Maryland, U.S.A. subsequently joined more than one Gran'd Lodge'
held its Centennial Festival. and has been independent since 1793. Lodg;
Arch!m~des, of Gera, was warranted by the
According to the "Keystone," {Philadelphia• ProvmCial Grand Lodge of Hamburg, but outside
.July 9th, 1887,) Bro. William Poillon,of New York the ProviT_Icial Grand Master's jurisdiction, in 1806,
is the owner of the largest collection of Masoni~ and has nrtnally been independent ever since. .A.nd
medals in existence, numbering about 1200 in all. Lodge Karl, at Hildbnrgshausen, though warrant~;;d
Among them are the first Masonic Medal ever struck, from London direct in 1787, has apparently never
the oldest Masonic Medal of American make the worked otherwise than independently. The above
largest Masonic Medal ever struck, and one of the examples will of course be adduced in favour of the
George Washington Masonic medals. The oldest possibility of a state of independence. But Hiram
Masonic medal is the medal struck in commemora- Lodge contends for a further principle, viz : that of
tion of a Lodge formed in Florence, 1731, by Lord the right of a Lodge, which took part in the erection
Charles Sack ville. We would fraternally remind our of a Grand LodgP, to separate from it and resume
friend the "Keystone," that it is now pretty clearly an independent existence. The precedents which
demonstrated that no such Lodge was ever constitu- naturally occur are; 1st, Lodge Kilwinning, which
ted or existed, and that the medal is a " pions fraud" was represented by proxy at the erection of the
of some thirty years later. Grand Lodge of Scotland in 1736, but shortly aftf'r-
On April 20th, 1887, the Grand Lod(J"e of wards withdrew from it and worked for years with-
Connecticut revoked the charter of Hiram L~d(J"e out a superior; and, 2nd, the Lodge of Antiquity,
No.1, Hartford, Connecticut, for alleged disobedien~e: London, with the particulars of whose case the
We have no desire whatever to enter into the merits generality of students will be familiar. But in these
of the quarrel between these two bodies but the two cases the right of the Lodge to meet was
subsequent procee:lings of the daughter Lodge are inherent and not derivative, and it will be argued
of such a nature as to require a few words of that of their right to meet, no act, not even their
comment. own, could deprive them. whilst the Hiram Lodge
This Lodge was originally constituted 12th was from the first a subordinate Lodge and possessed
November, 1750, under a charter from Thomas no inherent right, that in fact it could not resume its
Oxnard, Provincial Grand Master of North America independence because it never posses!led it. More
acting for and on behalf of the Grand Lodge of to the point is the case df St. Andrew's Lodge,
England. The independent Grand Lodge of Con- Boston, which withdrew for several years from the
necticut was formed 8th July, 1i89, by Lodge Grand Lodge it had been mainly instrumental in
Hiram and some other Lodges at work in the State calling into being, and ultimately became re-
of qonnecticnt. Lodge Hiram, being the senior, absorb~d, without sacrifice of rank or dignity, within
received the No. 1, and placed itself under the new the superior organisation. Other and similar
Grand Lodge. Hiram Lodge being now deprived of examples might be cited, but the Grand Lodge of
its authority to act under the Grand Lodge of the Connecticut will of course demur to their restoration
State asserts a right to meet by virtue of its original to previous rank being held as a vindication of the
English warrant as an independent Lodge. legality of their former procredings, it will regard such
The case is one which will interest more than a action as a condonation rather than a justification.
si~g~e cia:~s of readers, and wi.th0nt expressing an Many other points migltt be noticed which have
opmwn either way, we propose to advert to Rome of a. bearing upon the case of Hiram Lodge, but those
the legal points of the case, and cite a few of the already cited will be sufficient for our purpose, which
precedents which may perhaps be held to govern it. is to call the attention of our rewlers to the purely
Thus! did Hiram Lodge annul the power of the historical and legal features of the controversy.
Enghsh warrant by seceding from the jurisdiction Into the matter cf the disobedience of the daughter
of the Grand Lodge of England in 1789 i' If not lodge, the alleged illegality of the orders of the
does said warrant grant the Lodge any power to act Grand Lodge, the expediency of this or the other
independently? Or was it only valid so lon(J" as course of action, or the bearings of the whole ques-
Hiram Lodge was subordinate to the Grand Lodge of tion on the nni versality of the teachings of the Craft,
England? Can a warrant remain dormant for 99 it would obviously not become us to enter.
years and be revi~e~ a.t will i' Is it, under any cir-
cumstances, permissible for a Lodge to throw off its AUSTRALIA.
superior and remain uncontrolled, unfettered and The Freemasons' Hall in Collins Street, Mel-
independent i' As regards precedents, many m'ay be bourne, was, on the 17th March, 1887, consecrated by
adduced. For instance, in Germany there are at Sir William J. Clarke, Bart. The Grand Lodges of
present five independent Lodges. Lodge Minerva England, Scotland, and Ireland, each possesses a
'.1-t. Leipsic, was. self.constituted in 1741, and only District Grand Lodge of Victoria, and our dis-
JOmed, for a. trme, Rntowsky's Grand Lodge of tinguised brother occupies the honorable and unpre-
~ppc-!" Saxony, having remained independent since cedented office of District Grand Master under all
etrca 1770. Lodge Baldwin, of Leipsic, erected in three jurisdictions.
 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONAl'!. S5

6TH JANUARY, 1888.

The Lodge met at .l!'reemasons' Hall, at 5 p.m. Present : brother was at one time in the army, and there are
Bros. R. F. Gould, P.G.D., W.M.; W. Simpson, S.W.; Major several among us who either follow or have followed
Pratt, J.W.; G. W. Speth, Sec.; W. M. Bywater, G.Swd.Br., the same calling. An allusion to military customs,
8.D.; Professor Hayter Lewis, J.D.; Dr. Wynn Westcott,
I. G.; and W. H. Rylands, G. Steward; also Rev. W. M. Heath, therefore, will not be out of place. It is the habit
P.G.C,; John Read; F. A. Powell; D.P. Caml'l, P.G.Treas.; in warfare, when casualties occur, for the survivurs
C. L. Mason; G. H. Kenning; P. L. Simmonds; and C. Kup- to close up their ranks and press on. We have lo~t
ferschmidt, of the Correspondence Circle: A. E. Wood- a good man and worthy brother, but the best
ward, and E. J. Castle, visitors. compliment we can pay to his memory is to close up
The Lodge was draped in mourning. The Worshipful our ranks and press on,-towards the realisation of
Master, in memory of the late Bro. Rev. A. F. A. Woodford, those hopes, in which there was no more sanguine
delivered the following believer then the excellent and highly cultured
Freemason who was so recently in our midst. Bro.
ADDB.ESS.
Woodford may be said to have died in harne!!s, and
BRETHREN.-The first thought that will occur the point is worthy of our attention, as a Masonic
to our minds on assembling here to-day, is a sense of generation is usually a very short one, and the
the great loss the Lodge has sustained in the death instances are few where we .find a veteran of forty-
of our beloved Bro. Woodford. This, indeed, is a five years' standing in the Craft continuing to work,
heavy blow to us, though at the same time we shall, with all the vigour and enthusiasm of youth.
one and all, derive a melancholy satisfaction from May we all in like manner continue to labour
the reflection that our deceased brother was spared for the same cause until we shall be summoned to
to us until the success of this Lodge of Masonic the Grand Lodge above; and when our places here
students has been placed beyond the region of know us no more, let us hope that other Brethren
controversy or denial. In it he ha.'l been a prominent may be ready, qualified and instructed by our
figure, and the sorrow which is felt to-night by those example, to continue the work, so that it may be
of us who have been regular attendants at our stated said,-" The workmen die, but the work goes on."
meetings, can hardly be expressed in words, and is
best indicated by the manner in which the remarks The Wardens who bad been absent on the Installation
night, one through sickness and the other on military
it is my duty to make on the present occasion are duty, were invested by the Worshipful Master and induoted
listened to by the Lodge, viz., in a silence that is far into their respective chairs.
JllOre expressive than actual speech. Our brother
was not only the oldest Mason, but also the oldest
author in the Lodge, and it is as the doyen of British The Secretary brought up the subjoined
Masonic writers, that he has been affectionately
regarded by his fellow members of the Quatuor Report of the Special Committee on the
Coronati. Bro. Hughan and myself have been
spoken of as forming, in some sort, together with Lodge Library.
our dear brotner whose loss we deplore, a kind of On the 8th September the following brethren were ap-
triad, having been fellow labourers in the field of pointed a committee to consider the future management of
Masonic literature, a little before we were joined by the Library, viz: Bros. Sir C. Warren, W.M., and G. W. Speth,
various other brethren in this Lodge. Certain it is, Secretary, 'e:JJ-ojficio, and Bros. R. F. Gould, W. H. Rylands,
Professor T. Hayter-Lewis, and Dr. W. Wynn Westcott.
however, that when two of us disagreed in Fraternal The Committee met at the Junior Army and Navy Club,
controversy, both disputants were. in the habit of on the 29th October, at 3 p.m. Present: Bros. R. F. Gould,
appealing to the remaining brother of the triple tie. Dr. W. Wynn Westcott, and G. W. Speth, Secretary-who
The cord which united us has now been snapped by· drew up the following
the death of Bro. Woodford, but the two who were left REPORT.
have placed on record, one in the" Freemason,"and the To the WorshipfuL Ma&ter and Brethren of the Lodge Quabor
other in the" Freemason's Chronicle," the estimation Coronati, No. 2076.
in which they know our late brother was regarded in Your Committee having taken into consideration the
thi8 country, and, as they believe throughout the future conduct and prospects of the Library, beg to report as
Masonic world. These obituary notices, having follows:-
already attained circulation in the Craft, I pass over That the Library can be of no use as a reference collec-
tion until it shall be installed in London premises. That as
the leading incidents of our brother's Masonic career, a lending library it may be of some slight p1·esent use. They
which arc there fully narrated, and shall next relate therefore recommend,
bhat during the last days he spent on earth, his I. That the Lodge do appoint a Library Committee, and
intarest in Masonry, and in this Lodge never flagged. that for the present the Secretary of the Lodge be Secretary
The night before his death he read a portion of the to such Committee, and Librarian.
II. That the Library Committee draw np a list of books
second part of our Transactions, and thus it may be which shall not be lent except by their express consent.
said, that" Ars Quatuor Coronatorum" was his last III. That all other works may, at the discretion of the
reading in life. Of this Lodge also, he spoke much Secretary, be lent to member~ of the Lodge or of the
during the same night, and expressed to those about Correspondence Circle ; the borrowers to pay all costs of
him the great affection he entertained for its packing and carriage both ways and to be answerable for all
depreciation, damage, or loss.
members. How that feeling was reciprocated I IV. That the Secretary be empowered to spend out of
shall not put into words, for it will come home to Lodge Funds an annual amount not exceeding £5 for the
every brep.st. Just a word in conclusion. Our late purposes of the Library.
86 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATT.

Your Committee further call your attention to the fact REPORT.

that one Brother has expressed a desire to enrich the library
by the gift of several workB, but is naturally reluctan~ to do WoRSHIPI!"UL MASTER AND BRBTHRKN,
'so until he is assured that, in case of the Lodge-becommg ex- In submitting this, onr first .!.nnnal Andit ReiJ?rt &nd
tinct, such books will be deposited in some public lib~ry Financial Statement to t1te Lodge, we can not refrain from
open to the members of the Craft. Your Committee expressing our pleasure at, and congratulating the Lodge upon,
believe that many other members are probably influenced the success, much beyond onr expectations, so far att~ed,
by like motives. They therefore recommend : and on tho indications of future progress and contmued
V. That Mr. T. L. Wilkinson, of the equity bar, J;le prosperity which, we believe, are pl&inly discernable.
instructed to draw up a deed empowering Grand Lodi:e, m Masonic Archooological Associations and Lodges have been
the event of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge being dissolved, or attempted before ours and have either been stil_l-born ?r failed
being reduced to three members, to take possession of the to attain maturity. We, ourselves, are only m our mfanoy:
liqrary of said Lodge and place it ih the Grand Lodge but it is an infancy of promise, with the bloom of health on
Library ; such deed to be presented to the Lodge in duplicate its cheek, vigour and elasticity in its young li~bs, looking
for the approval of the Brethren ; one copy thereof to be forward with a clear and hopeful eye to a long hfe of manly
preserved in the Lodge Archives and the duplicate copy to be duty, arduous study and pleasura~le D;Bsociation, acquiring
given into the custody of the Grand Secretary. . and imparting knowledge, and provmg Itself a worthy mem-
Your Committee believe that some such actwn would ber of that great family of Lodges, whose branches are spread
largely conduce to the rapid increase of the Lodge Library over the whole inhabited world.
by inspiring confidence amongst would,-be donors. . .. Starting on our mission in January, 1886, under the
Your Committee further beg to pomt out the debtrability leadership of Brother Sir Charles Warren, who was supported
of soon obtainin~ Lodge premises in London. Ex~pt at_ the by eight other brethren, w.e have increased our number~,
time of Lodge or Committee meetings such premtses might culling from the best matenal only, to twenty-three. This
be used as a. library, reading and ~ting rooms! ~nd secre- has been reduced to twenty-one by the resignation of Brother
tary's office. They believe that readmg and wntmg rooms Hawkins, whqse private avocations precluded his remaining
would be a great benefit to the members of the Lodg.e. and with us, and by the lamented d~cea.se of ~rother Bodden.
Outer Circle, especially to those only on a short VIBtt to We have met ten times, tWice for bus1ness purposes only,
London; that 1000 or 1500 Correspondence Members would and have enjoyed and discussed eight papers of great interest
enable the Lodge to carry out the scheme hand~omely, a?'d and value. One important discovery has been announced,
that if every present member were made acq~mte_d mth which would probably have remained unknown-b~t for the
the project and thereby induced to persuade his fnends to opening afforded by onr Lodge; we allude to the enstence of
join our literary society, the requisite numbers would soon be a 14th Century MS., containing palpable allusion to the
obtained. They therefore recommend: Hiramic Legend.
VI. That the Secretary give prominence to such a In December 1886 it was decided to extend our opera-
scheme in his communications to the members. tions and acqnir~ additional support by attaching to tha
Should such premises be ob~ained it is obvious t~at some- Lodge a. cosmopolitan literary society. This " Outer" or
thing in the nature of a certificate of membershtp would " Correspondence Circle" was initiated by onr Circular of
become indispensable to admit members to the use of the January, 1887. The first member to join-24oth January
rooms. They submit that such a certificate might well -was Bro. S. Richardson, W.M., of Unity Lodge, No. 183,
assume the form of a special jewel or medal, to be worn and our numbers have since then increased in an ever
either on the breast or watchguard; similar to the badges progressive ratio, till on the 15th December, 1887--;the d?-te
worn by the members of some few English and of almost all at which our books were balanced-our roll, mcludmg
foreign lodges. They have reason to believe that !'"l.A.s~o­ candidates for election', showed no less than 179 members.
ciates of this Lodge would wear such a medal Wtth pnde From this must, however, be deducted two members who have
on all occasions· that if made sufficiently distinctive it woulli since joined the " Inner Circle" o~ Lodge proper. . •
attract attentio~, lead to enquiry, and make our objects. more During the year we have pubhshed our Transactwns m
universally known, thereby conducing to an increase m our two parts, July and December. These contain a concise
numbers · and finally that it could be procured at such a record of our business proceedil!gs, the full text of all papers
comparatively small price as to place it easily within the read, a summary of the discuss.ions, oo~mnnic.ated essay~,
reach of purchase of every member. They therefore recom- reviews of books, and a chromcle of mterestmg masomo
mend: . events. The edition was limited to 250 copies, as the rapid
VII. That the Secretary be requested to obtain design& increase of our Outer Circle, though ardently desired, wa!l
and estimates for auoh a jewel, to be submitted to the scarcely expected. The conseq?enc~ is th!l't only some thirt~­
Lodge at the next meet~ng. . five copies remain unsold, whtch IS a ptty, because expen-
Finally your Committee move that thu1 report be adopted, ence has shown that new members desire 14 pay: up back
and that recommendations I. to VII. be approved by the Lodge subscriptions and thus acquire the publications ~om the
R. F. GouLD, earliest number. Should, therefore, our numbers mcrease,
as we anticipate, the necessity of rep:IDtini will bef?re long
W. WYNN WESTCOTT, stare us in the face. The Transactwns of the commg year
G. W. SPETH, Secretary. will be issued in editions of 500 : but it is quite possible that
next year we may have the same tale to tell regarding these.
The W orshipfnl Master moved, Bro. Westcott secon~ed, Although somewhat embarrassing, the circumstance is full
and it was carried unanimously that recommendatwns of encouragement, especially when we remember that some
I to VII be approved and adopted. members of the publi~hing committee advocated an edition
of 100 copies only.
In July we announced our intention of reprinting some
The Secretary brought up the subjoined scarce do~uments of the Craft, and asked for subscribers.
Report of the Permanent and Audit Committee. The Subscriptions have scarcely equalled our expectations ;
but are nevertheless sufficient to guarantee the Lodge against
The Committee met at the Junior Army and Navy Club, any loss. The production of the work has been delayed by
St. James' Street, S.W., on Wednesday, the 2lat December, unforseen obstacles, but is now proceeding apace, and ita
1887, at 2 p.m. Present-B&os, R. F. GoULD, W.M., in the issue may be looked for in January next. . •
chair; W. SIMPSON, S.W.; W. M. BYWATER, B.D.; The only unsatisfactory feature of our past h1story IS the
HAYTER LEWis, J.D.; W. WYNN WEsTCOTT, I.G.; and G. W. small number of Lcmdon Lodge Members; our brethren reside
SPETH, Secretary. , for the most part at a great distance and cannot attend ~ve17
The Secretary produced his books and the Treasurers time· if therefore one or two of our London Members fall ns,
accounts, which were examined and audited by the Committee the Lodge is reduced to very small dimensions. Were it
and are certified correct. not for the attendance of Correspondence Members and
The Committee drew up the following Visitors, the audience assembled would often be most
 TRANsACTioNs oF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 87

discoumging to the lecturer of the evening. Our efforts works, we anticipate that the adoption and carrying out of
ahould therefore be directed to increasing our London the report of the Library Committee will produce imraediate
membership. and beneficial effects.
Onr Library, for a young Lodge, is doing fairly well, The accounts of the Lodge proper and of the Correspond·
and we are much indebted to the generosity of various ence Circle have been kepi separate, and the expenses com·
brethren. Nevertheless, many members still remain unrepre· mon to both apportioned to either with sufficient accuracy.
sented by their works; and we submit that this is not what We append statements of accounts.
might be expected of them. As regards scarce and valuable

LODGE ACCOUNT.
~~Hvt•·
£ s. d. £ •. d.
1885. Donation from Sir C. Warren for 1885. Warrant of Constitution ... 18 0 0
preliminary expenses 18 0 0 1886. Officers' jewelll and collars 10 15 0
1886. Subscriptions and Fees 42 0 0 Tyler's fees and expenses • 10 0
1887. Subscriptions and Fees ... 33 8 0 Printing 4 15 6
Postage ,, 1 17 0
Account books and stationery 0 17 6
Grand Lodge does 5 8 0
Rent of Lodge Rooms 6 6 0
Advertising .... 0 10 0
1887. Tyler's fees and expenses 2 3 4,
Printing 4 6 10
Account books and stationery 6 15 3
Grand Lodge does 7 0 6
Rent of Lodge rooms 5 6 0
Advertising 0 10 0
Expenses of Bro. Warren's pre-
sentation 3 1 0
Expenses of present voted to Bro.
Whymper I 11 6
Expenses of Reporter on several
occasions 1 4 6
Dec. 15th, Balance of receipts over ex·
penditure for 1886 and 1887 8 11 1
93 8 0 £93 8 0
1888. Balance from 1887 8 11 1
Subscriptions received for Session
of 1888 ••• 17 0 9
Cash in hand ..• 25 11 10
Current Subscriptions (1888) not yet
paid ... 11 11 0
Total aBSets on Lodge account £37 2 10

To judge by the two years jnst completed, this sum of .£37 2s. 10cl. should be sufficient to cover the expenses of
1888, and we may confidently reckon on some addition to onr receipts in the shape of joining fees from new members. Onr
expenses at starting would have been larger but for the faot that one or two generous brethren presented the Lodge with
most of the working tools and furniture necessary. The subscriptions due are all considered good, and their are no debts
owing by the Lodge.
CORRESPONDENCE CIRCLE ACCOUNT.
1\.e.c-ri¢•·
£ s. d. £ a. d.
Subacripiion.a received for 1887 ... 90 3 0 Postage 15 19 4
Stationery and account books 5 5 ,9
Printing circulars .. , 2 15 6
Expense of printing and binding Trans-
actions, Part I. and of enclosed
leaflets, wrappers, &c., &c. 30 8 0
Ditto for Part II. 20 8 0
Balance of Receipts over Expenditure for
1887 ... ... ... ... 15 6 5
90 s 0 £90 a 0
Balance carried forward to 1888 ... 15 6 5
Subscriptions already paid for 1888 20 9 0

Cash in hand ... 85 15 i

Arrears of subscriptions for 1887 4, 17 6
Subscriptions for 1888 not yet paid 74 11 6

Total assets on Correspondence Circle

account £115 • 5
 88 TRANSACTIONS OF TliE ~:tGE QUA'l'lJOR CottONATI.

E!!titni'Lting tt~ll from the experience uf l&~~t year, the might be l-vger, thongh of one thing he felt sure, vi!l:. : th"'
tot'&la'!!!ets on this account, £115 4:8. Sd. should enable whatever the amount, the Secretary would feel equally gr&te-
us to cover the current expenses of 1888, and publish three ful to the Lodge for their public recognition of .his arduoue
parts of Are Quatnor Coronatornm similar to -the two iseued labours. Bro. Gould, W.M., concluded by remarking that, as
i.b 1887. with the exception of tbe Senior Warden and himself, (who
'The slight &rret!.l'"8 shown arise from ~arions causes, but were necessarily in the secret,) the Seol'etary had provided a
chiefly from members waiting to be elected before remitting; pleasant little surprise for all the members of either Circl~
and are a.ll, as also thecurrent subscriptions now owing, con· in the shape of a St.-John's Card, 1!0, in return, the Audit
sider~d good. There is nothing owing from the Correspond· Committee hoped that the resolution then brou~ht forward
ence Circle. would, on its adoption by the Lodge, prove a surprise of a
LODG& LIBRARY. not wholly unpleasant nature to Bro. Speth.
The report, as amended, was adopted, and the Secretary
The expenses this year have been only £1 7s. Od. But thanked the brethren for their kindness, assuring them that,
most of the books require binding, and in consideration of with or without future surprises, his services and best end ea..
the good financial position of the Lodge, we advise that the vours should never be wanting to the Lodge .
.Annual Grant of £5 to the library, asked for by the Library
Committee, be increased to £10. Bro. Henry Josiah Whymper, of :M:urree, Punjab.
REPRINTS, VOL. I. East Indies, was admitted to the membership of the Lodge.
The subscriptions thus far received amount to .£30 Born in 1845, he was initiated in Lodge Mayo, 1413, Rawul
5s. 6d. This does not correctly represent the number of Pindee, Punjab, in 1872, and was one of the founders of
subscribers-many have given in their name reserving their Lodge Light in Himalayas, No. H48, Murree, in 1873, and of
pe.yment, in order to include it in their next annual sub scrip· Lodge Stewart, No. 1960, in 1882. Was W.M. of No. 1448,
tion. No disbursements have yet been made on this account in 1877. Exalted in Rose of Denmark Chapter, No. 975,
although the work is now well forward. Richmond, in 1874, and joined Locke Chapter, 1448, in 1875,
serving as Z. in 1878. In 1884 he was appointed Deputy
REPRINTS, VOL. IT. District Grand Master, and District Grand Haggai, Punjab.
A preliminary outlay of 8s. 6d. has been incurred in Is now engaged in producing a facsimile of the· Halliwell
view of the possible issue of a reprint of all the Old Mauu· Poem, and passing through the press a work on the " Religion
script Constitutions in one volume. The work has not yet, of Freemasonry."
however, been definitely put in hand by the Committee on Thirty-nine applicants were admitted to the Correspond-
Reprints. ence Circle, bringing the Roll up to a total of 194 members.
CASH IN HAND. The Secretary announced the following additions to the
£ B. d. Lodge Library :-by purchase, current numbers of Freemason
Bal&.nce from Lodge ooconnt ... 25 11 10 and Freemasons' Chronicle. From the Editors; current num-
Correspondence Circle acct. 35 15 5 bers of Latomia, South African Freemason, Freemasons'
" "
Receipts on Reprints, Vol. 1. 30 5 6 Repository, and the New Zealand Mail. From Bro. Beck;
current numbers of "Dresdener Logenblatt," and "Die
91 12 9 Bauhiitte." From the various authors; "Thoughts on the
Less outlay on Library ... £1 7 0 Threshold," by C. W. Duncan; "Reprints from the Schle·
on Reprints, vol II. 0 8 6 1 15 6 siaches Logenblatt," and "Eiu Gedenktag a us der Hallischen
Logengeschichte," by Bro. Dr. Rud. Maennel; "Electricity
Total £89 17 3 and Nerve Force," by Bro. Mayner y Ros; '·Modern Free-
masonry, a lecture," by Bro. Ramsden Riley; '' Les Francs-
which is partly in the hands of the Treasurer, and partly in magons," by Bro. Tempels; "Architecture in the Past," and
those of the Secretary to meet current ezpenses. "Buddhist Architecture in the· Jellalabad Valley," by Bro.
'<V. Sijmpson; "A History of Freemasonry in the United
In conclusion, the Permanent Committee desire to place States of America," by Bro. Rev. E. M. Myers; and '' A
on record, for the information of the Lodge, the high sense they History of the Lodge of Economy," by B.ro. T. Stoi_>her.
entertain of the untiring energy and unwearied diligence of From Bro. John Haigh; "By-Laws of the First '<Vorsh1pful
the Secretary, Bro. Speth. Masters' Association in Massachusetts,'' and Waterman's
R. F. GoULD, " History of St. Andrew's Royal Arch Chapter, Boston,
WILLIAM SIMPSON, 1769." From Bro. T. B. Whytehead; "Le Franc Magan tel
T. HAYTER LEWIS, qu'il doit,etre·" From Bro. :Mortimer; "Dallaway's Discourses
W. M. BYWATER, upon Architecture." From Bro. Hughan; Abbe Gyrs' "La
W. WYNN WESTCOTT. }'rancmagonnerie ;" "Book of Constitutions, 1841 ;" and his
photograph for the album. From Bro. Whymper; "Facsimile
of pen and ink sketch, Br. Mus. Add. MSS. 23675, fo. 2."
The WoRSHIPFUL MASTER said: The report was before From Bro. C. E. Meyer; "Eboracum, a song composed by
them and wotrld be regarded by all as a most gratifying indi. Bro. Pook." From Bro. Beck; "Ubersicht der Arbeitstage
cation of the progress made by the Lodge. It would be seen in den Werkstiitten des SiichsischenLogenbundes." From Bro.
that an addition of £5 to the annual grant for the Library Dorabjee Pestonjee Cama the following translations from the
was suggested, but there wa2 one further recommendation German, viz.-Rapp's "Religion and Custom of the Persians,
that did not, so to speak, appear in the programme and with etc.;" Kohut's " Jewish Angeology and Demonology;"
respect to which he had a few words to say. The report of Spiegel's "Avesta and the Genesis;" "The Zoroastrian mode
the Permanent and Audit Committee had gone out to tho of disposing of the dead;" Rhode's "Comparison of the Laws
members, and among them, of course, to Bro. W. J. Hughan, of Ormuzd with the Laws of Jehovah;" and Algier's
who had written to him (the W.M.) in consequence, suggest. " Persian and Jewish Doctrines;" also the following
ing that the sum d :£10 from each of the two funds-Lodge discourses by K. R. Cama, viz.-" On Freemasonry among
1md Correspondence Circle respectively-should be voted to the natives of Bombay;" "On the J\Iithraic 'Vorship ;" and
the Secretary in consideration of the vast amount of clerical " On Zoroastrians and Freemasonry;" as also Karaka.'s
labour which had become incidental to his "lffice. With this ''History of the Parsis ;" and Geiger's "Civilization of the
idea, the Worshipful Master continued. 19 perfectly con· Eastern Iranians;" translated by Sanjana.
curred, and had consulted the other members of the Perma. It was ordered that the thanks of the Lodge to the
nent and Audit Committee who ha·l signed the report of various donors be entered in the minutes, and a special vote
December 21st. The approval of Bro. Hugban's suggestion of thanks was tendered to Bro. Cama, Past Grand Treasurer,
being unanimous, he should move accordingly, as a. further for his numerous and valuable donations.
recommendation arising out of the report, that the sum of
:£10 from each of the two funds be voted as a compliment to
the Secretary. In the future be hoped that the compliment BRo. W. SIMPSON read the following paper:
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LoDGE Qu.ATUOR CoRONATI. 89

this condition of the sources of our knowledge, I am

TKE well aware, throws a doubt upon everything, and
'1'JCB.EE-FOLD DIVISION OF TEMPLES. might be said to invalidate all attempts at solution.
I oonfess that so far it does so, that it renders all
investigation difficult, but still with proper care and
THE Three Degrees of Masonry indicate the
enlarged comparison of data, when such can be
Thcee-fold Division which is the subject of this
found, something can, in most cases, be done to throw
pn.per, and this connection will, I have little doubt,
light and explanation on the symbols of the old.
be sufficient to attract the attention of my brother
world. I must ask that what has just been stated
craftsmen. may be borne in mind as we proceed in the present
I cannot tell you whether the subject has
ever been written upon before ; so far as my own enquiry.
Symbolism must have begun very early in the
reading has gone no work on it has chanC;ed to turn
up. My information is not only the result of read- history of religions rites, but it must have taken a
long time to reach the high development which we
in.g, but I have also had the advantage of observa-
tion during various travels in the east. For many find indicated within the historical period of our race.
years back I have been making notes, and these will The first temples must have been very simple in
:form the material for this paper. You will see their arrangement, and it may be concluded that the
:from what I have to tell you how almost universal three-fold division would belong to a comparatively
the three-fold division has been over the most late date. My notion is that it grew at first out of
of the old world, and that it has endured down to the conditions of temple service. That when the
the present day. How the wide extension of .Adytum became the Holy of Holies from the
religious rites and symbols took place in the past supposed presence in it of the Deity, and the priests
is a question that will present itself in relation to who served had become a distinct class and required
what I have got to lay before you: but I shall not a space exclusively for themselves, leaving an outer.
attempt anything in the form of an answer. This court for the ordinary worshippers, then this tri-
is a problem we are not, as yet, quite prepared to partite division came into existence.
solve; I feel sure that it will often be brought This was, I think, the first origin, but not the
before us in the papers that are likely to be read in final development. Temples, however simple they
this Lodge, and it will grow into a matter of high may have been at first, grew, through course o£
importance in our investigations, for the slight!lst time, to be complex accumulations of symbolism.
{)Onsideration will shew that if this matter could be The highest reach of this was when the temple
·explained we would be a very long way on our road came to be considered as a symbolical representation
towards discovering the connection with masonry of the Universe,-the Universe in this sense was the
and the systems of the far past. The paper I am real temple, and temples made with hands were only
about to read will, I hope, be a small contribution imitations of the great original,-a Macrocosm in
of data, which will shew the wide extension of one Microcosm.* It need not be assumed that all religous
idea: and i~ may, perhaps, bring home to our minds systems attained this final stage of high emblematic
the possibility that if the three-fold division of the signification, but there is evidence that it was
Masonic Lodge is similar to what existed in ancient attained to in some of the systems. The Masonic
times, then other points in the Masonic System may Lodge may be taken as a good example. The
be traced backwards with equal success. cardinal points as they are indicated, tell us clearly
There were other divisions besides the three- that this room represents the earth we dwell upon.
fold one which have influenced the arrangement of The rising of the solar luminary in the east; its
temples, but none of them have acted to that extent progress through the south ; and its setting in the
which the one under consideration seems to have west; all point to the celestial dome above, and the
done. symbolical tomb tells us of that third region, the
I have to confess that the signification of the under world; there, in this last, we have symbolised
three-fold division cannot be put into a reliable the great mystery of Life and Death, and Death and
iheory; but this difficulty is common to much of Life; those wonderful transitions constantly going
the symbolism of the past. In many cases we find on in the world, which appeared to be connected
the same symbol in a number of systems, and each with the highest manifestation of the Divine Power.
system has a different explanation to give of it. In .All life was supposed to come up from below,-all
some instances new meanings were in the course of vegetable life does, and animal life depends on
time given to symbols or to ceremonies, and often vegetable life,-from which idea sprang the old
the earlier signification would be lost; much of the title of "Mother Earth."t The constant change
old symbolism has come down to us without any ex- from life to death, and from death to life,t was not
planation at all, it became obscured through the lapse only a great mystery, veiled in darkness, it was at
of ages, through revolutions, or the fall of empires ; the same time looked upon, and naturally so, as the
the conquest of one country by another often led to most important function which takes place in the
the blending together of religious systems, and the world around us. .As this operation was the key, or
too frequent result is, that we have only the vague
guesses of a later time as our guide. In such in- • God,-whose house and temple wM this whole world.-Cicero, De
Legibus, b. ii.
vestigations as the present it is very essential to t Mother Earth.-" Who receives us at our birth, nourishes ua when
born, and ever afterwards supports us; lastly, emhracing us in her bosom,
bear all this in mind, beca-use we cannot in every when we are rejected by the rest. of nature, she then covers us with special
case accept the declarations of the past which have tendemess."-Pliny, Nat. Hist. b. ii, c. 63.
l Every living thing is produced from that which is dead, Plato iD
come down to us respecting its symbolism. Of course PluBdo, 57.
90 TRANSACTIONS OF THE .LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

it might be called the crown of all others so far as Evidence can be given, I think, that the three-
we see in the Universe, its symbolisation expressed fold division is of considerable antiquity. The
the es~ential action on which all existence depends. Egyptian Pyramids were, undoubtedly, temples as
Here 1t seems to me, if this view of the subject is well as tombs, and the great pyramid of Gizeh,
correct, we find in thA Masonic Lodge, with its although not the oldest, yet it is still of great ageo.
three-fold division and its rites, the most complete It so happens that in that vast mountain of Masonry
symbolical development; we have the Universe and there are exactly t"ilree chambers, and in the
it, deepest mystery represented to us in the form of principal chamber stands a coffin.. This pyramid
a temple with its ceremonies. may be looked upon as the most perfect development
The three-fold division came at some date which of this particular kind of monument, and from this
I cannot pretend to determine, to be looked upon as it might have been more symbolical than the others
a type of the three regions of the Universe. These in its intentions. Unfortunately, we have no account
were the heavens, or the sky above our head · the left to tell us what the bllilders meant by having
visible earth around us ; and that dark ' and three chambers, so that we cannot assume with
mysterious region beneath, which was variously certainty any theory about them ; all we can say is,

THE t!REAT PYRAMID OF GIZEH.

A-The King's Chamber, with S&rcophagul. B-Tbe Queen's Chamber. C-Tb.e Gr&Dd Galler.J, D-TheWeU.
E-The Entrance.

looked upon at different times as hades, hell, the that they form a marked feature in the constrnction
under world, as sheol, or the grave, and by all as of that unique monument.
the place of death. The connection between the The story of the deluge is a. pretty old .:.:ue,
temple and the tomb bears in a very direct manner and by it we can throw the three-fold division
on this subject. I could have wished to develop the back to a. very early period. The .Ark was ordered
two together, because the one illustrates the other, to be made "with lower, second, and third stories;"
but it would make this paper too extended to do so. as Theologians declare the .Ark to be a type of the
I must leave the temple and the tomb for another Church, I think we may accept it without hesitation
paper, but it had to be alluded to here, as the slight as a. case in point, and this conclusion will bepome
references I may make to the tomb part of the theory stronger as I proceed in tracing the three-fold
in this paper are not to be understood as exhaustive. division down through the Jewish and Christian
I must ask you to bear ;n mind that I may have to systems. I have mentioned the connection with
refer not to actual tombs, graves, or coffins ; but to death to be found in temples, and I can only tell
symbolical tombs, graves, or coffins; in some here that I have a curious oriental tradition that
instances the tomb is only a relic holder; and I may there was a dead body in the Ark, to which Noah
perhaps have to refer to tombs which bave the and his family directed their prayers ; the details of
character of a place of passage,-that is the passage this I will not trouble you with at present, but it
from this world to the next, when the tomb becomes must be evident that this tradition would tend to
a. gate or door. These remarks may save explana- confirm what is here claimed.
tions as I go along. The \hree Courts of the Tabernacle are so well
 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LonGE Quuuo& Co&ONATr. 91

known that no argnmen ts are required. J osep hps says, 'fhe plan of the temple was only an enlargement
regarding this place of worship and its ceremonies, of the Tabernacle, so whatever applies to the one
tbat,-"if any one do without prejudice, and with applies to the other.
jndgtnent, look upon these things, he will find they were Here again I can only refer to the tomb theory.
every one made in way of imitation and representation I believe that the Ark of the Covenant was a sym-
of the Universe ;"• in another place he states,- bolical coffin. I hope at another time to lay before
" however, this proportion of the measures of the you the evidence on this head; it is an important
Tabernacle proved to be an imitation of the system point in relation to Masonry, the derivation of the
of the World."t Judging by the explanations of lodge from the temple is sufficiently recognised, but
Josephus, he seems to have had the idea of this if it be accepted that the Ark had a reference to
cosmic symbolism, and to have overdone the appli- death, then the identity becomes much more complete.
cation of it ; for we find that almost everything in The Masonic Lodge is not the only continuation
the Tabernacle was an imitation of the system of the of the temple. The church claims also to be a lineal
world. He no doubt derived his notions from the descendant. The eastern church may be best to
Greeks, and on this account his theories have to a commence with, for there is, I think, a fuller sym-
certain extent to be discounted ;t one of the courts, he bolism in it than in the western church, and in this
11a.ys, denoted the sea; most probably this is taken matter of the three-fold division we have it in a
from the myth that Poseidon ruled the sea. This very distinct form. This arrangement is recognised
is a. curious point in the Greek system of the three- in the construction of the building. I have visited
fold division. Zeus ruled in heaven; Pluto in 11o good many of the Russian churches, including the
Hades; and instead of the visible world, which is U spenski Sobor, or Cathedral of the Assumption,
thus left between, being the realm of Poseidon,- in the Kremlin, at Moscow, this being a good typical
his domain is Okeanus. The three-fold division is example. The style of the old Russian churches is
here distinct enough, and I am inclined to suppose of Byzantine origin, hence they are thoroughly
that there was a well-founded reason for this varia- eastern. The main body of the church is a square
tion, but as yet a satisfactory explanation has not in plan,-the Uspenski Sobor is in this form, and so
presented itself.§ is the Isaac Cathedral at St. Petersburg, a much
later building. On the eastern side is the Holy of
Holies, containing the Altar. This is separated from
the body of the church by a solid screen, called
from the pictures upon it, the lconastasis, this
wall is understood to represent the veil of
the temple. This gives us the two divisions
HOL '(Of and the other is the porch on the western
HOLIE5 side, this was the Narthex, or Atrium; here the
catechumen were taught, and those not in full
communion could sit,-corresponding evidently to
our first degree.• This three-fold division W88
HOLY common to all eastern churches during the early ages
J'l~tt
of the christian era. There is a very old coptio
church in Old Cairo, which I visited and made a.
sketch plan; it might be described as a nave and
two aiales ; each of these divisions is looked upon
0 U T E R COURT as a separate church, and each has the three-fold
division within itself. The Abyssinian Church is
coptic, a branch of the eastern church: I accompanied
0 the Abyssinian expedition, and paid some attention
LAVlR to the churches of that country. At a place
called Dongola,-not the Dongola of the Nile, there
is a rock-cut church, said to date back to the fourth
century. It is in plan similar to the church just
0 described at Old Cairo. It has a nave and side
aisles forming three churches, and each is divided
ALlAR
into three parts. The places of worship which they
construct now are circular, and perfectly distinct,
PLA.N OF THE TEMPLE OF JERUSALEM. in their arrangement from anything I know of in other
christian churches. Th!ly are very rude structures,
• Antiquities, b. ill., o. vii., 7. t Antlqultiea, b. lii. c. vi., 4. being formed only of wattle-and-dab, on this
t The Cabllalist8, who are rupposed to have grown out 011 the apecuia-
tlons of the Alexandrine GreekB, from which Philo and Josephus derived account none of them-at least none that I saw-are
their ideas, held that "the Tabernacle made by Moses was a model of the
UniverBe In Miule.ture." Letters on Mythowgy, London, 1748, p. 245. ancient ; still the type may be old enough. They
0 Joaephus describes the High Priest's Crown, as being made "with are formed of two concentric circles, the space between
swa.thes of blue embroidered, and round it wa.s a golden crown polished,
of three rows, on& above another."-Jos. iii., c. vii., 6. The papa{ tiara, also forming the outer court, this is called Kunyeh-
the head·dress of a high priest, has three crowns. There Is, I think an
historice.I explanation of these le.st,-which I have been Inclined to do~bt, • RUBSian Chnrch.-''The Church is divided Into three partB,-tbe
believing that the one was a copy of the other, and that they represented entraiij:C, the body of the church where the pupiiB stand, and the altar
the three regions of the Universe. This is, of course., a mere matter of place. This is In imitation ofthe ~mpleofSolomon. whlchwaaalsodil'ided
opinion. Josephw; 8&.YS that the blue colour or the high priest's mitre Into thNe distinct parta."-l\ite• anct Ctremoniet of the Qreco·RUIIian
meant heaven.-Jos. iii., c.1>ii., 7. So far this admit.. a cosmic&! symbolism Church, by H. C. Romanotr, p. 82.
being connected with lt.
92 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

Mahelet, or place of a hymn, from the singers being striking thing on looking back here is that of the
here, and generally the most of the congregation. variations to be found in what may be called one
Within these two circles is the Holy of Holies, it is system-for in a sense the Jewish and Christian
square in form and contains the .Altar,-none but may be so classed,-we have differences in form and
the priests enter here. The space between the Holy · arrangement, as well as differences in ceremonial
of Holies and the inner circle forms the second and ritual ; if we add the Masonic as one of the
court, and I saw those who receive the Sacrament in branches from this system, the variety becomes still
this division. It is administered at the western door more remarkable,-and at the same time, the one
of the Holy of Holies, but although the door was thing which remains clear and distinct through it all,
open the Altar could not be seen, for within the door is the three-fold division.
there are two poles on which a cloth is hung to I have already alluded to the Great Pyramid,
represent the veil of the temple. There are a great but so far as I have read no reference to the three~
many Jews in .Abyssinia, they are called Falashas; I fold division of the Universe has turned up in the
did not see any of their places of worship, but was told Egyptian system. The under world, called by them
they were also three-fold, like the christian churches, the land of .Amenti, was, as disclosed in the Funeral
the only difference being that the door was in the Ritual, a wonderful region through which the soul
east, while in the other it was in the west. In Tigre, passed to immortality and bliss. Hermes was called
or N orthcrn Abpsinia, the churches are square. I "Trismegistus," and "Three-fold,"* but these were
visited one at a place called .Adigerat, it was built of Greek ideas of a late time,-and we now know how
stone, the Holy of Holies was the same as in the the Greeks blundered about things in Egypt. .As
round structures, this was enclosed in four walls, we have no expression to guide us as to inteniiion,
which formed the body of the church, and the we cannot speak with certainty in relation to the
second court; but the outer court was only a Great Pyramid. .All that can be said is that it hc_s
porch or division in the western end of the latter. The three chambers. There is the "King's chamber,"
round form being common to the south, it has with the sarcophag-us, this being the largest ·and
been suggested that the form may have been most important of the three; below that is the
derived from the round .African hut. On this point " Queen's chamber;" lower still, and. cut in the
I cannot pretend to give an opinion. rock, is the last, which is known as "the Well."
However important the three-fold division may
have been in the early Eastern Church, the vVestern w
Church seems to have lost it. In Rome, as well as
in other places, I have made minute inquiries of
priests and others as to ·whether it was recognised
in the arrangement of the church; the answer has
always been in the negative. Were it not for the
Eastern Church it might be said with every appear- 111111111 IIIII llllllllt@
ance of truth that this peculiar feature of the Jewish
Temple had not been continued in the Christian
~ J :::: 8 :A: 8 C; t!l w
IUIIIUI IIUg llllll •
Church. Knowing the practice of the Early
Chmch, some survival of it, I thought, might be
expected; and this we find in the order of the
priesthood. There are three orders :-the sub-
Deacon ; the Deacon ; and the Priest. There is a
seven-fold division combined with this,-another
w
number of importance, already alluded to, in the
construction and arrangement of temples. 'I.' he seven GENERAL PLAN OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE.
is produced in this c·ase by four initiatory orders : - BY SIR I. GARDNER WILKJ)ISON. Murray's Handbook for Egypt, Ed. 1858.
these are the Ostiarius, or door-keeper; the Lector, W. W. W.-Crude brick wall of the temnos, "grove," or sacred enclosure
A.A.A.-Three propylons or Pylons. B. B. B.-The Dromos of Sphinxos
or reader; the Exorcist ; and the .Acolyte, which C-The Pronaos or Portico. D-The .Adytum [Sekos] or Sanctuary
includes candle bearers, incense bearers, and torch
bearers, in the service at the Altar. The indication The plans of Egyptian temples are well known,
of the three-fold division is here perfectly distinct, they vary to a considerable extent, but there seems
and it will be noticed that the Priest is the third or to have been a uniform intention throughout them
highest; a Bishop is only a Priest, in the Roman Cath- all. This can be illustrated in a very simple manner
olic Church this ecclesiastical rank is looked upon m; by referring to Sir Gardner Wilkinson, who is a
the'· Glorification oft he Priest." The Pope himself is recognised authority in Egyptian matters, and was
only a. Bishop. There is some interest attached to the author of the early edition of Murray's hand
this point, as it bears on the question of degrees in book for Egypt. .At page 26l,t he gives the plan of
Masonry. I have ahvays held that there can be
nothing beyond the Third Degt·ce, and the whole of The Greek Hermes conveyed the souls to Hades;- the following ilil
)1-

from the £neid :-

this paper becomes part evidence on the subject. I " But first he grasps within his a"rful hand,
have now only to refer to the Chureh of England Tbe mark of sovereign power, his magic wand:
With this he draws the g-hosts from hollow ~raYcs:
which also retains a survi>al of the tripartite form With this he drives them down the Stygian waves :
in the order of the ministry. In this case it is the With this he seals in sleep the wakeful sight,
And eyes, though closed in death, restores to light. B. iv. 24L
Deacon, the Priest, and the Bishop; thus giving us There is a Masouie flavour about tbis which justifies the quotation.
a slight variation from the Chureh of Rome. The t My edition to which I here refer has the date of 185S.
 TBANsAOTIOliB 011 TBJ: Lo:oo)!l QUATUOB CoBOJ.Un. 93

an Egyptian temple,-not of any particular temple, divine presence ; the ProDaOB was fo.r ~he priests or
but one that gives the general features, so as to worshippertJ to approach the- diVImt.y ; and th&
convey to travellers an idea of the arrangement. to ground round the temple had to be separated and
be found in them all. Firat there is a Holy of Hohes, consecrated so that it- would not be used in any way
called .th~ sekos,-" for holding the sacred ark of the for purposes antagonistic or on~ of harmony w~t~ ~h3
Deity.'! In front of this sanctuary was the pronaoa, worship of God. Although this three-fold dtv1s10n
forming the second court, and the whole was sur- oan be clearly e:noug~ traced in the temples, we ~aye
rounded by a. wall forming the temnos. There were no evidence that the earlier Greeks connected It m
pylons and dromos of sphinxes, but these were any way with the three-fold division of they niverse;
secondary, and depended on the size or the import- and the ideas which are supposed to have.wfluenced
ance .of the tern ple. Now the remarkable thing here Philo and Josephus were no doubt those ofthe later
is that we have a. plan whigh coincides exactly with Greeks of the Alexandrine period.
the plan of the tabernacle. If the one was in thr~e
divisions one can scarcely affirm that the other 1s The Gnostic system might be referred to, as it
not. either grew out of t.he speculations of the Alexandrine
period, or _at least was largely influenced by it. The
The three-fold division of the Universe, which Kabbalists who belonged to t.he same time, have
finds such marked expression among the old Greek already been alluded to. Matter, in his !Jistoire
writers, has been already alluded to. J t is as old at Critique du Gnosticisme, gives a number of d1agrams
least as the time of Bomer. He makes Poseidon of the Gnostic system of the Universe, and in them
say:-'· For we are three brothers (descended) from the three-fold division is a very marked feature. I
Kronos, whom Rhea brought forth: Zeus and I, and can only here refer to these; for without drawings it
Hades, governing the infernal regions, the third ; would be difficult to describe them. Some are en
all things were divided into three parts, and each forme humaine, and these also present a tripartite
was alloted his dignity."• The following is from character. There are other divisions, and the number
Ovid:-" There is a spot in the middle of the world, seven is very common. Here again I may mention
between the land and the sea, and the regions of that the three-fold division and the seven-fold were
heaven, the confines of the three-fold Universe, intimately connected. Each of the three divisions
whence is beheld whatever anywhere exist.s."t The was often divided into seven. The Jews held that
same .thing is expressed in the triform character of there were seven heavens and 11even earths. The
Hecate, who was Luna in heaven; Artemiij on earth; Kaaba at Mecca is also built on the seven earths,
and Hecate oc Proserpina in the under-world. In exactly under the seven heavens. Here we find the
this last it will be seen 'that the earth was one of key to the seven hills on which Rome and Constan-
the regions, and not the sea, aa in the Olympian tinople are supposed to stand, and to the seven
system ; still both are tripartite, and as the idea churches of the Apocalypse, and at the same time to
was prominent with the Greeks it may have been the groups of seven churches to be found in various
common, although ancient literature may have not parts of the world. It is very common in Italy to
recorded it, to all the races.round the Mediterranean find on the side chapels in cathedrals or large
As already stated, the probability is, that it was churches, the words " unum ex septem," indicating
from the Greeks that Josephus derived his particular that seven is the supposed number of these chapels.
explanation of the Tabernacle. Now the curious I could add along list of illustrations of this number,
thing is that I have come upon no reference of this but enough has been given to shew that it has
three fold division by the Greeks themselves to their affected the construction of temples as well as the
own Temples,-a.nd I have been formany years past three. The two numbers are so intimat.ely connected,
noting all passages bearing on the subject; still my it was all but necessary to point out their relation-
reading of books relating to Greek ideas has not been ship. The seven-fold division may have had its
so extensive as to entitle me to say that no reference of first starting point in the seven planets,•-but from
the kind exists. The arrangement of Greek Temples whatever source it came, it finally resulted in
was very much the same as those of Egypt ; and cosmical symbolism,-the seven heavens and the
consequently they also bore a. strong resemblance to se-.en ea.rths,-a.nd this helps >ery strongly to sustain
the general plan of the Tabernacle. There is some my theory of the three-fold division.
variety in the plans of Ctreek temples, but generally
the structural or house part was divided into two,- Among the rude stone monuments of our own
these were the Cella or Naos, and the Pronaos, country there are two which stand out prominently
oorresponding to the Holy of Holies and the Holy from their size and importRnce, and in them the
place of the Tabernacle ; the ground round the house, triple arrangement of parts is a marked featnre.
-the Temnos, was sacred and enclosed, thus giving These are A bury and Stonehenge. The restorations
us the counterpal;'t to the outer court of the which have been made of Stonehenge, all agree in
Tabernacle. The Greek temple when thus simplified the form of the two out.er circles, and most of then:.
seems only a. repetition of the Jewish and Egyptian. represent the inner enclosure as being of a horse shoe
This three-fold division, as I have already stated. form, with the open space towards the north-
may have grown out of the natural conditions con- east. This encloses what is called the " altar
nected with the worship. The Cella contained the stone," a.nd is composed of five great trilithons,
statue or symbol of the Deity, and necessarily
acquired a. sanctity due to the Bt1pposition of the • I •m rather Inclined to tbe ouppoaltloo that the symbolism of the
number Mnn originated In ite being the fourth p•rt of twenty·cight,-the
d•ys of tht lun&r month ;-the lunar mooili being oldor than the solar.
• Iliad, b. :rv. 188. t llcletamorpb, b. :dl. 18. J.. yet ootblog oert.ain can he declared on tho au bjeet.

ll
 94 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI.

these regions are called. circles; one is the circle of

Abred, in which are all corporeal and dead existence;
another iR called the Circle of Gwynvyd, in which
are all animated and immortal beings ; the third is
the Circle of Ceugant, where there is only God.
This last is the same as heaven, Abred is the under-
world, and Gwynvyd is the visible world. Here is
the same three-fold division we have had before,
but whether Stonehenge and Abury were meant to
be expressions of this I have no direct evidence.

-; --
with an inner line of smaller stones,• thus
giving us the three-fold. division in a. very
marked manner. Abury is not generally so well-
known as Stonehenge, but it is the grandest monu-
ment of the kind in this country; if size in this esse
is any guide it must have been the Canterbury THE THREE-FOLD DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSE.
Cathedral of the period. Stonehenge is scarcely AS GITliN Ill TBK DRUIDIC BYSTBK.
one hundred feet in its outer diameter, while Abury " There are three cireles of existence : The rircle of Ceuga.nt, where
measures twelve hundred feet. It is formed of one there is nothing but God, or living or dead, and none but God can traverse
It; the circle of Abred, where all thin~ are by nature derived from death,
great circle, which encloses two others,-the one on a.nd man has traversed it; and the ctrcle of Owyn~d, where all thlnga
the north is three hundred and fifty feet in diameter, spring from life, ,.nd man sha.ll traverse ii in lteaven.'
From Barddas, a collection of original documents, Illustrative
r.nd the other on the south is three hundred and of the theoloey. wisdom, ami usages of the Bardo-Druiclic System
twenty-five feet in diameter,-but they are not con- of the Isle of Britain.
By the .Rn. J. Willianu, ab Ilthd., Jf•.A., VoL l.
centric in this case, each of these inner circles is com-
p'Jsed of two concentric circles. It will !>e seen
that the three-fold division can be traced in The tendency of the human mind to symbolism is so
two ways; looking on the great circle as being great, that we may suppose these old stone circles
what I may call the first degree, the second and third had some meaning in their arrangement, and pos!l,i-
might be in the two inner circles; or each of these bly they had, as we find in other parts of the world,
'~ ~rcLes might have been a temple in itself, the two
Rn"me reference to the Great Temple of the Universe. •
concentric circles in each case forming the second I propose now to take you to the farther east
and third courts.t We know very little about what of India. and China, and shall begin with the Hindus.
is commonly called the Druids or their religion, and In the sacred books of th-e Brahmins there are
I understand that many of the books which have references to innumerable Lokas, or regions uf the
come down to us-I mean the Welsh books of a post Universe, but the" Three Worlds '' is a very constant
Druidic period-are very apochryphal, hence it is phrase. It is expressed at times as Tripura, or
difficult to obt.ain reliable data on this subject ; and " Three Cities; " Siva, among his many names is
we are far from having settled ideas as to the meaning called Triloka, as he rules in the three regions. The
or purpose of the old remains of the monuments which • "Erasmo di Valvasone in his poem of TM Chase fully describes
have been left to us. Still there are a number of Arthur's initiation into all the mysteries of the three worlds, which took
plaee when he was out hunting in a forest, and pursued a hind to a mount,
testimonies to the f~tct that three orders existed; situated in a plain, covered with atones arranged in giro, circularly. n
these were the Bards, the Vates, an<i the Druids.t Britannia ajter the Romans, p. 115-
" It is therefore most probable, that the only tombs of .Arthur are the
This we have independently of the Welsh writers ; circle of great stones representing the mystery of the world ; and that his
but from these Bardic authorities there is a uniform sepulture therein is the same as his imprisonment for three nights in the
pnson of Owen Pendragon and in the rites of apotheosis, and does not
concurrency of statement that the Druids taught the signify that any real man's bones were there deposited." Ibid, p. 109_
The italics above are not mine_ I s.m under the impression that the
idea of there being " three regions of existence-,'' Author of Britannia after the Romans was named Herbert, and that he
was the uncle of the present Earl of Carnarvon, and that he was a profound
• There has been some discussion respecting the antiquity of fU<>ne· Welsh •cholar; I have alao the impression that he was more reliable tha.n
benge. The great Sarsen stones have been tooled to a certain extent, most wiiters on Bardic subjects; if I am right in this, his words are valuable
which l..,..sumed to be exceptional and indicative of a late period. lam in reference to my paper; so far as the quotations bear on that, I leave them
willing to accept the supposition that the inner horae-shoe of sma.ller to speak lor themselves, but they ought also to interest all Craftsmen who
"Blue Stones," as they are called, is older than ihe others. II this Is the have the slightest leaning to the Archreology of Masonry ; and the Rude
case, it would prove that the three-fold clivision- il such Is intended In Stone Monuments of our own and other countries, should il this Author ill
this monument-did not belong to its first design. not talking nonsense, possess a new and attractive character. I have lonJr
been under the idea that the Dolmens, or Kist.-aens, had been used for
t The remains at Stanton Drew have been olescribed u beinglormedb7 mystic rites; they are tombs, but as they have never been covered over
three circles with a dolmen in the centre. with earth, they werenot plact'S of burial in the cemmon BCeeptation of
l Strabo, b. iv., c. 4. that word.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 95

mythical heroes of Avatars are often described as ceremony, which was performed by the King
conquering the Three Worlds, and as ruling in them; Dutthagamini, he said:-" Thrice over do I dedicate
Vishnu in the Dwarf .A.vatar took three steps, and my kingdom to the redeemer of the world, tha
by these he went over the Three Worlds. In the divine teacher, the bearer of the triple canopy, the
Prem Sagar, Krishna is called " The Lord of the canopy of the heavenly host, the canopy of mortals,
Three W orfds," and "The Splendour of the Three and the canopy of eternal emancipation." The
Worlds." The sacred Ganges is supposed to traverse umbrella was one of the emblems of royalty in India,
the Three Worlds. I could give you a large amount and is so at the present day; it is a very ancient
of references of this kind, their value at present symbol of dominion. The triple umbrella is
would only be to show how widely accepted this evidently understood by Dutthagamini to have
division of the Universe has been in the past. represented the celestial region, the region of
.Although this is the basis on which I think the mortals, and I take the region of eternal emancipa-
three-fold division of temples was principally tion, or Nirvana, to be the tomb. If this interpreta-
founded, yet I know of no Brahminical temple in tion is right, and I see no reason to doubt it, these
which it finds expression. The temples of Siva are temples, for the Tope was undoubtedly so with the
simply square cells which contain the symbol of their Buddhists, did not contain the three-fold division in
God, and they have not even a temnos round them. their arrangement, but those which had the triple
The temples of Vishnu are more complicated, and are umbrella bore on their summits a marked reference
peculiar to Southern India, but I have never found to the three regions of the Universe.*
any indications in them of the peculiar division I am In the Buddhist order of Monks, which was
dealing with, still I am inclined to suppose that the essentially a priesthood, we have that division into
Hindus had some idea that temples symbolised the three grades, which has been already referred to in
Universe; in support of this I can give an inscription other systems, and to which I attach some import-
from a tablet quoted by Tod in his Rajasthan, it ance in connection with this subject. The first were
refers to the building and dedication of a temple. the " Srawaka," or hearers, the lowest order of
The words are:-" Here at Mahanal, the lord of the Buddhist monks; the second were the" Pratyeka";
land, Mahadeva, made a mindra," that is a temple,- the highest class were the '' Bodhisatwas," who had
"in whose variously sculptured wall this treasure reached to true intelligence. There were three classes
(the tablet) is concealed. This (the temple) is an of books adapted to these orders ; the Vinaya was
epitome of the Universe, whose pinnacle sparkles like for the first, the Sutras for the second, and the
a gem.*" I have also seen sculptures where temples Abhidharma, or " S1:1preme Law," was for the third.
were represented supported by elephants, and the In the rock-cut temples we have the Viharas, or
elephants standing on a tortoise, this being the Buddhist monasteries left as perfect as when the
Hindu notion of the manner in which the world is monks were in them, but we have no evidence that
supported. The great Kylas temple of Ellora, which they contained any special arrangements in refer-
is all cut out of the solid rock, stands on elephants, ence to the three orders. In the Chaitya temples
and I should imagine from this that the tortoise is there was at least a division between the monks and
supposed to be underneath. So far as symbolism the laity, and a three-fold division, as a supposition,
was intended, I should say from what I know of might. be easily pointed out; but as we have no
Hindu ideas, it is not the division of the Universe knowledge as to intention, no conclusion, as already
that was intended by a Saiva temple, but what was indicated, can be drawn.
supposed to be the principal power in nature which It may be noticed here that the four castes of
sustained all things; and hence it was "an epitome the Brahmins were, in reality, only three. The Sudras,
of the Universe," as Tod translates the words into or the fourth, were the great mass of the population,
his own language. and it is distinctly stated that they had no caste; it
The great object of veneration with the necessarily re;;ults from this that the othc1· three
Buddhists was a structure known by the name of only had that distinction. We, as :Masonic Brahmins,
Tope, Stupa, Dagoba, and Chaitya. This monument might as well describe Europe as being uivi<lL·d into
was circular and dome shaped. It was a develop- three degree11, and the rest of the population having
ment from a tomb ; a lineal descendant of the no degree, formed a fourth. I am not quite sure
primitive Mound or Cairn. The Tope was solid, how far a tripartite division of this sort bears on my
with, in most of them, only a small cell to contain subject, more particularly when I can produce no
the ashes of some holy person. Some were put up structural temple to correspond with it. I think
simply as monuments, but they were essentially that it is not altogether foreign, and it ought to be of
shrines of relic worship. In the time when Buddhism interest to masons, as the information may form a
prevailed in India these monuments might be connecting link in the future when further discoveries
counted by hundreds and thousands. Each was * In Bunna a Stupa. is called TsC-.dee; they are,-" square, three·
surmounted with three umbrellas, at least that was storeyed ones with external flights of steps, one on each face, leading up
to shrines or sanctuaries; as are still to be seen at Thatun and Pug-an.
the number in the eentral and southern parts of But the normal shape which the tsC-dec takes in Burma. is that ·of a. cone or
India; in the Punjab and across the Indus the circular pyramid. ot solid brickwork supported on a equare base and
crow·ned by a tapering spire of gilt iron-work, formed in three crhwns,
number varied. It so chances that an explanation called a htee, bearing a. strong resemblance in its shape to the Pope's tiara,
of the triple umbrella has come down to us in the and typical of the Buddhist triad."-Bttrma Past and Pr"sent, by Lieut.-
Gen. .Fytche, C.S.I.- Vol. II., p. 164. The ht'e of the Burmese
.Mahawanso ;t in that book there is an account of the tse-de• corresponds to the triple umbrella of the Indian Stupa, and it will
be seen that the Burmese explanation differs from that gin.'n in Ceylon by
dedication and building of a Tope. In the dedication DutthagaminL This is a good illustration of the condition ilt which
ancient symbolism has come down to us. It is just. possible that both
• Vol. ii., p. 748. explanations might be traced back to one original source. The Buddhist
t The date of the Alahawanso is 477 A.D. Triad is given in a note below.
 96 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CouoNATI

a.nd investigations bring new facts to light. It may reception of neophytes are here carried through to
be mentioned that, although much has been done, their completion.
yet archreology, as a correct science, is still in its "I expect that. there is a Chiay tae in every
infancy. Explorations with the spade, as well as large mouastecy, or m most of them, but this is the
e~plorations into oriental literature, are only begin- best known in the neighbourhood of the capital.
mng. Our knowledge of ancient symbolism is still "At small monasteries priests are admitted with
in a very nebulous condition ; wild theorists have !ass formalities than in large ones. The first terrace
done much to damage the study, and hard-headed,- IS for Buddha, the second for the written law and
perhaps I should say clear-headed,-archreologists the third for the monastic community.• '
too often disdain to note data that -would be " The neophyte enters into responsible relation
important to students in this line of enquiry. to all.three. He leaves the sea of misery where he
It it; only a few years ago that a French wa.s without a helpE'r and attaches himself to Buddha,
N aturalist• hunting for butterflies in the jungles of who occupies the position of a Redeemer. He
Cambodia, came by chance on the ruins of a vast escapes from ignorance into the knowledge of Budd-
temple, which has suffered very little from the ~ist ~octrine. He gives up worldly enjoyments and
effects of time. The French have published a large sms m order to enter on what he expects to find-
work describing it ; and we are indebted in this the pure life of the monks, far from the turmoil of
country to Mr. Thompson, a practical photographer, city crowds.
who carried his camera to the spot, for a very " It is to symbolize this three-fold refuge that he
complete account of it, and also for a plan. It is is made to pass along the railed pathway round three
known as N akhon W at; for size it ranks among the terraces rising successively in height before be
largest temples in the world. It stands on a plat- arrives in the presence of the venerable robed abbot
form llOO by 1080 yards in extent, surrounded who admits him to the Buddhist spiritual life."t
by a moat 230 yards wide. Tht:J fagade of the outer This note, as it describes an innitiatory cere-
court is over 600 feet long; and the great central mony, must possess some interest in a Masonic point
tower is 180 feet high. As the place is quite of view. The temple in this case does not represent
deserted now it is a puzzle how such a large struc- the three regions of the Universe; still, as the
ture came into existence there; but to Indian neophyte passes from a world of sin into another
archreologists it is a. still greater puzzle to explain that is pure and spiritual, a cosmic symbolism is
how the peculiar style of architecture reached the perceptible.
locality. It is covered with sculptures, which are As an additiona1 evidence that symbolism ol
rather mixed in their mythology,_but it is supposed, thi~ kind may be possible among people of the
although it is not quite certain, to have been a C~mese. type, I shall quote one authority on
Buddhist Temple. The important point to us at the this pomt :-" They have endeavoured to model
present moment is that the three-fold division is their government after nature and the laws of the
very distinct in its construction. It contains three visible heavens. Even their military stand~trds
quadrangles, one within the other, very nearly and royal palaces are supposed to have a resemblance
square; each of them occupying a terrace about to celestial objects."! There is a symbol called Yin
fifteen or twenty feet higher than the one beneath. Yang which means Heaven and Earth, and this the
Here in this case we are not quite sure of the religion Chinaman connects with almost, everyth'in"' in his
to which the temple belonged, or the ideas of those life. The common mound tombs of the po;rE'st in-
who erected it. 'rhis being the case Mr. Thomp~on dividual is a representation of Yin Yang.§ The
in his account gives a note from Dr. Edkins, the Emperor is Yang, or Heaven; he is called the" Son
well-known writer on Chinese Buddhism; and as of Heaven," and is looked upon as God's Vice-
this triple terrace is also fo!lnq in China, what. Dr, gerent upon earth. With these ideas no surprise
Edkins· states I transcribe: It is headed "Admission need be felt at the statement of Gutzlaff's, quoted
to the Buddhist Vows on the Triple Terrace." above, respecting palaces in China. Were I writing
exclusively to expand Chinese ideas much could be
" Buddhist priests are received into the monastic said to illustrate them, but I content myself with
community of that religion in great numbers at the this short and general description; it will be enough,
monastery called Chiay tae sze, near Peking. This I hope, to enable my hearers to follow what is to be
beautifully situated monastery commands a fine view said. The city of Peking is itself arranged on the
of the Hwun-ho and the Peking plain. three-fold idea and is in plan identical with the
"The name Chiay tae means Vow Terrace. The N akhon W at of Cambodia. The terraces are want-
Vow Terrace is in a square building on the east of the ing, but it is composed of three square enclosures
hall, in which are placed the principal images. It
is built of carved stone and is triple. The disciple • This Is the well-known triune d•ification of the Buddhists. It is
generally known as Buddha Dhanna and Sangha ;-that is Buddha, the
ascends the lower terrace at the back. Going round Law or ~'alth, and the Congregation or Church. It should be noted that
the Buddhist Triad is here associated with three places. or degrees of
it he ascends the middle terrace, and after going initiation ; and the triple umhrella as well as the htee., mentioned above, as
round it in the same way he ascends the npper. On representing the triad, might equally symbolise three places. I suggest
this as a probable means of harmonizing the two explanations.
reaching the top, after three times making the t The Strait$ of Afalacca, Indo-China, and China, by J. Thompson,
circuit, he finds himself in front of the abbot and F.R.G.S., p. I38.
his assessors. The abbot sits on a throne which t Gutzlaff.
faces the south, and the assessors, two on each side, § Chwang-tsze, a celebrated Taouist writer, sa.id before his death,-
" I will have heaven and earth for my sarcophagus, the sun and ~:;.oon
face the east and the west. The ceremonies for the shall be the insignia when I lie in state, and all creation shall b 3 the
mourners at my funeral." There is a wide cosmic symbolism in these
• M. Mouhot. words, but they a.re correct enough, his tomb would represent the Yin Yang.
 TRANsACTIONs OF THE LoDGE QuATJOR CoroNATr. 97

within each other. The outer city wall is m~arly a made of earth, the form being that of a square plat-
square, each side being about four miles in length: form, the length of which is about the size of the
within this is another wall, not quite a rectangle, grave; on this a round mound is heaped up to a
this contains a third enclosure which surrounds the height of about four or five feet. The Canon states
imperial palace. I have no authority for the suppo- that,-" the mound is called heaven (T'een) and the
sition of meaning in this arrangement except it be square on which it stands is called earth (Te).
the quotation given above, and from a general know- These are the father and mother of all things. The
ledge of Chinese ideas. In China a road, bridge, or place where the coffin is placed inside the mound is
quay cannot be constructed, nor the site of a house, called Yin Te, literally Dark Earth. Yin is the female
tower, palace, or a grave, selected without going principle of nature. Yin Keen, is Hades, or the
through a most elaborate process of geomancy. The dark division of the Universe, situated in the bowels
ground, the hills, and the wat~r have to be minutely of the earth; Yang Keen is the upper world or
studied. Dr. Edkins states in relation to this, that light division of the Universe. Yang signifies "light,"
"the geomancer calls all high land lung, and all low and Yin "darkness." The former is called God, and
land shui. The dragon rules the high land, and the latter Demon. The grave is called Yin Tsih, the
water the low land. The chains of hills which dark house, and a man's dwelling when in life is his
almost encircle Peking are the protecting dragon, Yang Tsih, or house of light. The term 'i'sih, a.
which is believed to ensure its prosperity."* The house, includes the palace, the magistrate's office,
same authority adds that the site of imperial the temple, the dwelling house, and the tomb. Here
tombs are selected with bills IOnnd them to I must introduce an explanation to make clear what
have the protection of the dragon. The common is to follow : in some of the more elaborate tombs the
mound tombs in the North of China, when situated mound on the grave is made triple, a smaller mound
on level ground have a ridge of earth formed like a is made on each side abutting on the central one ;
crescent on one side for the same purpose. the Chinese character for hill or mountain, Shan, is

l TOMB OF YUNG-LO, MING DYNASTY, NEAR PEKING.

Published by permission of the Soc. Bib!. ArchllJology.

When sailing up the Peiho to Pekin, I noticed this derived from this, it is formed of three upright
orescent as a marked feature. On the north of the strokes, connected below with a fourth line,-the
palace in Peking there is au artificial hill, this I shape being that of a trident. The Canon continues
suppose is another protecting dragon. The point I - " T'een, 'l'e, and Jin; or Heaven, Earth, and Man,
wish to make out here. is that in selecting a site for are the three great powers of nature,"-thai is
the city, with the hills encircling it, and in the making according to Chinese ideas,-" the triple mound is
of an artificial hill close to the palace we have Heaven as a whole and divides into three Phalli,
evidence of intention in the whole plan, and this representing the triplication of this Crelus, who is
gives ns every reason to assume that the three-fold the chief deity of the Chinese." Kang-hi states
division is not an accident. in his dictionary that the three mounds in these
I think that the following notes, for which I am graves represent "Heaven, Earth, and Man. The
indebted to the late Canon McClatchie, are worth square on which the triplication stands represents
giving here, as they shew the ideas of 11ymbolism of t.he Earth." This note is of importance from its
the Chinese regarding tombs and temples. It must giving a three-fold division of the Universe, which I
be understood that in the north of China tombs are think is implied by the three powers-Heaven, Earth,
• Chinese Buddhlao, p. 11M.
and Man. The ideas here expressed shew, I think,
98 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR 00RONATI.

a very elaborate system of symbolism which the

Chinese carry out in most of their structures.
When in Peking I visited the great wall, and
on the way, about twenty miles to the north of
Peking, are the Ming tombs. There are thirtPen of
them, but we only inspected the principal one, that
-~ -
of Yung-lo. Our time was short, but I was able to
make a plan of it. The tomb is a large mound about
six or seven hundred feet in circumference. There
is a retaining wall round the lower part of the
mound; to the south of the mound and attached to
it is a large rectangular enclosure, about twelve
hundred by five hundred feet in extent. Within
this enclosure are a number of buildings in
which, while the Ming dynasty existed, the
Emperor for the time being, came and performed IIIPERIAL

the necessary rites. The great ancestral hall, 1\.n1 n-.u

which contains the Emperor's tablet, is one of the
finest buildings T saw in China. The whole forms
a large and magnificent temple of ancestr~l worship.
I did not learn the exact purpose or meamng of each
of its parts, but without doubt we may suppose that in
such a splendid shrine Chinese ideas would find
a full and complete expression. My plan shews the
rectangular enclosure with two transverse walls,
dividing it into three parts. The great altar, formed
of two blocks of beautiful stone twenty-five feet
long, and the mound in which lies the body. of
Yung-lo, being-in the third division. That the triple
division is here intended receives some confirmation
from what Dr. Edkins states regarding the temple
of anceRtors in Peking. He says "it is called Tai-
Meaou, the ' great temple,' and is divided into thr~e
principal bien or halls, and several smaller.*" This
last is one of the Imperial temples.
I!!. Peking there are a number of temples which
are entirely separated from the religion of the
people. In these the Son of Heaven appears and
officiates as High Priest. There is no congre-
gation or audience, the Emperor only, attended
by the necessary functionaries, is present. The s
principal of these shrines is the Great Temple of GROUND PLAN OF THE TEMPLE OF HEAVEN, PEKING.
Heaven, which I managed to visit and made sketches Published by permission of the Soc. Bibl• .Arch(£(Jlogy.
and plans of it. I believe du Halde gives a plan, (Note--High Altar at the top should read North Altar.)
but it is worthless, and I have not seen any other in the Tern ple of He a v~n we have three round. t~r-;ace~;
except my own. It will not be necessary to give giving TI8 an illustratiOn of the thr~e-~old division .m
you a full account of this temple, but I could wish the most important place of worship m the C~lestial
to do so, for it is one of the most peculiar a_nd Empire. These terrace temples have acqmred a
interesting temples in the world. I shall deal With peculiar interest; the ancient temples of the
little more than the necessary details which are Euphrates Valley were in terraces, the number three,
connected with my subject. It is situated i~ the so far as we know was not universal in these,-th&
Chinese part which is a suburb on the south side of great one at Borsippa was in seven terrace_s,_ in
Peking. You must first imagine an enclosed space relation to the seven planetil. Recent speculatwns
about the size of the Regent's Park, within this regarding the ancient Accadians and Chinese, wb~
there are in reality two distinct temples, and books are supposed to be ethnographicall~ the same, a~e
of travel generally describe the least important of leading to points of identity being discovered, and It
these, it being the more imposing, and often leave is not improbable that all these te?'~ce temples may
out the more important one, of which they say yet be traced back to a common origm.
nothing. What is called the south altar, is the one The north altar at Peking is also formed of three
where the Emperor officiates on the night of ~he terraces, but on the top of these stands around temple,
winter solstice, and also at the summer solstiCe. surmounted by a triple roof of blue glazed tiles : ea~h
It is called an altar, &.nd this is not incorrect, for roof being less in diameter than th~ one ~elow .It.
there is no house. N akhon W at in Cambodia, as When this temple was first erected 1t was mtended
already described, is com posed of three square terraces, that Heaven and Earth should be both worshipped
Religion in China, p. 33. at the same place; and the triple roof was then
THE TEMPLE OF HEAVE:S, PEKIKG-THE NOIUH ALTAR.
FROM A DRA..WI~G BY WILLIAM SIYPSO~.

( Pu.bli8hed by kind permils"ion of the Soc. of Biblical .Archawlogy.)

THE TEMPLE OF HEAVEN, PEKING~THE SOUTH ALTAR.
FROM A DRAWI~G BY WILLIAM SIMPBO~.

( Publi•hed b!l kind permi1Bio11 of the Soc. of BibiW<II .d.rchll'ol0{/1/·)

 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI. 99

different, the colours were blue, red, and yellow; the The Algonkinshad three such grades, the waubeno,the
blue being the colour for heaven, and yellow the meda, and thejossakeed, the last being t.he highest."•
eolour for earth. .Afterwards a separate temple of .All tribes seem to have been controlled by these
Earth was constrncted and the triple roof of the secret societies. .Alexander Von Humbolt m"entions
north altar was changed, the red and yellow becom- one, called that of Bot.ato or Holy Trumpet, among
ing blue, the whole representing Heaven only the Indians of the Orinoco, whose members must
Here is one of those instructive modifications of vow celibacy and submit to severe scourgings and
symbolism, showing the difficulty, already !Illuded fasts. The Collahuayas of Peru were a guild of
to, that we have in being certain of original in- itinerants quacks and magicians who never remained
tention; in this case luckily, whieh does not always permanently in onp spot.t It could scarcely be ex-
occur, we have knowledge of what has taken place, pected that among the primitive tribes of North
and the triple roof we may assume represented at .America any architectura-l forms would be evolved
first the Three Great Powers of the Chinese, Heaven, ~n connection with these three ord~rs; all we know
Earth, and Man, giving ll8 that coRmical symbolism IS that they had a ruce hut or Wigwam, known as
which I have assumed to have been the basis on the " Medicine Lodge," and that it faced the rising
which the arrangements of temples had been gener- sun in the east.
ally developed. In South .America architecture had reached
I may here add that the Imperial State umbrella before the Spanish Conquest a very high develope-
of the Emperor of China is a. triple one, similar we mont, and there I find an arrangement which has
may suppose in its signification with the triple roof, much the appearance of the three-fold division in
-and the triple canopy of Buddha, already temples. The island of Titicaca, in the lake of the
referred to. same name, is the holiest spot in Peru. It was a.
It ought 1.o be mentioned that although the sacred place of pilgrimage in the time of the Incas,
great temple of heaven stands on a triple terrace, and on landing the pilgrims had to pass through
that this is not the case with the other imperial three portals; these are stone structures, the remains
temples. Some have two, and others only one of which still exist, and Squier, who is my authority,
terrace. The round form is Yang, for heaven is states that he found what he supposed t.o be
male ; the temples of earth and agriculture have "corresponding buildings," at other edifices in Peru,
square terraces, for earth is Yin, or female. There known to have been temples. .At Titicaca the first
are other numbellS expressed in these temples, more was called Puma punco or door of the Puma, where
particularly the number nine, but as they are not there was a priest of the sun to receive the pilgrim's
connected with the subject I need not extend this confession of sins, which were expiated. The second
paper by any further explanation. Only a word portal was called Kenti punco, because it was adorned
about the orientation, a matter we are interested in · with the plumage of the bird Kenti, where other
there are in the south altar of the Temple of Heave~ ceremonies had to be gone through. The third was
fDtJ.r :B.igh~s of st~ps l?ading to the upper terrace; called Pillco punco, or the gate of hope After which
these are m the directiOn of the four cardinal points, the pilgrim might advance t.o the sacred rock which
and when the Emperor stands in the centre in the is the palladium in this case. and make his
act of sacrifice, he is then in a position which realises adorations.t The passing through three portals
the well known oriental title of being the Centre of bears at least a close affinity to some form of degrees,
the Universe. and implies the existence of a three-fold division at
I have included orders or degrees as having a this sacred and primitive shrine.
possible bearing on my subject. The Chinese have This reference to a triple portal in the New
~ high~y developed system of litera.ry examinations, World recalls to the mind that we ha.ve in the Old
m. whiCh there are three grades. The highest, or World a form of portal which is also triple, and
third degree, can. only.be obtained in Peking, where regarding which I have not chanced to come upon
ten thousand Literati compete for it every three any explanation. The Romans often erected monu-
years; at each examination there are three sittings mental arches. such as those of Titus and Constantine
each of which occupies three days. Only one rna~ at Rome, and the Ecce Homo arch in Jerusalem :
can receive this distinguished honour at these these have a central arch, and lateral ones on each
competitions. side ; the side arches being often smaller than the
This completes, so far as I remember at the central one. The striking thing here is that this is a
moment, all that I can say on the eastern part of mostcommonform for monumental gateways in China.
the world ; and I have very little to add about the I have already mentioned them as existing on each
New W o:ld b'.lt ~ have lately been reading a work by of the four approaches to the Temple of Heaven;
an AmeriCan wnter who seems to be familiar with Pai-lows, which are monumental, a.re generally
the races there, and was rather surprised at the according to this arrangement. The gates of Palaces
following statement: it refers to those who were and Yamuns are the same ; they are also on the
something like priests or what is often in books approach to the Ming tombs. In fact I found them
descri.bed as "Medicine Men." "All these stratagems to be a very prominent feature everywhere in the
were mten~ed to shroud in unimpeachable secrecy northern part of China. How is this curious coinci-
the mysteries of the brotherhood. With the same * "'Among the North American Indians the three secret societies,
mo1.ive the priests formed societies of different Jossakied, Meda, and Wabeno, seem like the Greek mysteries, to transmit
a certain doctrine of immortality ; their members, at any rate, are regarded
grades of illumination, only to be entered by those as born again."-Outlines of the Hist. oj Religion, bg C. P. Tiele, p. 11.
willing to undergo trying ordeals, whose secrets t The Myths of the New World, by Daniel G. Brinton, A.M., M.D., p. 304.
were not to be revealed under the severest penalties. ! The Land of the Jncas, byE, George Squier, M.A., F.S.A., p. 334.
100 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QU.l'l'DOR CoRONATl.

deuce in forms so far apart as Rome and China to being to a certain ext.ent chaotic. I can only say
be explained rI cannot pretend to give an that I have used the greatest care in gathering the
answer; the great geographical space between the materials; but in such inquires one is much at th0
two localities makes it probable that in this case we mercy of others, and from long experience I know
have only an accidental result. The three doors of how liable we are to be misinformed, and in gather-
our Western Cathedrals might also be alluded to. ing knowledge of this kind how easy it is to
As they colTespond to the nave and the side aisles, misunderstand what has been said. The data here
an explanation seems at first easy ; but in the case given may be useful for others to work upon, and if
of St. Peter's at Rome the three doors do not agree it should serve no other purpose I shall feel satisfied.
to this correspondence, for they all opeu into the I feel sure that the accumulation of data given in thie
nave. If we take St. Sophia at Constantinople, a paper will at least have some interest to my Masonic
Greek Church, there are three doors leading into brethren.
the central body of the building. In the Cathedral
of Bosrah, a purely circular Greek Church, there ADDENDA.
are three central doors. I cannot say whether this
lateral arrangement of doorways may, or may not, " Sons lea Ptolemees, ridee symbolique attaches a cell
be connected with my paper. The subject of portals salles du mystere, so precise. A l'epoquepharonique, chacnne
d'elles semble 4ltro Ia chapelle specials d'un dieu; mais B
having been introduced it seemed to me that the Edfou, Denderah, eto., pendant que l'adytum central est
three lateral doors should not be overlooked. When I appele L'H~BITATION DU DIEU ou de son e.mblcme, l.oa
recall that the" Gate of Heaven "• is a phrase as chambres qui se groupent autour sont lea reg•ons du ctel
old as the time of Jacob, and that the gates of the dans lesquelles s'accomplissent les divers episodes dn drame
nether region are also mentioned ;t you will perceive divin, et Ia personne des divinites s'efface pour ne laisser
apercevoir que !'action a laquelle elles ooncourent. Alors
that portals may not be beyond the limits of my les chambres de gauche :figurent lea cantons dn CIEL
subject. The symbolical keys of these two regions ORIENTAL, ou le dien triomphe du mal et recommence Ia.
are supposed to exist in this visible division of the vie avec !'aide des pnissances actives; ainsi, a Denderah, de
Universe at Rome. "The Gate" is a piece of very ce cote est une "chambre du feu,'' ou se manifests le
old and rather profound symbolism, and here we pouvoir de excitatenr de toute vie. En face, au contraire,
dans leCIEL OCCIDENTAL,ledieuestmort; voicil'Ammah,
have it apparently connected with the three-fold la. chambre ou est dresse son catafalque, voici le ca.ve&ll
division, and that too in a form which is still recog- mortuaire; a cote est son Mesen ou 'lieu de conception,' 18$
nised in our own day. divinites tutela.ires prenno.nt toutes leR mesures ponr que le
I have now shown you that the three-fold mystere de Ia regeneration n'y soit pas entrnve." p. 12.
division of temples has had a very wide extension, " Las colonnes on las qua.tre angles sont les monta.nts de
la volite m)leste." p. 14.-Le Temple Egyptien, by the Marqw
embracing the four quarters of the Globe. The de Rochemontei:11.
evidence I have laid before you I consider sufficient
to establish that part of the subject; but regarding Mr. Le Page Renouf, of the British Museum.
the symbolism on which it was founded, although a to whom I addressed some enquiries about E~yptian
considerable amount of information has been brought Temples in relation to this p~per, kindly calle~ my
together, I do not feel myself justified in speaking attention to a recent produetwn by the Marqms de
of it with the same certainty I would suggest that Rochemonteix. Above is a quotation from it which
this collection of rather mixed information should I think is important. The principal adytum, it 'Yill
be looked upon as data to work upon ; accept or be seen is the habitation of the god-t.he capital
reject the ideas, which I have ventured so far to letters 'are in the original-and the cells around it
attach to the facts placed before you in this paper, are "les regions du Ciel." This, as well as the
for much still requires verification. I cannot pretend remainder of the quotation, point clearly, I think, to
that I have presented to your minds a complete or the cosmical symbolism which I have submitted in
perfect system of symbolism which is in every case this paper as being the bas~ on w~ich the .three-fold
sustained by the temples described. I have told you division !:,"l'ew up. There HI a still more Important.
that symbolism is very liable to change in the course point given in the quotation; that is, that the
of time; it ought also to be remembered that there western cells were the place of death, where a
may have been at times often partial, or even com- " Catafalque" of the Deity was put up. Here is
plete, ignorance on the part of temple builders; add what I take to be one of the difficulties connected
to this that some systems may not have recognised with the whole question-that is the relationship
the three-fold division; religious systems had their between Heaven and the Place of Death. The one
growth and decay, they also from conquest and other was the upper world, and the other was the "under
causes were led to adopt ideas from each other, and world "-still they were so closely related that. the
this often in a partial way, produced a varied patch- one became necessarily mixed up with the other. All
work ; these as well as other causes will account through in the history of temple~, from the. ~ery
for the fragmentary condition in which wo find first this must have led to confusiOn m the symbolism,
symbolism has so often come down to us. You must and 'stood in the way of an exact distinction of parts.
remember that our knowledge on the subject of this I speak here of the ideas of those who constructed
paper is only in its rudimen~ary beginnings; I have temples, that they had this difficultY:. Bad I~ee.n ab~e
mentioned that as yet no work has reached me to take up the subject of Death and mcluded It m this
dealirw with it and I offer this early effort with paper, I might have been able to ma~e the matter
the ca~tion that as a first attempt it cannot fail of better understood but at the same time I confess
* Gen. xxviii., 17. that it is partly' insurmountable, for. t~? i"?-sur-
t Luke xiii., 14. Jfatl. x,·i., 18. mountable condition belonged to the primitive Ideas.
 'l'RANSACTIONS OF THE LonG& QuATUO& Coao~urr. 101

of the a.ncients themselves. The explanation is not At the burial of a Sachem-the case given is
so difficult, and I can suggest it roughly in a few that of a Sachem of the Senecca. Indians-after the
words. Death, or the graTe, was looked upon as body had been depbsited in the grave-" the Sachems
the passage from this life to a life beyond-hence its and Chiefs formed in a circle round it for the
close connection with h.eaven. The tomb was then purpose of filling it with earth. Each in turn, com-
believed to be a door or gate, "The Gate of Life." mencing with the seniors in years, cast in three
The grave was also considered to be the place of shovelfuls, a typical number in their religious system;
re-birth, it was a womb where the great mystery of of which the first had relation to the great spirit,
regeneration took place-this was a miracle, which the second to the sun, and the third to Mother Earth."
nothing but the divh1e power could accomplish: we -Morgan's Ancient Society, p. 96.
can only be raised by the hand, and at the word of Morgan describes a Council of Indian Chiefs,
the One Great Worshipful Master. This idea, I which begins its ceremonies by the chiefs marching
believe, in some symbolical form or another, found three times round in the form of a circle. After
e.xpression in temple construction, as well as in the other ceremonies, they were all seated, and the Pipe
rites, of almost all ancient faiths. The natural of Peace was lighted and handed round, each taking
tendency that there must have been to identify these three w hi:ffs-" he blew the first toward the zenith,
two regions does not, I submit, detract in the least the second toward the ground, and the third toward
from the cosmical theory of temple symbolism, the sun." By the first act be returned thanks to
because these two regions are in themselves cosmical, the Great Spirit for the preservation of his life
and are thus most important facts connected with during the past year, and for being p01·mitted to be
the theory. present at this Council. By the second, he returned
Job speaks of "the foundations" of the earth, thanks to his Mother, the Earth, for her various
aad "the corner stone thereof,''* and the pillars productions which had ministered to his sustenance.
of the earth.t In the quotation given Roche- And by the third, he returned thanks to the Sun for
monteix says that the columns or angles of the his never-failing light, ever shining upon all."-
four· corners of the Adytum are the supports of Ibid, p. 137, note.
the Celestial Vault; here in the Egyptian Temple These quotations from Morgan shew that in
we have an architectural realization on which Job's such primitive conditions of civilisation as we find
words are based. In this we have cosmical symbolism in the American Indians, their ceremonies had
in the construction of temples; and it is natural to already become cosmical, and were triple in their
conclude that such construction must have existed symbolism.
as early as Job's time, else his words could have had
no meaning. The vault of the chancel in Roman
Catholic churches is, in our own day, often painted The romance of Antar contains a description of a.
blue, with gold stars upon it. I believe that Masonic Fire-worshipper's Temple :-"There he beheld 8.
lodges are at times decorated in the same symbolical magnificent building, of yellow brass, raised on
manner. Here is cosmical symbolism in temples pillars of steel, with precious stones in the interstices,
probably from the time of Job down to the -the wonder of the age, to astonish the wisest of
present moment. men. It had three storeys, and to each storey. were
three portals, and to each portal were slaves and
Since the above was written I have been read- servants," &c. p. 231.
ing a work entitled Egypt·ian .An,hceology, by G. Arabian Poetrv, edited by W. A. Clouston,
Maspero, who is a well-known authority. The Glasgow, llrivately printed, 1881
following relating to Egyptian te.mples is worth Antar would seem to be rather a mythic hero,
quoting:-" The temple was built in tho likeness and the description of l;be temple cannot be accepted
of the world, as the world was known to the Egyp- as perfectly trustworthy. Still the author may
tians. The earth, as they believed, was a flat and have formed his ideas from known temples with the
shallow plain, longer than its width. The sky, three-fold division.
according to some, extended overhead like an
immense iron ceiling, and according to others, like
a huge shallow vault. As it could not remain sus- TRTPLE PORTALS.-" An interesting essay might be
pended in space withoui some suppot-t, they imagined written on partes and toruns,* their names and attri-
it to be held in place by four immense props or butes, and the genii presiding as their guardians.
pillars. The floor of the temple naturally represented Amongst all the nations of antiquity, the portal has
the earth. 'l'he columns, and if needful the four had its peculiar veneration; to pass it was a privilege
corners of the chambers, stood for the pillars. The regarded as a mark of honour. The Jew Haman, in
roo£, vaulted at Abydos, flat elsewhere, corresponded true oriental style, took post at the king's gate as an
exactly with the Egyptian idea of the sky." p. 87. inexpugnable position. The most pompous court in
The cosmical idea here manifests itself again. As Europe takes its title from its porte, where as at
yet I have no evidence that the Egyptians divided Oodipoor, all alight. The tripolia, or triple portal,
the Universe itself into three divisions; if I had, the entry to the magnificent terrace in front of the
the matter would be very simple. Above we have Rana's palace, consists, like the Roman Arcs of
two divisions, heaven and earth ; the "land of Triumph, of three arches, still preserving the numeral,
Amenti," or the under-world would then make the sacred to the god of battle, one of whose titlL•s is
third. Tripoori, which may be rendered Tripoli, or head of
• Job, xxviii, 6. t Ibid, ix, 6. • Torun, or torano, is a.n old sancrit word for a~atewa.y.

N
102 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOJt COBONATI

the three places of Abode, or cities, but applied in its Theseus divided the people into three classes : -
extensive sense to the three worlds, heaven, earth, The Eupatridoo, or well-known.
and hell." Tad's Rajast'han, vol. i, p. 589. The Geomori, or husbandmen.
The capitals and italics are given above as they The Demiurgi, or artisans.
are in Tad's book. Oodipoor is the capital of the
state of Mewar in Rajpootana, and the ruler is a
Rana, and not a Raja. Tad's Rajast'han was pub- To what has alreaqy been given may be added
lished in 1829, and it is curious to find him explain-
the following, which are no doubt only coincidences.
ing the three worlds of the Brahminical System as
"heaven, earth, and hell." The Three Estates of the British Constitution.
Bills in Parliament are read three times,-
cariously similar to passing the three degrees.
In 1873 when I visited Salt Lake City I saw
the Great Temple which the Mormons have been The three pads of a. Theatre,--Pit, Boxes, and
building ever since their arrival in Utah, and which Gallery, or" Paradise."
so far as I have heard, is not yet finished. It is of This last is a very strange coincidence.
granite, and is in three stories, "like Noah's Ark," to
represent the three-fold division. The lower story
is to be for baptism, for the living and the dead;
the second floor is for marriages ; and the upper one BRO. C.lMA briefly replied to Bro. Simpson's explanatioD
is to be for the initiation of the Mormon Priesthood. that he had been obliged to omit all reference to Parsee
The large building in the Temple enclosure at Salt Temples, assuring the lecturer that this arose from no want
Lake City, called the " Tabernacle," is where the of respect and courtesy. It was a striot rule of the Parsee
faith to exclude all members of other faiths from their holy
regular Sunday services are held. It is simply a places, exactly as Freemasons excluded non-initiates from
very large hall, but Itt one end there is a raised their Lodges. He would, however, find much information in
gallery composed of three benches ; in the highest of the books he had just presented to the Lodge.
these sits the President-it was Brigham Young at BRO. EDWARD J. CASTLE said the description given
the time of my visit-and his Council of Seven ; of the form of Temple in China reminded him of that given
below this sat another set of church officials known by Prescott (in his Conquest of Mexico) ofthe Teocallis, Hons~~t~
of God or Temples of the Mexicans, which were solid masses
as the Twelve .Apostles; -on the lowest sat another of earth cased with brick or stone, somewhat resembling the
body called a " Council" of Twelve with a president, Pyramids. They were distributed into stories each smaller than
forming thirteen. This was the Priestly Hierarchy the one below, the ascent was by a flight of steps at aii angle,
of the Mormon Church. There was a still lower this led to a terrace which passed quite ro.nnd the building
bench for what are known as Bishops, but as they to another flight, and so on up to the top. Prescott says:-
" all religions services were public, the long procession of
have police and magisterial duties to perform I priests winding round their massive sides, as they rose higher
understood that they were separated from the and higher towards the summit, and the dismal rites of
Triple hierarchy who sat behind and high above sacrifice performed, theee were all visible from the remotest
them. corners of the capital, impressing on the spectator's mind a.
superstitions veneration for the mysteries of his religion, and
for the dread ministers by whom they were interpreted."
" There were three zones of the universe; the [In consequence of the lateness of the hour, Bros.
heavens, the terrestrial surface with the atmosphere, Rylands, Lewis, Westcott, and others agreed to remit their
and the lower abyss. The three greatest gods, .Ana, observations to the Secretary in writing.]
Hea, and Mul-ge or Elim, answered to and presided The WORSHIPFUL MASTER said he did not rise with the
over those three zones. They corresponded to the object of prolonging the discussion, for the time usually
allotted to their debates had run ont, and, moreover, in view
gods of the supreme triad of the Chaldaio- of the fact that several brethren who were prepared to speak,
Babylonian religion, .Ann, Hea, and Bel, the two had abandoned such intention owing to the lateness of the
first of which retained their .Accadian names."- hour, it would ill· become him (the W.M.) as one sitting in the
Lenormant's Ohaldean Magic, pp. 153, 154. capacity of learner on that evening, to enter into the details
of a paper upon which the only listeners present who were
" The Trinity corresponds exactly to the old competent to criticize had postponed their observations.
His object was to move a cordial vote of thanks to the lecturer,
Accadian Trinity of Na or .Ann, 'the sky,' Ea or and in doing so express his admiration of the manner in
En-ci, 'the earth,' and Mul-ge, 'the lord of the which the S.W. had invested a somewhat intricate subject
underworld.' "-Ibid, p. 124. with the attractions of eloquence and lucidity. To him {the
W.M.) the topic selected for treatment hRd been, up to that
evening, an unfamiliar one, but the skilful way in which the
lecturer had marshalled his facts, together with the drawings
The Rabbis taught a three-fold division:- that were just brought round at the right moment, !>Y the
J nnior Deacon, had enabled him not only to follow the
N ephesh, the animal. Senior Warden throughout his most interesting paper, but
Ruach, the human. also to derive great pleasure, and he hoped some lasting
N eshamah, the Divine Soul. instruction from what he had listened to that evening.
The motion was seconded and carried by acclamation.
Plato adopted a somewhat similar arrangement
of three conditions : -
Onr Brother has written a paper which embraces the
Thumos The soul. subject so completely, and brings so many actual facts to
Epithumia Desire, longing, yearning. bear upon it, that it leaves us bnt little to discuss. One
Nons The mind. point I noticed, however, " The Ark of the Covenant
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 103

was a. symbolical coftin." This is certainly a. novel view Bro. Simpson is also mistaken in alluding to this chamber as
of the subject, and one which will require some proof, al the "well." The well, on the contrary, is a roughly out
it appears at first sight quite at variance with the laws passage-not shown in his sketch-which starts thirty-three
a.nd customs of the Jewish nation. No dead body was inches from the entrance to the grand gallery, and opens on
aJlowed within the sanctuary, or even " within the camp," to the descending gallery about four· hundred inches from
and the contents of the Ark of the Covenant are specially the entrance to the subterranean chamber. At present the
enumerated and. are not such as would be contained in a three-fold division is perceptible in the Pyramid, in the three
coffin, real or symbolical. They consisted of the tables of the chambers : but it is doubtful, as I will presently explain,
Law, delivered to Moses by the Almighty himself; Aaron's whether this is not due to our ignorance. There is a.
Rod that budded ; and the Golden Pot of Manna. On the top peculiarity about these chambers, evidently intentionally
of the Ark was the " Mercy Seat" with a border of Golden symbolic, which still awaits explanation. If we strike a per-
Crowns and the Cherubim, between whose outstretched pendicular from the apex of the Pyramid it will coincide with
wings dwelt the Shekinah, or visible presence of the the north wall of the king's chamber, the south wall of the
Most High. This certainly does not give us the idea of queen's, 'and the centre of the rock-cut chamber. In other
its representing a coffin. In speaking of the Temple our words, these chambers, though not directly under each other,
Brother alludes to Josephus having taken his description or central, are yet en rapport, so to say, with the central line.
from the Greeks. We should have· imagined that his own To judge by Bro. Simpson's sketch the three-fold division
Sa.cred Writings would have afforded him all the infor- might be detected in the descending, ascending, and horizontal
mation he required, bot Lee, in his Hebrew L~JJJicon, which galleries, but the introduction of the missing well destroys
gives an excellent plan of the Temple, says that Josephus has the theory thus far-and such I expect .and believe will be
enlarged considerably on the Biblical account, and this corro- the result ultimately as regards the chambers also. Bro.
borates our Brother's statement. In Lee's Hebrew Lea:icon Thos. Holland, in 1885, published a book entitled "Free-
the Sanctum Banctornm is represented as being in the masonry from the Great Pyramid." It is needless to say
western end of the Temple. This paper traverses the world that he is a follower of the Astronomer Royal of Scotland and
and gathers ita evidence from every country, it is a most accepts all his deductions. Bro. Holland's literary attain-
valuable contribution to a subject which is attracting con- ments are not. of a high order of merit and his book suffers
siderable attention.- WILLIAM RoBERT WooDMAN, M.D., from his inability to clearly and connectively express his
P.G.Bwd.Bearer, E11gla11d. views, but in one matter he had a great advantage over
professor Smyth. He is (or was) a practical builder. Now
The moat striking point of the lecture seems to me he has shown that certain greaves and structural peculiarities
to be the absence of reference to that great nation of in the king's and queen's chambers, unexplained by and in-
antiquity, to which the moderns owe so much, the Roman. comprehensible to Piazzi Smyth, are evidently intended to
The pre-christian temples of Rome were not specially permit of certain slabs of stone being removed, disclosing
notable for triad form, and the Roman mythology also probably in each case a fresh chamber. Granting one such
is almost destitute of a pre-eminent god-triad; the seven discovery for each chamber we should then have five chambers,
gods comparable to the planets, and the twelve gods compar- totally destroying the three-fold division and corresponding
able to the zod~acal ajgns are more evident. Greek mythology to the five galleries,.viz., the descending, ascending, horizontal,
again does not impress the student with a supreme trio, grand galleries, and the well. Five is the pyramid number
although no doubt Hecate is called triple, and earth, sea, and throughout, as shown in the courses of stones and other indica-
infernal regions formed a triad. With regard to the Ark of tions, such as the base and four sides, correctly oriented to the
Noah, the Hebrew tradition was that the body of ADAM was cardinal points. The ascending gallery has been taken to repre-
placed in the Ark, possibly to act as an amulet, and that sent the "Old Covenant" dispensation, and measuring the inch
NoAH daily prayed before it: the Old Testament does not for the year, the duration thereof to the entrance of the grand
mention his burial. Refer to John Gregory, "Notes and gallery exactly coincides with bible chronology. We then
Observations on passages of Scripture," London, 1684, for find the Jews stationary, as typified by the horizont~l passage
much of interest in this connection, taken from old Arabic leading to the queen's chamber. At the further end of this
MSS, such as the Catena Arabum. The chapter " Sanguis chamber is the Liebe which being removed, as suggested,
Abel" gives the Hebrew traditions. Denedictus Arias Mon- would open up a secret chamber, and hare it is contended will
tanua, 1593, has also references to this curious dogma, and a be found the Ark of the Jewish covenant. Exact measures
remarkable plate of Adam dead in the Ark. Hargrave pro~e that it could be brought along these passages. The
Jennings has worked up from these sources a proof of his grand gallery typifies the Christian dispensation. It is one
Phallic theory of worship in the Ark. The learned D'Ohsson thousand eight hundred and eighty-two inches or years lono-.
gives the legend that Noah after leaving the Ark restored At thirty-three inches or years from its entrance occurs the
the body of Adam to the cave he had taken it from. The well, or death of Christ; at one thousand eight hundred and
Talmud states that the cave of Adam's burial was that of eighty-two inches or years occurs a large step, one pyramid
Maohpelah (Polano.) I note one error, our Brother ~~peaks of cubtt high and thirty-six inches or one English yard broad.
the Jew " Haman" taking poet at the gate, he should have Piazzi Smyth called attention to this peculiar combination of
said" Mordecai."-W. WYNN WESTCOTT, M.B., Inner Guard. Pyramid and English Standards years before 1882, and specu-
lated on its meaning. Some will point to the accomplishment
Bro. Simpson in the paper before us, the value of of prophecy, others to a mere co-incidence, when I call to
which is so greatly increased by the fact that he speaks mind that in 1882 England bombarded Alexandria and took
from personal knowledge, and as an eye-witness, twice possession of the land of Egypt. But I must not allow myself
alludes to the Great Pyramid, and it appears to me in to wander from the Rubject; I merely wish to express strong
eachcaseinaccurately. The opinion of PiauiSmyth is entitled doubts as to the triple division being really fonnd in the
to considerable weight, and he holds that ihe Great Pyramid Pyramid; the pyramid number being, according to my belief,
is by many years th•3 oldest of all its neighbours and totally plainly five and not three.-G. W. SPETH, P.M., Secretary.
distinct from these; that all except the Great Pyramid are
ignorant copies and merely tombs, whereas the one under Brother Simpson's paper covers so much ground and
consideration is divinely inspired and both symbolic and introduces so many subjects that very few persons would
prophetic in every stone : it is in fact " a sign and for a be capable of discussing it in its entirety, and I need
witness unto the Lord of Hosts in the land of Egypt." • not venture to do more than make a few observations
Contrary to Bro. Simpson, he holds that the coffer in the upper on one section of it, viz., the architectural. Even of
chamber is not a sarcophagus, but a standard measure of that my personal knowledge in the countries alluded
capacity. It must be evident to all that the proper place for to is so limited in comparison with his, that I can remark
a coffin would be in the lowermost chamber, not in the upper- only on those parts of it which concern Egypt, Syria,
most, but as if to prove that the tomb theory was here inap- and Constantinople, and those parts of Europe westward
plicable, the lower rock-cut chamber remains unfinished, thus of it. The main subject of this paper, the triple division of
typifying the incompleteness of death, and the resurrection. temples, is very enticing, and as the (still) mysterious religions
of Egypt were well-nigh founded on triune deities, (as we
• lltJah, xlx, 20, find at Thebes, Memphis, etc.,) we might naturally expect to
104 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE Qu.uuo& CoRONATI.

fin~ this trinity of gods symbolised in the arrangement of "·The end is to the east."
their temples and tombs. It is the basis of the theories of "The chancel, where the altar is; represent. the head."
the w~ll·known. Egyptian scholar, Mr. Sharpe. Again, aa " The cross (transepts) represents the a.uns."
Bro. Simpson pomts out, we have another three-fold division "The nave represents the body."
in the ~gyp~i~ myths of the bright morning, and the burning " The altar represents the heart,"
day of hfe gtv:u:ig way to the shades of death a.s the da.rk ni~ht " The Atrium represents ChristJ through whom the. whole
comes on. Knowing all this, and how it was symbolised by body of the church- is approa.ohed."-P.aor. T. HJ.YTE& L:awm,
the obelisk in the east and the pyramid in the west, we should Pa1t Y.P. of the R.I.B.A., Junior DeaCQfl..
naturally look, a.s I have said, to find such a triple division in
!he temples of their gods and in the tombs of their I had intended to make som~ remarks on the EgyptiaD.
worshippers. But I confess that I am unable to satisfy myself belief about the earth, the twelve hours of the day, the
that such a. division was eYer aimed at. First, a.s to the twelve holll'll of the night, and the underworld; but I find
grandest ?fall tombs, the Great Pyramid. Bro. Simpson ia to endeavour to do this would take more time. than I
clea~ly r1ght a.s to the three chambers, and these might; have at my disposal. I must content myself :With saying
JI?BBibly, h~~e been constructed with some symbolical inten- that Mariette gives to the tomb three divisions "nne s6pult=-
tion, as nnght have been the case in respect of another ~tienue se composait" writes M. Pierret in summarising
peculi~ty i.n the design of nearly all, I believe, of the from the very interesting a"Jant propoa in. the Boula.q Cata..
t>yr~mtds, vt~., the outl~e being ~ormed by four nearly Iogue :-" 1o d'nne cbapella ext6rieure on ora.toire ouvel't
equilateral tnangles, meetmg at eaoh side and apex. But no & certain• anniversaires, contenant des bas-reliefs, des. stelea,
pyra~td except the ~reat one has three chambers, many des statues, des tables d'offrandes; 20 du oavea.u nontenant
oertamly have not thts triangular outline, and none has a la momie, accompagnee de sca.rabees, figurines, amnlettes.
t~B;n~l~ base. A much nearer approach to the triple ca.nopes, vases, armes, meubles et papyrus ; so du puita
dtVIsion m the excavated tombs has been noticed by Bro. servant de passage de l'nn & I' autre." The "chap!llla
Rylands: and I need not, therefore, enlarge upon this. But I ext6rieure" l8 the mastaba of the l).ncient empire, plans a.n:d
may notwe that the same division is found in the very early drawings of whioh will be found in great number in the work
truncated pyramids at Ghizeh, and it may interest masons to on that subject by Mariette, published after his death by
recall the fact that in one of these, of the 5th dynasty, I dis- Prof. .¥a.spero. I may mention that a large portion of the
povered a large stone rudimentary arch which Dr. Birch has first Yolnme of the work of Perrot and. Chipiez, on a.noient
figured, from my drawing, in Hs edition of Sir Gardiner Egyptian art, is devoted to the internal arrangement and
Wilkinson's Egypt, and cqnsiders to be the most ancient stone U1les of temples and tombs. With reference to Egyptian
arch known. But whether this triple division was the· result temples I may quote two authorities, which seem to S\Ull up
of any thought bayond the actual necessities of the case I in a few words, first the general arrangement of the building
w.onld not venture to say. Very probably, as Bro. and then the purpose. The first is by M. Paul Pierret, of the
Stmpson says, the Pyramids might have ·bean temples Louvre:-" De l'ancien empire nons ne connaissons que le
as well as tombR, and there can be, at least, scarcely temple du grand sphinx, a Gizeh, qui, a en juger par ees
any doubt that a temple formed a porch to such. But I proportions, semble ~tre plut.6t nne ohapelle qu'nn temple.
venture to think that this ,arrangement was much as that Les temples du nouvel empire [i.e. commencing a.t the xviiith
of the exquisitely beautiful Mahommedan tombs such as DynastyJ etaient ceints d'une muraille en briqnes crues. Ils
Kait bey's and Sultan Hassan's at Cairo, wh~rein the etaient precedes d'nn pyleme, qu'une avenue de sphinx. reliait
mourners paaseil, 1st, through the entry and hall; 2nd, by a 'Ia porte d'entree ou double pylbne. Cette porte etait
the chapel: 3rd, to the grave, the most impressive series that aocompagnee de den:x ou qnatre colosses, davant lesqnela
I can imagine iu any resting place for the dead. We have se dressaient d'ordinaire deux ob6lisqnes. Le double pylllne
now tq consider the three-fold divison of the Temple, and this donnait acces dans un cour que suivait nne salle hypostyla
would, no doubt, be clear if we assume as correct the on un autre double pylbne. La salle hypostyle etait
division which Bro. Simpson proposes viz.-lst, the H;ly of separee du sanctmi.ire par des salles de moindre dimen-
Holies; 2ud, the portico ; and 3rd, the space enclosed by the sion, dans lesquelles s'accomplissaient diversas ceremonies du
Temenos. Applying this to our modern churches \'le should culte." The following is by M. Mariette:-" Le temple n'ellt
divide them thus: lst, the church proper (nave ~nd choir) ; pas, comma nos eglises nn lien oil les fideles se rassemblent
2nd, the porch ; 3rd, the churchyard. My own feeling is that pour.dire la priere. On n'y tronve ni chambres d'habitation
Bro. Simpson's division of the temple would be better thus pour les pr~tres, ni lieux d'initiation, ni traces de divination
(and it is thus that I venture to suggest that it should be made) ou d'oracles, et rienne pent llrisser snpposer qn'en dehors du
1st the sekos, containing the statue of the god and parted roi et des pr~tres nne partie quelconque du public y ait
fr~m the res~ by a wall, or as usual with the Greeks, by a deep iamais ete admise. Mais le temple est nn lieu de depllt, de
vet~ or cnrtam; 2nd. the nave ; 3rd, the pronaos or portico. preparation, de consecration. On y celebre quelques f~te.1 lt.
T_h•s arrangementwould equally apply to Q. Byzantine church, l'interieur, on s'y assemble pour les processions, on y
VIz. : 1st, altar space behind the Iconostasis · 2nd the congre· emmagasine les objets du culte, et si tout y est sombre; si
gational nave ; 3rd, the double narthex. I' am ~fraid that I dans ces lienx, oil rien n'indiqne qu'on ait j'amais fait usage
have dwelt somewhat too long upon this, but the subject is a de flnmbeatU, on d'ancun mode d'illnmination, des tenebres It,
yery i!lteresting o~e, and Bro. Simpson has suggested many pen pres completes regnant, ce- n'est pas pour augmenter par
1deas m respect of It which are quite new, and which will, I l'obscnrite le mystere des ceremonies, c'est-- pour mettre en
trust, be worked out by masons more experienced than I am. usage le senl moyen. possible alors de preserver le~r objeta
The following theories as to the plans of temples and precieux, les v~tements divine, des insectes, del ·monchea, de
churches may be quoted.- la ponssiere dn dehors, du soleil et de Ia chaleur elle-m&ne.
Vitruvius.- " The measures used in a.ll buildings are Quant aux ffltes principales dont le temple etait le '08ntre "
derived from the human body." le noyan, elle consistaient surtout en processions qui ae
"Ten is_ a perfect number." repandaient an dehors, 8. 1a plaine clarte dn soleil, juqu' atU:
limites de Ia grande enceinte en briques crues. En sommt;~,
" Temples should harmonize in their proportions and
symmetry.'~ le temple n'etait dono pas tout entier dans ses mnra.illes de
pierre, et sea vraies limites etaient plutllt celles de I' enceinte.
" The number of steps to be always odd so that the right Dans le temple proprement dit, on logeait lea die~ on let1
foot may be placed on the first step and on the landing."
"The length of the temple to be twice its width." habillait, on les preparait pour les ffltes; le temple etait nne
sorte de sacriatie oil personne autre que les roil et lea ~res
" The cell to be in length one ronrth part more than n'entrait. Dansl'encainte, au contraire se developpaient lea
the breadth."
There is nothiDg in the above which seems to be an longnes processions, et, si le public n'y etait pas encore aduris,
apP.roa.ch to s~b.olism except a.s to the human body. The a.u moins pen!lons-nous que quelquea initiea poUTa.ient y
latter 1s more dtst1notly alluded to in the following : prendre place."
I must confess that it IJllrPrlaed me not a little to hear
.Dur«ndm.-(Venioe, 1577)- that no three-fold division Willi to be found in ~htt welltern
" The church is in two parts-In the entrance the people churches. It :ito, no doubt, a :fact- thalt in the eastern
hear anil pray-In the sanctuary are the clergy." churches the division between the ~~~motuary and the choir is
 TRANSACTIOYS OF THE LoDGE Quuuon CoRONATI. 105

tnuch more distinctly marked thau that eepa.rating the choir b<'8ri'ng on the sanctity of the space enclosed by the Temnos
from the nave; whereas in the western ohurohes this distinc- of the Egyptian Temples, and it might also influence, although
iion of divisions is exactly reversed. The division into three in a. lesser degree, our jrnlgment regarding the Tenmos of the
parh e:rists nevertheless, although the strength of any part Greek Temples. I ha.d one experience which bears on the
may be differently placed, and I venture to think that no point; I spent a day"in the Haram, or Temple enclosure at
COmplete church consists of less than three divisions, and that Jerusalem, with Brother P.M .. Sir Charles Warren and Mr.
to be complete they should aU be present:- The sanctuary, or John Macgregor. "Rob Roy." The Sheik of the Mosque
preabytery, enterred originally only by the priests for the attended us, and we gave him some tobacco-the object of
celebration of the Holy Mysteries; the choir, devoted to the this was to engage his attention while our Brother P.M. was
readers, singers, etc.; and the nave, occupied by the general exploring into holes and corners, where we were afraid the
congregation. It is true that we often hear only two divisions Sheik would be interfering. He put the tobacco into his
mentioned, chancel and nare, but the. chancel includes both pocket,-our hope had been that he would sit down and have
elwir and sanctuary, tile division being ordinarily made by a puff, and not see what was going on. As he did not do this
ilbe altar-rails. The word chanoel, I may mention, is deri.ved we asked· him the reason, when he said "Haram," meaning
from the cancelli, the soreen or barrier which divided in that the ground was sacred, and smoking would be desecra-
ancient times the choir from the nave, or the priests from the tion. I am well aware that a man of this kind is not an
people. This division now often consists of steps, and the authority, still it shows the Oriental feeling on the sanctity
«lhoir was, I believe, always at least one step above the nave of the ground enclosed round a place of prayer, and in this
Wherever it was situated. The steps raise the chancel(choir) case it was the ground on which the Temple of Solomon had
and the altar is again raised making the sanctuary, there may stood. I am not quite sure from the words used in some of
be no barrier but the divisions are distinctly marked. Some the remarks whether I was rightly understood regarding the
portions of our pres~nt Church Service seem to require this western church. I meant to say, not that the three-fold
distinction, and it also survives in the village churoh, when division did not exist, but that, from enquiries I had made at
that portion of the chancel outside the altar rails (the choir) Rome, among men who ought to know, it was not recognised in
ia not devoted to the clergy or ~ingers, for in it is situated the the arrangement of the churches. Not finding that it wa9
clergyman's seat, and it is considered to be the most aristo- recognised, I fell back on what is called a" survival," this
cratic portion of the church. The three-fold division appears was in the three-fold division of t.he ministry, a division which
to haTe been acknowledged from very early times, although has an interest in itself from a Masonic standpoint. I will
it was not formally recognized until the seventh century. now give a quotation which I had overlooked among my notes
As I have no doubt my friend, Professor Hayter Lewis, wiD when writing the paper. " The Triple earthly sacerdotal
have something to say on this point, with much more author- order bad its typo in heaven, the Celestial Orders their anti-
ity than myself, I will not do more than mention three type on earth. The triple and novena division ran throughout,
examples widely separate as to dates, in which the three-fold and connected, assimiliated, almost identified the mundane
division seems to be well-marked. The ancient Basilica of and super mundane church. As there were three degrees of
St. Peter, at Rome, A.D. 330 ; the old Cathedral Church of Attainment, Light, Purity, Knowledge [or tho Divine Vision],
Canterbury, as restored by Prof. Willis from Eadmor's de- so there were three orders of earthly Hierarchy, Bishops,
scription, A.D. 1067; and the modern Basilica of St. Clemente, Priests, and Deacons; three Sacraments, Baptism, the
in Rome, which was restored in 1715. Eucharist, the Holy Chrism ; three classes, the Baptised, the
The Ark has been mentioned in connexion with the Communicants, the Monks." This was written by Dr. John
church; it must not be forgotten that one of the oldest Cobet, who died in 15I9; he was tho founder of St. Paul's
derivations of the word nd.t•e is from navi•, a ship. The School; and I look upon all these orders as Triune ideas
ll&Ve wa.a the position occupied in the building by the which have grown out of the sanctity of the three-fold division
great mass of the people for whose benefit the service of Temples. Bro. Hayter Lewis quotes from Dtirandns, who
was conducted, and for whose salvation the Church was is a very high authority in the church, to the effect that "the
illlltituted. How far, in this connexion, a memorial church, church is in two p:Lrts." It so chances that among some
or in fact any church dedicated to the memory of a Saint, notes tha~ have turned up since writing my paper I find the
or enclosing relics, becomes, so to speak, a tomb, we ehall following from that writer,--" concerning this it is to be
possibly hear on some fni.ure occasion when Bro. Simpson noted that there be three kinds of veils which be ·hung in
oomes to deal with the Tomb.-W. H. RYLANDS, Sec. Soc. Bib. churches: that which concealeth the Mysteries; that which
Arch., Grand. Steward. divideth the Sanr.tuary from the Clergy; that which divideth
On reo.ding over the criticisms on my paper, the only the Clergy from the laity.''• This is the three-fold division,
feeling I ought to entertain should be one of gratitude. I and evidently founded on the arrangement of the Temple.
had asked that the paper should be looked upon as a collection The quotation given by Brother Hayter Lewis is perhaps
~f material or as data, and to be o.dded to, so that the subject descriptive of what may have been derived from a division of
be more fully worked out. Brother Hayter Lewis has done the church as a human body, and which is a well-kown piece
so, and largely too; Brother Rylands has supplied a valuable of symbolism, based on the idea that the plan of the church
quot&~ion from Mariette a.bout the three-fold division of follows the form of Christ's figure on the cross. This is the
Egyptian tombs. I have to thank Brother Westcott for a only way I can aoc<>unt for the difference between the two
correction ; and Brother Speth for putting right a more passages. If Brother Woodma.n will kindly favour us with
important mistake; it is, that the lowest apartment in the his company when I read my next paper, he will have an
Great Pyramid, i.nsteo.d of being called the" Well," should be opportunity of considering more fully the symbol,ism of the
the "Underground Chamber." Brother Speth opens up Ark of the Covenant ; I have only referred to the subject in
rather a wide subject in regard to the Great Pyramid, to this pa.per, but hope to take it up and give the gronndp on
which he has evidently given considerable attention, and if which my referenoo is founded. I would also recommend
he would at some future time favour tho Lodge with a paper him, as well as others, before that, to look up Brother
on it, that would be the opportunity for a fuller discussion, Westcott's references regarding the curious tro.dition that the
and the questions involved in that wonderful monument body of Adam was in Noah's Ark, as that will come within
would, I am sure, be interesting to craftumen. There is no the scope of the paper. That paper will he in a sense a
doubt about the three-fold division of the 'I'abernacle, but the oontinnation of this, and will be devoted to the consideration
exact separation between the second and outer oonrt is left of the Temple as a Tomb; but I propose to o.dopt a title
uncertain. We have no distinct authority to quote. Brother which will give it s. wider eignification,-that will be the
Hayter Lewis, and he is entitled to be looked up to &II a high Worship of Death.-WILLUK SI1[p80N, M.R.A.B., Hon. Asso-
authority; is inclined to think that there was a place in front ciata R.I.B..i.
of the seoond court, forming a porch, a.nd that this was the
third of the series. l have oommnnioa.ted on this matter • RaeionGle mw""""" o~. c. s, L llli.
trith the Rev. Mr. Lowy, a learned Hebrew I!Oholar, and he
ooneidera tha.t the whole spe.ee within the outerenolosare, the
" Batzer " being the name of it, formed the third oourt. Tho
only ip1porte.noe of the point is that it might have some
106 TRANSACTIONS OF TH~ LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

found coarse beads that seemed to be of some hard

INDIAN RELICS. substance, and resembled chalk. .A. small lump of
[NOTE BY EmTOR.- The following leaflet was sent us by Bro· red paint about the size of an egg was found near
Rev. E. M. Myers, of Petersburg, Virginia, and will be found the right side of this skeleton, the s11tures of the
not unconnected with the subject of Bro. Simpson's paper. cranium indicated the subject to have been twenty
Experience having taught us to distrust what may be termed
"travellers' tales," we felt much inclined to imitate that five or twenty-eight years of age, and its top rested
worthy kni~tht Sir John Maundeville, who, whenever he had about twelve inches below the mark of the plow.
committed to paper an account of some occurrence which I made a further excavation towards the west
went a little beyond his ordinary flights of imagination, was of this grave and found another skeleton, similar to
wont to exclaim " and this is greta Mervelle ! " We therefore the first, iu a sitting posture facing the east. A
wrote to Bro. Myers for information respecting the trust-
worthiness of Bro. Spainhour, and shol'ld this meet the eye
rock was. on the right, on w bich the bones of the
of the latter, we trust he will pardon our caution, verging on right hand were resting, and on this rock was an
suspicion. That we insert his discovery shows that we are axe which had been about seven inches in length.
now satisfied of his bona-fides. Bro. Myers forwarded us in but wai'l broken into two pieces, and was much
reply a letter from Bro. l:lpainhour to himself, which as it better finished thar:. the first. Beads were also
supplies additional information, we also print, and a copy
of the "Lenoir Topic," of Sept. 3, 18!!4. This contains ari
around the neck of this one, but much smaller and
extract from a report by Dr. Cyrus Thomas to the llureau of of finer quality than those on the neck of the first.
Ethnology concerning recent Mound Explorntions in various The material, however, seemed to be the same.
districts, and certifies that certain graves were examined by .A. much larger amount of paint was found by the
Messrs. Spainhour and Rogan. It is but fair to add that
although the account is very interesting it reveals nothing of side of this than the first. The bones indicated a
a masonic tendency : and Bro. Spainhour practically con· person of large frame, who I think was about fifty
fesses in the last paragraph of his letter that the mound in years of age. Everything about this one had the
question is the only instance he has lighted on.] appearance of superiority over the first; the top of
the skull was about six inches below the mark of
Excaration of an Indian Mound by J. MASON SPAINHOUR, the plow.
D. D. S., of Lenoir, OGldwell County, N. C., March 11th, I continued the examination, and after diligent
1871, on the farm of R. V. Michaux, E~q., near John's River, search, found nothing at the north side of the grave;
in Burke County, North Carolina, U.S.A.
but on reaching the east found another skeleton, in
IN a conversation with Mr. Michaux on Indian the same posture as the others facing the west. On
curiosities. be informed me that there was an Indian the right side of this was a rock on which the bones
mound on 'his farm which was formerly of consider- of the right band were resting, and on the rock was
able height, but had gradually been pl()owed down; also an axe, which had been about eight inches in
that several mounds in the neighbourhood had been length, but was broken into three pieces, and was
excavated, and nothing of interest found in them. composed of much better material, and better finished
I asked permission to examine this mound, which than the others. Beads were also found on the neck
was granted, and upon investigation the following of this, but much smaller and finer than those of tha
facts were revealed. others. .A. larger. amount of paint than both of the
Upon reaching the place, I sharpened a stick others was found near this one. The top of the
four or five feet in length and ran it down in the cranium had been moved by the plow. The bones
earth at several places, and finally struck a rock indicated a person of forty years of age.
about eighteen inches below the surface, which, on There was no appearance of hair discovered,
digging down was found to b8 smooth on top, lying besides, the smaller bones were almost entirely
horizontally upon solid earth, about eighteen inches decomposed, and would crumble when taken from
above the bottom of the grave, eighteen inches in their bed in the earth. The two circumstances,
length, and sixteen inches in width, and from two coupled with the fact that the farm. on which this
to three inches in thickness, with the corners grave was found, was the first settled in that part of
rounded. the country, the date of the first deed made from
Not finding anything under this rock, I then Lord Granville to John Perkins running back about
made an excavation in the south of the grave, and one hundred and fifty years, (the land still belong-
soon struck another rock, which upon examination ing to the descendants of the same family that first
proved to be in front of the remains of a human occupied it) would prove beyond doubt that it is a
skeleton in a .sitting posture. The bones of the very old grave.•
fingers on the right hand were resting on this rock, The grave was situated due east and west, in
and on the rock near the hand was a small stone size about twelve by eight feet,t the line being di.B-
about five inches long, resembling an axe or Indian tinctly marked by the difference in the colour of the
hatchet. Upon a further examination many of the soil. It was dug in rich black loam, and filled
bones were found, though in a very decomposed around the bodies with white or yellow sand, which
condition, and upon exposure to the air soon crum- I suppose was carried from the river bank two
bled to pieces. The heads of the bones, a consider- hundred yards distant. The skeletons approximated
able portion of the skull, maxillary bones, teeth, neck the walls of the grave, and contiguous to them was
bones, and the vertebra, were in their proper places, a dark colored earth, and so decidedly different was
though the weight of the earth above them had
• A further eTidence o! ita antiquity ; A large oak tree grew in the
driven them down, yet the entire frame was so north.eaat corner of the grave, partly in the grave, that measured two and
perfect that it was an easy matter to trace all the a half feei in diameter, and had about two hundred rings around the
heart, which had been cut down from fifty to seventy-live years before [
bones ; the bones of the cranium were slightly examined the mound in 1871.
inclined toward the East. Around the neck were t I measured this (liter I made iha report.
 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRmaTI. 107

this from all surrounding it, both in quality and taken from the ancient worked mines of Mitchell County,
&c., &c. I have taken out one hundred and eighty-eight
odor, that the line of the bodies could be readily bodies and have found them buried in every position, but the
traced. The odor of this decomposed earth, which mound described has a:! ways been the most interesting to me.
had been flesh, was similar to clotted blood, and Write me what you think of it.
would adhere in lumps when compressed in the hand.
Yours in .A. F. & A.M.,
This was not the grave of Indian warriors ;
in those we find pots made of earth or stone, and all J. M. SPAINHOUR,
the implements of war, for the warrior had an idea
that after he arose from the dead he would need in
the "hunting grounds beyond " his bow and arrow,
war hatchet and scalping knife. THE Ulii'BECOGl!riZED
The facts set forth will doubtless convince every
LODGES & DEGREES OF FltEEJII[ASOlfB.Y
Mason who will carefully read the account of this
remarkable burial that the American Indians were BEPOBE Alii'D APTBB 1717.
in possession of, at least, some of the mysteries of [cOMMUNICATED.]
our order, and that it was evidently the grave of
Masons, and the three highest officers in a Masonic MY object in writing this paper is not so much
Lodge. The grave was situated due east and west, to deal with the subject at length, of what I may
an altar was erected in the centre; the south, west, term unrecognized Freemasony, as to direct the
and east were occupied, the north was not; imple- attention of those Masonic Students who have
ments of authority were near ea.ch body, the difference better opportunities for investigation, to the unsati_s-
in the quality of the beads, the axes in om, two, and factory nature of all that has been put forward m
three pieces, and the.. difference that the bodies were recent years on the subject of the high-grades, and
placed from the surface indicate beyond doubt that to point out certain isolated traces of the early exis-
th~se three persons had been buried by Masons, and tence in this country of a system from which the
those-; too, that understood what they were doing. Continental high-grades were derived. I hold, in
Will some learned Mason unravel this mystery, opposition to the modern school, that we are not
and inform the Masonic wurld how they obtained so justified in treating the assertions of the Continental
much Masonic information P brethren, of last century, with that supercilious
The axes, maxillary bones, some of the teeth, disbelief of their claims, which in recent times has
beads, and other bones, have been forwarded through been the trait of masonic writers of tlJC so-called
Dr. H. C. Yarrow, of Fort Macon, N.C., to the critical school. It is not enough, in this case,
Smithsonian Institute at Washington, D.C., to be to demand documentary proof : in the nature of a.
placed among the archives of that Institution for society such as ours, which is believed to have passed
exhibition, at which place they may be seen. through the centuries under oaths of secrecy, we
have no right to expect a particle even of a docu-
Lenoir, N.C., December lOth, 1887. ment. All that we may expect to find is hidden
lhv. E. M. MYERS. allegory and symbols, with here and there a slip of
RIGHT WoRSHIPFUL BROTHER, the tongue or the pen. To understand the allegori-
Your letter asking for copies of " Indian Relics " at cal writings of times beyond our own it is also
hand. I enclose you two copies, also two papers containing necessary that a student should have devoted some
a synopsis of other work, copied from the American Naturalist, time to occult or Hermetic enquiry: in fact no
by Prof. Cyrus Thoma.e of the Smithsonian Institution. A progress can be made without it.
more general account will be published in the forthcoming As introductory to my suoject it is necessary to
reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, Vol: 5, 1883-~, which will
be issued at an early day, and you may obtain a copy by allude slightly to the pre-christian societies, geomatic
applying to your member of Congress in time. and religious, which spread from Egypt throughout
l am very much obliged for tho copy of " History of Europe as Isiaque, Gnostic, Jewish, and Christian.
Freemasonry," I shall read it with plea~ure. I am W.M. They had a president and officers, eigns, tokens, and
Hibriten Lodge, F. & A.M., No. 2G2, Lenoir, N.C., and have degrees. I agree with Bro. C. H. Tendler that these
alway& been interested in antiquities. The excavation of the
mound in 1871, a cursory glance of which is given in " Indian societies had pn.bahly, in all cases, an architectural
Relics" has always been a mystery to me, and I would be symbology. Bro. Gould, in his now famous history,
very greatly obliged to you, for any light on the subject that has shown that the most ancient Chinese schools of
you may be able to give. It has every indication. of Masonry. philosophy bad adopted Masonic allegory and
'fhe bottom of the excavation was perfectly level. On the emblems; the Jews, especially in the apocryphal
eouth side of the grave the black loam had been left for one
step, about eight inohes high, three feet long by two feet wide, Greco-Egyptian writings, use them; so does Saint
on the platform the black loam had been left for the seat of Paul in calling himself a master-builder. Some of
the J.W., two steps at the west with a similar platform and these schools became literal Christians, others
seat, and three steps at the east with seat as before described. remained firm in their ancient Oulte, and were the
The axes in one, two, and three pieces, the stone in the oentre, true Gnostics. Their dogma will be found in the
the length of the grave due east and west-nothing in the
north. If not Masonic, what is it ? If Masonic, how did Divine Pymander, which is a Greek adaptation of
they obtain the mysteries ? That large numbers of Indians the ancient Egyptian initiation, and I doubt not that
once occupied this section is evident from various oircum- the celebrated Tablet of Bembo, which our Bro.
stauces. That they emigrated or traded with Indians is Westcott has done so much to illustrate, was the
evident, from the fact that I have taken out copper from tracing-board, so: to speak, of one:of these Mase-onies
mounds that ha.s been examined by soientiste, who say it came
from Lake Superior, conch shells from the Gulf of Mexico, or Table Lodges. 1'he .Jewish Cabala is the Hebrew
crab shells from the .Atlantic, and mica. whioh may have been version of the same lore. Cardinal Newman is not
108 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGJ<; QuATUOR CORONA'l'l

a bad authority on the Arcane Discipline, or three (by Jacobus Van Lennep, the Dutch historian) to b~:
secret degrees of the early Christians, and he makes on evidence in the French examinations that Peter
no doubt that this Catechitical Rite came from de Boulogne fled out of France to the Scottisll
Alexandria in Egypt. To me the doctrine proves brethren, and in the Scottish examinations it is on
~hat it could not derive from any other source, but ·evidence that the brethren there fled to Bruce a.wl
mto that I do not desire to enter. There is not aided him in his war against England: Sir Walter
much trace of it in the Catacombs, but there is proof Scott adopted this fact in his "Halidon HilL"
that both Jews and Christians met there and that Though the history of this Scottish Order and thq.i
these primitive Christians adopted the hidroglyphic of the Hospital of St. John is very scant, there ilt
system of the Egyptians to distinguish their tombs. sufficient Charter evidence to shew that the Templar$
Mahomet was in all likelihood, for we cannot prove kept their Preceptories and lived in peace with thit
it by Bro. Gould's legal methods, an initiate of the Commanderies of St.John. In Scotland the facts seem
old Gnostic schools. As early as the 9th or lOth to shewthat it was rather the Templars who absorbed
century Hakem established his Rite with nine the Knights of St.John, as the former name is so often
degrees at Cairo, and from them the Modern Druses used in charters. We may instance Bro. Lyon'a
are derived; these are, of course, anti-christian in statement that the 15th century Burg Records of
doctrine, that is taking the established Church as Aberdeen contain the law that" Nae Templar shall
the exponent. The Monks, and especially such intromet by buying and selling," unless he be "
bodies as the Culdees of York, continued the secret brother of the guild. In the 16th century the head
christian initiations. of the combined order in Scotland, Sir James Sandi.
The authors of various poems of Dante's time, lands surrendered, when called upon by law, the old.
wrote in an allegorical language, and Rosetti has Templar estates of Torpichen, and had them erected.
clearly shown that they have allusions to systems of into a Lordship for himself; an attempt was made
seven and nine degrees, and that Templars and by Sir David Seaton to continue the Order, but at
Albigensis were in these initiations. The Boman de a later period he was obliged to retire to Ratisbonn~
la Bose speaks of a Castle guarded by seven walls with his Scottish followers.-It was at this perioti
and no one can enter unless able to interpret the that the satire called "Holy Church and her Th10ves"
symbols. Heckethorne holds that the Romances appeared-
of King Arthur are allusive to this system. It is in "Fye upon the traitor then
fact singulae, to say no less, that the Templars made Quhar has brought us too sic pass,
Greedie als the Knave Judas,
use of Gnostic Rosicencian and .Masonic emblems, Fye upon the Churl quha sold
an~l that ''"e only find trarcs of such undoubted Holye earthe for heavie golde,
Masonic emblems in their buildings and in others Rut the Temple felt uo loss
erected after their fall. They also had Papal Bulls 'Vhen David Setoune bare the crosse."
of Exemption in their favour, and in the favour of
their serving brethren, a circumstance which Bro. We see that the term Knights of the Temple and
Gould, whilst careful to seek it amongst the St. John was in use in Scotland, and it is quite in
Benedictines, omits all mention of. To come down the bounds of possibility that when James came to
to later times we find similar allegory in the writ- England in 1G03, he brought with him those who
ings called Rosicrucian. We are specially informed had secretly continued the Order. Lessing and
that "they were divided into degrees," and it is Buhle state that for thirty years Wren frequented a.
clear those degrees were seven. The " Company of house near St. Paul's, which from ancient times held
the Trowel" which it is said existed in Florence a secret Massoney of Templars, or a table-Club, and
down. to the 18th century, was of the nature of these though the inferences that they draw from this are n(}
societies, though many may consider that they con- doubt imaginary, yet there is a more probable theory
verted it into a species of buffoonery if we accept supported by some evidence. It is that the Scottish
the account of them literally; at their banquets they Knights of the Temple, with some English Knighi(s
imitated masonry and building with tarts and viands, of St. John, kept up their assemblies at their old
and the descent into hell on other occasions, the Pciory of St. John in Clerkenwell, and at a later
member being conducted through the jaws of a period amalgamated with the Masonic fraternity.
serpent. It is certain that the Stuarts meditated a restoration
But enough of this, it is time that I harked of the old Knightly Order. According to Jacobus
back, to the Rites of English Masonry. Colonel Van Lennep, Dom Calmet states that Viscount
:Moore advocates very strennously that the early Dundee was Master of the Scottish Templars, and
Tcmplars' secret degrees were those of the Arcane that he had received from David Graham the Cross
Discipline of tho primitive christ.ians ; he says that of the Order which his brother wore when he fell at
last century this masonry of St. John was preserved Killicrankie. A more formal restoration was at-
in Denmaek quite separate from English Freema- tempted in 1689 when James II. addressed the
sonry. Any one who studies occult and Gnostic Grand Master of Malta from Dublin and obtained
cnstoms and compares them with those of tho the appointment of his natural son, Henry Fitz
Templars will see this very clearly, but the allega- James, as Grand Prior. There is also a letter of
tions made against them, that they were given to the 1745 which, if genuine, would prove that the British
anti-christian Rites of the East, had probably a Order of the Temple was ruled by Earl Mar in 1715,
foundation in some of their Preceptories. who was succeeded by the Duke of Athol, until
Now the Templars were suppressed in England Prince Charles assumed the white mantle and the
somewhat rigidly, but not so in Scotland. It is said Grand Master&hip at Holyrood in 1745.
 TRANSACTIONs oF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 109

But there is a. still more· singular proof of the this guise he had to present himself respectfully
continued existence of I!J British Order of the Temple before the President and petition to be received
in the so-called Charter of Larmenius, which specially "into the Company of Brothers." The Presidtmt
places under ban the Scottish Templan. Now if then points out to him the duties he will take upun
that document were genuine, as is yet held by some, himself and how salutary and advantageous it is for
the reason of such anathema is clear : they had his soul. He was asked if he would submit himself
engaged in civil strife and obtained the advantage to the obligations, and the Templar ma<le this
of an independent position by it. But if, as is more demand three times. If he gave his assent he was
probable, the document be a forgery, the cause of the questioned upon his present position, was be 'narried,
ban is clearly apparent. It is asserted that Philip in debt, or a slave? If the replies were sal :,factory
of Orleans collected the remains of the older S9ciety the President presented an open Missal, l which
of "Resurrected Templars," and employed the Jesuit the Aspirant laid both his hands, and tool; · ··ow to
father, Bonani, to forge the Charter in 170.5, upon Almighty God, the Virgin, and St. John tl I :aptist,
that he sent two members to the King of Portugal of obedience, poverty, and chastity. Tl 11 he re-
to obtain the recognition of the Order of Christ, but placed the Missal on the altar, which he ], i .,; fl, and
the King ordered their arrest, one died in durance, was invested with the Crossed Mantle, "tth an
and the other escaped to Gibraltar and to England. address upon the several parts of the sanw. This
1f there had been no Scottish Templars in the suit concluded, all prestnt embraced the newly proposed
of the old Pretender then, 1705, in France, there Knight in token of friendship, peace, and hrotl:erly
could have been no cause to destroy them. love. In the French Order the Knig-hl (not the
It is not to be supposed that these orders, at Esquire) was coffined and covered with a funereal
this period, had any basis of masonic initiation. No pall.
doubt Templers were occasionally accepted by Having arrived at this point I am 11"'' able to
masons. No doubt also, and we have at least some pass to the Masonic Lodges of St. .J,J::J which
evidence of the fact, Templars were received by the existed before and after the establishment of a Gmnd
Rosicrucian Societies ; the Knights were often Lodge in 17l7. I consider that Bro. :-<adler has
students of alchemy and astrology; even Lilly re- made it very cleartha.t these Lodges of Si . .John did
cords his family connection with one of them under maintain an independent position until about the
the heteredox designation of 'l'empla1·. But it is year 1750. But in its original significatio11, s:ty at
more than proqable that the Scottish Templars York, befm·e 1715, a St. John's Lodge may be taken
passed on the catechetiaal three degrees of the to mean only a regular lodge, held on St. John the
.Arcane Discipline, I consider that this system is Baptist';; day in midsummer. I maintaiu. however,
preserved to this day in a new form as an indepen- that it came to have a more extended nH,:wing in
dent order. In 1743 there existed in London an connection with the seven degree Rite of St. John
Order termed the Royal Order, or Heredom Rosy and the Temple. The proof of this is to '"' fcnnd in
Cross, which claimed to have been founded by Bruce some sources I will mention. In the Cat~·L:hism of
as an Order of Knighthood, in place of the Templars. the Grand Mystery 1724., we find the Gnostie symbol
"The claim has no basis, and no doubt the forms of of a c:ross upon a triangle and its extc" C'hristain
the Order were then adapted to the new theory. char;;der appears in such questions as thcse,-
But it is valuable as tradition, if properly interpre- Q. What do they (the 3 lights) represent?
ted. Its catechism corresponds to what Col. Moore A. The three Persons, Father, Son, am! Holy Ghost.
sets forth, on the evidence of an old physician, as the Q. What do they (the 2 pillars) represent?
teaching of the Danish Fraternity of St. John, to A. .A strength and stability of the Church in all ages.
which I alluded previously, its three steps may be So much for the catechism of the first masonic
divided into Patriarchial, Levitieal, and Christian degree, which no doubt is some years older than the
instruction, and under their present modified form published date of 1724. The next thing that I shall
have great resemblance to the Arcane Discipline, notice is the preface to " Long Livers " by Robert
and though, as we see, claiming to be ancient in Samber, written in 1721. It is in complete accord
1743, the tradition conected it with Scottish Tem- with the allegorical language of the Rosicrucians,
plars who actually owed their salvation to the which was three-fold in its character; operative or
assistance they rendered Bruce against England. alchemical, humanitarian, or relating to man's
Although I have disclaimed herein the con- moral and physical nature; and Theosophical or
nection of Templars with the Masonic fraternity relating to the working of the Divine soul. It is
yet, as a matter of fact, the receptions of St. John very clear that this PrP.face is not operative or
and ihe Temple, as old as 1127, corres-pond in a alchemical, and with the double light of Rosicrucian
remarkable manner with those of a Craft-mason. literature and the seven degree Rite of Masonry, it
The two Knightly orders differed only in this that is not difficult to understand. That it does allude
the first (St. John) was an open ceremony, the to a Rite of seven degrees I make no doubt, but as
second (Templars) a secret ceremony like that of I have already put forth my views at some length
the Masons. In the first place he had to hear mass, elsewhere, I cannot devote space to its consideration
confess himself, and receive absolution ; he is in- here. The next proof of a system of seven dP.grees
formed tha.t he must put off the old man and be is in the two letters of 1724 respecting the
regenerated; he had to present himself in a secular " Gormogons." Whoever wrote these letters was
habit, ungirdled, with a. lighted taper in his hand, evidently well acquainted with the pretensions of
"in order that he may appear perfectly free at the the Masons and was probably a dissatisfied initiate.
time of entering upon so sacred an engagement." In In one part he alludes to Samber as a Renegade

0
110 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORON~TI.

Papist, and states that some of the Masons wrote "Year of Revival," 1686. This I hold is about the
themselves S.T.P. after their names, for which he period when it may be reasonably supposed that the
ridicules them in his own way. Now S. is no doubt Jacobite party, amongst which may be reckoned
Society, and T.P. was used to indicate the Templar later on Samber and the Duke of Wharton,
Order both on the seal of Dunkerley in l791, and attempted the revival of the old Rosicrucian Order
by the 1788 London Templars of the French Cler- upon new lines. It frees the Scots Masons of France
mont system, which had been introduced by French and Germany from the constant charges made
refugees. Next we find the writ.er, in the same against them of bad faith. By the amalgamation
letter of 1724, ridiculing Dr. Rawlinson with re- of the British Templars with Freemasonry, and tha
presenting himself as member of a fifth order which acceptance of the legend of Hiram, it became
possessed an ineffable word of mighty power; and necessary about 1741 to reconstruct the Templar
amongst the Ancients, whom I consider Bro. Sadler degrees of Heredom Rosy Cross in London on a.
has proved to derive from pre-1717 Masons and new basis. We can credit even MarRhall when he
who were yet often visited by Moderns and were says he received in 1741 the Templar grade from
even affiliated, the Arch degree constituted the fifth brethren in the Army, and Von Hund when he
order, and laid claim to this very ineffable and all says that in 1742 the "Knight of the Red Feather"
powerful word. We then find that in 1728 Oakley made hil!l a Templar in the presence of Kilmar-
adopts in his speech part of the language of Samber ; nock, and that he was thereupon introduced to
we find in 1729 that Chambers alleges that some of Prince Charles Edward as a new recruit. Bro.
the Freemasons possessed all the characters of the Gould has gone so fully into the history of the
Rosicrucians; we find in 1730 that A.Z. in the Strict Observance that I need say no more. Little
" Daily Journal," distinctly accuses the Freemasons credit can be placed np'on Charles Edward's denial
of, having adopted some part of the receptions of that he was a Freemason; his brother waR a Cardinal
the foreign Society of Rosicrucians; we find in of Rome, and Charles had sunk into a state of
1738 a non-Mason writing in the Gentleman's sottish imbecility; but as all my contention is that
Magazine that in all probability the more recondite the British Templars had only a version of the
aims of the Masons are concealed in an Inner Arcane Discipline it was not necessary that he
Chapter. Lastly-in 1737 we find Ramsay making a should be a Mason, and it is noteworthy that only
speech in which are embodied the dogmas and teach- two sections are attributed to his patronage-the
ings of this class of Masons. My theory will Heredom Rosy Cross and Temple. But some con-
corroborate the views set forth so ably by Bro. firmation of the Masonic nature of the Templar in
Gould that Ramsay did not invent a Rite; but as 1746 is given in a letter, printed by Bro. Hughan in
he was an honest and learned man his speech proves his "English Rite," addressed by Bro. J. T. Pollet
that he did not derive his initiation from a lodge to Bro. J. Peter Vogel, '25 April, 1763, in which he
under the revived 1717 system, but from the inde- states that the Royal Arch was caiTied to France
pendel!t Lodges of St. John. by the Scottish Regiment Ogilvy in 1746. As the
I must, perforce, admit that there is but scant Knights of Malta sought initiation into Freemasonry
documentary evidence ofthis system, and I write this from 1740 we may conclude that they found some-
paper almost wholly in the hope that our brethren thing consonant to their own Order,' and would en-
in London will turn their attention to the closer courage the Masons in propagating a Christian
investigation of the subject on these lines. It may system of Masonry.
be that everything of value perished in the Masonic This paper has already run to too great a
bonfire of 1720. We find, however, in Bro. Lane's length; but I cannot resist the opportunity of a few
" Masonic Records" that in 1723 thero was a Lodge words on Symbolism; this subject has, however,
meeting at St. John's Coffee House, Clerkenwell, been so ably treated by Bro. A.F.A. Woodford, that
for which a blank is left in the two following lists. I need only instance a few leading traits, which go
It is scarcely likely that a Lodge would be formed to confirm the views I have here put forward so
in 1723 and become extinct in the next year; it is imperfectly.
much more probable that it was an older Lodge In the Rosicrucian writings and Samber's
which saw reason to withdraw after the publication Masonic preface we find allusions to the -.. Book M."
of the Constitutions in that year. Again, in I am inclined to think t.hat this alluded originally
Hogarth's plate of the Scald-Miserable Masons, he to the Book o£ Nature, or the Microcosm and the
himself being a Past Officer of Grand Lodge, we Macrocosm. But the term was adopted by the
find represented the Sword-bearer to "His Grace Lodges, and a "Book M, or Masonry triumphant.,"
of Watton, Grand Master of the Holy Lodge of St. was published.
John of Jerusalem, in Clerkenwell." There was also In the Rosicrucian system we find these things
a body of Masons meeting in Clerkenwell last in common with the Royal Arch. It seems in
century, who conferred many outside degrees. It is evidence that Continental Masonry, about 1740,
probably owing to these circumstances that Clerken- gave the word JHVH as the original word of
well Gate has been claimed as an ancient Lodge Masonry. Both the Royal Arch and the Rosicru-
room, and that Preston asserts that the Knights of cian writings treat at length on the great value of
St. John assembled their Grand Lodge in 1500, and this Ineffable word. Bro. Westcott seems to estab-
Masonry rose into notice under their patronage. lish a connection between the Royal Arch and
One more remark before I pass to something else ; Cabalism. The nine-chambered letter key was used
last century there existed a Rite of 7°. of which by both the Rosicrucians and the ancient Arch
the last, or Templar Priest., dated its Certificates- Masons ; it is essentially an Arcb alphabet, for
 TRANSACTIONS oF THE LoDGE QuATUOR Co&oNATI. 111

If combined with the love of the true and the

though Dermott indicates that he knew it from
good ;ou have not also a slight mental attraction
about 1740, it does not seem to have been used by
the Craft. The Royal Arch arms are admitted to
towa~ds the poetry resident in all things, and a.
have been taken from the papers of a Jewish judgment tempered by feeling and sentiment, enter
Cabalist, who lectured on Solomon's Temple in not, you will be bored. He who, with th~ cultuN
1680, and we find the symbols treated of in the old of progress, combines that of old memones; who,
Rosicrucian writings. The nine-chambered cypber whilst pursuing exact science can yet understand all
may have suggested the nine arches of Enoch. the charm of a venerable myth; who loves custom
The alleged banner of the Rosicrucians was a because it is old, antique forms because they are
Red Cross on a white field, such as is used in the beautiful, even prejudice, because it is at the root ~f
Templar Rite. . human history, such a one will find full play for ~IS
I am quite open to admit that after the Enghsh instincts as an archreologist. But, should you cnqmre
Rite of 7o, which be it noted, always claimed our how it will benefit your pocket or influence the
own country for its birth-place, and never a con- elections,-go not in ! .
tinental derivation, was introduced abroad, it suffered If, in religious matters, you start w1th the
modification by the older secret societies, and came assumption that your opponent is a fool or a knave,
back to us so modified and affected all our Masonry venture not to approach. But, if you respect every
somewhat. Bro. Gould, in his account of the Com- sincere opinion, or if, being of a religious tempera-
panionage, has given us an account oftheir G'Uilb1 ette, ment you can bear with those who are not so, or
it is not unlikely to have been the origin of the rather, are so differently from yourself, then go; 1_10
cross found in the 4° of Clermont and Hund, npon one will wound your suscevtibilities, and you w1ll
which was placed a lion, a fox, an ape, a dove, and hurt no one.
a. pelican; most of these were terms in the Com- If, as regards God and your soul, you appre~iate
panionage. the maje'lty of the_ issue, whilst possibly of. the
In advancing these views I must ask the opinion that the science of some does not d1~er
orethren to believe that I am actuated solely by the greatly from the agnosticism of others.' your aspira-
desire of Masonic truth in history. I consider that tions mav probably encounter comfortmg support.
Universal Masonry, such as is practised by our If, a"s a physician or lawyer, a tradesman or
Grand Lodge, is the only system worthy of support. merchant official or clerk, you seek to find there
It is not my. business to enquire wheth·er those either cli~nts or patrons, you will be grievously dis-
Masons who were advocating a rival system were appointed. A.!l an official you would inspire the
right or wrong. It leads up to interesting and good-humoured contempt of the minister, were he a
intellectual enquiry, and as such we may be pleased mason, and his successor would, perhaps, send you
to see that a number of grades have been continued about your bu3iness. A.s a merchant, you would
to us, and are yet practised upon the tolerant basis cause both your masonry and your merchandise to
of Craft Masonry.-JOHN YARKER, P.M. be regarded with suspicion.
If, being- ambit:ous, you have capabilities equal
to your ambition, go: many will learn to know you
thoroughly. llut if you merely seek to acquire
SKALL I BE A MASO!l? stilts for your too diminutive legs, keep aloof : and
for the very same reason.
(Translated from the French of Bro. P. Tempels by As a politician, do not dream of making parti-
0. W. Speth.) sans in a Lodg-e : you will only prevail with those
who already follow you; and you will possibly lose
THERE is a chapter under this same title in a them and have to endure their reproach that you
book written for the public in the xviiith ce!ltury. have imported discord within the sacred precincts:
The author indicates the disposition required in your success will be short-lived.
order to make those sacrifices to which one is exposed If you hold opinions which possess you rather
in Freemasonry. Those who do not possess this than you them, if your disposition be such as to render
temperament, he counsels to abstain. Do not offer you too prone to blame others, or if you have no
yourself, he says, without due consideration. pride in your birthright independence in all matters
Read a History of Masonry: there is no lack that concern yourself, the education of yoilr children,
of them. Read the libels published against Masons ; the actions of your religious, civil or family life, you
the Bulls of Excommunication; examine the charges will never possess the requisite masonic qualifica-
made. Read some earnest work on its tenets, for tions, you will never understand those who do.
example, " Morals and Dogma," by the learned and If you be entirely absorbed by your profession,
Venerable Bro. Pike, Grand Commander of the your associations, your position in society, approach
Supreme Council of the Southern States of America. not! Why should you undertake obligations which
Do not present yourself out of mere puerile will be onerous to you P
curiosity; you will only be disappointed. If you owe all your time and resources to your
Do not join the Craft except with a firm resolu- family, abstract nothing from a duty which is above
tion to study the institution. It partakes of the all others. The Lodge is an incentive to outlay.
nature of certain natural phenomena, of certain You would either regret not being able to do even
masterpieces of art, of the genius of certain men. as the others, or you would violate our statutes in
The first view destroys the illusion, one must study consecrating to your pleasure that which is justly
them to comprehend them. claimed elsewhere.
112 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

If you be a hypochondriac, keep away! but, if Dugdale's statement be correct as to a Papal Bull
you love a word in season and a merry jest, enter in. in Henry's reign, which conferred leave on Italian
And cherish no illusions ! Do not allow your~ architects and craftsmen to traverse Europe and
self to be carried away by the idea that you owe a produce ecclesiastical works, whether de la Roche,
sacrifice to humanity, to progress, and all the rest! himself a foreigner, was the Grand Master of these
Masons are apt to laugh at high-flown notions of architects and craftsmen i' His episcopate, syn-
self-sacrifice. chronises with the Bull, and, moreover, he was a
Join the Masons only if you desire it for your great master builder ; his " work " included a.
own sake; whoever you be, they can get on excel- Dominican Convent in Winchester, the Abbey of
lently well without you. Pitchfield, part foundation of Netley Abbey, a
religious house at Joppa, and the Domus Dei a.t
Portsmouth, the oldest, if not the finest, Chapel
Royal in the Kingdom. Living as he did in the
time of magnificent architecture and carving, it
A FEW THOUGHTS Olf THE EFFIGY OF might well be that he was thought worthy to preside
over the Craft, and held the Grand Mastership
A BEPUTED GBAlfD MASTEB OF FBEEMASOllrS under the" Bulla" of the Vatican.
Ill WillrCHESTEB CA'I'HEDBAL. The question merits investigation, and perhaps
the pu blicit.y of the "Transactions " may elucidate
THE Correspondence Circle of the Quatuor some facts. Curiously enough, the glorious architect
Coronati Lodge certainly fills a void often felt by and statesman, William of Wykham, is never spoken
those brethren of the Craft, who, in the eager pur- of in connection with Freemasonry, although his
suit of knowledge, desire a retrospective view and profound theoretical and practical knowledge of
test of the archreology of Freemasonry ; for that there architecture has immortalised him at Winchester,
is an antiquarian mine of valuable material unworked Windsor, and Oxford. William of Waynfl.ete, who
cannot be doubted, and many brethren hope for was the next successor but one after Wykham, whose
great results through the organization of the glorious College at Oxford (Magdalen) and his
Quatuor Coronati Lodge and its ever-increasing position of first Provost of Eton, have made him
Correspondence Circle. I venture now in a very immortal also, is, like de la Roche, stated to have
diffident vein to court investigation by its means been Grand Master of the Freemasons from 1443 to
and the erudition of W or1>hipful Bro. R. F. Gould, 1471. Are there no documents of his time just over
whose writings and researches into masonic lore 400 years ago to give us light on this matter? Again,
have built him an imperishable fame, to try and in the middle of the 16th century, John Poynet,
find out some solid ground for the history of a per- Bishop of Winchester, 1551-3, was Grand Master in
sonage whose effigy is in the processional aisle of 1552, at least, as it is said, and is buried at
the Cathedral of Winchester. The effigy which, Strasburg.
with the once beautiful canopy, is in Purbeck Yet another Masonic memory is to be found in
marble, ~s of Peter de Ia Roche, Bishop of Winches- the Cathedral on a fragment of a finely carved coat
ter, who in various books, inter alia "Woodward's of arms. The shield is simi1ar to one on the Gates-
Hampshire," is said to have been Grand Master of head Charter, I believe. [See Bro. Gould's History
t.he Freemasons in England in 1216. The position of Masonry.] The crest is a castle with a domed top
of the effigy is unusual. It is recumbent, wearing within the battlements, and surrounding the upper
a mitre of the form sculptured in the early part of part of the shield and in fine relief are displayed the
the 13th century, and instead of a pastoral staff the Masonic emblems. The carving is very bold and
right hand is placed over the region of the heart, apparently of the style of the 16th century. Where
and the left holds a clasped book-possibly a Bible the other portions of the monument are cannot be
or Missal-moreover, the Bishop has a beard. Peter said, nor can it be imagined whose tomb it
de la Roche, a native of Poictiers, fills a large space ornamented.
in the national history. As a soldier he fought for, It does appear to me that these matters merit
and was a favourite of, Richard Camr de Lion, who investigatio'l, and I shall be delighted to see them
knighted him on the field of battle. He came to taken up by my fellow-students.- W.H. JACOB, P.M.,
the bishop's stool of Winchester in 1204, and died Lodge of CEconomy, No. 76. Prov. G. Sup. of Works,
its Bishop in 1238. He filled the office of Lord Hants aud I. of W., 4-c., §-c.
Chief Justice of England in 1214, and is said to have
given John the evil advice not to sign the Great [EDITORIAL NoTE.-According to Dr. Anderson (Oonstit.
Charter. In the infancy of Henry of Winchester- pp. 69, 70,) Peter de Rupibus,-apparently identical with
the 3rd Henry-he was Protector of the Realm, and Peter de la Roche above,-Bishop of Winchester, and Grand
in 1217 Guardian of the King; and amongst his Master, was also the King's Guardian (Hen. III.), w;hile
" William a Wickham" is stated by the same authority to
enemies was Roger Bacon, the famous mathematician. have been Grand Master in the following century, and at the
Peter seems to have quitted the kingdom and made head of 400 Free Masons to have rebuilt the Castle of
a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, returning home Windsor, A.D. 1357.
in 1231, dying, according to one authority before and The coat of arms referred to in the text, or rather what
to another, in 1238. Living, as he did, in the reign now remains of it, has been photographed, and from a copy
kindly procured for us by Bro. Jacob, we give a reproduction.
of the great builder and patron of art, Henry III., -G. W. S.J
who employed foreign skill as well as English, the
question forces itself on the mind, supposing Sir W.
FRAGMENT OF STONE IN WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL.
From a Photograph b!J A. G. Rider, Winchester.
 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATJ. 113

married ; but his marriage proved an unhappy ona

IGNATIUS AURELIUS FESSLER. In 1796 he removed to Berlin, where, till the calami-
(From the German of BrfJ. Rudolf Oar! Bec/r., by G. JV. Speth.) tous year 1806, he enjoyed the salaried appointment
of "Consul" in catholick and school affairs in the
AMoNGST those of our brethren whose life history department of South Prussia; and acquired no ;;mall
appears most worthy of study, I. A. Fessler takes a fame as a writer by the issue of several important
prominent place. Important as was his influence, works. From 11th May, 1783, to 2nd June, 1196,
in the course of years, on masonry and the society he was a member of Lodge "Phcenix of the Round
of his age, the circumstances of his birth and child- Table," in Lemberg. He devoted himself wit.h
hood gave little promise thereof. He was born on energy to the study of Freemasonry, and was much
the 18th May, 1756, at Czurendorf, in Hungary, his assisted therein by his friendship with several ex-
father being a retired sergeant of cavalry and inn- perienced brethren. After his settlement in Berlin
keeper. His mother, a most devout woman, super- he founded the "Wednesday Society for Humanita-
intended his early education and devoted him, under rian Purposes,"~ and on the 2nd June, 1796, joined
a sacred vow, to the ranks of the monastic clergy. the Lodge " Royal York of Friendship," although
From her he imbibed an enthusiastic religions tem- he was disenchanted with Lodge life. His disap-
perament, which he never belied, even in later life. proval of the spiritually dead Freemasonry of his
Between the years of 1763 and 1770 he attended day found expression in his celebrated three
the Grammar School at Pressburg, and from 1770 propositions : which were
to 1772 the Jesuit School at Raab, where the Jesuit 1.-The preservation and propa.gation of the
Antonius Mancini became his chief instructor. In true Light of Freemasonry is only possible through
1773, at Modling, he entered the Order of Capuchin individual enlightened members, not by Lodges.
Monks, adopted the name of Innocentius, resided 2.-The individual enlightened Freemason will
at various times in different monasteries of the do better to hold himself aloof from all participation
Order, was ordained priest, and ultimately removed in the official work of the Lodge : and
to the Capuchin monastery in Vienna to complete 3.-An enlightened Freemason will act wisely
his studies. Shortly after his arrival in this monas- if he abstains from attempting any reformation of
tery a monk died, who for some youthful indiscretion Lodge activity so long as he is unable to insist upon
had been compelled to vegetate for fifty-two years in a preliminary selection, winnowing and purifying of
a subterranean dungeon. This occurrence pro- the Lodge members.
duced such an impression on Fessler that he felt After affiliation Fessler discovered, to his
himself compelled to communicate the circumstances surprise, that the ... Royal York " Lodge, although
to the Emperor Joseph II. in a private letter. The calling itself "Mother Lodge " was totally devoid of
Emperor answered the communication by abolishing any high aims, that it was nothing more than the
all monastic prisons throughout the Austrian rendezvous for a number of good and honest, but
monarchy. Fessler thereby earned the bitter hatred ordinary, men of pleasure, without any real know-
of all clerical circles, which he increased by his ledge of Freemasonry whatever. The chief care of
pamphlet " What is the Kaiser ? " publisned in the Mother Lodge consisted in the collection of the
Vienna in 1782. In spite of the countenance quarterages and fees of the daughter-lodges, its
afforded him by the Bishop of Rautenstrauch and Archives contained only correspondence, minutes
other honorable men, including the Emperor him- and rituals, its Treasury was almost empty. But
self, it was impossible to escape the persecutions of instead of the preservation of good morals and
his superiors, who however readily relieved him respectable balances, the propagation of the high
of his vows to the Order when he at length desired degrees was cultivated all the more assiduously.
it. After his release the Emperor appointed him Beyond the three St. John's degrees, there were a.
Lecturer and subsequently Professor of Oriental Perpignan degree, a Red .Andrew degree, a Knight
Language and Old Testament Philology at the of the East degree, and a degree of Sovereign Rose
Univ:ersity o~ Lemberg. He took up the Lemberg Croix [or Rosicrucian] Princes. The members of
appomtment m 1783 and the same year was initiated this seventh degree formed a. " Sublime Council,''
by the Lodge of that city. The publication in 1783 and decided on all affairs of the Craft Lodges. But
of his tragedy," Sidney," involved him in an action- the members of the Lodge had ceased to find any
at-law, and he saw himself forced to resign his chair spiritual profit in all this and longed for something
and fled to Breslau. Here he was well and hospit- better, and their aspirations found expression in the
a~ly receive~ by W. G. Korn, the publisher, in 1788, immediate introduction of Fessler within the ex-
tlll he obtamod the appointment of tutor to the clusive portals of the Sublime Council ; which was
hereditary Prince of SchOnaich-Karolath. Fessler effected in the absence of any desire on Fessler's part
was not particularly enamoured of the then existing and even contrary to his wish. Being introduced,
state of Freemasonry and the extravagancies of the the following state of affairs was laid bare before
high degrees of the period, and thought to realise him. The Royal York Lodge called it,self a Mother
his ideal by establishing the Society of the "Ever- and Grand Lodge, was only such under sufferance
geten," i.e. Benefactors. This Society was to be as far as the State was concerned, but acknowledged
independent of Church and State, and to work under as such by the Craft in general. At this time an
Masonic forms. However, it never advanced beyond edict respecting secret societies was to be expected
the stage of inception and dissolved of its own accord from the Prussian Government, which would have
in 1795. Meanwhile, in 1791, Fessler had gone over had the effect of foreing the Royal York to submit
to the Protestant Church, and had subsequently ""M:ittwocbs-und Hulnanltll.ta -Gesellscbaft.
114 TRAN~ACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuuuoR CoRONATI.

itself as a private lodge to the jurisdiction either of The institnt.ion of the eighth degree was hailed
the Zinnendorff Grand Lodge [National Grand Lodge with acclamations by the vain-glorious members of
of Germany], or of the National Mother Lodge of the Lodge. The fact is that in Berlin no effort.
the "Three Globes." Fessler then was instructed, whatever had been made to grasp Fessler's idea,
on becoming a member of the Sublime Council, to there was simply joy at the extra degree. Th&
avert thiA blow and to revise and amend all the appreciation of the author's philosophy was releg~
rituals of the Lodge. Seeing a fair field for good ted to the provincial Lodges.
work opened up to him he announced his willingness The aspirations of t.he high degrees having thns
to undertake this reformation, and proposed that been settled, it became necessary once more to revise
the members of the Royal York should divide them- the first three degrees, and to so arrange them
selves into four private Lodges and in conjunction that they should no longer contain the promises and
with the former daughters of the Lodge constitute a hints of higher secrets to which the subsequent
Grand Lodge. After two years of hard work the historical instruction of the steps to knowledge
Grand Lodge was constituted with seven daughters, would give the lie. This necessary consequence was
During the first year of this reformation he revised apparent even to the Innermost Orient and the
the first three degrees; in order not to shock the return of the apprentice degree to the old English
brethren too much and to protect himself from the ceremonial of initiation was t.hus made easier.
charge of innovating, he retained as much of the The ritual being revived in this spirit, submitted
French Rite then in use as possible, and filled up and adopted with a few amendments, it was solemnly
the blanks caused by his excisiona with portions of accepted throughout the whole Grand Lodge juris-
the 1 i94 Prague Ritual, Swedish system. His new diction on the night which saw the last of the 18th
version was adopted with expressions of general and ushered in the 19th century. The Grand Lodg&
approval in the Masters' Conference of the 19th was now a splendid artistic structure anu occupied
January, 1797, although he had considerably cur- a commanding posit.io:n. In 1797, when Fessler was.
tailed the privileges of the Worshipful Master and made Deputy Grand Master, the Grand Lodge
of the Sublime Council. He himself defined the counted only three private Lodges all told; now
three lesser lights as follows: " The sun rules the thP.y were sixteen in number.
day only, the moon the night only, and the Master Meanwhile the brethren perceived with dismay
the Lodge only, that is to say only the region of his that they could no longer plume themselves as for-
labour. If, therefore, we recognise in the three merly on their possession of the high degrees. The
greater lights the spirit of Freemasonry, unlimited Masonic College for Dogma and Doctrine, the Inner-
by either time or place, the three lesser lights will Orient, soon palled upon them, it satisfied no want
remind us o£ the finito nature of our Lodge of theirs. Moreover, Fessler's character was rugged,
activity." full of sharp corners and edges, which often gave
The next step wa3 to formulate a Constitution. offence and estranged the love of his brethren. On
This was all the more difficult because the possessors the 13th September, 1801, the celebrated jurist and
of the high degrees were too jealous of their privy counseller, Bro. E. F. Klein, was, at Fessler's
privileges to relinquish them easily. Moreover, some instigation, elected Grand ~laster, but he soon
of the twenty-six members of the Sublime Council proved himself to be a timorous man, given to
were not masters of the German tongue, which constant suspicion and intolerant of opposition,
naturally led to misunderstandings. His proposition who very early sided with the opponents of Fessler-
of April, 1797, to suppress the high grades was and sought for an opportunity of removing the
unanimously rejected. He therefore chose an indi- meritorious reformer. Meanwhile Fessler had con-
rect road to the same end, and not only retained the ferred an Inner Orient on the Lodge " Of the Three
four high degrees, but even created a fifth high Hills," in Freiberg, and the Lodge had in acknow-
degree, the eighth degree, or '' Innermost Orient." ledgement made him an honorary member. Fessler,
But he diminished these high degrees to mere aware of the feeling against him in Berlin, announced
initiations connected with "Steps to Knowledge," to the Innermost Orient that he would retire for a
[Erkenntniss-stufen] and the Scientific Union [scienti- while, which was followed on the 9th May, IR02, by
fischer-Bund.] The six steps to knowledge which the resignation ·of all his offices, and shortly after-
thus took the place 0f the four high degrees were wards by a complete resignation of membership.
called the Holy of Holies, Justification, Celebration, His friend and colleague, Bro. Fischer, resigned his
Transition, Home, and Culmination. Each step membership of the "Royal York " Lodge at the
was preceded by an introduction and initiation same time, and in 1803 both petitioned the Freiberg
and served to impart a knowledge of the various Lodge to be admitted subscribing members, which
systems of Freemasonry and an understanding of their was readily accorded. This aroused the ire of
mysteries. Fessler says of these steps that the Grand Lodge, which demanded that the Freiberg
initiation "is intended to appeal to the nobler feel- Lodge should strike their names off the list. .After-
ings of the candidates, it is to be of a purely moral a long course of proceedings, during which Fessler
tendency, to promise nothing, to contain no hints of was vigoron,sly defended by his Lodge, the Mother
higher secrets, to leave nothing unexplained. The Lodge declared the Freiberg Lodge erased " for
instruction in the steps to knowledge illuminates persistent disobedience." But Freiberg declared
the understanding and guards it against error, the itself independent and was acknowledged as such
initiation appeals to all that is good in the soul, by the great majority of German Lodges. Previous
awakens in it the spirit of Freemasonry, and guards to Fessler's withdrawal be, in conjunction with his
it against apathy." friend Fischer, founded in Berlin the "Union or
 TRANSAC'l'IONS OF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 115

Society of Scientific Freemasons," destined chiefly and President of the Consistory of the Evangelical
to prosecute historical research. This Society Community in Sarotow, and in 1827 the Czar
tlevelo.ped most activity in Saxony. When in 1811 ordered him to take up hiR permanent abode
the Saxon brethren agitat.ed for a N atioual Grand in St. Petersburg. In 11:l33 he was appointed
Lodge, which, as is known, resulted favourably on Superintendent General and Ecclesiastical Counsel-
the 27th Sept., 1811, the Suciety of Scientific masons lor of the Lutheran Community in St. Petersburg.
fell into decay and undeserved oblivion. Although he had shown an enduring courage in all
Four months after Fessler's withdrawal he the circumstances of his life, prompting him to
procured a divorce. Four months later, in renewed exertions ; although he had proved himself
December, 1802, he ·married again and this time to be of a firm character under all stress of weather,
happily, purchased the estate of Kleinwall, and nevertheless, in the last years of his life strict,
left Berlin in 180;3 in order " sick of the world and severe orthodoxy gained a victory over his hitherto
of mankind" to plant his cabbages and pasture his independent and free thinking soul. On the 15th
flocks. The unfortunate war of 1806 reduced him December, 1839, a veteran of 82, he passed into
to poverty. He lost his appointment and leased hie the Grand Lodge above.
estate, exchanging it for a country villa in Nieder- In Russia, also, Fessler was active in Free-
schonhausen, where for a time he lived in the most masonry, till on the 12th August, ] 82~, an Ukase of
straightened circumstances. But the Lodges in the Czar forbade all Russian Freemasons any com-
Leipzic, Dresden, and Freiberg, and even the "Royal munication with foreign Lodges, and declared all
York," did their part and succonred his necessities, Russian Lodges closed and dissolved. This step was
and Fessler's heart welled over with gratitude to taken, as is well-known, on account of the then state
his benefactors. At length after three long years of Poland.
·of care and distress the late Queen Louisa of Prussia [NoTE.-A few only of Fessler's works can be cited:
procured him a Professorship at St. Petersburg German titles are given in English. What is the Kaiser ?
University. But he soon lost this appointment Vienna, 1782. Anthologia Hebraica. Institntiones linguarum
because the authorities scented atheism in his philo- Orientalum. Senecoo Philosophi opera. omnia. Sidney, a.
sophical discourses. Fessler then became Con·es- tragedy, Breslau (Cologne) 1788. Marcus Aurelius, 1790-2.
Aristides and Themistocles, Berlin, 1792. Matthias Corvinus,
pondent to the Commission for the Revision of the King of Hungary, Berlin, 1793. Attila, King of the Huns,
Law, and co-President of an educational institution Breslau, 1794. Alexander, the Conqueror, 1797. Complete
at W olsk. Suddenly his appointment was once Works on Masonry; Freiberg, 1801. A complete History of
more withdrawn, whereby he was placed in great the Craft, from the Earliest Times to 1802 (never printed,
distress till in 1815 the Emperor Alexander's favour copies in MS. were supplied to brethren only.) Views on
Religion and the Church, Berlin, 1805. History of Hungary,
relieved him by restoring his emoluments and all 1813 (25 years in preparation.) A Review of my Pilgrimage
arrears. In 1820 Fessler became Superintendent of sixty years, Breslan, 1824.-G.W.S., EDIToR.]

2ND MARCH, 1888.

The Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall, at 5 p.m.; a Com- The following brethren were proposed to join the Lodge :
mittee meeting of the Officers having been held at 3.30.
There were present the W.M., Bro. R. F. Gould, in the Chair, Edward James Castle, Q.C. ; P.M. 143.t
and Bros. W. Simpson, Lieut.·Col. Pratt, G. W. Speth, Prof. T.
Hayter Lewis, Dr. W. Wynn Westcott, W. H. Rylands, and Edward Macbean, born in 1855, of Giaegow. Wae
Rev. J. C. Ball. Also the following members of the Corrtls- initiated in No. 3}, Glasgow St. John's Lodge, in 1883; ex-
pondence Circle :-Bros. F. A. Powell, G. Kenning, S. R. alted in Glasgow Chapter, No. 50, in 1885, J. in 1887. Is
B&skett, Dr. W. R. Woodman, C. Kupferschmidt, and Col. J. the author of" Notes on History of Scottish Craft Masonry;"
Mead; and Bros. the Rev. 0. C. Cockren, P.Pr.G.Ch., Notte, "Notes on Craft Ceremonial;" "Address on Egyptian
and Champney Powell, Pr.G. Sec., Monmouthshire. Mysteries;" and "On Symbolism."
Sixty-seven candidates, viz. : eight Lodges and fifty-nine
brethren, were admitted to the membership of the Correspon- Frederick Hastings Goldney, of Chippenham, Wilt-
dence Circle, bringing up the roll to €61 members. The shire, (son of Sir Gabriel Goldney, Bart., P.G.W.) born 1845.
Worshipful Master commented on the satisfactory nature of Initiated 1868, in the Prince of Wales Lodge, No. 259, joined
the list, both as regard to number and quality, and recognized Lodge Lansdowne, 626, in 1869,. W.M. thereof in 1874, and
the successful efforts of. several members to strengthen and Lodge Rectitude, No. 335, in 1872. Is S.W. of Prince of
augment the Circle. lt would be impossible to mention the Wales Lodge, and Prov. Grand Treasurer for Wiltshire since
names of all these active friends and supporters, but two 1877, serving also as Senior Grand Warden of the same
had in recent times stood out prominently. He alluded province in 1879. Was exalted in Royal Cumberland Chapter
to Bro. G. Felton Lancaster, of Gosport, and Bro. J. Leech No. 41 in 1870, ai!d joined Wiltshire Chapter 355 in 1877, Z.
Atherton, of Bradford, the latter of whom had induced at thereof in 1887. In 1885 was appointed Junior Grand Deacon
leaet thirty of hie manonio friends to join our ranks. Such in Grand Lodge of England. Is the author of " History of
efforts deserved grateful record in the minutes, and would Freemasonry in Wiltshire,'' and other works.
show the brethren how much might be done if only each
one would exert hie pereonal influence. The Secretary reminded the brethren of the resolution
arrived at on the 6th January last, respecting the Lodge
Library, and read letters which had passed between the
The Secretary announced large additions and donations Worshipful Master and the Grand Secretary in consequence.
to the Library of the Lodge."' The final steps would now be taken to get the deed drawn up
and duly executed.
•As each member is now provided with a printed list of such additions
previous to each Lodge meeting, space will no longer be occupied in these t The full record will be given in the next part. Bro. Castle being on
Transactions by their recital. circuit is unable to supply us with the particulars in time lor this number.
 116 T&ANBACTroxs OF THJ: LonGE QuATUOR Co&ONATl

Junior ..tf.rmy and Navy Club, A WOBD o• 'r:S:B

81. Jame,&' Street, London,
16th February,1888. LEGEliDS OF TltE COMPAGliOliliAGE.
VERY Wo.asHIPI!"UL Srn AND BROTHER,
WHEN reading ~orne years ago the posthumous
I am desired by the Lodge Qnatuor Coronati, No. 2076,
to place before you a. scheme they are anxiou~ to carry into
work: of Arthur Dinaux entitled Les Societe!I-
execution, and which they trust may have the good fortune to Badines, two of the Brotherhoods there mentioned
be submitted to the Board of General Purposes fortified and particularly attracted my attention. For th&
recommended by your personal approval. compilation of a history of these, I have for som&
No. 2076, though a young Lodge, has made steady pro- time past been collecting books and notes; a small
gress since it£ consecration in January 1886. The members
are twenty-one in number, and there is an Outer, or Correa·
portion of the history of one of them I now propose
pondence Circle, in connection with the Lodge, composed of to consider-the other which is also not without its
brethren who are interested in its special labours, and sub- interest, must be left for a future occasion.
scribe to our printed Transactions. The latter was established .First, by the way of an apology for the want of
in January of last year, and already numbers 243 members. smoothuess that may be observed in some parts of
Many valuable books have been presented to the Lodge this paper, I may say that it has been composed
Library, and it is the confident anticipation of our collection
being still further enriched by the gift of rare works and under considerable difficulty, and at times when I
manuscripts, that induces us to favour the adoption of a. was very far from well. Besides the difficulties of
scheme, which, while calculated to inspire confidence in the se!ection from a mass ?f uotes, I have had to contend
general aims of the Lodge, will also, we venture to hope, be With a more than ordmary pressure of other work,
regarded by the Board of General Purposes as an assurance and the time I have been able to devote to the
of our sincere desire to so shape our action as a Lodge that
should it, from any untimely cause, become extinct, our books paper has for the most part been stolen from those
might pass into the possession of the Grand Lodge and thus hours during which popular superstition says it is
enhance-it may well be, to some appreciable extent-the best to be asleep.
vafue of our national Masonic Library. For the benefit of those whose masonic studies
It is with these objects in view that we solicit the per- have not been directed to this portion of the subject,
mission of the Board, to the preparation of a deed, whereby
our Library may be vested in Trustees who, in the event of I may say. that by the Compagnonnage is under-
the Quatuor Coronati Lodge being dissolved, or becoming re- stood that vast body of skilled workmen in France,
duced to three members, would be required to place the embracing almost every sort of trade, which formerly
collection in the possession of the Grand Lodge, such deed, I as well as in niudern times, made what was called
may add, to be drawn up in strict accordance with whatever the Tour de France. By following the prescribed
instructions the Board of General Purposes may be pleased
to convey to ua. limits of this tour, and by rising step by step in the
Brotherhood, the workman gained additional credit
Believe me, V. W., Sir and. Brother,
and experience, qualifying him at last to take his
Yours fraternally, place at the head of his trade.
B. F. GOULD, W.M., No. 2076. The following summary extracted from the
The V. W. the Grand Secretary. work of Perdiguier gives in the shortest possible
form the great divisions of the Society.
The Compagnonnage recognizes three principal
Founders; it forms many Devoirs, and is divided
Grand Secretary's Office, into many Societies. The Masons ( tailleurs de pierre),
Freemll8ons' Hall, Great Queen St•·eet, London, W.C'.,
23rd February, 1888. named the Compagnons etrangers, otherwise called
Loups, the joiners and locksmiths of the Devoir de
DEAR SIR AND BROTHER, Liberte, called Garots, recognize Solomon; and they
I have duly laid before the Board of General Purposes say that this king to reward them for their labours
your letter of the 16th inst., respecting the Library now being gave them a Devoir, and united them together fra-
formed by the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, and I am desired to ternally in the precincts of the Temple, the work of
say, in reply, that should, unfortunately, the Lodge cease to
exist, the Board will be quite ready to comply with their
their hands.
desire that their collection of books should be placed in the The Masons, ( tailleurs de pierre) named Com-
Library of Grand Lodge. pagnons passants, and called Lm<ps-GaJ"ous. The
Yours fraternally, joiners and locksmiths of the Devoir, called Devor-
SHADWELL H. CLERKE, G.S. ants, also pretend that they -issued from the Temple,
that Maitre Jacques, famous conductor of the works
Bro. R. F. Gould, P.G.D.,
Lodge No. 2076, London. in that edifice, founded them.
The carpenters, Compagnons passants or Bons-
Drilles, claim the same origin as the last group, they
The Secretary reported that in conformity with his also if;sued from the Temple, and Pere Soubise,
instructions of the 6th Jan nary last, he had procured estimates renowned in carpentry, was their founder.
and designs for a Lodge jewel or medal which the members It is not necessary, at the present time, to do
of both Outf'r and Inner Circles should be entitled to wear: more than submit the above short sketch of the
that the W.M. and Officers had considered the matter in
Committee and recommended that the tender of Bro. George
Compagnonnage. At the time Perdiguier wrote it
Kenning be accepted. On motion duly made it was resolved included nearly every trade; one by one they had
to adopt the report of the Committee and that the Senior become affiliated to the three principal Devoirs.
Warden and Secretary conjointly be entrusted with the super- This word Devoir, which will constantly occur,
vision of the work. may need some little explanation. It has, in
French, many meanings, for example, duty, be-
BRo. W. H. RYLANDB then read a paper entitled: haviour, task, exercise, and may mean also debt.
 TRANSACTIONs oF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 117

Perdiguier informs us that the Devoir is a code, large correspondence, but in my opinion the result
and it appears evident that it included certain rules, is very far from being commensurate with the great
but it is not my intention now to discuss its real labour it is supposed to have entailed. Some im-
signification. I must, however, mention that I en- portant matters occur in it which it is difficult to
tirely disag1;ee with Bro. Gould when he state'! that verify, and on the other hand, some are not men-
it corresponded with the rolls of " 0 ld Charges " tioned which it could fairly be expected would there
of Masons. It is a question in my mind, if it was find a place.
ever written at all, and if it were I doubt very much I may quote almost the first lines of his book-
if it contained any of the legendary history of the the words of a no less distinguis~ed author than
Compagnonnage. Charles Nodier, as t.hey show the value placed on
For the present purpose it will be sufficient to the "Compagnonnag-e Theory." "Les societes de
accept Perdiguier's explanation that it is a code, i.e. " metiers, sont probablement anciennes comme lea
laws of government. "metiers. On retrouve des traces de leur existence
To connect Freemasonry with this body of " et de leur action dans tou tes les histoires. La
operatives is not by any means a new idea, but such " lt[alionnerie n' est autre chose, dans sa source comma
a comparison has for the most part been confined to "dans ses emblemes, que l'association des ouvriers
French writers. In our own country here and there "ma~tons ou batisseurs, complete en ses trois grades :
a mention of it occurs; Heckethorn in his Secret "l'apprenti, le compagnon et le m.altre; et l'origine
Societies, and Mackey in his Encyclopccdia, devote "reelle de Ia Maconnerie, c'est le Cornpagnonnage."
a small space to it, but the main points were not
given in detail until they appear~d in the first I need quote no more for the present purpose,
volume of Bro. Gould's History of Freemasonry. except to say that Simon looks upon the French
Society as " !'enfant degenere," and adds " R0cher-
Perdiguier, from whose work Le Livre du Corn- " cher l'origine primitive du Compagnonnage, c'est
pagnonnage, the larger portion of what is known "done rechercher l'origine des Francs-Ma~ton~."
of the legends has been obtained by every one
considering the subject, it must not be forgotten, as This, one of the many origins of our Society,
Bro. Gould has already pointed out, was far too like others that have blazed out brilliantly in their
conscientious to expose any of the Secrets, and wrote day, I fear as a direct origin must like them be given
of the Uompagnonnage as a good mason would up. At the Fame time it should not be forgotten
write of Freemasonry. He tells his story in a plain that there may have been, and indeed must have
matter-of-fact kind of way, but it is to be regret- been, during the constant connexions for peace and
ted that in making his Tour de France he did not war between England and France, points of contact
imbibe a little more Archreology coupled with his ranging o>er a consideraule period of time, when
philanthropy. there would be possibly not only the introduction of
Whatever be published we may fairly conclude trade rules one from the othe1·, but. the exchange
was considered to be common property, and directly also of ceremonial usages. Hence arises the value
of little or no importance, so far as the real mysteries of all collections of facts, throwing light on the
of his order were concerned. laws of the trade guilds and secret societies.
He was followed by Moreau and others, in fact The legend of w bich I here submit a translation,
Perdiguier's book appears to have giYen rise to quite has so far as I can discover, never appeared in so
a literature on the subject. His sole object it must perfect a form, except in the book from which I
be remembered was the regeneration of the order, have obtained it. No aut.hor, French or English,
by destroying what he considered to be the abuses who has dealt with the subject, coming under my
in the system-ancient habits and customs handed notice, appears to have been aware of its existence.
down, but ill-suited to modern times. He had no Scraps of it have appeared at times, but, those parts
intention of giving a detailed history of the Society, which were considered most interesting and of most
but simply so far as was necessary for his purpose, value have not been given. This, I suppose, was
considered the legends, manners, and customs, as he because the literary labours of a French Joiner ought
found them. to have exhausted themselves in a second edition.
His work gradually increased in size from its But it was not the case. After leaving France
first issue in 18:39, but even all his efforts to make Perdiguier devoted himself to his subject and pub-
it of more value to his brethren failed to collect a lished several books, among others a third edition
proper account of the various legends existing in of his work on the Compagnonnage issued in 1857,
the different devoi1·s. Some of them appear only from which I have obtained the completion of the
in scattered references and mere scraps of- informa- story.
tion ; ii will therefore be easily seen bow difficult As to the final decision that the " Compagnon-
it is, without more definite statements, to decide, nage theory" is simply an opinion with only
what was or was not the form of some of the sup- the same value as some other theories, many may
posed legends. A charge laid against him by one think differently from myself. But whatever the
of his correspondents was that he had not published decision may be, it cannot be overlooked, as Gould
some of the old songs of the Compagnonnage. It is has said, when the whole system is examined, that
much to be regretted that he did not, as they might there is more than a similarity of trade customs. It
have yielded some information on the subject. is needless to enter into the subject hE>re as even if
C. G. Simon in his Etude Historique et Morale desirable it would be outside the present object.
sur le Compagnonnage (Paris 1853) informs us that Many of the corresponding customs have been re-
his work is the result of much study, and a very viewed and discussed in the portion of Bro. Gould's

p
118 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR 00RONATI,

History already referred to, he being preceded by It is probable also, that at a still later time the
Simon. legend of Maitre Jacques either succeeded it in
The Temple of Solomon was the fountain-head !egend form, or retaining the one fact of the bnild-
as wi11 be seen. But whether any connexion is mg of the temple, as it is now given, was compiled
established between the Compagnonnage and Free- to meet the requirements of another branch of the
masonry or not, it is particularly interesting to have Society. Perdiguier himself says, as will be seen,
another distinct building legend, mentioning the that each Society has made for itself a story more
manner of the supposed introduction of the building or less similar. '
arts into France. A lE•gend also credited to the It is worth remarking that in the Add. MS.
extent such compilations usually are, and in the 23198 ("Cooke MS.") it is said (fol. 19. Z. 421, etc.)
hands of the Society employing those arts in that " we have seyn" the story of Euclid written both in
country. Latin and French in our charges. Aga.in (fol. 24. l.
465, etc.) Solomon confirmed the charters of David
I must point out, however, that although the to Masons, and himself taught them "maners "~
French story contains a portion of such legendary "And fro thens ys worthy sciens was brought i [ ntoJ
history, and the same idea to some extent pervades fraunce," i.e. from Solomon and the Temple. It is
both, the widest distinction must be drawn between stated that this is recorded in other chronicles, and
the French legend and the English one as given in "?Ide bokys of masonry," and the legend is followed
our Old Charges. It is true that both endeavour to w1th more or less difference in the various copies of
claim an ancient and respectable origin, not only for the "old Charges." 'rhe French version as will be
the Society itself, but for its rules, formulated and seen bridges over the difficulty by placing the foun-
granted in each case by one or more of the celebri- dation of Marseilles some hundreds of years too
ties of ancient history, dating from a supposed time early. The English, obviates it by making
of formal foundation. "Naymns Greens" live from the time of Solomon
The internal and main difference is, however, to the time of Charles Martell.
most marked, and ought not to be overlooked. From the list given above, it will be seen that
Whereas the "Old Charges" following pretty much the stonemasons compagnons etrangers, those work-
on the lines of the old chronicles give a more or less men from Phcenicia and henca called strangers, are
complete legendary descent of the building art from placed first in the list of the children of Solomon.
the creation of the world up to historical times; the Perdiguier states (II. 252) that this is an arrange-
Compagnonnage legend on the contrary, gives merely ment seldom disputed. The locksmiths, followers
sufficient of that descent for the purpose of the of Jacques, often told him, he sayA, that they recog-
story, commencing when the Temple of Solomon was nized that body as the father of the Compagnonnage.
finished, the greater portion of the history bein"' And I am inclined to agree with him, that a Society
devoted to what might be to some extent compared must have been the first to be able to take Solemon
with the Lives of the Saints. One character as its founder; also supposing the children of
Maitre Jacques, in his life and death stands promin~ Jacques had existed alone, and a small section had
ently out, although other characters appear playing taken all at once in the twelfth or thirteenth century
more or less important parts in this all-important the high sounding title of Sons of Solomon, they
drama. They each take their proper role it is true but would simply have died a natural death from ridi-
all are subservient to the history of the one man 'and cule.
little or nothing is told of their history more th'an is Unfortunately if any legend of Solomon existed
absolutely necessary to sustain the main points of beyond the ordinary historical facts, very little of it
the story. Even Perdiguier himself, a member of is now to be recovered. The followers of Solomon
the Compagnonnage, unless his reticence is a ques- claimed to have received their deroir within the
tion of honour, which I very much doubt can add precincts of the Temple. Of the other divisions we
but little. As already. pointed out be a~pears to are only told that they issued from the Temple,
have spent much well directed effort to collect infor- when it was finished, and were founded by the Con-
m:"tion and ;make himself master of the subject, but ductor of the works, Maitre Jacques, and one well
Wit.hout a~ail. Th_e attempt to compose a history, skilled in carpentry, Pere Soubise. It will be
whiCh he mserted m the second volume of his work noticed that in some places the title of the latter,
is little more than various statements more or les~ in the legend, is changed from pere to maitre.
reliable taken from the books he was able to exam- These founders, (following the legend) being
ine ; the remainder consisting of his own theories all employed together at the Temple, must have
comparisons, and deductions. From the Compag~ received at first the same devoir from Solomon.
nonnage itself he apparently could gain no further This idea of a single original foundation and devoir
information. For this reason, among others I am is mentioned in one of the songs given by Perdiguier
inclined to think that this legend of Maitre J~cques (II. 112,) where it is stated : -
is the only fabulous written history possessed by the "Our founders in their synods Jacques, Soubise
Compagnonnage. It is possible that the earliest form " and Solomon, thought in the same manner when
claimed origin simply from Solomon, Hiram, and the " they wrote their Codes. If, then, we are in con-
T?mple. That at some period as suggested by " science subject to the same laws; henceforth on
S~m?n (!'ltude, &c., p. ~0) the unpretending, though
"the Tour of France let us behave as friends."
di.stmgmshed, man Hrram the Builder, (perhaps And of the various characters attributed to the
With a legend) gave way, and was ultimately super- three founders another song (II. 118) seems to
seded by the Royal Solomon. express t}w current opinion:-
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 119

" Of Solomon the wisdom is boasted, he is a " transparent cloud. On the horizon brilliant with
" worthy governor of the Compagnons. Of Maitre " fire, Hiram with a compass in his hand, seems
"Jacques the tenderness is known, and of Soubise "to trace for you the outline of the shores and banks
"one knows the sentiment." "of Jordan."
In a song (I. p. 157) with reference to the Perdiguier says· that he does not pretend ~o
Temple of Solomon there occurs:- trace the divisions of the Compagnonnage to their
"Temple raised to our first mysteries, it is from origin, but gives a few pages on the three founders.
"thy breast that the pious men whom we call our His life of Solomon, including copies of the letters
" first fathers have bequeathed to us the means of that passed between that King and Hiram of Tyre,
" being happy, etc." is simply what might be obtained by anyone. In a
note upon the letter of King Hiram in which he
Again (I. p. 160) :- says " I send you a man expert and skilful,"
" Solomon from his great wisdom, was a model Perdiguier adds, •' This expert and skilful man is
" to the world; let us sing then with gladness this without doubt that other Hiram, who is looked upon
"beautiful name which is so dear to us. He as one of the Architects of the Temple."
"founded our Compagnonnage to recompense our His reticence, although I doubt it, may be
" labours."
owing to the fact that he himself belonged to the
_There is one song (I. p. 190) which may give a followers of Solomon, and therefore he did not feel
portiOn of the legend of Solomon. It speaks of him called upon to detail any of the legend belonging to
as " the first Architect of the world, and the first that division. The information given about Solomon,
"author of building. In giving to thy children the as will be seen centres in the one fact.. Another
" stone-cutters the compass and pencils, and the mention bearing on Hiram will be noted in h!s re-
"friendship as of brothers," etc. marks on the legend of Pere Soubise, wh~:re they
Again (I. 208) : - are said to have been colleagues at the Temple.
. "Oh supreme Compagnonnage, Judea saw thy Perdiguier says also that Maike Jacques was a
"btrth. Near perishing by a shipwreck, the colleague of Hiram (I. p. 34); the murder of Hiram
"Eternal saved thy ship; and soon a happy shore is mentioned (I. p. 40). Again on the same page
"saw thy torch;" alluding perhaps to the journey when dPscribing the Enfants de Salomon, cutters of
by sea from Judea to F1'ance, if anythin"' more than stoup, he says :--The stone-cutters, Compagnons
poetical imagination. <> etran.'lers, calle<l les Loups, pass for being the most
ancient in the Compagnonnage. There is among
Another song. (I. 211) classes Hiram and Solo-
them an old fable i.n which it is a question of Hiram,
mon together, making no mention of the other two :
according to some, Adonhiram according to others ;
" Jerusalem, city of Judea, shinin"' abode of our there are in it c1·imes and punishments: but I leave
"foun d er, towards thy surroundings, 0
near thy this fable for what it is worth.
"sacred ruin shone the height of Mount Moriah. He states (I. p. 45) that the name etrangers,
" There was built the Temple of glory, and by Hiram came from the fact that almost all the stone-cutters
" all was directed. All his labours rest in the employed at the Temple, were not of Judea, but of
" memory of the Oompagnons du Devoir etranger. Tyre and the neighbouring countries, and that the
" Our great King, that sublime monarch wished Society consisted of them alone in ancient times.
" at last to 1·eward them, to confide to them ~ secret, The Joiners du Devoir, children of Maitre
"a mark, [marque, a mark, badge, sign,] and to give Jacques, we are told (I. p. 46) weat· white gloves,
" them the holy Devoir. They all swore in their because, as they say, they did not steep their hands
"enraptured souls, at the foot of the throne, in the in the blood of Hiram.
" bosom of justice, to say nothing at the peril of In explaining the word Chien belonging to all
" their life of any secret of the Devoir etranger. the Compagnons du Devoir, (I. p. 61) he says it is
" In a short time under the sky of France, this believed by some to be derived from the fact that it
" shining star is seen to grow greater, all flourishing, was a dog which discovered the place where the
"· · . etc. Understand, twenty-eight centuries body of Hiram, Architect of the Temple, lay under
"have beheld the true children of the wise Solomon." the rubbish, and that after that all the Compagnons
Again, (I. 213) : - who separated themselves from those who had slain
Hiram were called by this name of Chien, or dog.*
" This King overlooks at each instant, our In the legend of the murder of Hiram the
" flights, in the Tour of France. . The blame then, according to one form, rested with the
" temple has received our oaths, and Solomon our followers of Solomon, and was supposed to have
" faithful vows." been the work of the particular division who were
Again in a song of the passants (I. 214) : - strangers, having come from the country from
" In wandering over the four corners of the whence Solomon obtained Hiram the builder. They
" globe, if you lose the star of the East, the vaga- were his own countrymen in fact. This is impor-
" bond course of the Compagnon seems to face all tant as it gives the legend to the most ancient
"troubles, . . . . etc." division of the order, the stone-cutters, Compagnons
etrangers called Loups, ( c.f. Perdiguier, Livre du
.Another of the etrangers has (I. 216) : - Oomp. II. 28.)
"Behold the bright Rtar, it will point you to
'k This origin is said to be either an error or a satire. in a letter from a.
" the distant East, and appears to be dim, near to a Compagnon du Devoir, printed by Perdiguier. Livre du C. II. p. 72.
120 TRANsAcnoNs OF THE LoDGE Qu.nuoR CoRONATr.

Alt.hough Hiram did not leave the Temple, au invention eutirely masonic • and introduced by
according to any legend of the Compagnonnage we those men iuitiated into the two secret societies."
now pos&ess, and like Jacques and Soubise, become (II. 75.)
himself the founder of a Devoir, it is most likely From the above statement of Perdiguier it will
from the above quotations that he figured in the be seen that the question in the Compagnonnage was
original legend of the followers of Solomon. Ap- between Hiram, and Adonhiram, and somewhat the
P.arently he is supposed to have remained witb. same idea will be found mentioned by Moreau. It is
Solomon, or not to have been alive, at the time of worth noting that the same difference of opinion
the departure of the other two great founders. occurred between two sets of the Freemasons in
In the drawing given by Perdiguier of Maitre France during the eighteenth century.
J.acques, Soubise, and their followers leaving the Several legends of Hiram, attributed to the
Temple, which I may mention he also published in Compagnonnage, have been given by various writers,
a larger size, a figure is seen standing near Solomon, but I have not been able·to find good authority for
holding in his extended left hand a pair of compasses. them. I can only imagine that they were created
Perdiguier as in the other cases does not indicate on from the few scraps of information given above.
the plate for whom this figure is intended, but I N everthelcss, it must never be forgotten that
take it to be Hiram, from the song already quoted. probably no celebrity of ancient times had more
It will also be noticed that although the Temple is legends attached to his name than Solomon and his
roofed in, and evidenLly near completion, it is not completion of the Temple, some of which connect
entirely finished. Workmen are represented still with him Hiram.
cutting stones, and the scaffolding remains in I must now say something of the form of the
position. manuscript as it is presented. 'fhe French employed

SALm!ON.
MAITRE JACQUES. LE PERE SOUBISE.
Lei Compa;:;nons part.ent de Ia Judee pour se repandre dans le Monde.
(Fn-m Perd;guier, Livre du Compagrwnnage, 3rd Edn.)

Before considering the legend it will be well in its composition bears no marks of antiquity,
to state the opinion of Perdiguier himself. "As for beyond a few uncommon modes of expression. It is
this history of Hiram," he says, "I only regard it not always grammatically correct and the short
as a sufficiently ingenious fable, but of which the sentences in which much of it is written are peculiar.
consequences arc horrible, for it tends to cliyide Percliguier, as will be ;;een, calls it a "very curious
those who look upon it seriously. The Bible, the document," and states that he has not changed a
only book with real authority as to the builders of the single word, therefore we may assume that we have
Temple of Solomon, says nothing of the murder of an exact copy of his original. The forms of lan-
Hiram, and for my part I do not believe it. 'l'he guage need not be a difficulty, for of course there is
Compagnons etrangers and those of la Libertc have :.- In a note he justly claims for the Compagnonnag-e an earlier date
no authentic detail of this fable, quite new for them, than that at which Freemasonry was introduced into France, which be
Btates to have been in 17Li. Gould discredits him for this error. (Hist. of
and I think that the Compagnons of the other F.M. I. 242.) My own impression is that he only followed Thory, (Acta.
Societies are in no better position; I look upon it as Latom. I. 21) who gives the date as 1725 for which 1715 is a misprint.
 TRANSACTIONS oF THE LoDGE QuATL"OR CoRONATr. 121

always the possibility that his copy was a modern- from which he suggests Perdiguier obtained the
ized edition of an older document, or taken· down legend.
from memory. I might quote ~an instance among "However," he again writes (De la Reforme,
the "old Charges" the Krause MS., as being a p. 112), ''the Compagnonnage exists, and it ought
somewhat similar caHe. " necessarily to have an origin of the remotest
The legend has by some writers been compared "antiqnitity, for its- manners are not of our time.
with the history of the bet.rayal of Jesus Christ, " Will it not be more reasonable to admit that
and indeed as will be seen there are evident points "other tradition which makes the Compagnonage du
of similarity; but there the Christianity ends. " Devoir take birth at Orleans and that of the Devoir
Throughout, in various portions where it might " de liberte at Chartres.
reasonably be expected in a document of Cat.holic "It is certain that the numerons workmen
times some token of Christianity would be present "occupied in the construction of the majestic
none is found. In fact, so far as it is possible to " Cathedrals of France, had Societies of relief and
trace the few incidents which occur, they point to " of initiations. With the aid of combination they
customs of an older time, and in place of Christian " travelled from one country to another. By the
ideas an evident monotheism is present. It is quite "initiations they were classed according to their
true that some of the names of the towns are of "talents. Therefore it is very credible that in
Christian origin, but these are specified as being the ''the thirteenth or fourteenth century, an epoch
more modern names, and it is worth not.ing that "when the Cathedrals of Orleans and Chartres
when Moreau reprints a portion of the legend (De '' were built., a schism or rivalry might arise between
la Reforme, etc., p. 110) he places these modern '' the workmen of these two towns almost neighbours.
names in brackets. '' Then conducted by the rival Maitres, or conductors,
Many opinions have been stated as to the date '' whether from conceit, interest, or any other cause,
of the origin, or rather the period at which the '' they divided and formed two societies. What
Compagnonnage took distinct form, and from thes~, ''gives rise to the belief that the Enfants de
efforts have been made to date the legend. If th1s " Solomon were the dissenting parties is that they
could be ascertained satisfactorily, we should have "honour themselves with the name of Compagnons
perhaps a marginal date to work from. Moreau "du Devoir de Liberte, and that they receive indis-
(Un mot sur le Compagnonnage, Auxerre 1841, p. 8) " criminately Compagnons of all religions, whereas
says : - ''the Compagnons du Devoir only receive Catholics.
"I believe that its establishment does not go "This belief is shared by many Compagnons, it was
"farther back than four or five centuries: [i.e .. 1:)00 "by Marseillais Bon-Accord, Compagnon Gavot
"or 1400] an epoch at which so many Gothic "Joiner."
"Cathedrals and Monuments were built in France. Marseillais Bon Accord was the author of the
" OriginalLy (lb. p. 9) there were only four corps satyrical song about Maitre Jacques and Pere
" d'etat admitted into the Compagnonnage : the Soubise, to be quoted later, mentioning their journey
"carpenters, the cutters of stone, the joiners and to Orleans.
" the locksmiths. The principal workmen of It must be remembered that Moreau cast aside
"buildings." (Cf. also lb. p, Hi.) the legends, not because he was unable to find that
Again ( Un ~Iot, etc., p. 9), he says: "ln spite of they really existed in the Compagnonnage, for
"their small number [i.e. four corps J there was he admits it, by attributing the legend of Maitre
"almost at once a schism for a reason I do not know, Jacques to the division with which it will be seen
"a battle of Compagnons, or conductors of works, Perdiguier says it was preserved-but because he
"in which a Hiram or Adonhiram was slain; in found that they were not in accordance with history,
"short they divided themselves into two hostile or rather that they were not to be found there at
" camps, one recognized ~[aitre Jacques as founder all. It is therefore in this spirit that he writes ( Ib.
"and protector, the others Solomon·. The latter had 115) : -
"only three corps, the stone-cutters, the joiners and " The burlesque history of .Maitre Jacques is
"locksmiths. From that time, date all these rival- "' nothing but a fable invented purposely, in part
" ries, which are changed into bloody battles." " copied from the life of Jesus Christ; and lastly
'l'o Maitre Jacques he adds the following note: " that it. is at Chartres and at Orleans that the
" Architect, undertaker or conductor of the works at " Compagnonnage had its birth."
the Temple of Solomon, or afterwards, Jacques One item which may help in arriving at a date
Molay, Gmnd-Master of the Templars, executed in in the history of the legend of the Three Founders
the xrv century." appears in the examination before the Doctors of the
Sorbonne, 1651-55.
Again (De la Reforme, p. 110), in repeating a In the work of Pierre Lebrun, (Histoire Critique
fragment of the legend from Perdiguier, Moreau de,· pratique:; superstitieuses, etc., Amsterdam, 1733-
writes:- 36,) are the documents so oft.en repeated, of which
"And Maitre Jacques, where is his history to be translations are given in Gould's History (I, 233,
"found P Up to now M. Pcrdiguier is the only one, etc.)
"I believe, who has delivered up several fragments Lebrun died 6th January, 1729, aged about 67
"to publicity, fragments which were probably sent years.
"to him by the Compagnons du De>oir." The desc1·iption of the iniquities performed by
It may be stated that he appears himself to have the Tailors contains the following sentence, in the
Driginally belonged to the Compagnons du Devoir form of '·passing (passe1) compagnons." "They tell
122 TRANil.\CTIOXS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI

him the history of the three first compagnons, which "at first distinguished among the workmen; but
is full of impurity," etc. "having received from the head master [premier
In the observations on the resolution of the " maib·e] the order to make two columns, he carved
Doctors, occurs:-" Must there be, above this, public " them with so much art and taste that he was
schools of impurity, as it seems the compagnons "received rnaster."
Tailors carry on P But must Jesus Christ, dead once There is here a very long enumeration of all
for our sins, be crucified again by sacriligious hands, the works which he did at the Temple, after that
and by the execrable actions of these wretches, who there is added: [this is Perdiguier's remark, he then
represent over again His Passion, in the midst of goes on with the legend]
pots and pints?" 'l'hey are then charged with "Maitre Jacques arrived at Jerusalem at the
imitating by derision the Sacrament, etc. Of course " age of twenty six-years; he lived there a very
I am aware that the above sentence may refer to the "short time after the construction of the Temple;
charge as regarcl.s the Sacrament; but if the Legend " many masters wishing to return into their native
of the Compagnonnage was then extant, and con- "countries, quitted Solomon loaded with favours.
sidered by the Doctors to resemble in part the life of " Maitre Jacques, and Maitre Soubise returned
om· Lord, which would no doubt be made the most "to Gaul; they had sworn to never separate; but
of, a different connexion might be given to it. " soon, Maitre Soubise, whose character was violent,
I see no reason to assume, as apparently Thory "became jealous of tho influence which Maitre
has done, that " The three first compagnons" men- " Jacques had acquired over their disciples and of the
tioned in the fir3t extract were necessarily tailors. "love which they bore him, separated himself from
They were more probably the three founders "him and chose other disciples. Maitre Jacques
Solomon, Maitre Jacques, and Pere Soubise. Thory " landed at Marseilles * and Maitre Soubise at
speaks also of the obscene adventures of the " Bordeaux. Before commencing his travels, Maitre
suppositions "first three Tailors," but again, the "Jacques chose thirteen Compagnons and forty
French words, impurete and ecoles publiques "disciples; one of them quitted him, he chose
d'impudicite, in the mouth of an ecclesiastic are " another; he journeyed during three years, leaving
capable of other interpretations. "e>erywhere the remembrance of his talents and of
So far, I have n0t met with any legend of three "his virtues.
tailors, except those of Tooley Street, but there is a "One day being far from his disciples, he was
rh>me of 1630 in the Works of Taylor (iii, 73) as "assailed by ten disciples of Maitre Soubise, who
follows:- "wished to assassinate him, and, wishing to save
Some foolish knave, I thinke, at first began "himself he fell into a marsh, in which the reeds
The slander thHt three taylers are one man. ''having supported him protected him from their
If the above suggestion is admitted, then the "blows; while these cowards sought the means to
legend cert:1inly had taken f~rm in the early part of "get at him, his diciples arrived and freed him.
the seventeenth century-before 1650. " He retired to Sainte-Beaume. One of his
The next in rank to those of Solomon are the "disciples, named by some Jeron, by others Jamais,
followers of Maitre Jacques. I shall now translate "betrayed him, and delivered him to the disciples
word for word from the book of Perdiguier, making "of Maitre Soubise. One morning, before sun-rise,
no remarks in the text, so as not to disturb the order "Maitre Jacques was alone, at prayer, in an accus-
of the narration, and only here pointing out that the " tomed place; the traitor came there with his
question as to whether there were written copies of " butchers, gave him, as was customary, the kiss of
this Compagnonnage Legend, iR now finally decided. "peace, which was the signal of death, then five
It will be seen in the following text, that a manu- "ruffians fell upon him and assasinated him with five
script is repeatedly mentioned:- " dagger strokes.
,, JJiartre Jacques is a person little known; each "His disciples arrived too late, bnt soon enough
"Society has made about him a story more or less " to receive his last adieux. I die, said he, God
"improbable; there is one however which enjoys a "has wished it so; I pardon my assassins, I
''large enough authority with many Compagnons du "forbid you to pursue them: they are sufficiently
"Devoir. It is from this that I extract without "miserable; one day they will repent of it. I give
"changing a word the details which follow. "my soul to God, my Creator, and you, my friends,
":Maitre Jacques, one of the head masters of "receive the kiss of peace. When I shall have
"Solomon and colleague of Hiram, was born in a "joined the Supreme Being, I will watch still over
" small town in Gaul named Carte, now Saint- "you; I wish that the last kiss which I give you,
" Romili, situated in the south (he was the son of "you will always give to the Compagnons which
"Jacquin, celebrated Architect); he devoted himself "you make, as coming from their father; they
"to cutting stone; at the age of fifteen years he left "will transmit it in like manner to those whom
" his family; he travelled in Greece, then the centre " they make ; I shall watch over them as over you;
"of the fine arts, where he associated himself "say to them that I shall follow them everywhere
'·intimately with the philosopher of " as long as they are faithful to God and their
" distinguished genius, who taught him sculpture "Devoir, and that they must never forget. He
" and architecture ; he soon became famous in these "pronounced still some words which could not
"two arts. " be understood, and, crossing his hands on his
"Having heard that Solomon had made an * Many portions of the legend which I transcribe cannot bear a serious
"appeal to all the celebrated men, he passed into examination; it is sufficient to call to mind tha.t the town of Ma.rseilles was
not founded till 600 years before Jesus Christ, and that of Bordeaux about
" Egypt, and from thence to Jerusalem; he was not 300. [Perdiguier.]
 TnANSAcnoxs OF THE LonGE QuATt::on ConoxATr. 123

"breast, he expired, in his forty-seventh year, four ''fathoms further, in a place named the Molva, now
"years and nine days after having gone out of '' Caverne-de-Saint-Evreux. They uncovered the
"Jerusalem, 989 years before Jesus Christ. "body and the mo~t ancient [ancien] poured wine
"The Compagnons, having taken off his robe, "and oil into his wounds, then bound them up.
"found on him a little reed [jonc J which he carried ".This ceremony done, they took up the march again.
"in memory of those which had saved him when he "At a hundred fathoms further they stopped again:
"fell into the marsh. "it was in the centre of the wood; it was midnight.
" Since then the Compagnons have adopted the "The Compagnons began to pray. In this interval
"rush. [lejonc.J No one knows if Mait.re 8oubise "a terrible wind blew; the torches went out, and
"was the author of his death; the tears which he "the cortege remained in the greatest darkness; the
"shed upon his tomb and the pursuits which he "thunder made itself heard with crashes, the rain
" made for his assassins removed a portion of the "fell in torrents. The Compagnons approached the
" suspicions w hieh lay heavy upon him. As for the "body, and continued their prayer for the remainder
"traitor, he was not long in repenting of his erime, "of the night. In the morning, the storm being
"and, in the despair which his remorse occasioned "over, they recommenced the march at the first
"him, he cast himself into a well, whieh the ''light of day, after having cast a look of terror upon
"Compagnons filled with stones. "this place, whieh took the name of Remords
"Maitre Jacques having finished his career, the " [Remorse]. Having marched four hundred fathoms
"Compagnons formed a litter and carried him into "almost, extreme distress forced them to stop.
"the desert of Cabra, now Sainte-Magdeleine." "Having placed four Compagnons on guard, they
"made a search for some food. It was this place
Wishing to be here more exac-t than in the pre- "which took the name of Saint-Maximin. The
vious editions of this book, I continue to transcribe "cortege set out, and, taking the South, sLopped in
the manuscript legend [Perdiguier]: "a place called Lavenel, now Cabane-Saint-Zozime,
"They laid down the body in a grotto: the eight "at six hundred fathoms from Saint-Maximin.
"seniors [plus anciens J remained to guard it and "Having relighted their torches, they recommenced
"embalm it while the others were seeking all that "the march, and did not stop until at the place
" was necessary to give to the interment all the "where Maitre Jacques had been assassinated, and
" magnificence which this grand personage merited. "where he had wished to be buried.
"The eight who remained to embalm him " Before lowering the body into the tomb, the
" strippeu him of aU his garments, and, having "first gave him the kiss of peace, each followed his
" washed him with an extract of many aromatics, "example, after which, having taken from him his
"embalmed him, and, after having put upon him " pilgrim 's-sta:ff, placed him again in the coffin, and
"new garments, they placed him upon a bed where "lowered him into the tomb; the first descended near
" he was exposed during two days, to the view of all "to him, the Compagnons COI'ercd it with the pall;
"those who wished to see the remains of this illus- "after that, having made the guilbrette, he had given
" trious master. "to him bread, wine and flesh, deposited them in the
''During these two days, the Compagnons who "tomb and went out. The Compagnons covered the
"guarded it kept up a fire at the four corners of the " tomb with large stones and fastened them down
"bed; this fire was composed of resin and spirits of "with strong bars of iron ; then, having made a
" wine. The second day, in the evening, the "large fire they cast into it their torches and every-
" Compagnons in deep mourning and white gloves, " thing which had been used for the funeral
"took his body and placed it in a coffin of cedar- "ceremonies of their master.
" wood, and the face [figure J exposed. "The clothes were put into a chest. At the
"Four Compagnons, in blue scarves, carried the " destruction of the tern ples, the children [ enfantsJ
" coffin, and four in the same costume [ ordre J " of Maitre Jacques being about to separate, they
"followed after them to replace them. Four others "divided his garments, and they were thus given:
"(id.)* earrying the burial cloth, upon which were " His hat to the hat makers;
"all the mysterious ornaments of the Compagnon- ·' His tunic to the cutters of stone ;
" nage. Another (id.)* carried the acte de foi, " His sandals to the locksmiths ;
"pronounced by Maitre Jacques at his reception at " His cloak to the joiners ;
"Jerusalem. All the Compaanons in the train had ·'His girdle to the carpenters;
"a lighted torch. Ten othe;s, armed with batons "His pilgrim's-staff to the wheelwrights.
"and with iron crowbars (or rather with iron levers),
"marched a hundred paces in front to avoid any one It will not. be seen without astonishment the
"coming to trouble them in this lugubrious cere- girdle of Maitre Jacques fall to the carpenters,
" mony. children of Sou bise.
" On going out of the desert, they entered into In the very curious document of which I make
" a wood named V orem; the corteae stopped there. use, there is found the ACTE DE FOJ, pronounced by
"The Compagnons approached the body, and, Maitre Jacques at his reception before Solomon,
"shedding tears, they kissed one of his hands while Hiram and the great Sacrificing priest [grand sac-
"uttering Zany wails [or lamentations]. This place rificateur], in presence of the masters; this act of
"took the name of Cinq-Doigts [Five fingers]. The faith is a very beautiful prayer, and I reproduce it
" cortege took up the march again and stopped forty here:-
" 0 God! all powerful sovereign, master of the
• This id. ol Perdiguier appears to mean that the Compagnons were
aJl "clothed." W.H.R. "earth, thou who seest all the universe subjected to
124 TRANSACTiONS OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

"thy laws, thou who with only a glance could make " Let us all join our wishes [ vceuxJ that God
"the earth re-enter into the nothingness from " grant to us aU peace, love, prosperity, and happi-
"which thou hast drawn it, I salute thee, 0 " ness, as well as the power to cause the whole world
"king of kings ; prostrated before the throne of "to adore His holy name, Amen.
"thine all powerful majesty, I thank thee for the " We end with the oath of an aspirant on being
"favour thou hast done me of being able to know "received:
"thee, to love thee, to serve thee as the only t.rue "I Hwear by the God whom I adore, by the soul
" God of heaven and earth. Deign to grant me the "which gives me life, by the blood which flows in
" wisdom which thou bestowest on thy elect, to the " my veins, by this heart which beats within me, to
" end that I may adore thy name in any place where I "guard with constancy, perseverance, firmness, the
"may go; that the morning star guide my steps in "secret which has been confided to me, to love my
"quitting this temple raised to thy glory and con- "neighbour as myself, to punish the traitor, and to
" structed by our hands. I shall carry in my soul " uphold the devoir ~ven to the last drop of my
"the remembrance of thy infinite goodnesses, and "blood."
"of the favours which thou hast accorded me. Thus ends the text as given by Perdiguier. I
"Turning my thoughts and my looks towards the will now add some notes about l:rfaitre Jacques and
"East thou wilt receive my prayers as proceeding le Pere Soubise. Moreau (Un mot, etc., p. 16 and, De
"from this sanctuary.* Thou shalt see me collect la reforme des abus du Compagonage, 1843, p. 98)
"together all my children about me, and our offer- says :-In opposition to Solomon, Maitre Jacques,
" ings shall ascend towards thee; if they are agree- say the old traditions, founded another Compagnon-
" able to thee thou wilt deign to shed thy blessings nage, to avenge himself for certain injustices which
"upon us." Solomon had done him, with regard to the works
"Maitre Jacques addressing himself to Solomon: which he had executed in his temple.
"0 thou, great king to whom the all powerful God
This is the opinion stated by the followers of
"has acr:orded the gift of wisdom, deign to receive
"my oath: Solomon. Each disputes with the other the honour
of being the oldest, and of havmg preserved the true
"I swear to thee, to never adore another God
"than that one whom thou hast caused me to know, Compagnonnage. ( Un mot, p. 16.)
Again, the Compagnons tell you that Solomon
"to never receive any compagnon without having
was a king, and .Maltre Jacques an architect of his
"searched to the bottom of his heart and made him
" pass [passer] by the most seyere trials [ epreuves J. Temple.
As for the latter, one vainly searches for him in
"I now offcl' up the prayer that thou mayest live in
history but there exist ancient traditions in the
"peace a long life and that thou mayest see thy
Compagnonnage, or better fables more or less
"posterity equal the stars of the firmament."
grotesque, which say that he was the architect or
To the masters: master builder (entrepreneur) of one part of the
" And you, sons of light, behold me your equal Temple of Solomon, that he had instituted the
'' and your friend. Compagnonnage in order to enable the work!llen to
" The God of gods, the king of kings, the one defend their interests, and that later on disputes
"who governs the world, this God of power and had happened between him and Solomon, this gave
" of goodness, has allowed me to day the grace to rise to the Compagnonr etrangers, who were also
"see the true light, which you have given me in formed into a Compagnonnage, in opposition to those
"his name. of the DevoiT. (De la reforme du C. 103)
"I swear to always follow the divine laws which The Devoirants pretend that Solomon was a.
"you have made known to me, to share your troubles traitor, and that Maitre Jacques was a celebrated
" and your labours, to cherish you, to love you as architect, an artist, and a holy man,~on the other
" my bl'others. side the Gavots, pretend that Solomon was the most
" True elect of the true God, true elect [ elus, virtuous and the wisest of all kings the greatest
"chosen,] disciples of the wisest of the kings of the legislator and protector of the arts. (lb. pp. 103-4.)
"earth, receive the oaih which I make you to-day The identification of Maitre Jacques of the
" I thank you for tl1e favour you have done legend with Jacques de Molai the last historical
" me by receiving me among you. Grand l:rfaitTe of the Templars, is no doubt very
" May my blood stop in my veins, may the chill tempting so far as the name-one, grand maitre
" of death freeze my sense, may my sight be ex- Jacques, the other, maitre Jacques, as well as the fact
" tinguished, may my body be paralysed, may my that they were both associated with a Temple.
"soul quit the dwelling which God has given to it, It is an opinion suggested by Perdiguier in_ the
" and may I become the food of wild beasts, if I section at the end of the second volume, entitled
" become perjured to the oath which I have pro- " The Compagnonnage, What it has been, w}lat it- is,
" nounccd. and what it ought to be." In it he considers the
"And thou, great sacrificer [ SACRIFICATEUR], truth of the legend that the Society took its rise at
"offer to God my oaths; beg him in mercy [grace J the Temple of Solomon as asserted by the Com-
" to accept them ; sacrifice to him this white heifer pagnons. He names the Essenes, Therapeutro, etc.,
" in declaration of the blessing [en action du bonhew·] as having similar customs; mentions many of the
"which be has accorded me on this day. celebrated buildings, churches, etc., of the world,
* This sentence means that in w:M..tever place the prayers may be and finally decides that if the Compagnonnage was
offered up, they will be received the same, as il they had been offered in the not invented at the building of the Temple, it there
Temple itself. W.H.R.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LonG~<.: QuATUOR CoRONATI 125

received form and became a more perfect organiza- It seems to me that the idea of connecting
tion. either the Compagnonnage or Freemasonry with the
After quoting the Bible, in reference to David Templars is of recent date, and took its rise, perhaps,
and Solomon, he concludes that all the builders col- when a more aristocratic origin was desired, than the
lected were Phamicians. They wandered North and more natural, and as I believe correct though prosaio
South, East and West, wherever they were required and humble derivation from the trade guilds.
for great buildings, had rules and an organization. It is true that during the persecution of the
This, he says, was the Compagnonnage of antiquity. Compagnonnage in the seventeenth century, a body
When in 109[) the Crusaders went to the Holy of them fled to the Temple in Paris, and this may
Land (I abstract very shortly his argument), at the have given the idea of the derivation, but it wn.s as a
same epoch the Knights of St. John, Templars, etc., Sanctuary, and besides I cannot help thinking that
were formed at Jerusalem. The French workmen the trade guilds of Paris incorporated, or as they
adopted there as well as the art of construction, the express it, " arranged in banners " by Louis xr. in
laws, usages, etc., of the ancient Compagnonnage, 1467, bore the same relationship to the ordinary
which they found there, and Christianized a little. Compagnonnage as the Masons' Company of London
" The stone cutters first formed themselves into incorporated (or at least granted armorial bearings)
a Society; they were Oompagnons Etrangers, and by Edward rv., in 1472-3, as well as possibly the
children of Solomon; the joiners or carpenters of Masons' companies in other large towns, whether
the forests, and the locksmiths, still called smiths, incorporated or not, bore to the old lodges of Free-
followed close; they were Compagnons de la Liberte, masons scattered over the whole country, and of
and recognized also Solomon as their father." (II. which occasional mention has been found, and of
244.) whose non-connexion with Mason's companies there
The title etrangers, strangers, he contends was is evident proof.
fitting now as then to the wandering life ; that of Pere .'3oubise plays, as will have been noticed, a
liberte, liberty, freedom, in a country of slaves signi- very unimportant part in the above drama. He
fied that they were free. And thus he compares suddenly appears in the employ of Solomon with
the la-tter with the Mal}ons Francs, or Francs Malfons :Maitre Jacques, both of them having come from
of Germany. Gaul, to which place they returned together. He
Having secured this wrong nomenclature, his becomes jealous of Maitre Jacques, they separate
argument seems plausible ; but it appears probable and he lands at Bordeaux. Apparently his disciples
also that the joiners were not less stationary or ;more or pupils whether at his instigation or not, attempt,
free than the masons. Thus, he says, were the stone and finally succeed in assassinating his rival; and
cutters, the carpenters of the forest, and the smiths he causes them to be pursued, but we do not hear
introduced into France. anything of the result. The betrayer J eron or
Another comparison is drawn between the J amais throws himself into a well, which is filled
customs of the German masons of Strasburg and with stones by the Compagnons-we may conclude
Cologne, and the Compagnonnage, giving as authori- by those sent in pursuit.
ties Lebas, Stieglitz, and l'Univers Pittoresque, from The derivation of the name Soubise from the
which he takes long quotations. God Sabazius, I must discard at once. To accept it
The stone-cutters etrangers, joiners and lock- would either give to the legend an antiquity which
smiths de la Liberte, are all called compagnons libres, I am not prepared to believe ; or attribute to the
or free, lived united as good brothers, and were for a composers of it an amount of mystical symbolism of
long time without competitors and without rivals, which I do not think they were capable, unless it is
until a secession took place among the first as well much more modern than I suspect. The name is
as the second. clearly purely French, it was that of a well known
It has been said that this great rending of the district, and noble family, and was borne by Charles
association of workmen took place at the building of de Rohan, Prince of Soubise, and his brother the
the Towers of Orleans at the end of the 13th Cardinal of that name, who really was the Pere
century. Soubise.
Those dissenting from the original foundation No history is given of this character in the
of the two associations were taken under the protec- legends, but Perdiguier states (II. 255) that he is
tion of Jacques Molai, G.M. of Templars. It is supposed by some to have been a Benedictine Monk.
known that the Templars introduced mystic forms He himself states his belief that Jacques and Soubise
into France and that Solomon and his Temple played only knew the capital of Judea in the 13th century
a part in their ceremonies. Jacques Molai then and as French Monks, he also informs us that his is
called to himself the dissentients, and formed them the most modern division of the Compagnonnage.
into three new associations. They alone bear the name of Carpenter, and their
Such is briefly the arrangement arrived at by Per- labours appear to have been connected with the
diguier in order to bring in Jacques de Molai, and forests, woodmen in fact.
this derivation from, or mobilization by, the Templars
has been often repeated. Simon compares the lives When classing Soubise in his proper place in
of the Grand Maitre, and Maitre, but in my opinion the histories of the three founders, Perdiguier says
his identifications, like those advanced by Bro. Gould (Livre du Oompag., I. 40):
(Hist. of F. M., I., 245), are quite untenable. They " It now remains for me to speak of Pere
require an unnecessary amount of comparative "Soubise, but having no document of any value
symbolism, a symbolism not at all to be expected. " about this founder, I cannot fulfil my task as I

Q
 126 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI.

" should wish. Certain carpenters have protested Bao. SPETH said:-I have much pleasure in congratulating
" against the role given to Pere Soubise in the life Bro. Rylands on his discovery of a third edition of Perdiguier.
Bro. Gould and I, some years back, spent many months con-
"of Maitre Jacques . . . They may be assured jointly in studying the Compagnonnage, and no hint of the
" on our part that we know no more about the existence of such a book was found anywhere. Speaking from
" murder of Maitre Jacques by Pere Soubise, than of memory, the Legend of M. Jacques as far as his death, would
" the murder of Hiram by the Compagnons etrangers. appear to be word for word the same as in the 2nd edition,
" We have no desire for hatred, but love, sympathy and as given by Gould in the 5th chapter of his Hi~ tory: tho
account of the funeral ceremonies, the Acte de foi, and the
"among all the corps d'etats and everywhere. A Oath are all new matter and deserving of consideration. With
"compagnon carpenter gave me a life of Pere reference to the retreat of the Compagnons to the Temple at
" Soubise, it was a moral romance, and besides this Paris, the matter is curious but easily accounted for. This
"a glorification uf the author , about which building, as its name indicates, had been the property of the
" I could not pause at the present moment with any Knights Templar, and by a decree of the Pope all their
possessions were exempt from the control of the Church, and
"advantage." placed under the direct authority of the Grand Muster, his
Of the d,verend Pere Soubise as he calls him sole superior being the Pope himself. On the dissolution of
Moreau says very little. In a note (De la reforme the order, the Temple and its precincts were placed under
the special jurisdiction of a Bailli and its privileges remained
p. 110); intact. When, therefore, the Gallic church denounced the
" Le Pere Soubise, or :Maitre Soubise, is also, to Compagnons and all their works, they retreated to the Temple,
" some extent, considered as a founder. The carpen- where the church's writ did not run; but the Bailli was won
" ters compagnons passants or Bonsdrilles, were his over to the clerical party and they had ultimately to leave this
" children. They have received the tilers and plas- refuge also. Any further remarks I prefer to postpone till we
have the second part of this paper before us. I trust Bro.
" terers, but as they are also called Devoirants, and Rylands will pay particular atter;tion to the Guilbrctte. This
"are under the banner of Maitre Jacques, whom is to me the most interesting feature of the Compagnonnage
" they respect and honour," etc. proceedings. Its form was no secret. Two companions
meeting placed their sticks crosswise on the ground, stepped
This is singular, but it will be remembered that. into the four squares thus formed, turned on their heels, thus
in the legend the girdle of Maitre Jacques was given bringing themselves face to face and embraced, i.e., hugged
to the carpenters. each other, at the same time clasping hands nnd whispering
It is interesting to note that Maitre Jacques in in each other's ear. But its esoteric significance was a secrat
the .drawing given by Perdiguier of the Compagnons which I think the etymology of the word may enable us to
guess at. I have a deri,·ation for this word which satisfies me
leaving Judea to spread themselves over the world, but will reserve this point, as probably Bro. Rylands has him·
is clothed in ecclesiastical vestments; whereas Pere self discovered it, and wHI give it ns on the next occasion.
Soubise is represented in the simple robes of a But the striking character of the whole action can not be over-
pilgrim monk with his staff in his hand. T.his at looked, and if my derivation of Guilbrette be correct, there can
least may be ta]ren as showing the difference between be little doubt of the nature of the words whispered. If the
date of the Guilbrette can be carried back to the 17th century
the two as understood in the Compagnonnage, at the we shall be confronted with a startling phenomenon.
time of Perdiguier.
The WoRBHIP:VlJL MASTER said :-I have brought with me
One of the Satyrical songs may be quoted:- some notes on the general subject of to-night's lecture, but
" At the time when blind fortune seized upon these will, for the most part, come in more appropriately when
"the universe, which a common .expression has Bro. Rylands has resumed and concluded his most inte·resting
remarks on the Compagnonnage. Our brother began with an
" named the age of iron, Maitre Jacques, here on expression of opinion differing from what has been placed on
" earth, without either money or brains, not knowing record by myself. But of this I shall merely say, that the
" how to live founded another Devoir. arrow belongs not to the archer when once it has left the bow,
" Associated with the old Soubise, these itiner- and, while since the publication of my History of Freemasonry,
my views concerning many subjects have undergone a
" ant founders, in order to sell their goods material change, nevertheless, the written word no longer
"started for Orleans. Having no means of living belongs to the author, especially when it has been multiplied by
"on the way, they became cut-purses, from fear o£ the press. The lecturer alluded to the introduction of trade
" dying of hunger. usages from the Continent. Of this an early example is given
"Our two grimace makers, soon in this city, by Lyon in his famous work. In 1475 the Masons and
" exposed their mysteries and secret in the squares. Wrights of Edinburgh were incorporated by a Seal of Cause,
in which it was ordained, that " the saidis twa Craftismen
" Ever since this time there has swarmed in the city sail cans and haue thair placis and rowmes in all generals
"of Orleans any quantity of imbeciles," etc. (Livre processiouns lyk as thai haf in the towne of Bruges, or siclyk
du 0. I. 78J gud townes."* Upon this the Historian of Scottish ::\Iasonry
Thus ends for the present my account of these observes-" the entry is significant, as indicating one of the
interesting legends. In this paper I have purposely channels through which the Scottish Crafts became acquainted
with customs obtaining among their brethren in foreign
confined myself to the particular subject, and touched countries,'' and he considers it a legitimate inference " that in
very lightly upon the opinions of my predecessors, other points they would be guided by the same authority, and
and several matters which are well worthy of con- that the secret ceremonies observed by the representatives
sideration; my endeavour being simply to tell the of the builders of the medireval edifices of which Bruges
could boast, may have to some extent been adopted by the
legends as described by members of the Compagnon- Lodges of Scotch Operative masons in the 15th century." At
nage. Placed here lengthy arguments would only a much later period, indeed the very latest, at which it is
have been a cause of confusion, and may very well possible tnat an influx of foreign artisans may have given any
wait until some other occasion when I shall hope to tinge or colouring to our British Freemasonry, an instance
be able to again take up the subject of the Com- occurs where trade usages were largely imported into this
pagnonnage, and try to add a little more to its • Hist. of the Lodges of Edinburgh, 232. The citizens of Bruges were
history. famous for their skill in manufactures. In 1587 a colony of Flemi"h weavers
found their way to Edinburgh, were certain privileges of trade were
guara.nt<>ed to them by Act of Parliament. Ibid, 234.
 TRaNSACTIONS OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 127

country, and it becomes at least worthy of consjderation BRo. G. W SPETH rea:l a paper entitled :
whether any customs or legends hitherto peculiar to the
Compagnonnage may not have pasffed at this period into the TWO NEW VERSIONS 01' THE OLD
custody of the English Freemasons, In consequence of the
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685), it has been computed CHARGES.
that about 100,000 French manufacturers and workmen fled
into England, besiees those who took refuge in Switzerland, On the 18th February last I announced in the
Germany, and Holland." " Of the fugitives who escaped,"
as we are told by Smiles,t" the richest took refuge in Holland, London Freemason my diseovery of a previously un-
while the bulk of those who settled in England were persons known copy of these Charges, to which my attention
of comparatively small means. Being of foreign birth, and had been drawn by the Rev. W. Fenwick of
having no claim upon the poor-rates, the French citizens Cheltenham, in whose possession it is. .Mr. Fenw-ick
formed themselves into societies for mutual relief in sickness was already known to possess two copies with which
and old age. These were the firgt societies of the kind
established by workmen in England, though they have been Masonic Students were acquainted as the '\Vilson
since largely imitated; and the Odd-fellows, Foresters, and :M:SS. Nos. 1 and 2. As I have strong doubts, almost
numeror other benefit societies of the labouring olass, t:Rough amounting to a certainty that these MSS never
they may not know it, are but following in the path long since belonged to Mr. Wilson of Bromhead, it would be
tracked out for them by the French Refugees.''! An important better perhaps to call them in futme Phillipps' MSS.
point. however, in the history of the Compagnonnage is the
comparatively modern 'date at which the legend of Maitre 1 and 2, inasmuch as Mr. Fenwick's 30,000 MSS.
Jacques is revealed to us, and we should ask ourselves the were left him by his father-in-law, Sir Thomas
queEtion, what dependence could we place upon a similar Phillipps, and they are known all over the world as
revelation of a Masonic Legend, had one been made, for the the Phillipps' collection.
first time, by a joiner of little education, who also chanced to The new version I propose to call Phillipps' No.
be a Freemason, in 1841 ? That it was in existence at· that
date, we might concede, and probably for some time previously, 3. It is of comparatively small value to students,
but we should, I think, hesitate to endow it with any real being a very recent copy, say of 1725-50. It is
ilr.vour of antiquity. In the Revelations made to the Doctors written in a bold running hand, such as at school
1>f the Sorbonne in 1651, there is no hint of the legend related my :Master called "round text,., and indeed the whr'o"'--
by Perdiguier in 1841, though all the craftsimplicated-Sadlers, MS. resembles much a school copy-book, being large
Shoemakers, Tailors, Cutlers, and Hatters,-belonged to the
Soci&ty (or family) of Maitre Jacques. It is note-worthy 8vo. form, covered with marbled paper. But for one
also, that the only Legend of which any precise details have word, I should consider the MS. as having been made
come down to us-that recounted by Bro. Ry1a.nds-is asso- for antiquarian purposes only. Most of these Con-
ciated with the one branch of the Compagnonnage, which is stitutions contain a direction in Latin, as to how the
11ot restricted to members of the building trades. A Legend
connected with the "enfans" of" Solomon "-Stonemasons,
oath shall be administered, commencing, "then one
Joiners, Locksmiths-or " Maitre Soubise" -Carpenters, of the Elders holding the book" etc., but in this case,
Tylers, Plasterers-would have more interest for us. Then in[,tead of "Tunc unus ex Senioribus" we have
again, in the few words "which Perdiguier does let fall respect- "Tunc unus ex Socjis.' This reading i the first I
ing the legend of his own so6ety, (" enfans" of Solomon), we have seen. It is evident that an Anti.tnary' s copy
plainly see in the allusions to Hiram and Adonhiram, an echo
of the controversy which had exercised the minds of many would be made word for word, but the change of
French Freemasons long before the compiler of "Le Livre du elder to member, apparently made to fit the copy to
Compagnonnage" sat down to write his book. Nur must we the new order of things introduced in 1717, would
forget that Perdiguier himself expressly records his belief, imply that it was intended for Lodge pmposes
that the Compagnons derived the tradition of Hiram from the and use. The fact also that throughout there is no
Freemasons. All the evidence, indeed, seems to me to bear
against the probability of the Freemasons having borrowed
attempt to preserve archaisms, but that the MS. in
from the Compagnonnage, but I must here pause in the digres- question is written in the current language of the
sion into which I should never have been led, as the entire sub- day, tends to the same conclusion.
ject will come before us on a ft.ture 00casion, when we listen On the 22nd February, I assisted the Margate
to Bro. Rylands' second disquisition on a. topic of so much Lodge, Union 127, in dining and entertaining 250 of
interest and complexity, and one upon which his researches
have already cast much new li!i;ht.
their poor and aged fellow bmgesses. Brother
Stanley, the Clerk of the Corporation W at.erworks,
a collector of cmiosities from his boyhood, informed
BRo. RYLANDS thanked the brethren for their attention
and Bra. Speth and the W.M. for their observations. The me he wished for my opinion on a parchment he had
length of the paper had necessitated its division into two parts picked up towards the end of last year. I need
11.nd on the whole he preferred reserving any further remarks scarcely say that within two hours we were esconced
of his own for a future occasion. in my study with the scroll between us. I have now
much gratification in tendering it to this meeting
for examination.
It is of parchment, as yon see, in four slips
A co_rdial vote of thanks to the Lecturer was passed by stitched together, ten feet over all in length and seven
a.cclamatwn and the WoRSHIPFUL MASTER said, that speaking in inches wide. It has evidently at one time had a seal
the name of all present, it was both his duty and his privilege attached and I call your attention to the curious
to express a hope that Bro. Rylands would read them his
second paper on the Compagnonnage, at as early a date as the chequered triangle at the end of the charge. It is
numerous demands upon his time would permit. dated 1677 and the British Museum authorities, to
whom I have shown it, arc of opinion that the date
*The Huguenot., their Settlements in E-ngland and Ireland, 313. is borne out by the style of caligraphy. It shows
t lbid, 318, 319.
signs of wear· and I cannot doubt was really at one
time a lodge document.
t One of the oldest of the French Benefit Societies' was the " Norman As regards its history I have little to say; further
Society," of Beth!'al Gre~n, which only Celllled to exist in 1863, after a life
of 1150 yean!. 1 bid, !oc ett. enquiries may evoke more details. Bro. Stanley says
128 TRANSACTroxs OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATr.

the owner was not a Freemason, neither was he to us as students. Following the charge, in a later
descended from such: that he can~e from the North hand we have fourteen lines of doggrel.
Country, had possessed the MS. for many years, but
was uncertain how he originally came by it. It is The Prophecy of Brother Roger Bacon,
Disciple of Balaam, wch Hee writt on ye
very unsatisfactory that in the majority of cases we N: E : Square of ye Pyramids of Egypt,
are unable to t1·ace MSS. to any definite source. In Capitan Letters.
The text of the :MS. contains many peculiarities When a Martyrs GrandDaughter J n ye Throne of great Brittain
which differentiate it from others prcvwusly known makes Capets Proud Son look, You'd Think him beshitten
to us. To some of these I may perhaps be permitted when ye midway & l\Iais Piss toyetber In a Quill
to briefly allude. All other versions* commence with a and Tayus & Rhine of ye Sein have their will,
description of the seven liberal Sciences and from that when ye Thames has ye Tay t.aen for better for worse
and to purchace ye Doxy has well drained his purse,
proceerl to the biblical account of Lamcch and his when by Roasting a Priest ye Church has her wishes
four children discovering the Arts and Sciences and Loyall Tory's In Places, Whiggs Silent as ffishes
recording them on two pillars. In this case the when Europe Grows Quiet, & a man yts right wily
order is rcyersecl. Setts np a woodbridge from ye Lands End to Chili
All ot.her texts state that J a ball parted flocks of ffree Masons beware Brother Bacon advises
Interlopers break In & Spoil Your Divices
sheep and la:nbs in the field. This hardly conveys a Your Giblin & Squares are all Out of Door
good idea ?f the Science of Geometry, but our Stanley And Jachin & Boaz shall bee Secretts no more.
:MS. substrtutes Lands for Lambs: we thus have a
combination of Arithmetic and Surveying which may A_ second glance at the rhymes will justify the
be called Geometry. assertwn that a little trouble will not be wasted in
There is an unimportant variation in the received endeavouring to arrive at an approximate date for
genealogy of Hermes. Usually, it is Noah Cush t~e authorship of the so-called prophecy. Indica-
Hermes ; here it is Noah, J uball, Hermes. ' ' tiOns are here giyen of ritualistic observances which
Reference is made to the "Master of Histories " I believe are to be first found in the Grand Mystery
an authority only quoted by the Cooke MS and tho~c of 1724. The allusions are all political and much of
evidently copied from it. This point I think curious the symbolism is at once evident. .For instance, the
as indicating a very early, but now missing original River-names obviously represent different Countries
for this MS. ' or Districts. The prophecy was of course written
The '· Templum Dei" of former MSS seems to after the facts, and can not be earlier than the latest
have puzzled our scribe, who states that the "temple occurrence recorded. It cost me the whole of a long
is now called Doo." morning to solve the riddle to my satisfaction, but it
Hiram of Tyre"s son is variously termed else- will take a very few minutes to impart the explanation
where Ayman, Aman, Aymon, &c.: in this MS we The Martyr's Grand Daughter on Brittain's
have the previously unknown and totally unaccounted throne must be either Mary, wife of William nr., or
for name of "Apleo." her cousin Queen Anne. Capet"s Proud Son must be
The King of England is called a "Parrao-on" Louis XIV. Hugh Capet, in !H 7, usurped the throne
0
instead of a Pagan. of the Carlovingians. The direct Capetian dynasty
The none-tide meal is here transformed into was succeeded by a side shoot, the Valois dynasty,
" man finches." 1328. The Bourbons replaced these in 1589. They
': Atbelstone," by a clerical error probably, is derive from Count Robert de Clermont, sixth son of
descnbed as a worthy Knight of England, instead of Louis IX., 1226-1270, a direct descendant of Hugh
King. All reference to his son Edwin is curiously Capet. The unsavoury allusion to Capet's Proud
omitted. His love of Masons and obtaining a charter Son, and his treatment by the English Queen, can
of his father is however related and the omission of only refer to Marlborough's victories. The Queen in
his name introduces some confusion by making it question is therefore Anne, the granddaughter of
appear that Athelstone was his own son. Charles 1., the Martyr King, aud.she reigned from
The usual Latin directions respecting the admin- 1702-1714.
istration of the oath are given in English. The Medway I take to represent Kent and the
P.rentices is twice mis-written "Parties" and Mais-or as it is now commonly called, the Meuse-
towards the end of the charge, Task or Journey is Hoiland or William III. I find that in 1701 a strong
incorrectly given as "Day or Journey." ' party had been formed in the House of Commons
These arc the peculiarities that most strike me.; against the king, his ministers and policy. The
I have not attempted to classify the MS, but will men of Kent took advantage of the Maidstone quar-
send a transcript to Bro. Begemann-who, rightly or ~er sessions, 29th April, 1701, to petition the House
wrongly, for opinions differ, has with much labour m favour of the king's policy: the petition was pre-
clas?i~ed these valuable ~ocumen~s into groups or
sented on May 8th, treated as a breach of privilege,
fam1hes,-that be may decrde upon rts place according and the five Kentish gentlemen, in whose charge it
to his theory.t was, were ordered into custody. They were not
"\V e now come to the most remarkable feature of released till the close of the Session, but the House
this interesting document, and one which, in my gradually came round to their views, and the
humble opinion, renders it of exceedingly great value supplies to the king in aid of the States-General
against France and Spain were granted. This
• Except the Colne MS. petition is very aptly symbolised by the Quill with
t Since the meeting Bro. Hughan has pointed out that in many respects which it was written.
it resembles the Colne MS. : in which opinion, after careful collation, I
concur. In 1689 the Germanic Confederation (i.e., the
 TRANSA:CTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATCOR CoRONATI. 129

Rhine) and Spain (or the Tagus) joined the league portion thereof. It becomes evident, therefore, that
already subsisting between Holland, Brandenburg, the couplet was written at the birth of this scheme-,
and England, against Louis XIV., thus forming the when people thought well of it and before it
Grand Alliance. This is one of the very rare occa- developed into a flagrant speculation, to be followed
sions in which Spain sided with England, in fact, by the disastrous collapse of 1720. Harley is well
I think, the only one except the Peninsular War. described as right wily, and the woodbridge from the
The ends of the Alliance were obtained at the Treaty Land's End to Chili is a bappy allusion to the
of Ryswick, 1697, by which were restored to Spain fleet of wooden walls constantly bridging the ocean
the French conquests in Catalonia, Luxembourg, and between England and South America.
the Low Countries, and to the Empire, Friburg, It is perfectly clear to me that this couplet. must
Philipsburg, Brisac, and Lorraine ; France, however, have been written some vears before the scheme
retaining Strasburg. Thus the Rhone and the Tagus became the bubble, i.e., b~fore 1120. But I think
had their will of the Seine. we may get a closer approximation still. The
The Thames (England) was married to the Tay prophecy could not have been composed before the
(Scotland) by the Act of Union, 1107. The couplet Peace of Utrecht, llth Ap1·iL 1713, to which it
speaks of the monetary consideration as considerable. alludes. But no mention is made of the Hanovel'ian
Well ! there was first a beavy bribery of Scottish succession which took place on the death of Anne. 12th
members, then it was agreed to pay all the public debts August.l714; andicannotthmkthatonrauthorwould
of Scotland, and finally a sum of £398,085 lOs. >ms have omitted so important an event. He >nmld have
voted as compensation for various Scottish interests. worked it into his rhyme somehow. The fir~t line
Taking into consideration the value of money one appears redolent of loyalty to Queen Anne. ,dw
hundred and eighty years ago. it certainly v;as a heavy therefore was prob~tbly still ali 1·c. She died 1:2th
draw on England's purse. The term Doxy applied to August, ] 714. and I unhesitatingly affirm that this
Scotland was not then as opprobrious as now, when it prophecy was written during the sixteen moi)ths
usually means, at least in these parts of the kingdom, between llilt ApriL 17U, [llllr 12th August, 1714.
a prostitute. At that time it was a nDt unkindly, As a con~equencc we arc bound to admit that
though little respectful, term for a bed-fellow- of the previous to 1117. the date of the Grand Lodge of
gentler sex of course. In the Slang Dictionary of England, tLere cxi-;ted an ampler ritual than
Chatto and Windus, I find:-'· Doxy, the female ce1·tain amongst ns Jun-e been >Yilling to concede,
companion of a tramp or beggar. In the west of and from the passage·' inte1·lopers break in,"-mark
England, the wCilllen frequently call their little girls the significance of break, not creep, or glide, or any
Doxies, in a familiar or endearing sense. Orthodoxy analogous word, but breal-, signifying strength,
has been described at being a man's own Doxy, and numbers,-we may further assume that a large influx
Heterodoxy another man's Doxy." of gentlemen was already beginning to swamp the
Dr. Sacheverell was a champion of the intolerant old operative element.
High Church Party. A notorious sermon preached These inferences induce me to place an extra-
by him on the 5th .N ovembcr, 1709, at St. Paul's, ordinary value upon the MS. before us.
was. after a tedious h<al. condemned to be burned I have further the pleasure of exhibiting the
by the common hangman.' Woodford MS.: a little gem of caligraphy and
At the beginning of Queen Anne's reign the binding, formerly in the possession of our dear Bro.
Tories, in office, were supported by the Whigs. The Woodford, and since acquired for the Lodge by our
Opposition's duty of opposing being thus held in energetic brother, vV. J. Hughan. It is well-known
abeyance, "silent as fishes,·· becomes a very apposite and requires no description from me.
metaphor.
"When Europe grows quiet ".is, to my thinking,
an obvious allusion to the Peace of Utrecht, 11th
April, 171:3 REVIEWS.
The next allusion undoubtedlyrefers to the South LEs FJUl\CSli!A<_;oxs.*-This thoughtful little
Sea Company. It will be observed that the terms are work is published anonymously, but I am betraying
laudatory. How then can we reconcile them with no confidence in stating that the Author is Bro. P.
th~ general estimation in which the project is held? Tempels, a valued member of our Correspondence
It IS very often assumed that the whole scheme was Circle. Its object may be easily defined. The
a giant and wicked speculation. This is incorrect. l:odges under the Grand Orient of Belgium long
The South Sea Company was established by Harley, smce took a retrograde step by admitting politics
afterwards Earl of Oxford, in 1711. Harley, (born and political discussiorr into the sphere of their
1661, died 1724,) having been three times Speaker, a<:tivity. As in Belgium the political parties are the
was made Secretary of State in 1704. In 1708, he Lrberals and the Ultt'amontanist-:, this entails a more
and St. John (Bolingbroke) were ousted by the serious consequence still, that of the introduction of
intrigues of the Whigs and .Marlborough, but in religious contro,-ersy into the Lodo-e. Onr brethren
1810 he returned to power as Chancellor of the in Belgium have much to suffer at the hands of the
Excheq·~er. It was then he founded the South Sea dominant Roman Catholic party and merit our sym-
Compar,y to trade with the Spanish possessions in pathy. A dignified protest, such as was offered by
South America, a commercial project as legitimate the Grand Lodge of England to the last Papal bull,
as the East India Company. The public debt was would be in place: a firm adherence to the principles
very burdensome, and in return for a trading
~ Bruxelles, Librairie Europeenne, C. Muqnanlt, 18, ~0, 22, Rue des
monopoly the Company was to assume a certain Paroissiens, 18h8.
IM TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRONATI

of liberty of conscience might be expected. But the But it will serve to give an idea of the earnest,
Lodges have gone beyond this: they have carried thoughtful, and just tone pervading the whole book.
active warfare into the opposition camp. They have -G. W. Srr<:TH, P.M., Secretary.
destroyed the character of the Lodge which should
be neutral ground, and converted it into a basis of
counter attack. Partizanship always favours
extremes, and thus we find the Lodges not only HISTORY OF "LoDGE OF EcoNOMY."*-There is
Liberal, in the Belgian sense, but verging on agnos- nothing so realistic as a diary or a minute book, and
ticism and atheism. We hear of Lodges refusing to Bro. Thomas Stopher, the Worthy and Worshipful
attend the funerals of their deceased members when Master of the old Lodge of fficonomy, No. 76, has
conducted by the clergy, as a counterblast to clerical done a good work in reviewing the old minute book
refusal of the rights of the church to Freemasons; of the Lodge, and placing before the brethren a
of Lodge interference with the religious education record of their predecessors and tbeir ways. The
of members' children, and of other resolutions, all Lodge of CEconomy was held under the old Athol
equally unmasonic. I do not affirm that the Grand Dispensation, and the warrant is still an Athol
Orient approves tbese measures, or that they are one, renewed in 1801, because the venerable document
countenanced by all Belgian Masons. The Chapters which constituted the Lodge had been burnt. A
under the Sup. Council of the A. and A.S.R. are curious fact as to the present charter is that it is the
recruited from these Lodges and consist usually of only one ever 1·enewed under the Grand Lodge of
the older members, and these are all averse to the the Ancient Athol Masons. The Lodge has had four
popular movement. They see the inevitable result numbers-88, lll, 90, and 76,-and has migrated to
of continuance in this direction, the decadence of and from various old Winchester Inns-the City
Belgian Freemasonry. But as they have, very Arms, the King's Head, the Sun, the Dolphin, the
properly, no control over the Lodges, they are power- Globe, the Marquis of Granby, the White Hart, and
less to avert it. One of the most distinguished men the Black Swan, and now it has a locus of its own,
in Belgium, not only as a Mason, but as a jurist, the Masonic Hall. The minutes extend from 1802
savant, man of letters and citizen, is our Bro. Tempels, to the present period, but the W.M. has published
and the book under review is written in the hope of the salient features up to and including 1861 only,
inducing his brethren to re-consider their ways ; to in which year the centenary was celebrated at the
bring them to a knowledge of the dangerous path accession to the Mastership of Bro. Hasleham, who
they are treading, to warn them of their deadly peril, was installed by Bro. F. La Croix, both now in a
to direct th~ir steps into safer ground, and to keep be- "fairer region." The chair was filled in 1802 by
fore their eyes the example of the Craft in England. Bro. Earle. Next year the records show that there
With th~ exception of the unnecessary historical was, even in the scanty population of that day, a
introduction, which is open to criticism, I have nothing second Lodge here, No. 195, and there is an account
but praise for the book, its arguments, its style, its of some squabble between a brother of each. The
object. The chap,ter entitled Liberte, egalite, fraternite, walking to church in honour of the Holy St. John
is conceived in the best vein, and will, I trust, be the Baptist was a custom then and since. For some
read by every mason in Belgium. Bro. Tempels few years the officers were appointed for six months
combats the popular idea that Lodge equality should instead of twelve as now. 'l'here are various notices
deprive any member of his civil or social distinctions; of relief to prisoners for debt who were Masons, and
that liberty means liberty only to believe nothing or one, an Irishman, MacGedy, had 5s. There are many
little, but shows on the contrary that it indicates initiations of, and visits from military brethren, and in
liberty to believe also as much as one likes, to bring 1805 the Children of Israel were well represented by
up one's children in any creed or belief without per- four visitors,-Moses Aarons, Lyon Aarons, Joseph
mission of the Lodge; it upholds the inherent right of Aarons, and Abraham Rearn. The Lodge in 1806
every man to order his own household and affairs, to met on Sunday Eve, and two prisoners of war were
shape his political actions, his social life, his religious initiated. These foreign brethren are tbe cause of
observances, as may seem best to him: and it appeals a curious broken English or Bacchic entry thus:-
in very well considered words, to the innate dignity "Bro. Hobbs rise and return tank to Brother Brassini
of man, and his "birth-right independence" of con- and Brother Deps for their kines of interpreting to
trol in his private affairs. the brethren the obligation of a Master Mason."
The chapter on politics and religion is also a 'l'he King's Gorman Legion contributed several
very powerful one. 'l'he author's views are in every initiates in that time of war, and thirteen French
particular already accepted by English Masons and officers (prisoners) en route to Portsmouth, visited
in strict consonance with our doctrines, and need the Lodge in 1810. False certificates at this time
not therefore be described in detail, and I am glad to were used by mendicant brethren, even as is occasion-
hear from various sources that the work is already ally attempted now. The effects of tho conviviality
producing some of the effects desired. Section 1~, of those intemperate times is curiously marked in the
" Shall I be a mason ? " is, however, of interest to us, minutes thus:-" Nearly the whole of the brethren
and may serve to counteract the too great desire were indisposed." This was in 1812, whilst in 1813
evinced to increase our numbers. It is, moreover, Lord Wellington's victory and the pakiotism of
so gracefully written and so true, that I h;tve trans- Englishmen resulted in a ·· trifling inconvenience to
lated it for these pages. The light pers~flage, the * Extracts from the .Minute Books of the Lodge of Freemasons meeting
delicate humour of the French original has, I fear, at Winchester, known as the "Lodge of Economy," No. 76, . . . _
compiled by Bro. T. Stopher, W.M., and P.M., etc. . . . , Winchester.
lost much by translation ; this was unavoidable. • • • • 1887.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LonoE QuATUOR ConoNATI. 131

the intellectual capacity of some of the brethren," Zealand Mail " speaks in high terms of the in.terest
but they closed in "perfect harmony." A gastronomic taken in this departure from the usual routme of
humour pervades an entry in 1813-" There was Lodge work, as do private advices from members of
some other business, but Br. Wilkenson having pro- the Lodge.
vided an hot supper, and there being a doubt that it And finally, .in quite another quarter of tha
might be overdone, it was thought proper by the world, we find that the Lodge of Good-Will, No. 711,
Master to close the Lodge at 10 past nine in an har- Port Elizabeth, Cape of Good Hope, has devoted tha
monious manner." The union of the two Grand fly-leaf of the summons for its meeting of the 3rd
Lodges in 1814 is recorded in a full minute as a new January, to a reproduction of the greater part of ?ur
era, and there are also notes of the instruction in the lamented Bro. Woodford's oration at our consecratiOn.
new working by oral means. The first record of the
title Lodge of <Economy is 1816, and mention is then The Province of W. Yorkshire has decided to
first made of 11. Provincial Grand Master. A establish a "Masonic Library and Museum," and a.
brother's child was christened St. John after the suitable room has been furnished for the purpose
patron saint. Br. lungs' funeral is fully recorded, at Wakefield, adjoining the Prov. Grand Secretary's
and his monument remains in the Cathedral Yard. office. The Hon. Librarian and Curator is our
A brother confined in Cheyney Court prison was re- valued Correspondence Member, Bro. William
lieved in 1821. Chinese Freemasons visited the Watson, of Leeds. We think both our brother and
Lodge in 1822. How the conversation was carried the province may justly be congratulated on the Prov.
on does not appear. A Brother Lipscombe is G. Master's excellent choice.
thanked for a side of venison, and Br. Knight for
game in 1822, and St. John's Day was much enjoyed. Bro. Hughan has lately published Colonel
As touching music in the ritual, a hand organ was Clerk's MS. of the Old Charges, hitherto known as
purchased for £10 in 1826, and after much neglect the Supreme Council MS., N o.J. in the" Freemason."
balloted for at a five shilling lottery in t833, by Bro. Hughan's services in this, as in many other
which time its barrel was much worn. The laying fields of .Masonic culture, are beyond praise. A collec-
of the foundation stone of St.•John's Hospital, 1833, tion of all these MSS. under one cover is highly
and of St. Maurice Church in 1840, are recorded in desirable, and the Lodge hopes to undertake the task
the briefest terms for functions so notable, and the next- vear. The 8ecretary is already quietly making
like ceremony at Southampton Docks, 1838, is the pi-eliminary arrangements, in the course of which
similarly recorded. In 1840 an honourable prother duty he has discovered three entirely new MS.
is thus mentioned:-" Br. F. Knosyorkis returned Constitutions.
the lOs. which he had received as a.n alms."' Such
an act has not yet been experienced by the present In Bro. Findel's " Bauhiitte" of the 4th Feb.,
Masonic Almoners. In 184,1 a curious entry is found 1888, appears a long article devoted to the " V erein
in the minutes:-" Harmony reigned, brotherly love deutscher Maurer," and the newer " Lessingbund."
prevailed, and ihe shoutfl of Israel were heard afar." The one is historically reviewed, the other propheti-
Whether the Secretary was indisposed or merely cally treated. We extract one paragrf!.ph because it
in a joc.ose vein we know not, and the explana- touches us nearly. In speaking of the older organi-
tion is now lost. Attached to the book are copious sation the writer attributes to it the following merits.
details and dates of the brethren and officers for the "But pre-eminently the successful mission to England
past eighty-seven years, and the oldest brother [of Bro. Findel] which not only settled the question
mentioned is Mr. Jacob Jacob. who was installed in of the York Charter, [Krause's MS. so-called.] and
1824, and has just answered. 'the last summons to furnished many historical results, but was above all
"Grand Lodge" in" Hope." He was, we believe, the impulse which first impelled England to the
the oldest Mason in the province. Br. Stopher's study of Masonic History and ushered in the intel-
book is a most interesting souvenir of the vld Lodge, lectual movement which resulted in the writings of
and will be prized by the brethren for itself, and as Bros. Hughan, Lyon, Gould, and others." It is
a gift from one of the best of Masons and the highly amusing to witness our worthy brother
staunchest of friends.-W. H. JACOB, P.M., Pr.G. pluming himself on such glorious results, but we are
Sup. W. Hants. afraid he is mistaken. He visited England in 1864
and we believe never saw either Hughan or Gould.
Bro. Hughan was not initiated tilll863 and began to
LITERARY. publish masonically the very next year (Cornwall
Calendar.) Bro. Gould was in China, 1860-1865, and
THE publication of our Transactions is beginning his contributions to the ~fasonic Journals date from
to bear fruit. The Berlin " Latomia " had, as 1858, in which year also he published two
already announced, previously reproduced more than lectures read before the Provincial Grand Lodge of
one of our papers, a.Tldon February llth it translated Andalusia, and the "Inhabitants' ,. Lodge, Gibraltar,
Bro. Wynn Westcott's description of the foundation respectively. Findel's History (German edition)
and organisation of the Soc. Ros. in Anglia. could have had no influence on them, as neither Brother
In Wellington Lodge, 1521, Wellington, New reads the language, and his English edition is dated
Zealand, on the lOth January, the brethren were 1869, by which time Hug han was well known, and his
summoned for various Lodge work, and to hear read "Constitutions of the Freemasons" appeared the
from our Transactions, Bro. Sir C. Warren's paper, same year. And we think a glance at our Jl.fasonic
"On the Orientation of Temples." The "New periodicals will prove to our brother that there were
132 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

Masonic students in England before he visited us, the far north is so very scarce that it should be most
during his visit, and afterwards. Lyon had welcome. From the description of the contents,
established his reputation as a Masonic Antiquary given in the Latomia, we augur well of the new
and Scholar on a firm basis by (not to speak of venture, as it appears to impart information long
minor efforts) his history of "Mother Kilwinning" sought for. For instance, there are articles on the
in 1862. And why is no mention made of our dear Masonic Life and Labours of H.M. King Oscar n.; on
Bro. Woodford? Did he also light his torch at the Freemasonry in Norway, 1749-1887, a matter on
flaming beacon set up by Bro. Findel ? Or is it a which even Bro. Gould found little to say ; on Count
fact that at least one of the historical results attained Christian Conrad Dannesk jold-Laurvig, at one time
by the latter and paraded with much pomp in Provincial Grand Master for Scandinavia under the
Germany was the discovery of the former, and with his Grand Lodge of England, to English students an
usual unselfish kindness placed by him at our visitor's almost mythical personage ; and finally on Guild
disposal, who, however, never gave our departed Life in Norway under King Olaf Kyrre, the Peaceful
brother the least credit for his generous act, but quietly We trust the journal may maintain this excellent
appropriated all the Kudos to himself ? That Bro. standard and should be glad to peruse its pages.
Findel's services to Masonic study have been great, we
shall be the last to deny, but he really must not claim On the 15th November, 1887, was published in
the credit of having been the founder of our present Amsterdam the first number of a new masonic
British school of Craft-writers. We venture to affirm periodical. "L'union fraternelle, Tijdscbrift voor
that his visit to England in 1864 producerl very little Vrijmetselaars." Its contents appear to be rather
result in Great Britain itself. Space forbids our polemical than historical, and to trench upon ground
lingering any further over this theme, though in forbidden under our Constitution.
parting from it we may briefly cite the names of The two Brussels Chapters (A & A.S.R.) have
Bros. Hyde Clarke, Matthew Cooke, W. P. Buchan, called a Masonic Conference for the 28th and 29th
R. M. Little-and the list could easily be extended- March, 1888. It is unfortunately limited to members
all of whom contributed to the furtherance of true o~ the Rose Croix degree. The questions for discus-
Masonic research by valuable writings, penned in sion are:-
some instances prior to Findel's appearance on the 1.-What is the origin of the High Degrees,
literary horizon, and in every case evincing an especially of the Rose Croix?
originality of conception, which is quite irreconcilable 2.-Are the Constitutions of 1786 the organic
with the supposition that they were inspired by the laws of the Ancient and Accepted Rite.?
teachings or example of the German historian. 3.-What, at the present time, are the actual
Two of the Dresden Lodges, " Three Swords " purpose and use of the High Degrees ?
and "Golden Apple," meet in their own Lodge 4.-What are the methods in different jurisdic-
House. Three evenings a week the premises are tions employed to spread the knowledge and
optln as a club for the use of the members and to doctrines of the High Degrees ?
facilitate personal intercourse. Many younger 5.-Is uniformity of the Rose Croix ritual desir-
brothers feeling the necessity of more light on the able; if so, how may it be attained ?
organisation, purpose and history of the Craft, 6.-Is it possible to compile a Catalogue of all
suggested the formation of a society to discuss these the old books, manuscripts, inscriptions,
matters. This has been established under the title medals and other objects appertaining to
"Free Conference or Discussion Club," and meets Freemasonry; with an analysis of their
every Tuesday evening from 8.30 to 9.45. The nature and the custody in which they may
president is Bro. C. H. Tendler, admission is free to be found?
all Lodge members, short papers are read and a 7.-By what means would it be possible to
discussion follows. The club was established in establish personal and continuous corres-
January, 1887, from May to October was in recess, pondence between Masonic Students of all
and is now again at work, which will be continued jurisdictions?
till the end of April. The meetings are attended by Questions 6 and 7 are very interesting, and we
an average of forty members, the club is successful, trust the conference may arrive at a practical con-
and other German Lodges are beginning t6 follow clusion in these two matters especially. The difficulties
the example set. Amongst the papers read are however are enormous, but should any practical de-
many of a biographical nature, on old.masonic usages, cision be arrived at we will place it before our
Freemasons' knocks, are high grades necessary or readers.
useful?, the Sphynx, the fear of death, Eleusinian We publish the following Circular in extenso : -
mysteries, American Lodge-life, the Templars, Odd- GRAND ORIENT orr BELGIUM-MAsONIC CoNcouRsJt-
fellows, Immortality, etc., etc. We wish the club To all Grand Orients, Grand Lodges and Supreme
every success and would merely suggest that the Councils of the Globe. Most W!YTfhy Sirs and
papers should be printed, which does not appear at Brethren,-We have the honor of requesting you to
present to be the case. publish within the limits of your jurisdiction the
We are glad to glean from the pages of Latomia following dispositions :
DECREE
that our Scandinavian brothers have started a
Masonic journal. The first number of the Frimnre1·- The Grand Orient of Belgium having heard the
tidende, Editor: Bro. Albert J. Lange, Christiania, report of the Grand Committee and also the opinion
was issued in November last. Masonic news from of the Grand Orator thereon, hereby decrees :
RE\1, A, F. A. WOODFORD, M.A .. PAST GRAND CHAPLAIN.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LoDGE QuATuon CoRO~ATI. 133

l. The institution in perpetuity of a decennial of the late Field Marshal Sir Alexander Woodford,
prize, to be called the Peeters-Baertsoen prize. This and was gazetted to a lieutenancy in the Goldstream
prize is to be accorded to the most meritorious work, Guards in 18:38. Three years later, however, he
from a Masonic point of view, published in Belgium retired from the army, and matriculated at Durham
or any other country by a Mason. University in 184:2, 'vas ordained Deacon in 1846,
2. 'l'hc first decennial period shall begin on the and Priest in 1847, being also presented in the latter
15th day of March 1879 and terminate on the 14th year to the rectory of Swillington, Leeds, which he
day of March 1889. held until 187L
3. The prize shall consist of the interest and Our brother first saw the light of "Masonry in
compound interest of a sum of twenty thousand 1842, while on a visit to his father, at that time
francs. Governor of Gibraltar, in the Lodge of Friendship,
4. The prize shall be open to the works of then No. 245, and on his return to England joined
Masons of all countries, pl'Ovided always that the in succession a variety of Lodges, the names of which
sai~ works have been publidted during the decennial have been already given on the second page of these
perwd. Transactions. The highest office held by him in the
5. The award shall be made by a Jury of five Craft, was that of Grand Chaplain, to which he was
members appointed by the Grand Orient upon the appointed by the Earl of Zetland, Grand Master, in
proposition of the Grand Committee. l8G3. In the following year, April 27th, 1864, the
The Jury shall be appointed not less than six foundation stone of the new buildings at Freemasons'
months previous to the expiration of each decennial Hall was laid w;th Masonic honours, by the Earl of
period. Zetland, Grand Master, and in the ofiicial proceed-
Bros. Gustave WASHER and Emile HAN5SENS, as ings of that occurrence it is recorded, "that the
mandatories of Bro. PEETERS-BAERTSOEN shall be Junior Grand Chaplain delivered an Oration on the
additional members of the Jury for life. Dignity of the Order and the Principles of Free-
6. The decision of the Jury shall be published masmu·y."
at a meeting of the Grand Orient, which shall take This is again referred to in the printed "Pro-
place one month after the termination of the decen- ceedings of the Grand Lodge of England" for June
nial period. 1st, 18G4, from which the following is an extract:-
7. All corresponding Masonic Authorities shall "Bro. Mcintyre said he had a 'l'bird Resolution
have notice of this present decree ; this notice will to propose, and hardly knew how to find words
be repeated. adequate to express the gratitude which he person-
9. A memorial plate to Bro. PEETERS-llAERTSOEN ally felt towards the excellent Brother ·woodford,
shall be placed in the entrance hall of the Lodge whom he might designate as the Vates Sacer, and who
where the Grand Orient meets. delivered the Oration on that occasion [April 27th J.
9. The Grand Committee shall submit to the All were delighted with the excellence of that
sanction of the Grand Orient the measures taken for Oration, and its applicability to the circumstances
the proper sectiTity of the funds destined for this under which they were assembled. It was with great
work. pleasure he moved-
10. Any expenses or profits that may arise " 'That this Grand Lodge desires to record its
from the execution of these presents shall be borne hearty and grateful thankR to the V.W. Brother the
by or belong to the Institution. Rev. Adolphus F. A. Woodford, Grand Chaplain, for
Brussels, the 23rd day of the 1st Month, 1879. the eloquent and instructive Oration delivered by
him on the occasion of laying the Foundation Stone
(Signed) G. DUCHAINE. Aua. COUVREUR, of the New Buildings.'
" The motion was seconded, and carried unanim-
Grand Secretary. National Grand Master ously."
In the same month and year as those in which
We remain, most worthy Sirs and Brethren, the Oration last referred to was delivered, a most
yours fraternally, instructive article from the pen of Bro. Woodford
was printed in the Freemasons' "J[agazine and Masonic
HENRY-J. TAVERNE, VICTOR LYNEN, Mirror. This was entitled " The Archives of the
Grand Secretary. National Grand ~Master York Union Lodge," and though long since super-
ceded by the more elaborate investigation of the
same documents by Brother Hughan, it gave an ex-
cellent inventory of the old records of York, while
OBITUARY. the value of the article as a contribution to Masonic
THE REv. A. F. A. ·wooDFORD, P.G.C. research, was enhanced to students of those days
from the circumstance that the writer in his exam-
Sr:>CE the publication of part ii of these Trans- ination of the ancient writings he described, had
actions Death has again been busy with his sickle, been assisted by the late Bro. E. W. Shaw, one of
and to the name of llro. Budden must now be added out' .most diligent antiquaries, and who in some
that of llro. Woodford, as having passed away from special studies may be said to have had neither rival
among us, and being numbered with our Fraternal nor successor.
Dead. Our brother was a frequent contributor to the
The Rev. Adolphus Frederick Alexander Preern!L!ions' l>Iagazine, while that periodical continued
Woodford-born July 9th, 1821-was the eldest son to exist, and on taking_ up his residence in London,
 134 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI.

after the resignation of his clerical preferment n~ss of thought and vigour of diction which pervade
in Yorkshire, became editor of the Freemason, his prose works, there can be no room for doubt
which together with the Masonic [latterly the that he acqu~t~ed himself in both roles with an equal
Monthly] Magazine he continued to conduct, the deerree of. ab1l~t.y to that which has always charac-
former from 1873 until 1885, and the latter from its tel'lzed h1s wr1tmgs as a great teacher in the Craft_
first establishment in July, 1873, until its dissolution Of bigotry or sectarian prejudice there was not a
in December, 1882. During these periods a memoir tra?e. in his composition and the following lines,
of the editor is inseparably interwoven with the which occur in Pope's Essay on Man were strictly
literary merits of the two publications under his applicable to his turn of thought:- '
control, and of the latter it would be difficult to
speak too highly. But the labour he imposed upon "Slave to no sect, he takes no private road,
But looks through nature, up to nature's God."
himself was too great. Articles, essays, reviews,
notes, queries, and even a large number of poetical One of his most remarkable characteristics was
effusions, flowed from his facile pen. Nothing came the tenacity of his memory. Nothing he ever read
amiss to him, and in the Magazine especially, his seemed to have been forgotten by him, and when
singular versatility, wide learning, and graceful appealed to, as he constantly was, to earmark a
diction, combined with an appetite for work which passage or reference, the exact locale of which had
no amount of lit.erary labour could appease, enabled faded from the recullection of some one of our num-
him to present month by month, with but little aid ber-the information sought, was invariably given
from contributors, and uncheered by an adequate without a moment's hesitation, and could always be-
list of subscribers, as choice and instructive a relied upon.
Masonic Serial as can be paralleled in the annals It has been well observed, "that after all other
of the Craft. difficulties are removed, we still want some one to
His chief recreation appears to have consisted bear with oul' infu·mities, to impart our confidence-
in a change of employment, for we find him, in the to, to encourage us in our hobbies, (nay, to get up
midst of such arduous and unceasing duties, assist- and ride behind us), and to like us with our faults."
ing our Bro. Hughan in his "Masonic Sketches and Whatever faults, indeed, may have been charge-
Reprints" (1871), by writing an excellent essay on able t.o our dear brother, were not easily discernible,
''the Connection of York with the History of Free- and of his particular idiosyncracies, it may be safely
masonry in England," also the same brother in his affirmed that he was beloved by us all, not in spite
"old Charges of British Freemasons" (1872), by of, but rather on account of, their existence.
contributing a masterly Preface, of which it is not
too much to say that it was absolutely exhaustive, Like the other members of the Lodge he had
so far as research had then extended, as well as a his hobbies, but they were never ridden too hard,
monument of orderly classification and literary and it was a pleasure at any time, on his fraternal
execution. In the same year he edited Sloane MS. invitation, to get up behind him, and be carried
3329, and in 1874 there appeared his "Defence of gently along throughout the whole course of his
Masonry." Some years then passed without the peregrination.
publication of any separate work, but our brother Hermeticism, and the antiquity of Masonic
was diligently engaged in the preparation of his degrees were, perhaps, the two subjects that occupied
magnum opus, the "Masonic Cyclopaedia" whieh the fullest share of his ·thoughts, and on both he
saw the light in 1878, and was followed within the has expressed himself very felicitously in the current
year by volume I. of Kenning's Archaeological volume of our Transactions. Bro. Woodford was,
Library, also edited by Bro. Woodford. also, a most accomplished ritualist, and a lecturer of
great power.
During all this time, and indeed, until the very
year of his death, our brother figured very fre- The institution of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge>
quently as Grand Chaplain at the Consecration of gratified a wish that he had expressed many years
Lodges, and ·his Orations on such occasions-upon previously, and happily he was not summoned to his
which the readers of "Ars Quatuor Coronatorum" final rest without being afforded the intense
are enabled to pass their own judgment by referring satisfaction of seeing crowned with perfect success,
to an earlier page-were always deemed models of the daring experiment of founding a Lodge on the
grace and lucidity. joint basis of Masonry and intellectuality-in which
· Besides the occasional verses which Br0. Wood- beyond the shadow of a doubt, there belonged to
ford wrote from time to time in the Masonic Maga- himself a priority of conception, over and above all
zine, many of which were of rare elegance, he the other charter members of No. 2076.
published at some period of his life an entire volume In the Lodge, each one of us looked up to him
of poems, but the date of its appeal'ance I am unable as an elder brother. He presided over us with
to supply, neither have I seen the book, and the same dignity, and no subject waq ever discussed at those
remark holds good with regard to a selection of meetings which he was able to attend, without there
Sermons printed by him during his incumbency of falling from his lips a weighty contribution to the
Swillington. We are, indeed, concerned very little general fund of debate. Nature had been bountiful
with his attainments either as a poet or theologian, to him. He was endowed with a tine presence, a
though if in the one i~1stance his capacity be tested graceful delivery, and a rare eloquence. Indeed,
by the glimpse afforded us in the Masonic Magazine whether regarded as a speaker or a writer, it may
of his proficiency in more than a single form of be said of him with equal truth:-" Nihil erat quod
metrical composition, and in the other by the lofti- non tetigit nihil quod tetigit non ornavit."
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LonGE: QuATUOR CoRONATI. 135

Bro. Woodford died,-December 23rd-after a diction who thenceforth perr;ist in their membership
brief illm~ss, and may indeed be said to have literally of the Lessing-bund, of which our energetic Bro.
thrown away his life, as the immediate cause of Frndel is tbe presiding and inspiring genius. The
death, an attack of blood-poisoning, was occasioned question is naturally exciting .~uch inte~est 1.n
by a slight injury to his foot, altogether nncarcd for German Circles; but as our positiOn (as editor) IS
and neglected, which by a few days perfect rest or merely that of a chronicler we offer no comment on
.even a moderately early appeal to medical science, the occurrence .
would have resulted in the preliminary ailment
being now long since forgotten, our brother enjoying BERLIN.
his usual health, and the Lodge still having on its The three Grand Lodges of Berlin number 17
roll one of its chief ornaments. subordinate Lodges in the Capital. The member-
How deeply he is lamented by his brethren of ship is as follows-Lodges under the Grand Lodge of
the Quatuor Coronati I shall n!?t attempt to portmy, the Three Globes, 1182 ; under the National Grand
though I must not fail to phce on record that the Lodge, }.')39, and under Grand Lodge "Roya.l· York,"
loss we have sustained is regarded with nearly as 602. Of these 332:3 Brothers, '2619 are residents of
much sorrow by the Outer as by the Inner Circle of Berlin, 611 country members, and 93 serving
the Lodge. His genial manners and kindly disposi- Brothers. Beyond this there are 109 permanent
tion were of course only fully understood by those visiting brothers, i.e., members of other Lodges, but
who had the privilege of actually knowing him in residing in Berlin and affiliated pro. tem.. Member-
:the flesh, but his name and fame were " household ship of two Lodges at one and the same time is not
words " among the Craft at large, and as such will allowed in Germany.
long remain enshrined in the memories of those for We are promised a sketch of our late imperial
whom he laboured so diligently, and whose apprecia- brother, Kaiser Wilhelm, as a Mason, for our next
tion of his own arduous exertion~ in their behalf, number.
would have so delighted him, could he have lived to
know of it-I allude to the ever-increasing band of
HUNGARY.
readers and supporters of ARs QuATUOR CoRONATORUM.
The Ultramontanists in Hungary are endeavour-
R. F. Gouw, W.M. ing to form an Anti-Masonic Society,and have already
compiled from the Lodge Calendars what m~y be de-
scribed as an index purgatorius of all Hungarian Fr~e­
EX'I"B.ACTS l'B.Olf masons. The projected society is to be a_ d~f~ns1ve
Union, in the interests of Society and of the mdividual,
CORRESPONDENCE, NOTES, ETC. against the Lodge members in States where Freen;a-
sonry already, unfortunately, rages; and a preventive
BELGIUM. in States which are not yet overwhelmed by that
.AccORD1NG to a treaty of 1880 the Grand Orient pernicious Order. Its purpose is to combat and
and the Supreme Council of Belgium mutually vanquish at all points and in every direction the
recognise each other and appear side by side at all dangerous power of the Lodges !
festivals. To the Grand Orient was relegated the
control of the Craft; to the Supreme Council that SWITZERLAND.
of Chapters and other bodies from the 4° to the 32°. Activity of Sisters in our Swiss Lodges.-It has
Only, in the case of two Lodges at Brussels and one been said by many enemies and even friends of
at .Antwerp, was it stipulated that they should be Masonry, that the Freemasons of our time are bJ_It an
allowed to "cumulate" the degrees, i.e., work the association of men, who meet to enjoy a good dmner
three craft degrees under both jurisdictions and enlivened by speeches containing many hollow
according to either ritual. The Supreme Council phrases, but without any practical util~ty, save
therefore still records on its official list these Lodges, bringing into contact persons who otherwise would
which also appear on that of the Grand Orient; but never meet. Having entered the Lodge of "La
as a matter of fact they work only and solely under Bonne Harmonie" at N eucha tel some years ago, and
the latter, and the Supreme Council retains them since seen the work of my brethren in several lodges
only in name. The Grand Orient dates from 1832, of our much beloved "Alpina," I am happy to say
its Grand Master is Victor Lynen, of Antwerp. The that such a statement is, so far as Masonry through-
Supreme Council was established 1817, its Sovereign out Switzerland is concerned, very superficial.
Grand Commander is P. van H1;1mbeeck, a former F1 ;masons in our country are working men in
Grand Master. the most elevated sense of the word. Nearly all
I have heard rumours of a Lodge meeting at philanthropic institutions of the country are the
Antwerp, working in the English tongue and aceord- direct or indirect work of Masons, and the passage
ing to the English ritual, and hope to present you from one degree to another depends almost entirely
with particulars on a future O()casion. (P. Tempels, on effective work. \Ve meet every fortnight, and
Brussels) many interesting papers are read, which have no
doubt an educational influence on the members, and
HAMBURG. help to form the perfect ashlars in the temple erected
The Grand Lodge of Hamburg, by twenty-four by the Royal Art.. The symbolic teaching,~ I do not
votes to nine, passed a resolution on the 4th Feb- mean the mere rehearsal of the ceremonies but the
ruary last to exclude all bret.hrtm under its juris- teaching of those g1 eat principles and virtues repre-
136 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

sented in our rite,~is constantly coupled witfl a urer, respectively, of the Grand Lodge of Philadel-
practical application of those virtues; but what I phia.
find most admirable and encouraging is the pe1·smHtl
interest, which our siste1·s take in the work and the Two hundred and thirty Lodges in the State of
effectual help they afford in their simple, but most Mississippi are reported as owning the halls they
practical way. In almost every Lodge of our country occupy.
a goodly number of sisters meet once a week to On November 14th, the German Lodges and
make dresses for little children and lying-in clothes Societies of Philadelphia laid the foundation stone
for the poor and helpless classes. of a monument to Goethe in Fairmount Park.
The new born babe, who without help would be Philadelphia: close to the Statue erected by them
in want of the clothing necessary on its entrance into to Schiller two years ago. The ceremony was per-
this cold, desolate world, is provided by them with formed by Grand Master Joseph Eichbaum and the
an outfit sufficient for its use during the first Grand Lodge of Philadelphia. Johann Wolfgang
three months of its existence. The Sistet·s of Von Goethe was born August 28th, 1749, initiated
the Lodge " La Bonne Harmonie " have generally in Lodge Amalia, Weimar, Saxony, June 23rd, 1780,
a dozen of these outfits on hand, which they are was present in the Lodge, ~4th June, 1830. when it
ready to distribute on the demand of the Lodge to celebrated the great poet's Masonic Jubilee, com-
needy acd destitute women ; reserving only to them- posed at least seven distinct Masonic poPms, besides
selves the privilege of visiting personally the domicile constantly referring to the teachings of the Craft
and ascertaining the real need of the case. 'l'hey in his other ~works, and died l.Iarch :!-2nd. 1832. It
would be glad, if the funds of their society enabled is reported that his last worrls wez·c "more light~!"
them to help also the mother with good nourishment,
if n2ce.c;sary, but it is only in the larger Lodges of SOUTH AMERICA.
Zurich, Basel, etc., where the funds are sufficient to
admit of such assistance. This work was begun four The death of the Grand Master of Chili, Bro-
years ago, by my wife with a small nueleus of eight Dr. Rafael Baragarte, is announced.
sisters. Every year the number has increased. and last AUSTRALIA.
Christmas there were twenty-four st-l'ady workers
The Pro-Granrl Master the Earl of Carnarvon
assembled, and the outfits were proportionately more
has been hospitably entertained by the Lodge of that
numerous. More than sixty children were provided
name, No. 2124, in the Town Hall, Collingwood,
with useful things. Double the number of clothes
Melbourne, on the lOth December last. 'l'he brethren
might be made and distributed, could the necessary
of the English, Irish, and Scottish Constitutions
material be procured, but you know we are a small
assembled in large numbers to welcome their distin-
country, our means are limited, and we are surrounded
guished guest, who ~was presented with a handsome
by enemies of all sorts. It is the more encoueaging
album containing photogmphic views of the City.
to see onr wives and daughters take such an active
part in our work, and serve as a connecting link
IRELAND.
between our lodges and our families. But this is not
all ; the beneficial influence reaches beyond the Eureka Lodge, No. 47, Dundalk, Ireland, elected
narrow circle of our own association, and makes Bro. W. J. Hughan, P.S.G.D., an hon. member on
itself felt in the profane world. Freemasonry on the the 9th January, iu appreciation of the services he
continent does not enjoy the same favour with the has rendered to Freemasonry in general, and to the
public as Freemasonry in England, and not without members of that Lodge in particular.
cause ; for in Italy and France, I fear, polities and
anti-religions tendencies have altered the humanitar- ENGLAND.
ian characteJ' of our association: it is, therefore, the JcmLEE OF BRo. \V. KELLY. P.Pr.G.M. of
more important that we should concentrate all our Leicestershire and Rutland. Fifty years ago (in
forces on doing the good we have undertaken without 1838) our distinguished brother was initiated in the
swerving f1·om the great principles laid down in our St. John's Lodge, No. 279, Leicester: the chair of
code, thus leaving footprints on the sands of time, which he occupied iu.l84l, 1867. and 1868. ·on the
that perhaps others in the days to come may see and 4th ,January he was once more called upon to fill the
follow with ever renewed strength. Master's chair, in commemoration of his entrance
P. NrPPEL, Prof. t! l'Academie de Neuchatel. Suisse. upon his masonic jubilee. The proceedings were
naturally of a very festive nature, and letters and
MALTA. telegrams of congratulation were showered upon the
Bro. Colont>l Marmaduke Ramsay. ~who was veteran brother from all quarters. We trust the
District Grand Master of the Punjaub, 1874-1881, letter from the lodge he last joined, viz. Quatuor
has been appointed District Grand Master of Malta ; Coronati, 2076, was not the least pleasing of the
an appointment rendered vacant by the death of many tokens of love and regard received. Our lodge
Bro. W. Kingston. was much gratified when so old, so venerablE", so
worthy a mason expressed his desire of joining us,
AMERICA. and sincerely rejoices with him in his well-merited
On the 7th December, 1887, one Correspondence honDm's. Long may he be spared to the Craft in
Members, Bros. Clifford P. MacCalla, and 'r. R. general, and more especially to the lodges which
Patton; were re-elected Right Worshipful Deputy enjoy the good fortune of seeing him amongst them
Grand Master, and Right Worshipful Grand 'l'reas- as a subscribing member.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR 00RONATI. 137

4TH MAY, 1888.

The Lodge met at Freem.lsons' Hall at 5 p.m. Present : - the Lodge could be aggrieved by such a regulation. I repeat,
Bros. R. F. Gould, P.G.D., W.M., W. H. Rylands, P.G. Stwd., my Brethren, the di~nity of our Order and our self-:·espect
G. W. Speth, Sec., W. M. Bywater, P.G.Swd.B., Professor T. require that full membership_ shall precede the right to dis-
Hayter Lewis, Dr. W. W. Westcott, Rev. J. C. Ball, E. cuss our anCient and sublime institution, which requires that
Macbean, and F. H. Goldney, P.G.D. Also the following some shall rule, and others be humble-and obey.
members of the Correspondence Circle, viz. :-Bros. Rev. 0. BRo. W. M. BYWATER, S:D., begged to second the motion.
C. Cockrem, S. Richardson, J. W. H. Thompson, Rev. T. W.
It appeared to him very important that the members should
Lemon, Col. J. Read, J. Barber Glenn, C. Kupferschmidt, R.
run no risk of improperly disclosing any of the secrets of the
Eve, P.G.Treas., F. A. Powell, C. F. Hogard, P.G.Std.B., S.
Craft to those in a lower degree, and in the heat of discussion
Martin, Rev. J. F. Downes, R. A. Gowan, and B. A. Smith;
such an accident might at any time occur.
and as visitors :-Bros. G. R. Langley and J. K. R. Cama.
BRo. G. W. SPETH, Sec., moved as an amendment:-
'' That it be left to the discretion of the Worshipful Master to
Bros. Edward James Castle, Q.C., Edward 1\Iacbcan, and require Entered Apprentices and Fellow Crafts to retire from
Frederick Hastings Goldney, were admitted to the fellowship the Lodge whenever there shall appear to him, to the lec-
of the Lodge. turer, or to any brother, the least chance of Masonic Secrets
being improperly divulged."
He ~Rid: Worshipful Master and Brethren, I was fully
Forty-seven applicants were admitted to the Correspon- prepared to hear weighty arguments from our llro. Westcott
dence Circle, bringing the Roll up to 308 members. in support of his motion, but I must confess to no little
astonishment at those he has advanced. It amounts to this,
that none but a ]\faster l\Iason has a legal or moral right to dis-
cuss questions of Masonic History and Origin, because Brethren
Bro. Dr. W. Wynn Westcott, I.G., rose to move, as of the lower degrees must be wanting in the requisite know·
announced on the agenda paper:-" That no lecture on ledge. Whilst admitting their probable incapacity, I may go a
Masonic History, nor any lecture, nor discussion on Masonic step further, and state my opinion that there are tens of
Degrees, their origin and secrets, be given or permitted in thousands of Master Masons, aye, not a few Grand Master
thtl Lodge, except when it is opened in the 3rd degree: and Masons perhaps, whose fitness, based upon acquired know.
that the Summons for the Lodge shall specify the delivery ledge, to participate in our discussions, is exactly equivalent
and discussion of Lectures in a Master Mason's Lodge." to that of the youngest Apprentice. Tho question, however,
He said, Worshipful Master and Brethren, should be not, who is qualified to discuss the matters raised
In proposing the Motion of which I have given.notice, I in this Lodge? but who is entitled to receive instruction at
ask your perrnissi<ln to read these written notes, because I am our hands, by listening to our debates? And here I think
aware that our most energetic Secretary will be anxious that our better judginent will answer that tho earlier we can
the arguments may be recorded in our Transactions. I desire instruct and interest our youngest brother, the more may we
that the proposal be accepted because it seems to me beyond expect from him in the future. It is ucvcr too early to learn,
dispute that the discussion of our history, formation, and and although a novice might, and I trust would, ask questions,
reason for existence, should be reserved for those who are I can scarcely conceive his discussing purely llfasonic matters;
perfect members of our order. The simple entry into whereas on side issues he might well be able to impart
Freemasonry gives privileges enough in its essence, and in valuable information. I object to the motion on three grounds.
fact, and in social life. The Fellow-Craft is a nondescript Because it is uncalled for, unnecessary, and entails a waste
being, he is in a stage from which we all hasted to be gone; of valuable time. It is uncalled for, as proved by the fact
he can have no claim to criticise the scheme of Freemasonry that we have never yet been honoured by the visit of an Entered
which can only be correctly considered as a concrete whole: Appentice or Fellow Craft. When we consider, as admitted
To the Master :Mason alone belongs the full grasp of the by Bro. Westcott himself, that a candidate in Eno-)and can
esoteri<; scheme of Pure and Ancient Masonry, and if it be ~sually obtain the three degrees in two months ancl a day it
IS scarcely to he expected that be will develop a consuming
lawful and laGdable to enquire and criticise at all, the Master
Mason alone is in a position to survey the Craft as a whole. appetite for scientific knowledge, or even hear of our Lodge
I am not prepared to admit that the additional honor of an and its purposes before attaining the rank of a ]\faster lllason.
Installed Mastership confers any fuller power of ret•iew, I Why therefore alter our system to meet an improbable case P
would grant to such however, and to such only, the power It is unnecessary, because should an Entered Apprentice bo
of actual law making and law altering, and of perfecting the present when matters beyond his light are about to be dis-
Echeme, if any such alteration were permissible or perfection cussed, a mere request of the Worshipful Master will at once
possible. Lodge Mastership is an honor to the individual ensure his retiring for a time. llut as long as possible his
and an honor to which most earnest Masons are able to attain' presence in the Lodge should be encouraged, he has as great
but it is beyond the general design and scope of universal a legal and moral right to instruction as the oldest amongst us.
Masonry-to my mind at least. I had last year the honor 7'-nd. it entails a waste of time because of the necessary open-
of reading to this Lodge a Lecture upon the Mysteries of the mg m the second and third degrees. We never have any time
Craft illuminated by the Kabbalah, and I came to a sudden to spare. Last January Bro. Simpson read a paper, and there
pause and stop, while I glanced around our Entered Appren- were present many members desirous of discussing it at
tice's Lodge to see if I dared complete the sentence-a dis- leng~h. In this case even an apprentice, if a learned
turbing incident in an argument. Apart from right then, no arch1tect, would have been a competent critic. Yet there
one but a Master Mason has the knowledge requisite to dis- were absolutely no viva t•oce comments for want of time.
cuss the origin of our Society. If this be true, it seems to Had we ~pened in the three degrees on that evening,
follow that our discussions, which almost all bear on this the paper Itself must have been curtailed. l\Iy amenclment
origin, are most fitly held in the Master Masons' Lodge. really. leaves us much as. we are. It merely f'lnphasizes
Even as a matter of expediency, why not make it the rule?; the r1gbt of the Worsh1pfnl llfaster to request certain
Is it no~ a fact, that owing to the power which is vested brethren to leave the Lodge for a time, and that any brother
in the Worshipful Master the question of loss of time who thinks fit has a right to ask him to exercise his powers.
need not arise? No man need remain an initiate only, It confers no new right and is therefore to a certain extent a
and not a Master Mason, longer than two months, no futile amend~ent; but it enables me to avoid meeting, as I
member of the order then can feel aggrieved. This Lodge must otherwise have done, Bro. Westcott's motion with a
from its peculiar position, bas never made a Mason and direct negative.
probably never will; the claim to fellowship with us' rests BRo. W. H. RYLAXDS pointed out that a few meeting~
on an acquired love of the study of the order, which back an Entered Apprentice was present, Yiz., Bro. G. H.
cannot arise until after initiation, so probably no memter of Kenning.

s
138 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR 00RONATI.

BRO. SPETH had overlooked that fact, but the circumstanc6

scarcely invalidated his argument. Bro. Kenning on tha~ . Bros. Westcot~ and Speth having accepted the sngges-
occasion atte;>ded at the request of his father, on a pure twn of the W orsh1pful Master further consideration of the
matter of busmess which it was intended to bring before the question was postponed to the 25th June.
Lodge. It was, however, a happy instance of a brother
joining the Correspondence Circle immediately after in-
itiation.
The Secretary presented to the notice of the Brethren
BRo. EvE, P.G.T., having requested leave to address the two documents of interest.
Lodge, said that both the motion and amendment appeared
to him unnecessary. He counselled the Lodge to avoid The first was a MS. Copy, book form, of the "Old Con-
over-legislation. In his opinion too many laws were a dis- stitutions of Masons." Its history was briefly as follows.
advantage under which not only the Craft but even the Some years back Bro. W. J. Clarke bought the Stationers'
Country already suffered. Let special cases be met by business at 37, High Street, Margate, of Bro. Brasier, for
co;nmon sense as they arose, and let Masons, and especially many years a member of the Margate Lodge, Union, No. 127,
th1s Lod~te, beware of striving to meet every possible contin- and a prominent Kentish Mason. In March of this year
gency with a cut and dried code of rules and regulations. Bro. Clarke discovered the MS. amongst some old rubbish and
Referring to the terms of the motion," no lecture on Masonic papers. Bro. Jones Lane had then shewn it to him (the
History, nor discussion on Masonic degreeB," he enquired Secretary), and in answer to his offers had refused, on the
~hether then it was proposed to exclude the Entered Appren- part of the owner, to sell it except for a certain number of
tice when perhaps, at some future day, the first degree was votes for the next election of male annuitants. The price
especially under consideration? That was preeisely the time was ultimately fixed at 75 votes, which Bro. D.P.Cama, P.G.T.,
when his attendance should be desired. And what could be on being applied to, had at once generously placed at the
more discourteous than to turn any brother out of the Lodge Secretary's disposal. The MS. therefore now belonged to the
at a moment's warning, as proposed by the amendment? Lodge, and would henceforth be· known as the "Cama MS."
Their discussions, even on the most esoteric matters, were It had its peculiarities, resembling more or less the "Kilwin-
p~inted and rendered fit for the perusal of the outside public; ning" version, save that it omits one whole passage and
w1th a little care they could still more easily be accommodated replaces it with an account of Hiram Abif. To strengthen
to the half-light of an Apprentice and thus avoid a disag1·eeable the supposition that it is derived from a Scottish original, he
step on the part of the Worshipful Master or any other (the Secretary) pointed ont that in many instances the word
brother. one stood for an, apparently a modification of the Scottish
ane. In the Library Catalogue it was erroneously described
BRo. GoLDNEY, P.G.D., in seconding the amendment, as early nineteenth century, a misprint for eighteenth of
observed, that, in the argument as stated by Bro. Westcott in course.
support of his motion, no general principle was involved. It
was made solely with a view to meeting a eontingencv which [A vote of thanks to Bro. Cama was ordered to be
might rarely, but could not frequently occur. The amendment recorded on the minutes.]
gave. equal facility for dealing with such an emergency,
and m a most simple manner. It had been suggested that it The second document had been prepared expressly for
would be unconrteous to request visitors below the rank of the Lodge through the kindness of Bro. J. J. Mason, the Grand
Master :Mason to withdraw in the midst of the reading of a Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Canada. It consisted of a
paper. But a similar discourtesy, if any, might be shown to beautiful photographic fac-simile of the Scarborough MS. of
the same brethren on opening the Lodge in the 2nd and the" Constitutions," mounted on linen and, like the original, in
3rd degrees for the purpose of such paper being read, if Bro. scroll form. It was an exquisite example of the photographic
Westcott's motion were carried. As somewhat analagons to art, every letter being easily deciphered and every crease
the amendment might be mentioned the Speaker's direction or finger mark on the original parchment faithfnllyreprodnced,
to strangers to withdraw, on a Member of the House of not omitting the famous endorsement with the date of 1707
Commons calling his attention to their presence; also the altered to 1507.
clearing a Court of Law of women and children at the
hearing of an indecent case.
The Secretary alluded to the strides the Lodge Library
BRo. R. F. GOULD, W.M., rather thought that Bro. was making. The list of new acquisitions since last meeting,
Westcott must have had in his mind the practice of the forwarded to every member with the summons, contained no
Emulation Lodge of Improvement, which as they all knew less than two-hundred and fifteen distinct works; some of
was a Master Mason's Lodge. But it would be well to recollect course only pamphlets of ephemeral interest, but many of
that Peter Gilkes, the famous instructor, whose teachings are abiding worth. It should not be overlooked that much which
now regarded as the choicest inheritance of that body, gavo to us now appeared of S8Condary value might in future times
it at first his most determined opposition, on the ground that be almost priceless. For instance, what would we now give
"it could never succeed while excluding the brethren in the for a Members list of the four old Lodges in 1717! a
inferior degrees." He (the Worshipful Master) was personally document which at that date, if it ever existed, was probably
very much in favour of continuiug to transact all the business looked upon as quite unimportant. It behoved us to consider
of the Lodge, except the actual ceremonies, in the first degree. our successors in the formation of our library, and in that light
In the United States, since the Baltimore Convention of 1843, no document should be esteemed too trivial to preserve, for
the practice had been different. Business was there transacted none of us could predict its possible future worth. Our
in the third degree, and brethren only became members of estimate of many of the latest additions would also be
their Lodges on attaining the rank of Master Mason. But to enhanced by the fact that thev emanated from the Library of
him (the Worshipful Master) there was something very our lamented Bro. Woodford.-
repugnant in the idea of excluding any :Mason in good standing
from a full participation in the special labours of the Lodge.
In the Grand Lodge itself, to refer to the earliest precedent,
there was in ancient times an express proviso, that even the
work of legislation could not proceed without all the brethren, A wax impression of the Lodge Medal, designed under
including "the youngest Enter'd Prentice'' he taken into the supervision of Bros. Simpson and Speth, according to the
council. He wouiLl, however, admit freely that much might resolution passed at the last meeting, and submitted by Bro.
be said on both sides of the question, ancl as several of the
members absent that. oq~ning (including Bro. Hughan, ,viJOsO Kenning, was passed round and approved.
opinion he felt sure they would all like to hear) "ere expected
to be present at the J nne meeting, he thought the be"t conrse
they could m1opt would be to adjourn the discussion until
that date. BRO. G. W. SPETH read the following paper:-
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATJ. 139

SCOTTISH: FREEMASONRY BEFORE THE that all the old Scottish were the offspring of the
ERA OF GRAND LODGES. earliest English Lodges. I believe it more probable
that these Lodges were the outcome of the Guild
MY endeavour this evening will be to carry one system of the Northern Kingdom, and that as in
step further the series of elementary historical papers course of time the English customs became known
inaugurated by our Worshipful Master on the ~th to the Scottish Fraternity, copies were obtained more
November last, and to produce a worthy Scottish by way of curiosity than as legal vouchers of
pendant to the excellent sketch with which he legitimacy. It must be ,evident that under either
favoured us on that occasion. I claim, however, supposition, the history ot Scottish Freemasonry can
your indulgence on two grounds, firstly because I not be thrown back to an earlier date than in
am not possessed of the highly trained literary England by the mere fact of the presence of these
ability of our Worshipful Master, and secondly MS. Constitutions, and we may therefore, I think,
because the subject matter is, as I believe he will leave them out of the question.
himself acknowledge, more difficult to treat.
Documentary Evidence. At this point my
Bro. Gould reviewed the period in question, as
difficulties commence. Bro. Gould could justly
regards England, under three heads : Oral tradition,
complain of the lack of this class -of evidence, lodge
written tradition, and documentary evidence. Let
minutes, municipal records, allusions to old Lodges
me follow his example.
and so forth, in South Britain; I am overwhelmed
Oral tradition. This is soon exhausted, because
with a superabundance, rendering the task of con-
practically it does not exist. We have, it is true,
densation within the limits of a Lodge paper almost
traditions, or the assertion of traditions, claiming the
impossible. And yet in spite of the wealth of
descent of Scottish Freemasonry from the Bruce and
evidence at our disposal, we meet with a provoking
Bannockburn, David r., Malcolm IV., William the
reticence on many points of great interest. My
Lyon, the Earl of Huntingdon (1160), and other
purpose is, by culling here and there, and combining
historical personages of an early date, and from the
the information derived from many sources, to
erection of this or that abbey; for instance, Kelso,
present to you, if possible, a bird's eye view of the
Melrose, Holyrood, Kilwinning, etc., but I think it
state of Freemasonry in Scotland during the centu-
can be shown that all these traditions first appear
ries immediately preceding the formation of the
after 1736, the date of the formation of the Grand
Grand Lodge of Scotland in 17:36.
Lodge of Scotland, and were obviously advanced by
different Lodges to secure to themselves a high place The superiority of the Scot.tish evidence over
on the roll then being formed. 8ome are undoubtedly our own may be ascribed to two main reasons. Chiefly
deliberate fabrications; others are of a more innocent to the fact that when we first meet with indications
nature, such as the assertion that a particular Lodge of Freemasons' Lodges in England, Craft-guilds had
was first constituted at the foundation of the Abbey ceased to exist. They were suppressed in the first
of the same name, a very natural conclusion and in year of Edward vr., (1541). Certain exceptions
many cases possibly correct. were made, such as the Guilds of London which
Written tradition, or the EYidence of the Old were suffered to survive as a basis for the Corpora-
Charges. Our consideration of this will also be tion; these soon practically ceased to supervise the
short. Versions of these documents have been conduct of their several trades1 and became what they
traced to several Scottish Lodges, for instance, supposition that a copy was a necessity of each Lodge. The Charges them-
Melrose, Kilwinning, Atcheson-Haven, Aberdeen, selves state that they are to be read over at the making of a mason : to
comply with this requirement every mason-lodge must have had one.
who still preserve their copies, whilst other Lodges, That they were thus read (in England) we know !rom the records of the
Alnwick and Swallwell Lodges, the latter appearing to have used for
such as Edinburgh " Mary Chapel " No. l (and per· brevity's sake a condensed version (cf, Gould, II., 264). And finally it is
haps others) evidently formerly possessed them. But obvious that one Lodge could only have obtained a copy by applying to an
older Lodge and from this conclusion to the deduction that the granting
they are all of one tenor and all borrowed from the copy ass'ured the legitimate status of the new Lodge is but a step which
England, as proved by the charge contained it would appear impossible to avoid taking. Furthermore we know that in
France a similar state of affairs to that suggested existed in an analagoua
therein to be liege-man to the JVng of England. society. A new branch of the Compagnonnage could only be formed by
Such an injunction could not' have been spon- procuring, for money or otherwise, a Devoir, i.e., a written document
similar in many respects to our "01d Charges," (C:f. Gould 1., 216, and
taneously Scottish. I believe, and you must take Perdi.-ruier, Livre du Compagnonnage.) Gould mentiOns the fact that the
Sloan~ .MS., 3848, is written and signed by Edward Sankey (of Warrington,
my opinion merely for what it is worth, that in almost certainly) on the dnte of Ashmole's initiation, and is of opinion it
former days an English Lodge legitimated another may have b( en intended fo: the very ~e:remony of" making,. th~ celebrated
Antiquary, (1. f5.) ThiS suppoSitiOn, however, would 1mply that
by simply granting 'it a copy of its "Constitutions," either the Warrington Lodge then first sprang into existence (and Ashmole's
and that without a version of the Old Charges, to be words convey an opposite impression), or that the Lodge had existed
previously but without a copy of the Old Charges. In the latter case, no
read when candidates were made Masons, no Lodge Mason could have been duly entered therein, unless the injunction in the
was considered regular.! But I do not argue from Charges themselves is to be considered as of no force. And stranger still,
inasmuch as a copy presupposes an orig-inal, this valuable original must
this basis that the same custom obtained "Ayont the have been lent from out its owner's custody and trhnsported to \Varrington
for Sankey to make the copy and use it at the Warrington Meeti~1g, unless
Tweed," which would be tantamount to asserting indeed Sankey made it at some earlier period of the da.Y, wherever the
1
original was kept, travelling thence to Warrington in ~ime for Ashmole'a
As this suggestion is; I believe, quite new, a slight indication of my rccepticn. It is much more likely to my mind that the original belonged
reasons may be a~ceptable, although not strictly relevant to the subject to tlJe \Varrington Lodge, and that the copy was there made on the day 10
matter of this paper. We find, in the first plaee, that many Lodges did question, 16th October, 1646, either in order to legitimate a new Lodge, or
a.nd do still pos!!less copies of these ancient documents. The Grand Lodge as a gift for Ashmole himself.
of York possessed six, of which one has disapp<>ared and five are held by 1As late as 1678 it is recorded that the Mason's Company of London
its modern representative, York Lodge, No. 236. Lodge of Hope, No. 302,
Royal Lancashire Lodge, No. 116, Lodge of Antiquity, No. 2, Lodg-e of exercised control over the Mason Craft, and although their charter of 1677
Industry, No. 48, Bedford Lodge, No. 157, Probity Lodge. No. 61, Cestrian expressly stipulatf's that their privileges arc not to interfere with the re·
Lodge, No. 425, each hold copies, and in the majority of cases appear to building of St. Paul's, we yet find it minuted that on the 25th April of that
have done so from "time immemoriaL" The large number of versions year they "Went to St. Paul's with Mr. Story, and found fourteen
(omitting those. made for antiQulrian purposea,) existing elsewhere, many foreigners." (Gould II., H9.) Foreigners 1 take to mean Masons not free
of them showing traces of constant use, can only be accounted for on the ol the company.
140 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR COIWNATI.

are now, vast, opulent companies, venerable on confer certain rights and privileges connected with
account of their age, distinguished for charity and the Craft upon Wm". St. Clair and are practically the
hospitality, potent still to influence by judicious joint production of the " Friemeu Maissones" of a
encouragement the Crafts with which they are certain district and of the Warden General or Master
nominally connected, but severed absolutely from of the King's work. In all four cases their authen-
the control of trade regulations. 'rhroughout the ticity is absolute and unquestioned.
greater part of the country freedom from restraint I shall make very little use of any evidence
ensued and guild life vanished. The Mason Lodges tmbsequent to 1717, because although the Grand
alone, I believe, carried on some semblance of Lodge of Scotland was not erected until 1736, yet it
corporate existence, but with no more legal authority may be urged that the London events of the earlier
than a trades-union of the present day. In Scotland, date produced some impression and modifications in
on the contrary, when we first become acquainted Scottish Masonry.
with the Lodges, and for years after the establish- The two earliest uses preserved to us of the
ment of the Grand Lodge, they were still active, term "Lodge" carry us back to the 1.5th century at
legal, recognised authorities, empowered to control least. 'l'he Burgh Records of Aberdeen contain
and direct their trade, exclude offenders against under date 27th June, 1483 a scale of fines to be
their laws, and admit members to the freedom of imposed in case of necessity on the "Masownys of
their Craft. This point, I submit, has never been the luge," at that time consisting of six members,
sufficiently insisted upon in comparing Scottish with and provide that they might" be excludit out of the
English Freemasonry. It is the key of many luge as a common forfactour" and "expellit the luge
difficulties, and a cogent reason why we must be fra that tyme furt.ht." In 1491 the same records
careful in our attempts to deduce a picture of provide that at. the hour of 4 p.m. the Masons shall
English Freemasonry from glimpses of Scottish Lodge "gett a recreation in the commoun Luge be the
life. They 1nay have been similar, but the pro- space of half ane hour.''l The Lodge was thus
bability is they were not. evidently something more than a workshop, from
The second factor in Scotland's superiority is which exclusion would be attainable by the mere
the status of the Lodge Secretary. \Ve do not discharge of a workman.
know that such a functionary existed at all in
England. but in 1599 the Lodge of Kilwinning was The word "Freemason" is of comparatively
ordered by the Schaw Statutes (of which more anon) recent use, 1636 being the earliest mention in actual
to st>lect a skilled notary,-'' Ane famous notar as records; but it(" friemason ") occurs frequently in
ordinar cla1·k and scryb"-for Secretary. Whether the 1674 copy of the 1581 version of the "Old
other Lodges were equally bound to this course of Charges," preserved by the Lodge· at Melrose. We
conduct or not might be difficult to affirm, but as a may, therefore, date the expression in Scotland from
matter of fact it was the custom in all. Hence the 1581 or 1636, as our inclinations direct. It is not
minutes were fairly well kept and a good store of often met with, but its use may have been greater
such has been preserved from 1599 down to the than is supposed. That it signified "free of the
present day. mason craft," neither more nor less, is evident if we
The picture I am now about to present to you consider the expressions used both early and late.
is composed entirely from materials supplied by 'rims, the Seal of Cansc, Edinburgh, 1475, provides
Lodge Records, the St. Clair Ch~trters and the that each man " worthy to be a master " was to be
Schaw Statutes ; and I may further state that made "freeman and fallow; "2 the Burg Records,
almost every fact and reference may be found in Bro. Aberdeen, 1505, "tbair be na craftisman maid
Gould's really wonderful ch:tpter vm. of his j1'eman·to vse his craft except etc.," 3 the St. Clair
History of Freemasonry. Until I took this paper Charter,] G01,contains the words "friemen rnaissones "
in hand I had no true conception of the comprehen- the minutes of Edinburgh Lodge in 1636, ''of the
siveness of this chapter, but its wealth of detail heall masters, frie mesones of Edur. ;"4 and in 1652
blurs one's mental vision and only by stopping out, "the brethreine fremen of the :Masones of Edr·," 5 (here
to use the language of the photographer, and we see that a quarter of a century after using free-
regronping, can a harmonious and clear canvass be masons, the same Lodge still employed freemen);
obtained. the Melrose minutes 1G·74, "wn ever a prentice is
To avoid future digressions I will state at once mad friemason," and in 1686, "past frie to ye trade "6
that the Schaw Statutes of 15981 and 1599" are two (these two minutes taken together are o£ themselves
Codes of Laws signed and approved by Wm. Schaw, conclusive); Brechin minutes, 1714, "if ane free
:Master of the King's work, the one directed to the prentice or handycraftsman" (evidently an apprentice
Craft in general, the other to the Lodge of Kilwin- free of his indentures) and same date "two free
ning. The St. Clair Charters 3 of 1601 and 1628, masters ;"7 (Lnd finaJly, Kilwinning as late as 1720,
"freeman."B It is obvious that no esoteric meaning
1
Thc Code of 2Sth December, 15!)8, is written in the first volume of was attached to the word free, neither is it derived
the rtcords of the "Lodg-e of Edinhurgh," and is duly attested by tbe from f1 eestone nor from the french frere, as various
autograph of Sehaw, as ~laster of the \Vork.
writers have suggested. A freemason was a mason
~The Code of 2Sth December, 1099, is preserved in the Muniment
free of his craft as the :M.W. Grand Master is a free
Room of E~linton c.~stle. Alexander, eighth Earl of EO'linton was a
"felloe-of-craft" in Kilwinning- Lodge in 1074, and its ma;ter (de~con) in man of the City of r~ondon.
1677 and 1678.
3 1aould: History of Freemasonry, I. 423. Unless otherwise stated all
The original St. Clair Charters are in possession of the Grand Lodge
of Scotland, presented by the late Professor W. E. Aytoun, who obtained future references are to the same authonty.
them from Dr. David Laing, of the Signet Library, (the purchaser of the
late Mr. Alexander Deuchar's valuable ~ISS.) ~1. 400. 3 r. 424. 41. 407. 5I. 402. 6
1. 451.
7
1. 445.
8
1. 396.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR 00RONATI. 141

In Eng1 'tnd our roll of Lodges known to have Many of these Lodges are naturally much older
existed before 1717 is a very small one. In Scotland than the earliest n•cord preserved of them. Count.ing
we have documentary evidence of very many, and these only before 1717, we have no less than thirty-
may legitimately infer the existence of still more. one lodges whose existence is well established. Many
Thus we have- of these concurred in forming the Grand Lodge of
The Masons of Aberdeen as parties to a contract 1736, others have joined it since, some are extinct,
in 1399, and the Lodge mentioned in 1483.1 and one, the old Lodge at Melro~e to this day
"Our Lady Luge of Dunde,"referred to in 1536.2 preserves its independent. existence.
Atcheson Hav.en Lodge, certified by the Grand
Lodge of Scotland as dating from 1555,3 and whether Side by side with these Lodges, at least in the
this be true or not, it is mentioned in 1601,4 and has larger burghs, we often find another class of bodies
records from 16B6.5 called Incorporations. These were aggt·egation~
"Lodge of Edinburgh" (Mary Chapel) men- u~d~r one head and for civic purposes of various
tioned in 1508,6 as "the first and principal Lodge in d1stmct crafts, usually more or less akin, and to them
Scotland," with minutes from the same year.7 some of t.he municipal masonic functions were
"St. John's Kilwinning," Haddington, traced entrusted which in other places seem to have been
back to 1599,8 and cited in 1601.9 exercised by the Lodges. We thus meet with the
Lodges at Perth and St. A!"ldrews, convened to Incorporation of the Squaremen of Ayr, who were a
meet in 1600.10 party to the second St. Clair Charter in 1628, and
Dumferline mentioned in 1601.11 included besides masons, the coopers, wrights (i.e.
Glasgow(" St. John's ") Lodge, Stirling and carpenters) and slaters.l The Squaremen of Dum-
.Ayr Lodges cited in 1627.12 fri~s comprehended masons, joiners, cabinet-makers,
Kilwinning with minutes from 1642,13 but cer- pamters and glaziers.~ In Glas"OW the Incorpora-
tainly existing long before 1599. tion consisted of the masons, w~ights, and coopers.
Linlit.hgow, referred to in 1653.14 The latter disassociated themselves in 1569, and a
Lodges at Maybole, Kilmaurs, Irvine, Kilmar- " Seal of Cause," 1600, effected the same result as
nock, Mauchline, and Renfrew, whose delegates regar~s the wrights. 3 Another Seal of Cause, 1541,
attended a meeting at Mauchline in 1656.15 constituted the Incorporation of Aberdeen, consisting
" Scoon and Perth," with documents of 1658.16 of masons, wrights, coopers, carvers, and painters.4
"Melrose" Lodge, with records from 1674,17 In 1636 we hear of an Incorporation at Atcheson
but certainly much older. Ha>en, consisting of masons, wrights, shipwrights,
Dunblane Lodge "St. John," with records of coopers,glaziers, paintcrs,plumbers,slaters, plast.errrs,
payments made to it in 1675 18 etc.; and finally we have the celebrated '' Incorpora-
" Canongate Kilwinning," Edinburgh, war- tion of wrights and masons," constituted by an act
ranted by Mother Kilwinning in 1677.19 or Seal of Cause of the Provost and Magistrates of
"Old Kilwinning St. John," at Inverness, Edinburgh in 1475, and which like the Lodge, met
1678. 20 in St. Mary's Chapel and thence we have the
" Canongate and Leith " Lodge, an offshoot Incorporation of Mary's Chapel, and the Lodge of
from St. Mary Chapel in 1688.21 the same naroe. 5 In t.he Scottish burghs as on the
Haughfoot Lodge, with records from 1700.22 continent, no tradesmen could ply his trade as a
Kelso Lodge of " St. John," with minutes from master, without taking up the freedom of the
1701. 23 borough, and this was granted him by the Incorpor-
Lodge of" St. Andrew," Banff, with record from ation to which his trade belonged. The freedom of
1703.24 the trade and of the borough thus became synonymous
" Journeymen " Lodge, Edinburgh, established and were both gr·anted by the Incorporation
1707.~ 5 although, so far as regards the masons, they would
"St. Ninian" Lodge, Brechin, with By-laws of appear to have undergone a preliminary passing in
1714. 26 the Lodge. The Lodge passed them as fellows of
Peeble's "Kilwinning,'' working in 1716.27 the craft, this gave them no right to work for their
Dalkeith "Kilwinning," ·Greenock "Kilwin- own account, at least in the borough; and the
ning," Torpichen "Kilwinning," all warranted by Incorporation passed them as masters, which did.
"Mother Kilwinning" before 1726, and there is It must be remembered that "master" meant
reason to believe that this venerable parent chartered simply one employing others, it has nothing to do
some thirty others, whose names are now lost to us with a master's degree. But, as is obvious, the
before 1736.28 interests of the two bodies were not always identical,
"St. Mungo" Glasgow, an offshoot of "St. and as Bro. Gould justly observes, the Incorporation
John's" Glasgow in 1729"9, and Glasgow "Kilwin- by curtailing the privileges of the Lodges, paved the
ning " in 1735.
1
1 2 3 4 5 1. 383.
1. H2. 1. 441. 1. 446. st. Clair Charter, No. 1. 1. U6.
51. 400. At a ]ater date, in places where no Incorporations existed, Com·
6Schaw Statutes, No. 2. 1r. 398. 81. 442. 9st. Clair Charter, No. 1. panies appear to have been formed to fill their place. Thus we tinct that
on the 26th October, 16::16, a convocation of master tradesmen was held at
101. 441. 11 st. Clair, No.1. 12st. Clair, No.2. 131. 392. 141. 394. Falkland, under the presidency of Sir Anth. Alexander, Warden General
and Master of Work, to consider certain trade grievances an8 ahuses, and
151. 420. 161. 411. 171. 450. 18
1. 418.
191. 410. 20
t. 416. it was recommended in such places to establish u Companies" of n<>t less
than twenty members. The trades represented on this occasion were the
21 1. 415. 22 r. 447. 231.443. building trades and t.heir congeners. The Lodge Qf Atcheson Haven
accepted the Statutes then promulgated on the 14th January, 1637. (cf.
2"4r. 442. 25r. 416. 26
1. 444.
28
z. 397. 291. 415. Lyon, 87., Gould II., 46.)
142 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORC>NATI.

way for their own downfall and the complete over- of the "Mason word" is not absolutely decided ; but
throw of trade monopolies.! I can scarcely doubt that they were.
Some of the Lodges held a contrqlling and Reference bas been more than once made to the
directing power over other Lodges in their district. 2 Master of the Work. This office appears to have
The second of the Schaw Statutes defines these and been one of emolument in the gift of the King, and
their rank. 3 The first Lodge in Scotland was the evidently ranked above all the other masonic officials,
Edinburgh, Lodge, the "heid4 and secund ludge of and even above the Patrons and Judges. In 1599
Scotland" was Kilwinning, having jurisdiction over Schaw's title as such was "J,ord Warden General,"l
the " boundis of the Nether Ward of Cliddisdaill, and the general Statutes regulating the Mason-craft
Glasgow, Air, and boundis of Carrick," and the throughout the kingdom were promulgated by his
third was Stirling. These three _Lodges answered authority. Masonically, he is the best known of all
in fact every requirement of our present Provincial the Wardens General, but we have records of others.
Grand Lodges, and I do not doubt, although proof is Born in 1550 he succeeded Sir Robert Drummond as
not forthcoming, that they had well defined power to Master of Work in 1583, and all royal buildings and
constituteandlegalise Lodges within their jurisdiction. palaces were under his care and superintendence.
We know that Kilwinning did so in 1677 and possibly He died in 1602, and although absolute proof is
long before. And the Schaw Statutes of 1599 wanting, there can be little doubt he was in posses-
provide that no election of officers in a subordinate sion of the " Mason Word," i.e., he was a Freemason.
Lodge shall be valid except by consent of the That some of his successors were masons is incon-
Warden of Kilwinning, who was entitled to be trovertible, but on the other hand, although they
present. were Masters of Work, it has not been shown that
The Wardens (or as we should now say, they were at the same time Wardens General. The
Masters) of every Lodge were, according to these distinction is not fanciful. As Master of Work they
Statutes, answerable fer their brethren to the magis- could and did employ Masons, but as Warden they
trates of the district or Sheriffdom. But they seem ruled, governed, and j adged them.2 Thus, in a.
to have been answerable in a still higher degree to Mary's Chapel minute, 8th June, 1600,3 it is recorded
a superior functionary called Patron or Judge of the that at the meeting the "Master of ye W erk to ye
Masons. The post, which was probably of some Kingis Ma'stie" was present. If Schaw, who died
considerable financial value, owing to the fines col- two years afterwards, was still holder of the office,
lected, was in the preferment of the Sovereign, though he was a Freemason. In 1634 this Lodge admitted
the Masons themselves, and the King's MasterofW ork "Anthonie Alexander, Right Honourable Master of
had a voice in the selection. Thus, William St. Clair Work to his Majesty," a son of the first earl of
purchased for himself and his heirs of his Sovereign Stirling. He died in 1637. On February 11>, 1638,
Lord, the King, the position of Patron and J ndge his successor, Herie Alexander, "Mr off Work,"
over the Masons, on two occasions ; the parties to was received as a "fellow and brother."4 In 1641
the charter being, in 1601, William Schaw and the the Masons petitioned that they should have a voice
Masons of Edinburgh, St. Andrew's, Haddington, in the selection of Master of Work, in order that
Atcheson Haven, and Dumferline; and in 1628, only such might be elected as were fit to be Wardens
those of Edinbro', Glasgow, Dundee, Stirling, Dum- General. 5 This almost looks as if one office entailed
ferline, and St. Andrew's. And in 1590 James vr. the other. The answer to the petition is not known,
granted a similar jurisdiction in Aberdeen, Banff, but in 1645 we find Daniel Carmichael Master of
and Kincardine, to Patrick Coipland, Laird of Work and General Warden ofthe King's tradesmen.6
Udaucht. The document states he possessed the The only other official of this class I shall name is
needful qualifications, that his predecessors had been Kenneth Fraser, who in 1670 signed the book of
Warden before him, that he had been selected by the Aberdeen Loage as the 5th on the roll of
the majority of the Masons of that division, that Apprentices, was Warden of the same, 1696-1708,
therefore, he was appointed Warden and Justice Master in 1709, and whose title was'' King's Master
over them for life, and that he was empowered to Mason."7
receive all fees, hold courts, appoint clerks and other Having now obtained a general idea of the
needful officers, etc., etc.s It would appear, from the organisation of the Craft, it will be interesting to
first St. Clair Charter, that it was more expeditious penetrate into the Sanctuary itself and construct for
and less costly to carry litigation before their own ourselves the best picture attainable of the Lodge and
Judge and Patron than to have recourse to the its internal economy. A youth desiring to learn the
ordinary law courts and magistrates of the realm. Mason Craft was apprenticed to a Master-Mason.
Whether the Patrons were admitted to the privileges According to the Schaw Statutes the shortest term
1r. 401. wassevenyears. 8 But these Statutes were often over-
0
ruled in some districts, their spirit rather tha..n their
""With power to the sa.id W&l'den and dekyn of Kilwinnyng to convene letter was followed. We thus find certain Lodges
the remanent wardenis and dekynis within the boundis foirsaid quhan thay
haif ony neid of importance ado, and thay to be judgit be the warden and stipulate for lesser servitude. But whatever the
dekyn of Kilwynning quber it sail pleis thame to conve~e for the tyme, term, it had to be worked out, the master could not
aither in Kil wynning, or within ony other part of the west of Scotland and
boundls foirsaid," (Schaw, 15~9.) The Provincial Grand Lodge (to use a release his prentice for any money equivalent.9 An
modern expression) was therefore a moveable one.
apprentice was under certain conditions allowed by
31. 389.
the Schaw Statutes to take work on his own account
~his peculiar use of head seems to have puzzled Bro. Gould, but a
German scholar would at once recognise the analogy, as haupt in German
means both head and chief. ~~ ~~ ~m ~m ~~ ~~ ~~
8 9
I. 386. 1bid.
 TRANscnoNs OF THE LoDGE QuAruoR CoRONATI. 143

to the amount of £10 (scots of course, equal to one trade. Other features of the career of the pupils of
twelfth only),-but I fear this privilege was as a the craft. will be noticed later on.
matter of fact seldom conceded. The master having The "Mason Word" is constantly mentioned,
bound his apprentice, it became his duty to report and its possession even by non-operatives, for
this to the Lodge,l in order that the youth might be instance, Ministers of the Kirk, can fairly be traced
duly "buiked" or" entered," terms which will be back to the 16th century. It was communicated to
at once understood by men of business and whence the apprentices on their entry to the Lodge, and a
we derive our present expression, "entered appren- minute" of 1702 reveals the fact that it was whispered
tice." It may be inferred that at this time he received and that probably a "grip" was attached to it.l In
the "Mason 'Nord" and the Recrets thereto belonging, 1729 (rather late) we hear of the "secrets" of the
but all indications of the nature of this ceremonial Mason-word.~ This also infers either a grip or
are entirely wanting. 2 There were expenses attached salutation, or, at all events, something beyond a mere
to it in every case, but varying.much according to word. 1n 1701 an apprentice at Aberdeen was
locality. The Schaw Statutes designate £6 scots as '·sworn by the points." A minute of 1709 speaks of
the sum "Utherwyes to pay to the bankat for the the "Benefit of the measson word,'·s under which it
haill members of craft within the said luge and has been laid down by a consensus of authorities, that
prenteissis thairof. "3 We thus see that feasting was apprentices derived a·ll the knowledge that was implied
as much in vogue then as now ; and the passage in the expression. 4 But all clue to the identity of
quoted also proves that the prentices were in the this word or words is wanting, altho1,1gh I see no
Lodge, but not of it; admitted within its precincts, reason to doubt that it' differed in no material respect
but not component members of the Craft,4 being in from what is now imparted to the apprentice, or
.statu pnpilari. I do not think this relation obtained perhaps with even greater probability that it was a
in all Lodges, and it certainly did not where gentle- combination of the secrets as at present communicated
men Masons were concerned. The clothing of the to the recipients of the two lower degrees. But this
Lodge or providing the members with gloves was is simply my opinion and must, therefore, be only
likewise a tax incidental to receiving the Mason Word, taken for what it is worth. 5
and this was also sometimes compounded for by a A Fellow-Craft was, as the name denotes, a.
fixed payment. member of the Lodge. In broad terms he was an
As a general rule, though not without some im- apprentice, wbo having served his time and gone
portant exceptions, every Mason chose a mark, which through the necessary formalities, was passed into
became an integral part of his signature and was also the Lodge and its fellowship. We will first examine
TIRed operatively. 5 'J'be 1670 mark book of the Aber- the Schaw Statutes on this subject. They provide
deen .Lodge6 is a most interesting document. Ten that no apprentice shall be made ·• brother and fallow-
apprentices sign, but after the names of the" Authoires in-craft'' unless he has served an additional seven
<>ff this Book," thus confirming my former statement, years, 1 making fourteen in all. save by special license
and each has his mark attached. ln Kilwinnmg, of the rightful authorities of the Lodge. The reason
-also, apprentices "paid their bniking money and got of this is obvious; as Fellow-Craft and. Master
their marks,"7 but in some other Lodges no marks were synonomous terms and each new master meant
were, it appears, conferred on the prentices. Melrose increased competition, the rule provided a drag on
Lodge is of all the most interesting, being a very advancement quite in keeping with continental
ancient one, and still working under its old constitu- customs. That continental guild arrangements
tion, never having joined the Grand Lodge ; and served the Scottish Crafts as models, we know from
here the apprentices received their marks, and the 1475 Seal of Clause governing the Edinburgh
-possibly do so still. But bewa,re of attaching this Incorporation where we meet the expression, "lyk
-custom to the mark degree of recent date. The con- as thai haf in the towne of Bruges, or siclyk gud
ferring of the mark partook in no way of the nature townes."" What then became of the apprentice?
of a degree, it was a puTe trade custom, useful for He remained a journeyman. The Schaw Statutes
irade purposes.s 4
Entry to the Lodge, carrying with it of course n. 307.
5A few expressions relating to this matter may be cited. Thus
the :Mason-word, was often conducted at a distance;
"Dunblane, the twenty-seventh day of December 1720 years. Sederunt:
Dunblane Lodge provided for this in 1696,9 though R.ohert Duthy, deacon, Wm. '\\Tright, warden, \\'m. 1\luschet, eldest fellow
it is questionable if this mode of procedure was ever of craft. . . . Compeared John Gillespie, writer in Dunhlane, who was
entered on the 2-lth instant, and after examination was due1y passt from
followed in the case of apprentices to the Mason- the Square to the Compass, and from an Entered Prentice to a Fellow of
Craft of this Lodge," (Lyon's History of Mary Chapel, p. 41G), Other
1 similar entries appear in the succeeding years. This is somewhat late it
Ibid. will be observed, but it distinctly points to a plurality of degrees: it is,
0 however, unsupportPd by the minu.tes of other Lodges o.f the same or even
.... We have slight incJic>::ttions in the records of the Swalwell Lodge. which later dates. A 8light corroborat.JOn may be found m the Haughfoot
tho' English wa~ close to the herder, but t.he da.te is as recent as 1725. cf. minutes of 1702, reading, "Of en triP, as the apprentice did, leaving out
II., ~63, et. seq. (the common judl!e). Then they whisper the word as before, and the
Master grips his hand in the ordinary way." (I. 447). This may possibly
I. 390. refer to the ceremony of passing-. If forced to explain these sin.g-ular
4 entries I should submit we have here early evidence of English rsoteric in.
The following quotations will tend to prove that the apprent.ice was
not a member of the Craft. "No apprentice shall be made brother and fluence · and as I should Ue at once opposel1 by the statement of good
fellow in Craft " unless he has served fourteen years, (Schaw 1598). It was authoriiies that in England also in 1702 there are no signs of two degrees,
also "condescendet on yt wn ever a prentice is mad frie mason he must I should candidly ccmfcss that that is not my opinion. I hold, how-
pay four pund Acotts, web four pund Scotts is to be stowet at the ever that in Scotland there was only one, except perhaps in especially
pleasour of the Lodge," (Melrose Minutes, 28th December, 1674, I. 450.) favo~red localities such as the two cited. The Dunblane minute should
be compared with Prichard's Masonry Dissected, 1730, "How was you
6 passed ~laster? From the square to the compass." But the whole subject
'l'he I.odge of Dunblane, with records from 1696, contains not a single
allusion to marks. of de~rrees must be treated in a separate paper.
6 8 91. 419. 6I. 386.
1.434-5. 7I. 395. m., 21 note I. and 75. 7 I. 401.
144 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI.

call him servant (as did the French guilds,)l and in apprentices, and the "intender," who all had to sign
one clause we have the three classes in juxtaposition : the book, as did the candidate, inserting also his
-should strife arise amongst the masters, servants, mark.l The presence of the apprentices forbids the
or apprentices. 2 That Master and Fellow of Craft supposition that any peculiar secrets were attached
were one and the same, every clause almost of these to this step. Only one enigmatical entry of 1702 at
Statutes demonstrates. 3 "Free prentice" and" handy Haughfoot 2 might perhaps be twisted into an indica-
craftsman" were also used to designate the journey- tion that something peculiar took place at passing.
man, at least so I read the Brechin minutes of 1714.4 The fees at entry and passing of a Fellow-craft
This extra period of seven years was not always in 1599 were £10 (Scots) and lOs. worth of gloves,
enforced, indeed we have little proof that it ever was. to include the cost of the banquet.3
On the contrary, as every passing meant increased The fellows were to be tested " of thair art,
Lodge funds, it appears to have been the rule to pass craft, scyance, and antient memorie" annually.4
the apprentice as soon as his time was out, and Looking at Masters merely in the light of
probably to trust to his youth and poverty to prevent employers of labour, the Schaw Statutes provide
his becoming a Master in more than name. But we several regulations applying to them more particu-
have instances of caution: for example, in 1607, at larly.5 A Master was not to supplant another; not
Edinbro', a prentice was passed Fellow-craft and to take over and prosecute an incompleted job except
received his freedom under the express stipulation with the consent of the master who had had it in
of not exercising it for two-and-a-half years from hand; not to take more than three apprentices during
the date of its bestowal. s his lifetime, save by special consent of specified
Towards the end of the century, 1681, we find officials; not to undertake Mason's work entrusted to
the same Lodge forbidding the employment of the care of a non-Mason ; not to allow his servants to
journeymen who had not passed, if two years had work with Cowans ; not to receive and employ run-
elapsed since the expiry of their articles.6 Journey- away apprentices; not to accept a contract unless able
men or fellows arriving from elsewhere had to be to carry it to a satisfactory conclusion; and neither
made freemen, free of the Lodge, (this meant fees to sell his apprentices to another Master nor to
and booking money) or were not employed7 Non- accept a monetary consideration from the youth.
operative Masons made in one Lodge were also himself in lieu of his full time. He was to enter
allowed to join another. Thus in 1653 James and book his apprentice in the Lodge, and except by
N eilsone, "master sklaitter to his Majestie," entered his order no apprentice could be entered ; and should,
and passed in the Lodge of Linlithgow, desirous of in consequence of a want of care on his part in
joining the Edinburgh Lodge, was elected a "brother erecting any scaffolding, an accident supervene, he
and fellow of their companie."8 But the Edinburgh ceased to be a master and returned to the status of
and other Lodges could well afford to pass the journeyman.
apprentice in the Lodge and thus make them fellow- Beside this there were a number of provisions
crafts prematurely, because their status as an which applied to the whole body of the Craft, i.e.,
independent master could only be conferred by the journeymen and masters equally. Masons must be
Incorporation. 9 Where Incorporations existed, it is true to one another and live charitably together as
quite probable that the journeymen were also fellow- became sworn brethren ; obedient to their wardens,
crafts,10 and that thus arose the first distinction deacons, and masters; honest, faithful, and diligent,
between a fellow-craft and a master. The fellow- and upright with their employers; refer all strife
craft was free or the Lodge, but not of the burgh, between themselves to their wa.rdens and deacons
the master was free of both. within twenty-four hours ; attend all meetings of the
The apprentice before being made "brother and Lodge when lawfully warned under a penalty of £10
fallow-in-craft" had to undergo "ane assay and (Scots), and on no account to work in the company
sufficient tryall of his skill and worthyness in his of Cowans. All those present at the " asseroblie or
vocatioun and craft."ll At the ceremony of passing, meetting " were to be sworn by their great oath.
witnesses were necessary, viz.: six masters, two The great oath is often mentioned, and would
1 appear to have been renewed on many occasions-at
Sometimes Gargan, som etimes Servant. The Gennan term was entering, passing, and at all great assemblies, as
Knecht, which also means servant, servitor, &c.; in cbiTalry, page or squire.
2I. 386. also at taking office in the Lodge. The impression
3The importance of this as effecting the question of degrees is evident, conveyed is that it was always the same, it is spoken
as it reduces thfl possible number to two, viz. apprentice and fellow-eraft of as the great oath.6 That the proceedings at the
degrees. Cf. Gould II., 358, et. seq.
5
assemblies were secret, and that the Lodge was
41. 445. r. 402, 6r. 402. 7Ibid. 8407 and 409.
9At Atcheson-Haven in 1700 a great ~rievance of the Lodge lay in the 21. H 7. 3r. 390. 4 5
r. 386-7.
l Ibid. 1. 390.
fact that apprentices would neglect to qualify by passing as fellow-crafts ; 6At Dunblane in 1696 it was provided that no member sboul•l dil·ulge
a symptom of the decay of the guilds system.
any of the acts of the Court (Lodge) to any person except a rnen1 her of the
lOThat although Fellow-craft and Master were originally identical, yet Lodge, save only the rules as to entering and passing "under the breach
in later years a journeyman might be a fellow-craft, is further deducible of breaking of their oath," (!. 419). In Aberdeen, 27th June, H-~3. the
from the fact that in 1714 the Edinburgh Lodge prohibited its journeymen masons were "obligated, to obedience "be the faith of tha.re botliis," (I.
from actiug as Deacen, Warden, or Intender, (I. J.OO). Before claiming to 423). At the same place in 1493 three masons were engaged by ~he Alder~
do either it is obvious that the journeyman must have been a member of men for a certain work. and '·thai haue sworne the g-ret bod ely at the to do
the Lodge, or fellow-craft. In 1652 we also find the "brethreine freemen" thar saide seruice," (I. 423). In1498 Mathou Wricht agreed "be his band
at loggerheads with a "masone journeyman" (I 402); and in 1709 the ophaldin, to make gude seruice in the luge," and ''Nichol Masone .and
"Journeyman's Lodge" was formed by members of the St. Mary Chapel Dauid Wricht oblist thame be the faithis of thar bodiis, the gret a•th<>
Lodge who found their position in the said Lodge no longer endurable, sworne to remane at Sanct Nicholes werk in the luge . . . . . to he
(I 416). Ieile trew in all pontis," (I. 423). In 1670 the Lodge By-Laws provid"
11sehaw St., I., 386. that all were to love one another as brothers born, and each man was to
have a good report ~ehind his neighbour's back as "his oath tyes him."
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGI> QUATUOR CoRONATI. 145

regularly tyled is certain, indeed the Aberdeen be distributed " ad pios vsus, according to gud con-
By-laws (1t:i70) provide that the meetings shall take science." As late as 1748, at Aberdeen, the official
place in the open fields, save in ill-weather, and then in charge of the box was called the Box-master, 1
only in such a building where "no person shall heir which appears to me the oldest designation, but in
or see us." 1 some cases the Warden acted as' Box-master. In
Cowans were irregular Masons. It has been 1696 at Dunblane he ·was called Treasurer, as now. 9
generally supposed that the term applied only to On this same occasion we also meet with the ap-
those undertaking Mason's work without having been pointment of an "Eldest Fellow of Craft." His
regularly apprenticed to a Master Mason. I think duties are not defined, but bearing in mind that the
its meaning may be widened to include apprentices Lodges comprised fellow crafts or journeymen, and
regularly bound but who had never been booked or fellow crafts or masters, it is probable that be was the
entered, as also those who had been duly entered but official head or representative of the journeymen.
failed to get themselves passed; those w bo, being There were also Keepers "of the Keys : we meet
passed, had removed to another district and omitted with them lJS early as 1601, at Glasgow, when they
to join the local Lodge; those who had been expelled were two in number.s In 1670 at Aberdeen three
the Lodge, and in fact every Mason guilty of any are provided for,4 and are called Masters of the Keys.
irregularity whatever.~ They kept the keys of the Box aud were thus a check
The references to the officers of the Lodge are on the Box-master.s
frequent and indicate a large staff, but it must not The Clerk or Secretary has already been alluded
be supposed that all Lodges were alike, some had to, his appointment was usually for life, and his pro-
more, some less. The following list is a combination fession that of a notary, but be was doubtless in
of them all. We find an "eldest entered appren- possession of the Mason-word.
tice,'' whose duty apparently was to preside at meet- Immediately below the Master of the Lodge was
ings of the Apprentices, and this custom although a class of officials denominated in the Schaw Statutes
obsolete is nevertheless, I fancy, recent, as the first of 1599, Qnartermasters.6 They gradually merged
mention of it hitherto discovered dates from 1721. 3 into the status of our present '\Vardens,7 which was
At Haughfoot we find a "youngest entered appren- also very generally their designation. Chief of their
tice."4 He is occasionally called "Officer," whence duties was to collect the quaterages of the members.
we may conclude that his duty was to ty le the Quaterages were imposed very early, we hear of
Lodge, the " Officer" being often mentioned else- them at Kilwinnin(J" in 1642,8 and although the
where and always in such a way as to lead to the Schaw Statutes do n~t mention them, they do enjoin
conclusion that he was equivalent to our Tyler. 5 the appointment of the Quartermasters, and the
The "Intenders" were a .universal institution. conclusion is obvious that quarterly subscriptions
Their duty was to prepare and instruct the appren- must have been already usual. The minutes at
tices preparatory to passing; in technics certainly, Aberdeen, 27th December, 1696, record the election
and most likely also esoterically. Their analogues of James Marky, Maister-John Ronald aud Keneth
exist with us as sponsors, or proposer and seconder. 6 Fraser, Wardens-William Thomsone, Theasurer,-
The Lodge had a box. This contained the Cash and Alex. Patersone aud Geo. Gordone, Key Masters.
and the Archives. Fines were to be paid into the Essay Masters to preside at the performance of
box "for the common weal, in conformity with the the " tryalls of skill " before passing were also a
practice of the Lodges of the realm."7 According to feature in many Lodges, e.g. Edinburgh and
the Schaw Statutes,8 the penalties collected were to Kilwinning9.
The head of the Lodge is called by the Schaw
1
r. 428. Statutes Warden or Deacon.IO We have seen that
0 the term Warden was shifted to the Quartermasters,
~I. 414. James Ritchie was accused of feeing a cowan . . . . it is
stated in his favour that "he was entered with a Lodge, and had a dis· anrl the Worshipful Master soon became known
charge of a Master in Paisley." This took place in Glasg-ow, 1622. as Deacon only.n The Statutes provide that this
Kilwinrdng, 20th December, 1725. Two of its brethren were "discharged
from entering the societie of honest men (cf. with the E. A. Ob.) belonging Officer, i.e. Deacon, but then called Warden, be elec-
to the Lodge of Kilwinning, and also discharge e\'ery frieman to give no
strocke of worke under the penaltie of £20 Scots until they be convinced ted annually by the votes of the Masters12 in the
of their cryme." If not actually called cowa.ns they were at least in exactly Lodge, and the election confirmed by the Warden
the same position. This Lodge in 1705 defined a cowan as a "mason
without the word,'' but the occurrence above noted at Glasgow shows that
1 2r. 419 3r. 414. 4
a non-affiliated mason, having the word, was also called a cowan. At r. 427. r. 429.
Edinburgh, those who had lawfully served their apprenticeship were pro-
hibited from obtaining work, or from employing other apprentices or 5
In Continental Guilds it was usual for the box to have three different
senants until they had taken up both the freedom of the Lodge and tha.t keys, and each was entrusted to a different official, so that without the
of the burgh, which latter was granted by the incorporation (1. 402). co-operation of all three the contents could not be touched.
Whether called. cowan or not, it is evident they were treated as such.
6r. 390.
3 4
I. 406. r. 448. 7
5At Aberdeen in 1670 ~twas en..,ted that. the officer be continued till The \Varden, however, did not assume the chair in the absence of the
Deacon. In such eases n. president was chosen for the time by the members
another be entered in th~ Lodge; i.e .. a fre&h apprentice evidt:ntly~ show- preient and not infrequently he wao only an apprentice, (I. 398).
ing ti:..at the officer or tyler was the youn~est entered apprentice, tl. 428).
At Edingburgh he is called officer in 1712 and Tyler in 1763. (I. 406.) At 8 9
Dunblaue amongst the officials appointed in 1696, wa9 a.n "officer."
1. 393. r. 399.
10
'The Warden in some clauses appears superior, in others identical with
6 the Deacon.
The.Y were to be present at the passing of an apprentice, (Schaw
Statutes, 1598.) At Aberdeen the apprentice was fined if when interroga- 11
ted he forgot anything, but if he could prove that he wa.s "never taught rt might possibly be more correct to say that in different places and
!'!Uch a thin,g- " the penalty was shifted to his int.Pnders, (1. 429.) At Dun- under different circumstances the names and attributes of the Deacon,
blanc as late a~ 1725 thPir duties are defined as "perfecting of apprentices, Warden, and Quartermaster were interchangeable, and that the context
so tilat they might be fitt for their future tryalls," (L 420.) At Aberdeen alone can decide whether the chief or the second in power is alluded to in
they are mentioned in 1670, (Ibid.) many cases.
8r. 387. 12 i.e., the fellow crafts, excluding the apprentices.
7Schaw Statutes, I. 391.
146 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

General. He was answerable to the County magis- either pecuniary, or in the nature of employment}
trates,-" Presbyters within their Sheriffdoms,"- A resolution of Kilwinning in 1717, points to the
for the conduct of the members ;1 he had to make early existence of a nuisance we still feel, viz.,
annual trial of all offences within the Lodge, assisted Masonic tramps. It reads, " As the Lodge have
by the most ancient Masters thereof ;2 was em- been imposed upon by begging brethren, both here
powered to exclude and expel all offenders ;3 was and at Irvine, it is t-esolved that no charity be given
required to appoint, together with the Quarter- to travelling brethren without an order from the
master or Wardens, a Secretary ;4 to annually Master."2
receive the oath of " fidelitie and trewthe" of all the Mention has several times been made of gentle-
Masters and Fellows of the Lodge,5 and generally to men in the Lodges. They did exist, undoubtedly
rule the Lodge. before we have actual record thereof, but the earliest
In many Lodges the Master or Deacon, and minute to that effect is at Edinboro' in 1600, June
Wardens paid fees of honour on being elected to 8th. On that occasion the minutes were signed by
office, but not in all. 6 The Lodge it will be seen "Johne Boiswell of Achinflek" whom the secretary
had its own internal jurisdiction,7 and it was en- or clerk styled "ye Laird of Aichinleck." 3 But
titled to make its own by-1aws.B The head Lodges this, although the earliest instance on record, is by
were empowered to legalize subordinate Lodges and no means a solitary one.
did so, and in 1716, at Peebles, we have at least one In the Lodge of Aberdeen- in 1670 out of 49
instance of a Lodge being self-constituted by "a members only 8 or 12 were operatives. 4 It is evident
sufficient number of Brethreen in this Burgh" in that this speculative ascendancy did not arise in a.
order to repair the loss they sustained " by the want day, but its commencement must be carried back fcr-
of a Lodge." The annual meeting, or chief festival manv yearR, perhaps 100.
of the Lodges was the 27th December, St. John the ·The Master of the Lodge of Dunblane in 1696
Evangelist's Day. 9 Records of meetings on the was Lord Strathalane ; Alexander Dirll.mmond, of
Baptist's Day, 24th June, exist, but are rare. The Balhadie was warden, Cameron of Lochiel was a.
ballot for the Master was by "pluralitie of vottis " member, and indeed the operatives were in a.
an absolute majority of the Lodge not being neces- minority. 6
sary.IO The Lodge at Peebles was speculative to a great
extent from its very foundation in 1716. 6
The Master or Deacon was sometimes called The Lodge of Kelso was largely speculative at
Preses, 11 as at Edinburgh in 1710, at which pl~ce in the date of the first minutes preserved, viz., 1702,
1731 he was even called Grand Master, an echo of when a baronet and a laird were "honorable Mast!Jr"
London Freemasonry which had travelled north. and "Worshipful Warden "respectively,7 and the
At Aberdeen in 1670 he was termed "the Master " 1 2 "gentlemen who are the honorary members of the
and was to act as judge in all disputes : and at Dun- companie obleidg themselves to pay a crown yearly " 8
blanc in 1696, he was the "Master Meassone." But In 1672 and 1679 the Earls of Cassillis and
Deacon was the general name, anJ at Edinburgh in Eglinton were respectively the Deacons, or as we
1683 we read of "old Dickins" equivalent to our should now say, Masters of Kilwinning Lodge. 9
Past-Masters.l3 At Haughfoot, in 1702, the majority were
One more class of Officers remains to be noticed. speculatives.IO On t'~-~ 22nd December of that year
Towards the middle of the 17th century, noblemen, Sir James Scott, his brother Thomas, and six others
gentlemen, and other non-operatives were elected "were duly admitted apprentices and fellow crafts,'.'
Deacons. These appointments necessitated the only one being a workman, and he was a wright, not
selection of operative brethren to act as deputies,H a mason .
and to this day, most Scottish Lodges, and a few .And finally, in the old Lodge at Melrose, which
English (viz., when a Prince of the blood Royal is has never yet joined the Grand Lodge system, but to
W.M.) elect Deputy Masters. this day works by its own inherent right, as early &s
As in England, Scottish journeymen travelling 1675 many of the members were not masons by trade.l1
in search of work were entitled by custom to aid, On the other hand, some Lodges remained till a.
very recent date exclusively operative. St. Mungo's
split off from St. John's Glasgow in 1729, because
0
the parent Lodge would not admit gentlemen and
-Ibid. At Peebles the annual trial of the apprentices and fellow-crafts others to the fellowship. Speculatives were not
-..va.s regularly observed from 1716 to the end of the century, (I. 421). At
Melro~e in 1707 it was enacted that all who absentP.d themselves from the received in this Lodge, St. John's, till 1842, eight
annual trial were there and then 11 denuded from aine benifite 11 until due years before it joined Grand Lodge.IZ
submission was made, {I. 452).
31. 390. 4 5 61. 393. 1
Ibid. Ibid. They were also entitled to be buried at the expense of the Lodge.
7 "The Court of the Ludge" (Kilwinning) in 1642 WIU! held by the The Seal of Cause 1745 for the incorporation of St. Mary's Chapel, Ecli.nbro'
provides that should one of the numher die and leave "no guda sufficient
Deacon and ~lasters of work. s1. 391. to bring him furth honestly " the wrights (or masons, as the case might
be) shall, at their own cost, provide a befitting funeral for "thair brother
gThe Schaw Statutes ordain that the Warden shall be;annually elected on of the Craft," (I. 401.)
the 20th Day of December, Both the ~chaw Codes, probably signed at
an annual mc('ting, are, however, made out on the 28th of that month. ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~
The transition from either of these dates to the 27th December must have 9
been natural and easy. In 1642 Kilwinning still held its "Court"' on the 1. 394·395. ''So imperceptibly," says Lyon, of this Lodge, in the Freewa...
20th, (I. 393), in fact it appears to have held to this date till 1725'. (1. 396) sons' Magazine, May 30th, 1863, "has the purely operath·e character merged
and perhaps even beyond that. At Edinburgh the Festival wa.a on th~ into the condition of a purely Apeculative one, that the precise date of such
27th, as early as 1599. At Aberdeen the Master was to be annually elected change cannot with any certainty be decided upon.•' I may add that this
on each St. John's Day. By-Laws of 1760, (I. 428.) dictum applies with equal force to almost every Scottish Lodge.
101.395. 11 1. 406. 12 13 141. 395. lOI. 447. 11 r. 452. 121. 415.
1. 428. 1. 400.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR 00RONATI. 147

In many cases the gentlemen paid higher initia- studied at home, along with the two admirable papers of the
tion and office fees.l A very usual name for them present Worshipful Master in June, 1886, and November, 1887.
I feel some diffidence in referring to Bro. Speth's remarks
was Geomatics, whilst the masons by trade were anent "written tradition," because he has stated that a
called Domatics. The Geomatics were also known suggestion he makes concerning it ia not strictly relevant to the
as Gentlemen masons, Theorical masons, .Architect subject. I refer to it therefore merely to throw a different
masons, and Honorary members.2 There was always light where I think he is slightly in error. Bro. Speth ex-
a sharp distinction drawn between these and the presses his beli~f, qualified as it is, that in former daya a lodge
was legitimated by another granting ita "Copy of its Constitu-
masons by trade, which so far does not appear to tions," and also that without a copy of the " Old Charges" no
have obtained in England. It is throughout evident lodge was considered regular.
that the canny Scots_ liked the patronage of a ],ord, I.--I have met with the term " Constitutions," both in
if they could get him:, and if not they put up with a very old letters and minutes, of much anterior date to the foun-
dation of some of the lodges he mentions, clearly meaning the
"Laird." Warrant: whereas Bro. Speth takes a different view altogether.
Freemasons of the present day are somewhat I recollect reading some years ago a minute in which an excuse
noted as sticklers for rrecedence: that the ancient is given for the lateness of the hour at which the lodge
Craft in Scotland partook of the same foible may be commenced its duties, "because his Right Worshipful had
gathered from the last minute I shall quote-- misplared the key of the Constitutions," and none of the
Brethren had one to fit it. Ultimately, after discussion, the
Melrose, 27th December, 1690-" it is vatted that box itself (containing the Warrant) was hung up by cords tied
everie meason that takes the place in the kirk before round it, and the lodge was then opened. In the North of
his elder brother is a grait ase."3 England " Copies of the Constitutions " were generally rele-
Such is a brief review of the aspect and status of gated to the recesses of the lodge chest; the practice of having
Freemasonry in Scotland previous to the formation one on the Worshipful Master's pedestal being quite of modern
date. The Warrant in former times legalized meP'-ings any-
of the Grand Lodge of Scotland in 1736. I have where : before the era of Grand Lodges I take a '' Copy of
not gone into the question of degrees in this paper; their Constitutions," if used as Bro. Speth suggests, to have
that subjeot is a wide one which must be reserved been of the same character, i.e. a dispensation or written
for another occasion; suffice it to say, that since the authority of an olncr lodge for another to hold meetingg,
lamentable death of Bro. Woodford, all the best II.- It is well-known that those Lodges possessing "Old
Charges~· have not held them from "time immemorial." It
authorities, Lyon, Goulfl, Hughan, Officer, and
is extremely doubtful if two of the lodges named by Bro.
othera are agreed that Anciei!t Scottish Masonry Speth possbssed their " Scrolls " even at their foundation.
comprised only one degree, and that the second and Some at any rate have acquired them as we now obtain the
third were introduced in recent times from England. 4 1723 edition of the Constitutions, viz., by purchase, gift, or
Had time allowed, this account might have been legacy. Many of the Scrolls have turned up during the last
easily extended ; some few extra particulars may be thirty years for this reason : up to 1800, Masons highly prized
them as personal property, it being considered that to possess
gleaned from the notes attached. A paper which one was a sure indication of Masonic zeal ! They were
will be found very valuable as an appendix and generally the work of a lawyer's clerk or schoolmaster,
commentary on this one is Bro. Gould's lecture "On members of the lodge. Besides the cost of the sheets of
Some Old Scottish Masonic Customs," read before this parchment, all cut to the same size, the scribe had to be
Lodge on the 3rd June, 1886, and which dealt more liberally paid for his work according to the labour bestowed
upon it, so that " Scrolls" were a Masonic "luxury" confined
with exceptional practices, whilst I have endeavoured to few. Wben completed, the separate sheets were attached
to depict general customs in such a manner as to together, the bottom of one to the top of the next in succession.
leave their impress on the memory of the veriest Whoever possessed one of these Scrolls kept it at home under
novice in the study of our antiquitiel". How far I lock and key, and exhibited it to his l\fasonic visitors with
have succeeded must be left to the judgment of my becoming pride. There is no doubt that the value set upon
them during a century caused the disappearance of many
hearers. that were formerly in the possession of very old lodges. Some
have been handed down unrolled for generations and are only
lost for the present ; others have been presented to lodges as
BRo. GoLDNF.Y enquired whether any connection had mere curios of the past, and would never have been heard of
been traced between the" Gentlemen Masons" of early times but for the spread of the study of Masonic Archmology.
and the works then in progress? Could not their presence in The Scribe in 1760 would put the date of that he copied,
Lodge be ascribed simply to the fact that they were the forgetting that it was not difficult to arrive at something near
"Lords of the Work" or "in modern language, the Employers the actual date of his transcript :-unfortunately the tran-
of Labour for the time being ? scriber of the first did not always follow the same rule; and it
The W oRSHIP>.UL MASTER read the following communica- is now clear enough that with "Antiquity's pride" the
tion from BRO. JOHN RAMSDEN RILEY:- employer was_all the better satisfied with the work, if his scribe
Like all similar papers there are points in this which inserted, instead, " Copied from an antient Scroll wrote above·
may be open to difference of opinion, but in the main I find 500 years since." But I intended merely to throw a little
little to suggest, and still less to criticise. The interesting acquired light on Lodge Scrolls, the reading of which to
evidence given is a valuable contribution to the historic papers initiates was I think an Operative Custom. It is rather
of 2076 ; and I think will best answer its purpose if carefully remarkable that in the North only members of those lodges
having had an Operative foundation or connection possessed
1 them. Bro. Speth's t'eferencc to lodges never connected with
At Kilwin!ling in 1736 a. gentleman paid for entering lOs. and for pa.sa- Operative Masonry somewhat obscures his meaning, but I
ing Ca., but a. workin£.· mason only 5s. and ~s. 6d., (I. 396). The Annual Sub-
scription was ls. and 6d. respectively, (ibid). The Lodge had practically cannot ignore the rest of his admirable paper and therefore
ceased to be operative 16 yea.rs earlier, in 1720, owing- to the great influx of presume he does not mean the 18th century lodges read the
gentlemen and tradesmen. At Peebles, in 1717, a merchant was entered a Old Charges, and that without a copy or version that these
memher of t.he said Lodge, "any complement to be given being referr'd to
himselie •· (I. 421). At Aberdeen a fellow joining the Lodge paid 2 rix-dollars were not considered regular. .A.s regards 17th century Free-
and a pint of wine; but a gentleman was to stand more than the one pint masonry, as Bro. Speth says, the opinion must be taken for
should the company will it, (I. 429). The operative only paid ls. sterling what it is worth.
subscription annually, gentlemen paid double that sum, (I. 439). In the
L'ldge of t:it. Xinian, Brechin, _the fee for entry was 40s. Scots-3/6, but Also the following from BRo. HUGHAN : -
stranger.:J were charged £3 sterhng, (I. 445).
3 4
This Essay by Bro. Speth, and the previous one by our
-I. 437. 1. 454. see a previous note. Worshipful Master together, form the best " Elementary

T-1
 148 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LonGE QuATUOR Corrc•NATI.

Historical Papers" on the subject of Freemasonry in Scotland the only ~cotch Mason present, to say a. word or two. The
in early days that have ever been written. They may be first question that naturally arises is-'· whether there was
said to be mutually supplemental, for Bro. Speth's paper any speculative Masonry,- or Freemasonry as we understand
furnishes an admirable summary of the 8th chapter of Bro. the term,-in Scotland prior to 1717 the date of English
Gould's great work; and Bro. Gould's paper is mainly devoted Grand Lodge. To my mind it is quite cle&r that the Scotch
to making known facts accumulated by him, for which room Lodges were merely trade organizations, and the introduction
could not be fonlld in his History. of non-ope;atives such as Boswell of Auchinleck, Moray,
That the Scottish versions of the "Old Charges" have Abercrombie, etc., into Mary Chapel did not necessarily alter
been derived from England there cannot be a doubt, remark- its character any more than did the conferring of the freedom
able as it is. Notwithstanding this fact, however, Scottish of the Fishmongers' Society upon Mr. Goschen make that body
Freemasonry appears to have been conducted on a different speculative or the recipient a tradesman. The old Weavers'
footing to that of its neighbour in many respects, some of Society of Anderston (Glasgow) is no longer a trade guild,
these being carefully noted by our esteemed Secretary in his but they confine their speculative tendencies to an occasional
most discriminative and appreciative notes. working of the fourth degree. For feudal, political, or other
I quite agree with Bro. Speth's view of the use made of reasons honorary members were frequently admitted, but we
these Old Charges, for in my "Origin of the English Rite" can find no trace of anything beyond the settling of trade
(p. 6) will be found these words. "A special feature of the questions, plus a good deal of conviviality. As Bro. Speth
early initiations npparently was simplicity. How much more surmises, some of the old charters are unreliable : and many
there was than the reading of the "Old Charges" and the years ago Bro. W. P. Buchan showed that the document of
communication of the Masons' word, grip, and signs, we 1057, in which Glasgow St. John's so prides itself, is of com-
cannot say, but we are not told of anything more." paratively modern manufacture. Keeping in view the ever
Bro. Rylands first drew attention to the fact that the increasing intercourse between the two countries in conse-
date of the "Sloane MS., 3848" corresponded with the day of quence of the Union of the Crowns, and later of the Parlia-
Elias Ashmole's initiation. I think it more likely that the ments, it is at least possible that whatever of speculation
copy was made to be used at that noted Antiquary's reception Scotch Masonry possessed was derived from England : and I
than for his acceptance, for in the latter case he would have would also throw out the suggestion that as York was a great
surely taken it with him. centre of Masonic activity, its influence may well have been
How far the "Canongate Kilwinning Lodge," No. 2, felt as far North as Edinburgh. The conservatism of custom
Edinburgh, may be said to have been actually wa1·ranted by is well exemplified by Lodge 3!, the Master of which used
the "Mother Lodge, Kilwinning" in 1677, is not quite clear. always to be Deacon of the Masons' Trade : for some three
My impression is that the record, as quoted by Bro. Lyon in years ago an esteemed brother was elected from the floor to be
his noble history of the ''Lodge of Edinburgh," simply R.W.M. because he also held the trade dignity. The word
signifies that certain Brethren (affiliated to the latter, and Deacon, equivalent to Preses, or President, is still in common
resident in the Canon gate) were permitted "to enter, receave, use, and one of our P.M's. recently retired from the highly
and pase" eligible candidates, for and on behalf of the Old honorable office of Deacon of the Trades or Incorporation of
Kilwinning Lodge. The members in Edinburgh, however, Glasgow.
were not long content with that subordinate position, and
a few years latE'r on evidently struck out a career for them- The WoRSIIIPFl:L MAsTER, BRo. R. F. GoULD, said :-I
selves, and became independent. think the last speaker, in his reference to the Fishmonger's
I entirely agree with Bro. Speth relative to the meaning Company, and the admission of Mr. Goschen, has somewhat
of the word Free Mason, and consider that our Worshipful strained the analogy, as there was no mystical reception or
Master did good service in his " History," by claiming that secret ceremony on the occasion to which he alludes; though
the Title reallv meant Free to be a Mason, Free of hie Craft. the same point, ba8, indeed, been put forward, by (I believe)
etc. I am gh(d to find that our indefatigable Secretary take~ Soane in his New Curiosities of Literature, where it is urged,
the same view. with reference to our existing Society ha~ng symbolised the
It may be as well to point out that the junior of the "St. implements of the Mason's Art, that so far as any virtual
Clair Charters" (1628 circa) concerns the Hammermen and connection with these emblems is involved, we migM all,
Squaremen Craftsmen, as well as the Masons, so that the with quite as much propriety have dubbed ourselves Free-
" Friemen :Maisones" were not the only parties interested in black-smiths, and "typified our morals with a horse shoe.''
that notable appointment. The lecturer to-night has advanced an ingenious hypo-
The remarkable Roll of Lodges so capitally arranged by thesis, viz., that Lodges formerly gave copies of their Consti-
Bro. Speth, is most suggestive of the extraordinary value of tutions to Brethren desirous of forming separate Masonio
the Jllasonic document~ preserved in Scotland, one Lodge Associations, and it is quite clear that this pra<Jtice must have
alone (:-;o. 1,) having its records preserved for nearly 300 been a common one, as a copy of the Constitutions was
years! (1599-1888 !) requisite at the admission of a new brother, and these would
It is well to remember that the three classes noted by of course be sought for by those brethren needing them in
Bro. Speth as existing in early days are still to be found in the quarters where they would most naturally be found. But
connection with all Crafts; viz., .Apprentices, Craftsmen, (or in going a step further, and postulating that the acquisition of
Journeymen) and Masters. In the 17th century, and early a manuscript of this kind regularized (to use a wordof Masonio
in the 18th, the Masters' Incorporation of Edinburgh was a coinage) a Lodge, our Secretary has launched boldly out
most exclusive monopoly of members who ruled the Journey- into conjecture. By this I mean that, however plausible this
men, at times, with a rod of iron, so much so that rebellion suggestion may be made to look, by resorting to inference and
ensued, separate organizations were formed, and in time the analogy, we cannot, I fear, quite trallliform it into a fact,
Incorporation of Masters had to succumb. though I go a great way with Bro. Speth and freely concede
I should like to draw attention to the selection of marks that he bas conducted us at all events into the region of
by Appr?ntices in Aberdeen Lodge, A.D. 1670. probability. The hankering for " regularity," if by this
I have not lost hope yet of obtaining Bro. Speth as a expression may be described the wish of a new Lodge to model
convert to the Theory that there were no separate Masonic its procedure on that of an old one, has been illustrated in
Degrees, prior to say 1717, such as we subsequently meet more recent times, by the frequent practice of stationary
with, but that there was but the one esoteric ceremony until Lodges, deriving, as it were, their authority to work, from an
what is known as the "Revival." exact copy of a military warrant. History, as we all know,
I congratulate Bro. Speth most sincerely and heartily on is apt to repeat itself, and if, moreover, we also take into
the production of his excellent, interesting, and most useful consideration that the customs of many old operative
Paper. It is exactly what was wanted. (or independent) Lodges, remained unohanged, for some
considerable time at least, after the formation of the
Bro. EDWARD MACBEAN said :-Having been travelling three Grand Lodges of these Islands, and certainly continued
e.,-er since receipt of the proof sheets courteously forwarded to exist side by side with those practised in the earliest of
to me by Bro. Speth I have, unfortunately, not had the Military Lodges ; it will not be altogether a visicnary sup·
opportl'nity to look up the subject on which he bas so ably position to imagine that in the old operative practice of com-
discoursed this evening: but you will no doubt expect me, as municating " regularity" by a written instrument, may be
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 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 149

found the gertn of the usage afterwards so prevalent in India, less, on carefully re.reading his paper I think it would/ tax his
North A.merica, and possibly other countries, where British powers to prove that all the customs tabled by him were
troops were stationed. Bro. Speth has rightly observed that general at the date quoted. For instauce, the forcing an
the consideration of Masonic degrees, or in other worcl.s the Architect to prepare an Essay at Edinburgh so late as 1842,
Secrets of Masonry, would have overloaded his Paper, but as or the exclusion from office of non·operatives at Banff in 1 i65.
he has accomplished the very difficult task of reading us an -G. W. SPETH, Sec.
admirable lecture from which the controversialist can derive
no points for attack, it may perhaps justify me in making a
few observations on a subject, which the paper has now led
us np to, and which from its nature can only be orally discussed
in the Lodge. THE ROMAN LEGEND OF THE
The WoRSHIPF"CL MASTER then briefly passed in review
the ritualistic observances of the early Scottish Lodges, and QUATTRO INCORONATI.
indicated the various sources, from which the student could [COMMUNICATED.]
pursue a further inquiry into the ceremonial, the symbolism,
and the traditions of the Scottish Masonry, existing in the ·WHEN in :298 A.D. the Emperor Diocletian was
period embraced by the Lecture of the evening.
building his baths on the necks of the Quirinal and
The WORSHIPFUL :MASTER concluded by moving a vote Virminal hills he included within its vast circuit a
of thanks to the lecturer, which was carried nem. con.
temple to .<Esculapius, the god of health. He
BRo. SPETH in thanking the brethren for their attention ordered the five sculptors, Claudius, Nicostratus,
and the vote just passed, would not detain them by many
farther remarks. In reply to Bro. Goldney he would say that Sinforianus, Castorinus, and Simplicius to execute
nothing tended to prove that the earliest "Gentlemen Masons" the decorative work and make the statue of .h:scu-
were either architects or engaged in adding to their residences lapius. Being Christians they refused to fashion the
at the time. Had such been the case, the patrons in some statue of a pagan god, and in consequence they
lodges must have exceeded the workmen in the ratio of at least
six to one. No Mason in his wildest dreams had ever imagined
were put to death on the 8th N o>ember, ~98. Three
so flourishing a state of trade as that would imply. Bro. Riley were beheaded and two were scourged to death.
had misunderstood his reference to old English Lodges. He Other artists were found who executed the work for
alluded solely to 17th century bodies, before Grand Lodges, the Emperor. On the return of Diocletian to Rome
warrants, or " books of the Constitutions," were thought of. in 300, finding the works completed, he issued an
Although some of the scrolls now found with Lodges had been order for their dedication, and commanded that all
acquired recently, others, such as the Antiquity MS., appeared
to have been in Lodge custody from "time immemorial." the soldiers in Rome should be present, who, as they
And others, not found in Lodge custody, had evidently marched past, were to throw incense over the
emanated thence, witness the Randle Holme (Harleian 2054) altar of .<Esculapius. As soon as this command was
MS., tt which was attached the fees paid by certain masons propagated, follr brothers, who were master masons,
for initiation; the Scarborough MS., of which a fac-
simile was now before them, with its endorsement of
and held the position of Corniculari, or wing-leaders
"makings," the Gateshead MS., and others which he would of the city militia, met to decide what they should do
refrain from naming. That copies of these scrolls were under the circumstances. These brothers were named
made in the 18th century, aa curiosities, as described by Bro. Severns, Se>erianus, Carporferus, and Victorianus,
Riley, he was not concerned to deny, but this would hardly who, besides being masons, had embraced the
apply to any of earlier iiate, than say, 1730. He was glad to
think the theory he had ventured to broach commanded the
christian faith. They all agreed to abstain from
qualified assent of Bro. Hughan and the Worshipful Master, throwing the incense over the altar, it being against
and was not apparently irreconcilable with the views of Bro. their principles to assist in any way at pagan ceremonies
Riley. The remarks of Bro. Macbean proved to him that he of a religious nature. This determination they made
had been somewhat careless in his use of the word Speculative. known to their centurion, who communicated it to
It was quite possible, nevertheless, that there was a degree of
speculation in Scottish Masonry, but as that was not con-
the tribune Lampadius, who reported the matter to
clusively shown, he regretted not having adopted throughout Diocletian. The emperor ordered them either to
the less compromising term of " non·operative masonry." sacrifice or suffer death. They, steadfast to their
faith, suffered death by being scourged with leaden
SUPPLEMENTARY NoTE.-Bro. Speth alludes to my lecture thongs. Their bodies were then enclosed in leaden
" On Some Old Scottish Masonic Customs," as dealing with cases and thrown into the river Tiber. A brother,
" exceptional practices" on the part of the Craft in the Nicodemus, recovered their bodies from the river,
Northern Kingdom. This is not quite correct. The Customs and they were interred by the side of the five sculp-
to which I drew attention, can indeed in some instances, only tors previously martyred, and other saints, in the
be proved to have existed in certain localities, but of the
general prevalence of all, or nearly all, the old usages depicted catacombs on the Via Labricana, which from the
in my paper, there can be little doubt. The documentary four master masons are to this day known as the
evidence at my disposal consisted of waifs and strays from Catacombs o£ the Quattro Coronati. The five suffered
various sources, and did not by any means cover the whole on the 8th November, 298, and the four on the same
field of Scottish Masonry. If it had, I believe we should have day in 300, and their memory is still honoured in
obtained ample proof that no custom cited in my lecture
could be:described as &ui_generis, and that possibly with slight the church of the Quattro Incoronati, on the Coolian
and occasional variations the same Masonic usages prevailed Hill, in Rome. Bishop Damasus, 366-84, put up
throughout the whole of Scotland.-R. F. GOULD, W.M. many inscriptions to the memory of the martyrs
NOTII TO THE ABOVE.- It would appear that I am some·
reposing in the catacombs.
what unfortunate in my choice of expressions. My reference In 625 Pope Honorius I. erected a handsome
to " General Customs" and " Exceptional Practices " was church, in the form o£ a basilica, to the memory of
rather to point out that my paper dealt broadly with funda- the four saints, out of the ruins of a temple of Diana,
mental principles, and Bro. Gould's with practices of a note-
worthy nature chiefly because they differed from those of on the Crelian Hill. In the days of Pope Leo IV.,
to.day. Furthermore, the great majority of the peculiarities 848, the remains of many martyrs were translated from
cited by him are po1t, whilst mine are all pre 1717. None the various catacombs to the churches in Rome; those
150 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

of the five sculptors, the four masons, and other tribunal (Apse), represent in fresco the four saints
saints, to an oratory beneath the altar of the church being scourged and then put into leaden coffins, the
erected on. the Cwlian Hill. The four crowned work of Giovanni di S. Giovanni Mannozzi, who
brothers were placed in two marble sarcophagi, and died in 1636.
on either side, in two other sarcophagi, were deposited In 1198-1215 Pope Innocent III. built in the
the remains of the five martyrs, whilst a very large far right hand corner of the original Quadri Porticus,
sarcophagus, containing the relics of many others, a chapel, which he dedicated to Saint Silvester, and
was placed behind them. This is recorded in the which contains some curious early thirteenth
inscription of Leo IV., in the church over the left frescoes, illustrating the principal events in that
stairs leading to the oratory. • part of the life of Constantine, which he passed in
With the remains was taken the Damasian Rome.
inscription. This exists now, unfortunately, only in In 1624 Urban viii. restored the church and,
the introductory part, which does not refer to either in two inscriptions on the piers of the arch of the
the five or four. It is placed on the right hand stairs tribunal, refers to the inscriptions and work of Leo
IV. and Pascal II.
leading down to the oratory.
During the dark and middle ages the Latin S. RusSELL FoRBES, Rome.
language underwent some curious changes in evolving
the Italian, and it seems to me that the Italian title of
these four mason saints, "Incoronati," is really a
corruption of their military rank, " Oorniculari," B'O':E'EB ':E'O ':E'B:E " lJ'B'BECOGB'IBED :LODGES AJI'D
which was brought back into the Latin from the DEGBEES Ol" l"BEEJIABOB'BT."
Italian as Ooronati.
Let us now turn our attention to the church (On page 107.)
itself. t Is stands on a lofty spur ofthe Cwlian Hill, THE printer has omitted from my last paper an inser-
just within the line of the Servian wall, and like all tion which I placed upon the blank side of my foolscap, and
early churches, faces to the east, the altar being at I think that you may consider it worthy of record. The faot
the west end. The exterior construction of the is not of importance as respects the antiquity of the Rose
tribunal of Honorius is of good brick work, classic Croix degree, but is interesting in itself. As I have to write
upon this point, I feel inclined to add also two other notes,
remains being used for the purpose. From a quadri one upon Scandinavian Initiations (of which there exists a.
porticus one entered the noble church, a long nave Masonic Degree), and another upon the Gate of St. John,
with an elevated tribunal at the end. Fifteen Clerkenwell. Scandinavian Mythology, I may say, has never
columns, from Pagan temples, on either side formed yet had justice done to it, or the bearing of their Guilds on
the aisles, and supported the gallery above, for the English institutions.
nuns who were attached to the church.
THE RoSE CROIX JEWEL AND THE STUARTs.-All your
The church was destroyed in the great fire of readers will be well aware that the jewel of the degree
Robert Guiscard, in 1084, and restored by Pope of Knight of the Eagle, Rosy Cross, Rose Croix of Heredom,
Paschal n. in 1111. In these restorations a great etc., is a pelican feeding its yonng. The standard of the
change was made, the long nave was shortened by Pretender, James l!I., according to an old contemporary
history of the rebellion of 1715, was as follows :-Of green
erecting a wall across it from the seventh column, silk with buff fringe, the device a pelican feeding her young.
t~rough which an entry door was made, so that part Motto: Tantum Valet Amor Regis et Patrire.
of the nave became an inner court; a wall being built
between the columns, the aisles became part of the THE SCANDINAVIAN EDDA.-1 ought, in my paper, to
nunnery, and ten new columns were placed in the have mentioned that the catechetical instruction of the
nave i.o form the aisles, so that the whole width of Scandinavian Edda has a closer bearing upon tho Greco-
the present church represents the nave only of the Egyptian Divine Pymander and the Bembine Table of
old one.t Bro. Westcott than may at first sight appear. Both the
Edda and the Divine Pymander are Initiatory Catechisms,
The rebuilding of Paschal 11. is recorded in an but this is more apparent in the former than the latter.
inscription of the time, 1111, adjoining the inscrip- The Edda is said to have been an oral system, reduced
tion of Leo IV's. to writing in Iceland almost a thousand years ago. The
Over the door of entry is a fresco by Mannozzi, basis of this initiation is a. sybilline poem called the
representing the four saints amidst the clouds ; the Voluspa, which Sigge, the high·priest of the Al!father,
Odin, carried with him from the region of the Caspian
two central figures are dressed as Roman soldiers, nearly two thousand years ago. It bears its own evidence
whilst the two outside figures are in white robes; all of a common descent from the same ancient culte as
hold palms in their ·hands, the emblem of victory the Avesta and Vedas. It is couched in symbolical language
and martyrdom, and they have wreaths of bay (what which the literal school, failing to interpret, has treated
the Romans call laurel we call bay) on their heads. derisively, and is doubtless one of the most ancient of sacred
writings. It deals with the attributes of "the indistructable
On the left below a co:mpany of Augustine Sisters, Lord of All, cosmogony, the nature of the gods, the element·
and on the right (in looking at fresco), a group of aries or giants, the heavenly palaces, and carries the universe
novices are adoring the saints. from the flood-chaos to the creation of gods, mankind, the
The episcopal 9hair in the tribunal of the final destruction of the gods and all things, on to their still
church, behind the altar, is of the 13th century, as more glorions re-birth. Sigge having established a temple of
his worship in Sweden, governed by twelve pontiffs, after the
i'l also the pavement of the church, the work of the number of the Voluspan gods and goddesses, Gylfe, the
Cosamati family. The vault and walls of the Scythe-Scandinavian king of the country goes as Gaugler or
Pilgrim to seek initiation. He arrives at the porch of a
~See plate.
t See plate.
beautiful palace, where he beholds a guard who is tossing in
! See ground plan and view of interior. the air seven swords and catching them as they descend.
 TRANSACTIONs oF THE LonGE QnTcoR CoRONATI. 151

After certain questions the Guard conducts the Gaugler Abbey, in Chester, is an old oak pulpit black with age, "It
through numerous halls until he arrives at one where are is very ancient, no one can determine how old, and it is com·
seated three personages, represented as wearing crowns, and pletely covered with all the emblems of Masonry that I am
Pilgrim is informed that these are to be addressed as-the acquainted with, and some that I know nothing about, carved
High; the Equal; the Highest. Pilgrim pats his questions to in relief from top to bottOm."
these and receives the sacred instruction which Sigge brought
from Asia, and to which he had added the design of render-
ing his neophytes invincible in war. He c·alculated so
well that they eventually destroyed his enemy the Roman THE BRITISH AND IRISH IN FRANCE.-Jifany writers upon
Empire, who had driven himself out of Asia as a wanderer. French Masonry have alleged that there was an Irish
The Edda terminates by instructing the Neophyte in the element before that of the Scotch degrees. This probably
symbolic use of the terms of the mysteries by the Scalds, or arises from the fact that the Irish soldiers in France were
poets; the use of the Runic stanzas, or what the Hindus term more numerous than the Scotch. Grant, in his "Cavaliers
Mantras, for magical purposes; and a quantity of moral of Fortune" (1858, page 301), gives the text of a letter
maxims, attributed to Sigge himself. Gylfe being discharged of the "Gallant Duke of Fitz-J ames' to Louis XVI., Feb·
by the three Hierophants amid thunder, lightning, and mary, 1791," in which he says: "Sire, my grandfather
tempest, he finds himself in the open fields, and the palace came not alone into France ! His brave companions arc now
has vanished. mine, and the dearest friends of my heart! He was accom·
It is asserted that these mysteriPs gave rise to numerous panied by thirt11 thousand Irishmen, who abandoned home,
fraternities and Guilds of a masonic character, established fortune, and honour, to follow their unfortunate King." Both
for mutual aid and protection, and there can scarcely be a the lArch and Templars, or the Rite of 7", are of early
question that it is to Sigge, and not to his Roman enemies, date in Ireland, and we had an old Irish Ritual of the
that our Teutonic ancestors owe these institutions, and Rome 7", Templar Priest, in Lancashire, which I had good
doubtless obtained them from the same Asiatic source as authority for saying could be traced in the same Irish family
Sigge. They have actually a myth resembling that of the to 1735. Deuchar, of Scotland, was an Irish Tcmplar, and
Babylonian bhter, the Egyptian Osiris, the Greek Dionysius, asserted that he could trace the order to 17 40 by means of
the Syrian Adonis, etc. Balder the beautiful is slain by a living members. The Irish had an ancient military organisa·
shaft of misletoe at the instigation of Lake, "the disgrace of tion of which one branch was termed the Red Branch of
gods and men," who resembles the Accuser of Job and the Ulster, another Fenians, etc., and it is believed that prior to
Set of Egypt; he descends to the Abode of Death, but Frigga the existence of Orangeism political secret societies were
the Scandinavian Ishtar or Isis, induces Balder's brother to rife, and that these to some extent affected C\fasonic degrees.
descend to Hela for his ransom. The emissary takes a nine
days journey through dark valleys, and at length obtains
access to Hela, who consents to allow Balder to depart if all
things animate and inanimate weep for him. All nature CHARTF.R EviDE:>CE.-Amongst the Scottish Charters
laments for the beautiful Balder, except a cave-dwelling which use the name Templar after 131 J, arc the following:-
witch, who turns oat to be the evil Lake, who meets with On the back of a Charter to the Abbott of Kelso is written,
condi"''t punishment, but Balder remains with Hela until the "Concordia inter Abbatem de Kelso et fratres Militia Templi
destruction and re· birth of all things. Hierosolomitani de terris de Colter 7 April 1396" (Ext. ex
Registro Abba Epis. Aberd. per David Epis. 1599). Of date
1340 is a lease by Wm. de Lisours, of "all my lands which I
hold from the the Temple in the person of my feudal vassal
CLERKENWELL GATE.-Tbe Report of the Grand Lodge de Gouriston and that land which belonged unto Thomas the
of Vermont, for 1887, contains a very able address by Templar." On the other hand there are Charters somewhat
Bro. H. H. Smith, Past G.:lf., in which is the following later of Sir Reginald More, and his son Sir Wm. Jlfore who
notice of Clerkenwell, slightly abbreviated here. " In styles himself, "Custos Hospitallis Sancti Johannes de·
London, however, is the quaintest and most interesting Thorphyen." Sir Richard Brown in Hospitalluria, by Char·
Lodge Room in the world. . . . I speak of St. John's ter evidence, fixed 1494 as the date of complete union bet ween
Lodge of Jerusalem, constructed in the ancient city wall Templars and !J ospitallers; but it would seem to be earlier,
of London, over Clerkenwell Gate or Barbican of St. as the Confirmation Charter of James IV., signed 19th October,
John. It originally belonged to the Knights of St. John. 1488, confirms the ancient gifts in the words,-·' Deo et sancto
Richard the Lion-Hearted was their Grand Hospitali de Jerusalem et fratribus einsdem ::IIilitiae Templi
Master in England. They have possession of Salimonis." The truth seems to be this, That whilst in Scot·
King Richard's Gavel, brought from Jerusalem, and nsed by land a nominal obedience was given to the Papal Bull of
him in the Lodge. I saw it. . . . To reach the Lodge Union in 1314, yet the two orders kept loosely together in
Room one mnst enter a tavern on the city side of, and adjoin- their own Preceptories and Commanderies until a careless
ing the wall, and pass upstairs through a long and narrow union was gradually consolidated, the two names being used
passage in the city wall, to and up a dark winding stairs, so synonimously up to about the time of the Reformation, when
narrow and steep as to allow the passage of but one person at the "Temple" became general. It would seem from the
a time into a >ery small room, where the sentinels meet yon correspondence of Mary, Queen of Scots, (published by Prince
and from thence into the Lodge Room, which is made entirely Labanoff) that a proposal was on foot in 1580 to give Ireland
of oak timbers, hewen out and pinned to floor and walls and to the Order. The continuation down to Viscount Dundee in
ceiling with wooden pins, and so old that it is absolutely 1680 must have been secret and semi-political.
almost black. For fully 400 years no one but the brethren
knew even of the existence of such a room, and it was almost
the only secure place where they could meet at all through
several reigns, and then only by securing to the Craft the row As an example of independent branches of the Knightly
of houses connecting with the tavern, and entering at some Orders I may mention the existing Bailiwick of Brandenhurg,
distance from the Lodge, and going aile at a time through the which, becoming Lutheran in regard to religion, was detached
secret passages between. About a century ago all knowledge from the Order of Malta and disavowed, or, as Masons would
?f these ~ubterranean ways seems to have been lost, but lately say, became a spurious body. Brandenburg continued t_o
m tunellmgfor the underground railway, one of these passages hold property, but the British and Irish orders lost thcll'
was cut across and explored a long way in several directions. lands.
One branch led directly to St. John's or Clerkcnwell Gate JoHN YARKER, P.M., &c.
and was ~lased by .a wall. while another (very judiciously a~
the chromcler quamtly adds), led under the city walls."
. Here I would venture to ask how the Masonic part of
thts account has been elaborated? P. G. M. Smith also states
that in the old Cathedral of St: Werburg, once a Benedictine
152 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATr

Ali ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY THE III-ROBERTS FAMILY.

Roberts, Harleian 19i2, and Rawlinson MSS.
"OLD CHARGES" of the BRITISH llriASOliS.
[ COMII!UNICATED ]. IV.-SPENCER FAMILY.
BROTHER GouLD's classification of the " Old Spencer, Dodd, Cole, and Inigo Jones MSS.
Charges " in his " History of Freemasonry " was
excellent for his especial purpose, but is unsuitable I have used the term manuscript above through-
for mine and if I now seek to substantiate my own out, although some versions, such as Cole's, Roberts',
and Dodd's, are only known in printed form.*
arran"'e~ent, I trust brethren will bear with me My present object is to discuss the Spencer and
whilst I develop views which must partake of the
Roberts groups, and I will begin with the
nature of hieroglyphics for those who are not familiar
both with the "Charges" themselves and with SPENCER FAMILY.
Bro. Gould's classification. I shall retain through- When I was in London last summer, I found in
out, in order to avoid confusion, our Brother's now the British Museum an old English translation of
universally accepted nomenclature, .e':en where., as tho works or Josephus, -wherein I disoovered ver-
in the case of the Wren MS., I drshke the trtle. batim the two letters, which .are a peculiarity of
His arrangement is good for historical ends, to the Inigo Jones MS. and its family-namely, the
obtain an insight into what may be termed the letter of Solomon to Hiram, and Hiram's answer to
"extrinsic value" of the several documents and to Solomon. The Inigo Jones MS. itself purports to be
fi~ their individual positions relative to the history
of the year 1607, but that cannot be, for many
of the Craft; but it will not serve my purpose ~f reasons, as will presently appear. I therefore
philological criticism, seeking thereby to approxr- studied the said MS. line by line, and compared it
mate to the original verbiage of the primary version. with all the others, especially the Spencer MS. of
This can only be done by an accurate and laborious 1726 which it most resembles. The result of this
collation of the texts line by line, whereby we may mindte Pxamination is, that I consider the Inigo
estimate the greater or lesser degree of relationship Jones MS. to be a compilation of about 1725, a pious
existin"' between individual copies. The estimates fraud.
by exp~rts as to their age and the custody in which The Cole version of 1728, has been taken from
they are found, then become of secondary import- a MS. similar to the Spencer, both probably making
ance as our conclusions must be based only on variations of their own. The title is tbe same. In
inte~nal evidence of agreement or difference. We the prayer, Cole reads "three persons in one God,"
thus arrive .at the comparative "intrinsic value" of instead of " three persons and one God." .Afterwards
those several documents and the trustworthiness of we meet with the following differences:-
their several readings.
To some extent I must repeat arguments already SPENCER MS., 1726. CoLE Version. 1728.
adduced in the " Freemason," and shall refer to The fourth is Arithmetick, The fourth is ~ithmetick,
which teacbeth a Man for to which teacheth a Man t<>
criticisms in the same periodical of my previous reckon or count all Manner reckon or account all man-
efforts as my immediate object is to discuss the last of Numbers. ner of Numbers, &c.
two of the four classes into which I divide the The fifth is Geometry. and The fifth is Geometry,
versions at present known to me, reserving the first that teacbeth a Man the Mett which tea.cbeth tbe Mensura·
two for some future occasion. My classification is or Measure of the Earth, and tion of lines, Superficies,
of all other Things, the which Solids, &c., which Science is
as follows :- Science is called Masonry. the Basis of Masonry.
The sixth Science is called The sixth Science is called
I.-GRAND LODGE FAMILY. Musick. and that teacheth a Musick, which teacheth ye
Man th~ Craft of Song, Voice, Proportions Harmony and
a. GRAND LoDGE BRANCH.-Grand Lodge, Wilson (1 & 2), Tongne, and which gives a Di'iicords of Sounds, &c.,
Kilwinning, and Cama MSS. man Skill of Singing, teach- which qualifies a man in the
b. DoWLAND BRANCH-Dowland, York No.6, Clerke, Phillipps ing him the Art of Composi- Art of singing, Compoaeing
No.3, and Papworth MSS. tion, and playing upon di- Tunes, and playing upon di-
verse Instruments, as the vers Instruments, as the Or-
c. YoRK B&ANCR.-Yor"k,Nos. 1, 2, & 5 MSS. Organ and Harp methodically gan, Harp, &c.
d. LANDSDOWNE BRANCH.-Lansdowne, Antiquity, and Pro- And the seventh Science is Lastly, the seventh Science
bity MSS. called Astronomy, and that is oalled Astronomy, which
e. CoLNE BRAKCH.-Colne Nos. I & 2, and Stanley MSS. teacbeth a Man for to know teacheth the motions of the
the Course of the Sun, of the Luminaries, Planets, Fix'd
f. BUCHANAN BRANCH.-Buchanan and Atcheson Haven MSS. Moon, and of the Stars. Stars, &c., _and to measure
g. SUNDRY FoRMs.-Melrose, Wood, Aberdeen, Dauntesy, their Magnitudes, & Deter-
and Harris MSS. mine their Distances.
Note, I pray yon, that these Note that these seven Sci-
Beven 2.re contained under ences, are contained under
!I.-SLOANE FAMILY. Geometry, for it teacheth Geometry; which teacheth
Mett and Measure, Ponder&· the Mensuration,Ponderation,
a. SLoANE BRANCR.-Sloane 3848, Sloane 3323, Harleian tion and Weight, for every or weight of everything in and
2054, Tunnah, and Briscoe MSS. Thing in, and upon the whole upon the whole Earth. For
Earth, for you to know. That 'tis well known That every
b. lloPE BaANCR.-Hope, and York No.4 MSS.
c. ALNWICK BRANCR.-..Alnwick and Wren MSS. • Tbe lately discovered Cama MS. has Qll)y reached me, in tl'&'!"cript,
Crane MS. (fragment.) whilst these sheets were going throu~h the press; too late to modify the
text, but permitting me to strengthen Jl!Y ~en!'", f'?rmulated in
d. SUNDRY FORMS.-Lechmere and Scarborough MSS. Ignorance of its existence, by a re!erence to 1ta peenliantielm footnote&
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CoRONA.TI. 153

every Craftsman works by Craftsman works by measure Masons" (p. 46) ; " a Free and Accepted Mason "
Measure, Husbandmen, Na- ae also the Husband man, N av- (p. 48) ; and " Free and Accepted Masons" (pp. 63,
vigators, Planters, and all of igator, Planter, &c., for with-
them use Geometry ; for out Geometry, those arts can 73, 85). The term "to accept a Free-Mason" was
neither Grammer, Logick, no more subsist than Logick known before that time, and thence was easily
nor any other of the said can without Grammer. derived the expression " an Accepted Free-Mason"
Sciences, can subsist without or "an Accepted Mason" (vide Anderson, pp. 41,
Geometry : Ergo, most wor· 46), and so at last " a Free and Accepted Mason."
thy and honourable.
You ask me how this The first Rise of this Science
The text of the Inigo Jones MS. differs in many
Science was invented? My was beforethegeneral Deludge points and passages from the Spencer MS., it is true,
Answer is this, That before which is commonly called but in the main these two are identical; especially
the Generall Deluge, which is Noah's Flood, there was a man so as respects the two interpolated letters. These
commonly called Noah's called Lamech, as mentioned letters, as I have already stated, are taken verbatim
Flood, there was a Man called in the 4th Chap. of Genesis,
Lamech, as you may read in etc., etc.
from the following book: ··The Famous and Memo-
the 4th Chapter of Genesis, rable \Vorks of Josephus, a Man of much Honour
etc., etc. and Learning among the Jews. Faithfully transla-
One of the Pillars was Mar- One of the Pillars was ted out of the Latine and French, by Tho. Lodge,
ble, for that will not burn Marble which will not burn Doctor in Physick, London, 1670," or from the
with any Fire, and the other with any Fire,andye other Pil·
Stone was called Laternes, lar or Stone was called Later· previous edition of 1655. There is a later edition
for that will not drown in nes which will not drown in of Josephus of the year 167G, and several earlier
any Water. anv Water. ones, the first being 1602, but the compiler of the
The great Hermes sir- The Great Hermes, sur- Spencer and Inigo Jones MSS. made use of one of
named Trismagistus (or three named Tresmagistus, or three the editions between 1655 and 1670, as we may
times Great) being both King, times Great, being both
Priest, and Philosopher, in Priest&Philosopher, in Egypt gather from certain words in the second letter. I
Egypt he found, etc. etc .. found etc., etc. subjoin the texts of the translation of Josephus and
And at the Building of And at the building of of the Spencer MS. for comparison.
Babylon, Masonry was much Babilon Anno Mundi, 1810,
made of, and the King of Masonry was in very great JOSEPHUS 1670 (page 194.) SPENCER :MS. 1726.
Babylon, the mighty I'i'irnrod, Esteem, Insomuch that the Solomon to Hiram the Solomon to Hiram the King.
was a Mason himself, etc.,etc. mighty Nimrod, King of King: Know thou that my Know thou,that my Father
Baby Ion, was a Mason himself, father having a will to build having a will to build a Tem-
etc., etc. a Temple unto God, hath ple to God hath been with-
Both versions have the name of " Hermes " been withdrawn from the drawn from the Performance
performance thereof, by the thereof, by the continual
instead of "Euclid " three times in that uart of the continual! Wars and troubles Wars and Troubles he hath
History which describes the development ~f Masonry he hath had; for he never had, for he never took Hest
in Egypt : but in the last sentence after the so-called took rest before he either had before he either defeated his
Euclid Charges, the Cole version introduces deft'ated his enemies, or made Enemies, or made them
"Euclid," whilst the Spencer MS. has '· Hermes " them tributaries nnto him. Tributaries unto him. For
For mine own part, I thank mine own Part I thank God for
as before; and we find " Hermes " in the Spencer God for the peace which I the Peace which I possess,
MS. in one of the following paragraphs : " a·nd he possess, and for that by the and for that bv the means
gave t.bem the Charges in manner as they were means thereof, I have oppor- thereof, I have· Opportunity
given in Egypt by Hermes," where the Cole version tunitie (according to mine own (accordingtomineownDesire)
omits the words " by Hermes." The other altera- desire) to build a temple nnto to build a Temple unto God.
God : for he it is that fore- For he it is that foretold my
tions are of little importance and Acarcely worth told my father that his house Father, that his Honse should
mentioning, save that they show the Spencer version should be builded during my be builded during my Reign.
to be a clossr transcript of the original than is the reign. For which cause I For which Canso I pray you
Cole version. pray you send some one of send me onP of ~our skill-
Now as regards the Inigo Jones MS. it is your skilfullest men with my fullest Men with my Ser~ants
servants to the wood Libanus, to tho ·wood Libanus, to how
strangely suspicious that the superscription should to hew down trees in that down Trees in that Place, for
almost a.gree with the title page of the Spencer place: for the Macedonians the :Macedonians are more
MS. and the Cole edition. The latter is "A are more skilfull in hewing skilfull in hewing and pre-
Book of the Ancient Constitutions of the Free and preparing timber then paring Timber, than our
and Accepted Masons,'' and the former is "The our people are, and I will People are, and I will pay
pay the cleavers of wood ac- the Cleavers of Wood accor-
Antient Constitution of the Free and Accepted cording to your direction. ding to your Direction.
Masons, 1607." The term " Free and Accepted The King Hiram unto King Hiram to King Solomon.
:Masons" was not yet known at so early a period, Solomon : Thou bast cause to Thou hast Cause to thank
but was invented during the first lustrum of the thank God, in that he hath God, in that he has delivered
newly erected Grand Lodge of London, probably delivered thy father's king- thy Father's Kingdom into
nome into thy hands, to thee thy Hands. To thee, I say,
not before 1722. The first example I know of at I say, who art* a man wise who art a Man, wise, and full
present, is the title of Roberts' edition of the Old and full of vertne. For which of Virtue. For which canso
Charges : " The Old Constitutions belonging to the cause since no news can con1e since no Ne\Ys can con1e unto
Ancient and Honourable Society of Free and Accepted unto me more gracious, nor me n1ore gracious) nor Office
Masons." Samber, in his" Long Livers" (1721 to office of love. more esteemed of Love more esteemed than
then this, I .will accomplish this, I will accomplish all
1722), speaks of the "most Antient and most
Honourable Fraternity of the Freemasons," in the * The edition of 1676 and a later one of 1699 read: "who was a wise
and virtuous Prince," meaning King Da.dd, Solomon's father. We may see
title as well as in the "Dedication." Anderson, in from this difference that the compiler made use of either the 1670 or the
1723, has " Accepted Free Masons " (p. 1); " an 1655 edition; moreover the later editions, as also the earlier ones, have the
correct "Sidonians" instead of the incorrect u Macedonians " as in the
Accepted Freemason" (p. 47); "the Accepted !otters above.
154 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI.

all that thou requestest: for that thou reqnestest ; for The two paragraphs now following, with slight
after I have caused a great after I have caused a great alterations, were taken from the original version, bnt
quautitie of Cedar and Cyprus quantity of Cedar and Cyprus
wood to be cut down, I will Wood to be cut down, I will then we find eight paragraphs inserted from different
send it thee by Sea by my send it to thee by Sea, by my sources. I have not yet found the original of the
servants, whom I will com- Servants, whom I will com- first three, which are :
mand (and furnish with con- mand (and furnish with con- "Anno Mundi 3431, at the Destruction of the
venient vessels of burthen) to venient Vessels of Burthen) first Temple by N ebuchadnezzar, after it had stood
the end they may deliver the to the End they may deliver
same, in what place of thy the same in what Place of thy four hundred and thirty years.
Kingdome it shall best please Kingdom it shall best please " The second Temple began in the Reign of
thee, that afterwards thy thee, that afterwards thy Cyrus, seventy Years after the Destruction ; it being
subjects may transport them Subjects may transport them hindered, it was forty six Years in Building, and was
to Jerusalem. Yon shall pro- to Jerusalem. You shall pro- finished in the Reign of Darius, Anno Mundi 3522.
vide to furnish us with Corn, vide to furnish us with Corn,
whereof we stand in need, whereof we stand in Need, "In the Reign of Ptolomy and Cleopatra, Anno
because weinhabitean Island. because we inhabit an Island. Mundi 3813, Onias built a Jewish Temple in Egypt,
in the Place called Bubastiss, and called it after his
Besides these letters there are other passages own Name.''
which in the Spencer version have also been taken The fourth paragraph has been compiled from
from this translation of Josephus. We read in the Josephus:-
Spencer version: "After the decease of King D:wid,
1 Kings, 7 chapter, 13 verse, Solomon sent to JOSEPHl:'S (page 405). SPENCER MS.
The Tower of Straton other- The Tower of Straton (alias
Hiram King of Tyre for one who was a cunning wise called Crnserea, builded Crnsaria, Anno Mundi 3842),
Workman (called HiramAbif), the son of a Woman by Herod: (page 407) upon built by Herod in Palestine,
of the Line of Naphtali, and of Urias the Israelite, his return he builded a goodly and many othercurions Works
&c." And the translation of Josephus reads: '•After Temple of white marble in of Marble, as the Temple of
this, Solomon sent unto Hiram King of Tyrc for one honour of his name, in the Coosar Agrippa, to his Memory,
country which belonged to in the country called Zenodor·
who was a cunning workman called U ram, the son Zenodorus near to a place as, near to a Place called
of a woman of the line of N aphtali, and of Urias the which is called Panion. Panion.
Israelite." The identity is evident, save that the
compiler changed the name, putting Hiram Abif In the fifth paragraph we find also a passage
instead of Uram, whence we may conclude that he that agrees with Josephus:-
desired to introduce this Hiram Abif into the old
JosEPHl:S (page 408). SPENCER MS.
history of the Craft, because of the newly invented After he had pulled down Anno Mundi 3946, he also
lecrend of the Third Degree. After the letters, the the old . pulled down the second Tem·
co"mpiler resumes the running of the original version; he ple, thai was fini£hed in the
omitting here the words " After the decease of King appointed a thousand chariots Reign of Darius, and appoint•
David," he writes: "Solomon, King David's Son, to to draw stones unto the place ed one thousand Carriages to
finish the Temple that his Father had begun, sent and chose out amongst the draw Stone to the Place, and
rest ten thousand cunning and chosQ out ten thousand cnn·
for Masons into diverse Countries, and gathered expert workmen. ning and expert Workmen.
them tocrether. etc., etc."-whilst we read in the
Grand L~dge ;ersion: "After the Decease of King I have been unable to discover the sources of
David, Solomon, that "as Kinge David's Sonne, the three paragraphs following, about Aurwriagus,
performed out the Temple that his Father had Claudius, the Monastery near Glassenbury, and the
begun; and he sent for Masons into divers Countries Trajan Column; perhaps some of our learned English
and Lands and gathered them together," etc., ete. brethren will be able to trace them.
The slight alterations were necessitated by the The paragraph on the introduction of Masonry
previous interpolation. into France and Charles Martell has been omitted,
The compiler could not keep the next following though it is to be found in all genuine versions of the
passage of the original text, as he had already men- Old Charges. The paragraph then following begins:
tioned King Hiram ; therefore, he fabricated a new "Anno Christi 300. In St. Alban's Time, the King
paragraph of his own, writing thus: "And Hiram, of England, that was a Pagan, did wall the Town
King of Tyre, sent his Servants unto Solomon, for about, and that was called Verulam. And St. Alban
he "·as ever a Lover of King David; and he sent was a worthy Knight," and goes on as usual.
Solomon Timber. and \Vorkmen to help forward the I was struck by the name of "Verulam," but I
Building of the Temple. And he sent one that was found it also in Drake's speech delivered at York in
named Hiram Abif (1 Kings. 7, 14), a ~Widow's Son 1726, where we read: "And tho' Old Verulam,
of the Tribe of N aphtali." Here Hiram Abif is in- since call'd St. Albans, may justly claim Precedency,"
troduced a second time, according to the text of the etc. (Cole's edition of 1734, page 19). Now, Bro.
Bible.* Drake tells us of an old Record preserved in the
Lodge of York, from which he took some other
*As already mentioned the Cama ~IS.-a member of the Grand Lodge particulars not found in any of the MSS. extant.
Branch of the Grand Lod~e Family, differing- from its sisters almost solely
in introducin~ the pa.ssa~e just quoted from the Spencer ~IS., instead of As we know that one of the ancient York MSS. of
the usual para:;:-raph about Hiram and his son A.)"IJOn-has come to hand the Old Charges (No. 3) is missing, Bro. Drake is
since this essay was in type. In this particular passa~e the Hp<'nccr and
Cama ~ISS. 3l!ree alnwst verbatim, sa,·e that C:1ma omits the w0nl '' Ahif." very likely to have obtained his information from
There can no Jon!!t'r remain any doubt that the compiler of the ·Spencer
version made use of a ~IS. almost identical ·with the Cama, although not this MS., now unfortunately lost. .A.t first I thought
that )IS. itself, becau;:;e there <Jre some few discrepancies of g-rc:1t import- the compiler of the Spencer version might have seen
an<'e. But a great m·my of the t-extual peculiarities of the Spencer version
ha,-e now found their prototypts in the Ca.ma )IS. Bro. Drake's speech, but as it was not delivered
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI. 155

before the 27th of December, 1726, and the Spencer especially the Wilson and Edinburgh-Kilwinning
MS. is also dated 1726, he cannot possibly have MSS.,~ which rliffer in some points from the Grand
utilized the speech. I am therefore inclined to be- Lodge MS. I shall omit all such conformities as are
lieve that he had before him a copy of the Old not absolutely striking.
Charges, wherein he found the passage: " Did wall " The second is Rhetorick, and that teacheth a
the towne about that was called V erulam, and is now Man to speak fair in soft Terms;'-, the same as in
called St. Albans;" for this must have been the the Wilson and Edinburgh-Kilwinning MSS.t
original reading, as I shall show in another place. "And they had no competent Livelyhood to
Or the compiler's copy contained only the words- find their children;" the same as in the Grand Lodge,
" Did wall the town about that was called Verulam," Wilson, and Edinburgh-Kilwinning MSS., besides
omitting the latter half of the sentence. The copy which it is only found in the Aberdeen MS.,
was of the Grand Lodge Branch, but none of th~ which belongs to the same family, but not to the
three we know (Grand Lodge MS., Wilson MS., and same branch, and in the Harris MS. of the Bedford
Edinburgh-Kilwinning MS.)• There are some Lodge.
peculiarities of the Grand Lodge Branch that occur "And then did they proclaim "-Wilson and
in tl;w Spencer version also, but not in any other. Edinburgh-Kilwinning MSS.~ the word "proclaime"
Almost in the beginning, in the address to the being omitted in the Grand Lodge MS.
brethren, we find the sentence-" And also to those "Under Condition that ye will grant them, and
that be here, we will charge by the charges that that I may have Power to rule them;" the original
belong to every Free-Mason," being verbatim the reading is : "Under a condition that ye will grant
same in the three copies just mentioned. The me and them a commission, that I may have power
sentence next following has been somewhat altered: to rule them;" but the Grand Lodge Branch§ omits
"for in good Faith, Free-Masonry is worthy to be the ~ords ''a commission," and so does the Spencer
kept well ; it is a worthy Craft and a curious verswn.
Science," instead of: " For in good faithe, and they " And then this worthy Clerk Hermes took to
take good heed to it, it is worthy to be well kepte, him these Lords' Sons ;" " Clerke" also in the Wilson
for it is a worthy Crafte and a curious Science." a.ndEdinburgh-Kilwinning MSS.,II the Grand Lodge
(Grand Lodge and Wilson MSS.) In this passage MS. omitting the word. Instead of " Hermes " the
the Inigo Jones MS. has better preserved the original Inigo Jones MS. has "Euclide ;" also in the other
text; " For in good FiJ.ith, if they take Good heed to passages where Euclid is named, whilst the Spencer
it, it's worthy to be well kept. For Masonry is a MS. has altered the name, putting "Hermes " for
Worthy Craft and a Curious Science." But imme- "Euclid." This is another proof that the Inigo
diately after this the Inipo Jones MS. has only: Jones MS. is not a transcript of the Spencer MS.,
"And One of the Liber11.~ Sciences," whilst the but of a similar original.
Spencer MS. affords the original text : " For there "And that they should truely deserve their Pay
be seven Liberal Science&, of which seven it is one of the Lord, or the Master of the Work that they
of them," verbatim as in the Grand Lodge Branch. serve;" the words "of the worke" being only in tho
These differences in varying lead us to conclude Wilson and Edinburgh-Kilwinning MSS.,
that there was another MS. of the Spencer Family, "And he ord'tined for them a reasonable Pay,
probably the original, which agreed more than those whereby they might live, honestly;" the same as the
before us with the Grand Lodge Branch, and that Wilson and Edinburgh-Kilwinning MSS. (and the
both of the transcripts taken from that original made Cama.)
alterations of their own. So at the end of the prayer "And that worthy Clerke Hermes (Euclede
the Inigo Jones MS. has the original readtng : " that Inigo Jones MS.) gave it the name of Geometry;"
never shall have ending," whilst the "Spencer MS. " Clerke Euclide " also in the Grand Lodge Branch ;
and Cole have: "that never shall have an End." all other copies having " Master Euclide ;" only the
On the whole, the Spencer MS. has better pre- Aberdeen MS. agrees also here with the Grand
served the traditional version, though in some cases Lodge Branch.
the Inigo Jones MS. has kept to the old words, " So that he had Fourscore thousand Workmen,
where the Spencer MS. has made slight alterations. that were Workers of Stone;" the words "workemen
Wherefore I believe it more correct to call this group that were " are only in the Grand Lodge Branch,
of copies the "Spencer Family." The Inigo Jones the word "workemen" also in the Aberdeen MS.,
MS. has added numbers where ever there was an and in the Wood M~. we read " workemen of stones."
opportunity of numbering-t; in the list'of the seven " He gave them two Shillings a Week, and three
liberal sciences as well as in the different charges, Pence to their Chear ;" all copies but the Wilson and
excepting those of Euclid; besides, the text of the Edinburgh-Kilwinning MSS.* *have "two shillings
charges has been very often altered, whilst the six pence," and "cheer" is only to be met with in
Spencer MS. agrees almost verbatim with the Grand the same MSS. and the Grand Lodge MS.
Lodge Branch. "To hold every year an Assembly where they
I will now proceed to enumerate some of the would within the Realm once a year;" this com bin a-
peculiarities that are to be found in the Spencer
:+ The Spencer MS. agrees most strikingly with the Cam a., a member of
version, as well as in the Grand Lodge Branch, this branch, but discovered since these lines were written.
• He must have used a copy almost identical with the Cama MS~, t The word "soft" used by this branch instead of the more general
which therefore proves to be a. find of great importance, as it helps to "subtle," is also found in the Cam a MS.
demonstrate the low value of the Spencer version. t And Cama. § Including the Cama.
t Numbers are also ahsent from the Cama. MS. They are doubtless U Clarke Euclide with the Ca.ma.. ~ And in the Cl\wa.
the personal addition ol the writer of the Inigo Jones MS.
' • And the Cama.
156 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI

tion of "every year" and " once a year " is only in other instances occur of the Inigo Jones MS. agreeing
the Grand Lodge MS., whilst "every year" is not in better with the original version than the Spencer
the Wilson and Edinburgh-Kilwinning MSS., and MS. I will add one more. In the paragraph after
also not in the Inigo Jones MS.* the seven liberal sciences the Inigo Jones MS. has a
"That all old Masons and young, that had any sentence which comes from the original version:
Writing or Understanding of the Charges and "He yt. buys or sells is by ~w-eight or Measure;" in
Manners that were made before in this Land, or any the Spencer MS. these words are omitted.
other, that they should bring and shew them. And Now I come to another strange peculiarity of
when it was proved and they were the Spencer Family. All genuine copies of the Old
all to one Intent and Purpose." "Bring and shewe," Charges call Edwin the Son of King Athelston,
as well as" they were all to one Intente" are only in or Athelstane; the Spencer group has: "Edwin,
the Grand Lodge Branch, the words " and Purpose" Brother to King Athelstane (sic Inigo Jones MS.
seeming to be an addition of the compiler.t and Cole edition; Spencer MS. has Athelston), loved
"Furthermore, at diverse Assemblies, cert.ain Masons much more than his Brother did, and was a
Charges have been made and ordained, by the best great Practizer (sic Inigo Jones MS., in agreement
Advice of Masters and Fellows;" in this manner with the Grand Lodge Brauch; Spencer MS. and
only in the Grand Lodge Branch. Cole edition having "Practitioner") of Geometry,
" The first Charge is, That ye shall be true Men &c.," and a,fterwards once more "Brother" instead
to God and the Holy Church, and that ye use no of " Father." There is but one possibility, I think,
Error or Heresy by your Understanding or Dit;cre- of explaining this fact. The learned Dr. Plot, in
tion, but be ye wise discreet Men, or Wisemen in his " Natural History of Staffordshire," gives
each Thinge ;" in this manner only on the Grand this passage from " a large parchment volume,"
Lodge Branch, the reading of the other copies being adding some remarks on the pretended history of the
quite different; the Inigo Jones MS. has totally Craft, and asserting that King Athelstane was never
altered these charges. married, and had only a Brother Edwin. The com-
piler of the Spencer original version, who must have
"And all other Councills that ought to be kept been somewhat of a learned man, had seen, no doubt,
by ~way of Brotherhood;" the word "Brotherhood" Dr. Plot's censure, and felt bound to correct this
is only in the Wilson and Edinburgh-Kilwinning error in Masonic tradition. If that be the case-and
MS., the other copies, also the Grand Lodge MS. it is so no doubt-the pretended antiquity of the Inigo
itself, having "Masonhood" or "Masonrie."t Jones MS. proves to be the more fraudulent, for the
"Also that no Mason take any Prentice, unless book of Dr. Plot was printed in 1686, and the MS.
he have sufficient occupation to set him on, or to set could not have been compiled before that year.
three of his Fellows, or two of them at the least
on Work;" in this manner only in the Grand Lodge But that is not yet all. There is a last striking
Branch. resemblance of the Spencer Family with a print of
1722. In that year was published the first printed
I trust these instances will suffice to prove that copy of the Old Charges, entitled, "The Old Consti-
the Spencer version is an offshoot or sucker from the tutions Belonging to the Ancient and Honourable
Grand Lodge Root, though degenerated by many Society of Free and Accepted Masons. London:
arbitrary alterations, and with many strange scions Printed and Sold by J. Roberts, in Warwick-Lane,
iucrrafted in the old stock. And in particular it agrees MDCCXXII." The book was reprinted in "The
m~st with the Wilson and Edinburgh-Kilwinning Old Constitutions" edited by the Rev. John Edmund
MSS., as shown by several of the examples given Coxe, in 1871, and anyone may easily compare
above.§ The conclusions are identical, namely: "so a few passages of the reprint with the corresponding
help you God and your Hallidom," whilst the Grand passages in the Spencer version:
Lodge MS. itself adds to this : '·and by this book in
your hands unto your power." Further evidence of ROBERTS' PRINT. SPENCER VERSION.
this kind could be added to a ln,rge extent, but this It happen'd presently after It happened presently after
will do. ~he Martyrdom of St. Alban, the Martyrdom of St. Alban,
who is truly term'd England's who is truly termed England's
From the differences between the Spencer and Proto-Martyr, that a certain Proto-Martyr, that a certain
the Inigo Jones :MSS. already given, it is certain King invaded the Land, and King invaded the Land, and
that the former cannot be a transcript of the latter. destroy'd most of the Natives destroyed most of the Natives
And in like manner other pn,rticulars forbitl our by Fire and Sword, that the by Fire and Sword ; that the
Science of Masonry was much Science of Masonry was much
ranking the Inigo Jones MS. as a transcript of decay'd, until the Reign of decayed, untill the Reign of
the Spencer illS., because the former in certain King Athclston, etc. Ethelbert, King of Kent, etc.
points n,grees with the Grand Lodge Branch, where
the Spencer l\IS. has made alterations. vVe have Now there are it is true, two other copies of
seen that the Spencer .MS. replaces the name of
the Old Charges which resemble the Roberts' v~rsion
"Euclid" by that of '·Hermes," where the Inigo
-the Harleian MS., No. 1942, and the Rawlmson
Jones l\IS. retains the original name. Besides, hvo MS. ; but they fli:ffer in this passage from the
~ The Cama reads, '"To hold one Asemhlie . . . once a year.
Roberts' print, especin,llythe Rawlinson MS., where-
t Since writing this the Cama ~IS. has turned up, which contains these
fore the compiler can only have taken this passage
words, "and purpose." from Roberts.
t But the Cama has'' Brotherhood."
§ But most of all with the Cama. From the same source is the following passage :
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI. 157

RoBERTS' PRINT. SPENCER VERS£0N (Inigo seems to have been the chief purpose of the compiler,
Note, I pray yon, that these Jones MS.) in order to maintain the antiquity of the Hiramic
Seven are contain'd under Note, I pray you, that these
Geometry, for it teacheth Seven are contain'd under legend, (the Third Degree having been introduced in
Mett and Measure, Pondera- Geometry, for it teacheth 1724,) we may say that this original was fabricated
tion and Weight for every Mett and Measure, Pondera- about 1725. It would be useless to look for the
Thing in and upon the whole tion and Weight, for Every compiler-certainly it was not Anderson, as we
earth for you to know ; that thing in and upon the whole may easily prove by a comparison with his Constitu-
every Craftsman works by Earth for you to know ; That
Measure ; He or She that every Craftsman's work by tions of 1723; but Anderson made use of the new
buys or sells is by Weight or Meas are. He yt. buys or sells version in his second edition of 1738, when he con-
Measure; Hushandmen,Navi- is by weight or Measure. verted Edwin into King Athclstan's Brother, whereas
gators, Pianters, and and all Husbandmen, Navigators, in the first edition he called him "the King's
of them, use Geometry; for Planters, and all of them use youngest Son."
neither Grammar, Rhetorick, Geometry ; for neither
Logick, nor any other of the Grammar, Logick, nor any If we now compare the Dodd MS. (or print)
said Sciences can subsist other of the said Sciences, with the other three of this family, we shall find
without Geometry, ergo, can Subsist without Geome- that it agrees closely with the Spencer, and yet
most worthy and honourable. try; ergo, most Worthy and neither can be copied from the other, but are both
Honourable.
probably taken from a now lost version which was
Here also the Harleian and Rawlinson MSS. itself descended from the original of this family. In
differ from the Roberts print, the Spencer group many cases where Dodd differs from Spencer it agrees
agr_ee~ng in full with the latter, excepting two slight with one of the others, thus pointing to a peculiarity
OmiSSIOnS. of the Father of the Family which has disappeared
Moreover the next following paragraph is almost in some of his offspring. A table will best show this.
verbatim the same as with Roberts, and here also DODD & COLE. SPENCER. INIGO JoNES.
the Inigo Jones MS. agrees more exactly with Three Persons in and one God and one God
Roberts than the Spencer MS., which is a new one God
proof that the Inigo Jones MS. iR not a transcript By Zillah he begot had one Son had
of the Spencer MS., but of another original. one Son
The two paragraphs then following resemble in Anno ]\fundi 2474, Samuel, 4, 6 Samuel, 5, 6
u. Samuel, 5, 6
some of their expressions the corresponding passages I pray yon send send me one send me some one
in the Melrose MS., as a comparison will show. some one
Anno Mundi, 3942 3842 3942
MELROSE MS. SPENCER GROUP. true to one another true one to each to one another
. - And his brother's His Brother Jubal found other
name was Juball, he was the the Art*of M nsick,he was the Thief or Thief's Thief [only] Thief [only J
father of such as handle ye Father of all such as handle Fellow
Harpe and Organe . . . . the Harp and Organ. Also that you pay Also ye shall pay that you pay
. . . . Tubal! Cain and Tubal-Cain was the In- Do no villiany do no t•illany [omitted]
Instructor of every artificer strncter of every Artificer in belong to every true free mason free mason
in Brasse and Iron, and ye Brass and Iron, and the mason
sister of Tubal! Cain was Daughterfound the Craft (Art,
Naamah • . Inigo Jouesl\IS.) of Weaving. On the other hand, Spencer and Cole often agree
to differ from Dodd.
There being no possibility of presuming the SPENCER & CoLE. Donn. INIGO JONES.
compiler to have seen the Melrose MS., and the last divided flocks of Flocks and sheep flocks of sheep
sentence ("and the Daughter found the Craft of sheep
Weaving") agreeing with the Grand Lodge Branch, the other wonders Works of Nature Wonders of Nature
of Nature
from which the rest of the passages differs, I am in- Libanas~Cyprus Lebanon-Cypress Libanus~Cyprus
clined to believe that he had before him a copy of' He was a Master of He was a Master of He was a Master of
this Branch, wherein he also found the passages Geometry and was all his Masons Geometry and
cited, which seem to have formed part of the very Master of all his was of all his
original version of the Old Charges :t for the Masons masons
Every man that is that is a Master that is a .ilfason
Melrose MS. is a transcript of a very Old MS. a Mason
Qf about 1580 ; and, moreover, we find similar True each unto True unto each true to one another
passages in the Harris MS. of the Bedford Lodge, other other
which supports the probability of my presumption. he take him for no he be taken for no take any Apprentice
The source of the next paragraph on Hermes less term less but for the full
term
and his performances in Egypt has so far escaped
my research. Then we have the agreements between Spencer
In any case there can remain no doubt, that the and Dodd.
·Original of the Spencer Family was compiled after SPENCER & DODD CoLE INIGO JONES
1722, the year when the Roberts print was published. Babylon Babilon Babilon
Moreover, as the arbitrary insertion of Hiram Abif Nineveh Ninivie Nineve
Hermes Hermes Enclide
* Cama. MS. has "Craft;" otherwise the two passages agree verbatim. N ebucbadnezzar N ebuchadnezer N ebuchadnezar
t The discovery of the Cama MS. proves my supposition to be well Cyrus Syrus Syrus
founded, for this interesting copy contains the very passage required and Ptolomy Ptolome Ptolmie
yet belongs to the Grand Lodge Branch. It is also very curious that Bro. Aurwriagus Aururiagns Aurnriagus
Speth, in the "Freemason" of the 26th May, 1888, should, from internal
evidence of pbra.ae<?logy, assume an original for the Cama liS. written in Vernlam Verulum Verulum
.the Scottioh dialect. Athelston Athelstane Athelstane
158 TRANSACTIOXS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI

From these comparisons it is evident that genuine version, though disfigured in many words
neither version can be a copy of either of the others, and phrases, whilst the Inigo Jones MS. is a medley
but that there must have existed intermediate of a genuine version and foreign additions from non-
transcripts. I propose the following descent: operative sources, I do not hesitate for a moment to
Original. put my trust in the Roberts copy, and to call the
,-------------~·-------------, Inigo Jones an impudent compilation and fraud of
Transcript A. j Transcript B. about 1725, or at least after 1722.
I ,----~---_,
Bro. Hugban is right in saying that many are
Inigo Jones JIIS. Cole MS. Dodd MS. Spencer MS.
the arbitrary alterations. additions, and omissions, to
Cole may perhaps change places with Inigo be found in such Masonic :MSS., but he will not be
Jones; but Dodd and Spencer arc certainly derived able to adduce any sueh alterations and additions as
from the same transcript and have preserved the are to be found in the Inigo Jones version; incon-
original text better than either of the others, which sistent with all masonic tradition, and not known to
are both of them full of arbitrary alterations of any authentic version in "lodge custody," whilst they
their own. arc of the kind that were inserted in the History of
Masonry, from the time when Anderson published his
Bro. Hughan has kindly commented in the
first edition of the Constitutions in 1723. Especially
"Freemason" on my views regarding this Spencer
was the manner of dating the different events of
family, and it is but due to him that I should reply
masonic history unknown before Anderson. Where-
to his criticism. I agree with him that we shall
never be able to reconstruct the original text, but I fore, until somebody proves such dates to have
formed part of the Old Constitutions before 1723, I
think we may be able to regenerate two or three
shall claim this distinguishing feature as a character-
standard originals, representing as many families.
istic of masonic history after 172:3; i.e., of the third
And, to my view, the examination has already pro·
decade of the last century, when learned men and
dnced fruit in establishing the spurious character of
noblemen were endeavouring to embellish the history
the Spencer family, and showing that they were
of masonry with a captivating appearance of trust-
made at a comparatively recent date for a special
worthiness and antiquity. I beg to remind Bro.
purpose; that purpose being to strengthen the alleged Hughan of a phrase in the Dedication by Desagu-
antiquity of the newly-invented Hiramic Legend. liers, wherein he recommends Anderson's book,
Bro. Hughan thinks the term "Free and Accepted
namely: '·I need not tell your Grace
Mason" in the Inigo Jones MS. may be carried back
and how a.ccumtely he has compa-r' d and made
to 1670 or thereabouts. Now, except in this family,
everything ag1·eeable to History and Chronology."
we do not find the term mentioned before 1722. We
Certainly DesagulierR intended to lay stress upon
have , . Freemasons," "Accepted :Masons," and even
this as a special merit of Anderson. The dates of
"Accepted Free Masons," but not the combination
Anderson differ from those in the Inigo Jones
"Free and Aceepted Masons." But my chief reason version, therefore Anderson cannot have taken them,
for placing the Spencer Family after 1722 is the as somebody might pos~ibly presume, from this
astonishing fact that no less than three long passages version : they are an historical performance of his
in these MSS. agree verbatim with the Roberts
own. And the compiler of the Spencer version
Print of 1722, and are therefore presumably copied
(as I call it), or original of the whole group imitated
from it. Two I have. given, here is the third.
only the inserting of dates, but employed his own
RoBERTs' Pann. INIGO JONES, MS. chronology.
Yon ask me how this Sci· You ask me how this Sci. And is it not a remarkable coincidence to say
encc was invented; my an· ence was Invented, My An· the least, that the other three copies of this family
swer is this, that before the
General Deluge, which is
swer is this : That before the
Generall Deluge, which ie
are certainly dated after 1725 r The Spencer MS.
commonly called :Koab's commonly called Noah's is of 1726, the Cole print of 1729, and the Dodd
Flood, there was a :Man called Flood, there was a J\Ian called print of 1739. Besides which intentional deceit is
Lamecb, as you may read in Lamecb, as you may read in proved by the false date of 1607, in the Inigo Jones
the Fourth Chapter of Gene· yc IV Chapter of Genesis; MS. ; it being quite impossible that it should be of
sis, who had two Wives, the who bad two Wives, the one
one called Ada, the other called Ada, the other Zilla;
this year, because of the two letters which are, no
Zilla; by Ada he be gat two By Ada he begat two Sons, doubt, inserted from Lodge's translation of Josephus,
Sons, Jabal and J ubal; by Jabal and Jubal, by Zilla, he either of 1655 or of 1670. There were English
Zilla he bad one Son called had One Son called 'l'nball editions of Josephus before either of these, but that
Tubal, and a Daughter called and a daughter called N aa· is immaterial unless the exact verbiage occur; and
Naamah. These four Chi]. mab: These four Children
dren found the beginning of fonnd the beginning of all
we know that the edition of 1602 contains the word
all Crafts in the World : Jabal Crafts in the World : Tubal Sidonians instead of Macedonians, as in the Spencer
found out Geometry, and he found out Geometry, and be version, and in the editions of 1655 and 1670.
divided Flocks of Sheep, and Divided Flocks of Sheep,
Lands; he first built a Houae He first bnilt a house of Stone
Neither can it be maintained that if not of 1607
of Stone and Timber. and Timber. the Inigo Jones MS. is probably of 1670 (the date of
Josephus), because the spelling of the two versions
I think it impossible that such an agreement, in differs, that of the MS. being modernized. And
three paragraphs, could occur by chance. There though " paper, binding, and chirography" may
cannot be any doubt, that either the Inigo Jones point to the end of the 17th century, is it then so
verHion copied the Roberts print, or that the latter utterly impossible, given the intention of fraud, to
extracted from the former. Now, as the Roberts imitate these peculiarities thirty or forty years later?
print bears all the characteristics of a reliable and Dr. Plot, in 1686, first pointed out that Edwin
 TRANSACTioxs OF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 159

was Athelstane's brother and not his son. No some opinions of mine respecting Harleian MS. 1942,
genuine "Old Charge" has the correct relationship, which have, however, not appeared as yet in print.
but all four of the Spencer family have availed them- Bro. Gould maintains that the Roberts' print
selves of Plott's criticism. 'fhe author of this was taken from the Harleian MS., No. 1942, and he
family, no doubt, compiled from all available sources, is inclined to belieye the Harleian MS. was manu-
and we have traced some of his inspiration to factured at a rather late period. I am sorry I was
Josephus and Plott. unable to see the MS. when in Lonc!oon, my time
It may even be shown that the Inigo Jones is being short, so that I dare not judge of its age ; but
subsequent to 1723. Anderson does not appear to I wish to state that it presents no textual e\idence
have used any member of this family in 1720, but he that would constrain us to fix its date, say after 1720
did copy from Cole in 1738. He was the first to men- or thereabout, as is the case with the '' Spencer
tion Hiram Abiff (in a footnote) in 1723, and accord- Family." Moreover, it would hardly be possible to
ingly in the Inigo Jones document we find the imagine any inducement for the deliberate manufac-
"Uram" of Josephus converted into Hiram Abif. ture of the Roberts group, to which it belongs.
Neither Uram nor Hiram is mentioned in any one of The ''Apprentice Charge" is to be met with in
the older versions, only in these four.* se\-eral other MSS., and must be considered genuine.
To sum up, the following are my reasons for Only the "New Articles " are peculiar to the
considering Inigo Jones and· the whole Spencer Harleian MS., No. 1942, and to the Roberts print,
family a falsification of a bon t 17~5. the latter calling them "Additional Orders and
I.-The identity of the two letters precludes an Constitutions," and adding the 8th of December in
earlier date than 1655. 16G3 as the date when they are said to be "made
n.-The correction of Athelstane's relationship and agreed upon at a General Assembly held at--,"
to Edwin, derived from Plott, 1686. the name of the place being omitted.
In.-The term "free and accepted Mason," Now, is Bro. Gould of opinion that these " New
first met with in 1722. Articles" or'· Additional Orders and Constitutions"
IV.-Three long paragraphs agree almost ver- furnish a plausible reason for suspecting the genuine-
batim et literatim with Roberts, 1722. ness of these versions ? 'l'he tenor of the articles
v.-Dates were first used by .Anderson, 1723, themselves does not afford anything inconsistent
and his are not derived from this family because they with the customs and principles of the working
differ. masons, whilst it would be difficult to show the
vr.-The Inigo Jones MS., and in a lesser degree contents to have been caused by post 1717 Free-
the whole family, contains many interpolations masonry, as cultivated in the London Grand Lodge.
foreign to any other Masonic MS. or book before I cannot find any internal evidence to raise a the
1723, resembling in their tendency but differing in suspicion of this version, although in many parts the
detail from those of Anderson. reading differs very much from the ordinary versions.
VII.-The introduction of the name "Hiram This is a peculiarity, it is true, but by no means of a
Abif" unknown to Masonic tradition before Ander- nature to render us suspicious, for the history, as well
son, 1723. as the charges, on the whole, are found to be in full
If we consider these facts together they must aareement with the traditions of the working masons,
force us to date the version as late as about 1725 or ;bile the history in the " Spencer Family " is mixed
1724, when the third degree was introduced into the up with strange additions quite foreign to all genuine
Masonic ritual; the chief purpose for manufacturing versions of the 0 ld Charges.
it, apparently, being to obtain an authority for Hiram Bro. Gould says in his History of Freemasonry
Abif forming part of ancient Masonic tradition. My (vol. !, p. 75): "I have no hesitation in terming the
method of treating the evidence explains all the 'Roberts' version a reproduction, or a counterpart
strange additions and alterations which are peculiar of No. 11 [Harleian MS., No. 1942], not only from
to this family, as being caused by the new manner, the fact that there is not another MS. which so
instituted by Anderson, and authorized by the Grand resembles it, but also because the differences are so
Lodge in 1722 and 1723, of dealing with the old trivial in the text, and the additions so evidently of
traditions. Therefore I maintain my inference an editorial character, that the proofs of such an
that the Inigo Jones MS. is a product of the same origin are irrefragable."
period as its counterparts, the Spencer MS. of 1726, I cannot agree with Bro. Gould, for not only is
the Cole print of 1729, and the Dodd print of 1739, there another manuscript of the same version, but
and that all of them are copies of one and the same the variations in the two texts are in many passages
version, manufactured about 1725. And I cannot so important and of such a nature, that I believe it
but repeat that the Spencer and the Dodd versions, impossible to lead the Roberts print back to the
whicn agree almost throughout, are better transcripts Harleian MS. The third version of this family is
and more original than the Inigo Jones MS. and the the Rawlinson MS. Though only a late h·an-
Cole print, which latter are full of arbitrary altera- seript, of about 1730, from "an old MS. in ~he pos-
tions of their own. This will explain my choice of session of Dr. Rawlinson," it is well authonzed and
the title " Spencer" for this group. agrees, on the whole, with the Harleian MS. and the
ROBERTS FAMILY. R.oberts print, but it is more complete in some parts
Bro. Gould, in the course of a candid and kindly of the history the other two omitting some passages
criticism in the "Freemason" last year, referred to through negl~ct of the scribes. The "New Articles,"
it is true are not in the Rawlinson MS., but that
* And in_ the newly dis('over~d Cama ~IS., the prototype of the original
Spencer versiOn. But the compiler of th1s latter added the "Abif."
cannot b~ a sufficient reason to mistrust the other
160 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI.

two, for t.he "Apprentice Charge" also is missing, From the above it is evident that unless Roberts
forming part of a limited number of versions only. and Rawlinson are copies of each other, neither can
Therefore the Rawlinson MS., as to the contents, is be a copy of Harleian, for it is impossible to suppose
in full agreement with most of the MSS. extant, and (even admitting that the alterations are editorial
the other two, by adding the " New Articles " as well amendments of the Harleian) that two scribes should
as the ''Apprentice Charge," are neither more nor in so many cases have made precisely similar im-
less open to suspicion than those versions of other provements. AnJ in at least one case we find a.
families that added only the "Apprentice Charge." whole passage supplied in almost identical terms,
I will now examine the differences of text which could not have been copied from Harleian
between the Harleian MS. and the Roberts print, in because it does not exist there. Further, the 12th
order to show that the latter cannot have been taken rule of the Roberts print is omitted in the Harleian
from the former. The title of the print tells us that MS., whilst it is merged in the llth rule of the
it was " taken from a manuscript wrote above five Rawlinson MS., proving that the rule formed part
hundred years since," which cannot be the truth, but of the original of this family. Now Roberts cannot
we need not call the printer an impostor for dating possibly have taken the rule from the Harleian MS.,
his manuscript, if he had one, too far back through as it is missing there, and he did not make use of the
sheer ignorance. I doubt very much whether he Rawlinson MS. either in this case or others, because
had any intention of deceiving his readers, for in there are too many and too great differences between
the "Additional Orders and Constitutions " men- them ; therefore we are obliged to suppose a third
tioned above, he gives the year 166:~, which is copy of this family, which was printed by Roberts
plainly not five hundred years back, and we may and afterwards lost. This is also evident from the
therefore presume that he believed the foregoing following fact. The Harleian MS., omitting the
parts of the printed matter to be of the early date contents of the 12th rule of Roberts, puts the
which he ascribes to them on the title page. number "12thly" at the head of the 13th rule of
The manner of arranging the matter is different Roberts, and then goes on with" 14thly," now agree-
in the two versions, the Harleian MS. having the ing again with Roberts. No doubt the scribe had
"New Articles" before the "Apprentice Charge," written the correct '·12thly," but his eye erred from
but without any superscription to the latter, which is this rule over to the next, because all the rules begin
of some importance, as Roberts says: "This Charge with the same words, so he wrote the contents of the
belongeth to Apprentices." If the printer took the 13th rule after his "12thly," and then went on
matter from the Harleian MS. how could he know transcribing his original without becoming a:vare of
this, as the MS. has nothing of that kind i' And his error. This fact alone would be suffiCient to
what could have induced him to change the manner show that the Roberts print goes back to a separate
of arranging the contents ? I want some obvious copy of its family, agreeing, on the whole, with the
motive for his so doing. Harleian MS., but not identical with it.
Many of the textual variations, indeed, are so The 21st and 22nd rules of Roberts are com-
trivial, that they might be considered only of bined in the Harleian MS. under "2lstly" and in
an editorial character, although most of them are the Rawlinson MS. under 20, the latter fusing
such as occur when two scribes take different tran- also the llth and 12th rules of Roberts, thus pro-
scripts from the same original. ducing a difference in the total numbers. Roberts
The prayer in the beginning is almost the same, has 26 rules, the Harleian MS. 25, and the Rawlin-
save that the Roberts print offers "his Grace" and son MS. only 24.
" his Bliss " instead of " Grace" and "Blisse" as in The "Apprentice Charge" contains rules from
the Harleian MS. Moreover the latter employs number 1 to 10, but the 5th charge is omitted in the
obsolete spelling in several words, as "wisdome," Harleian MS., so that here number 6 comes imme-
"sonne," ·' soe," "governe," and '' blisse." If the diately after number 4 ; a ne~ evi~ence, that
printer or editor had any intention of deceiving his Roberts had a distinct copy of this verswn, for the
readers as to the age of his matter, would he have 5th charge must have been in the original, as it is
destroyed this flavour of antiquity by giving the genuine, an<l to be found in all other versions of the
modern mode of writing instoad of tho archaic one Apprentice Charge.
employed in his source ? Among the " Additional Orders " of the Roberts
A table will again present many additional print we find one that is not in the " N e;r Articles"
features of difference between the Harleian and the of the Harleian MS., the latter havmg only 6
Roberts version at a glance. articles (numbers 26-31, as a continuation of the
HARLEIAN. RoBERTS PRDIT & RAWLINSON MS. Charges), whilst the former has. 7 orders. T~e one
How it was found by worthy founded missin"" in the "N cw Articles" IS number VI. 1n the
kings, &c. Robert~ print, running thus : "That no Person shall
Abraham and Sarah went and Sarah, his wife, went &c.
into Egypt.
be accepted a Free-Mason unless he be One and
which was easily effected. immediately effected Twenty Years Old, or more_." Bro .. ~auld (His~ory
therefnre he began great works thereupon he began of Freemasonry, 1, p. 75)_, IS of _op1~10n that th_1s ~s
cherished and loved Masomv and loved Masons "manifestly a modern Innovatwn, because It IS
deliver them to the King or recite them "absent from all known }.1.SS.," but as we cannot
writ• them to him.
nnable to finish the said work to finish the same prove that the ancient masons had no such rule, we
to have you witness of the to bear you witnes8 are not in a position to affirm that they had not,_and
honest place it is quite possible that the Rober~s M_S: contame_d
(passcigs missing). According to yonr agreemtntt the rule becauss it formed part of his ongmal. It IS
[Roberts] made with the very noteworthy that num~er VI: of ~berts and num-
master. [Rawlinson has
bargain for agreement.] ber 6 of the Harleian Mti. whiCh 1s number vrr. of
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 161

Roberts, begin with the same phrase, namely:" That agrees with the reading of the ordinary versions,
no Person shall be accepted a Free-Mason," and that whilst the Harleian and Roberts documents concur
number VII. of Roberts has a very similar beginning: in much shortening this passage. In the history of
" That no person hereafter be accepted a Free- Athelstan and Edwin the Rawlinson :MS. has two
Mason." This induces me t{) believe that-the eye of passages of original value that are not in the other
the Harleian scribe wandered from the introductory two, especially one that contains the name of Edwin
words of number 6 to the almost identical words of (it is spelled "Hedvie,") which being omitted,
number 7, and so made a careless omission similar to Ed win's acts are transferred to Athelstan in the
that in the Charges, when he put the number Harleian and Roberts versions. I could add more
" 12thly " and the first words of that rule, but then evidence, but this will suffice to show Rawlinson's
glided over to the 13th rule, omitting the contents of independence of the other two MSS.
the 12th. The error in both of these cases is In giving the title "Roberts" to this family, I
exactly the same. have been influenced by the consideration that
From all the evidence there can remain no although " Harleian" would have been equally ap-
doubt that the Roberts print is based on a MS. of its propriate, yet the existence of a Harleian MS. No.
own, which had been derived from the same original 2054, might have led to confusion. On the other
as, or one similar to, that of the Harleian MS. Should hand the Rawlinson l\lS. omits a chief feature of
anybody feel inclined to derive the latter from the the family, viz., the ''Additional Order;;" or "New
former, he would be at once deterred from so doing, Articles."
because the variations between the two versions My friend Hughan, as I beg to call l1im, to
would bar the way, especially as the Harleian :MS. whom I am deeply indebted for much valuable
agrees often with the Rawlinson :MS., where the information and useful assistance, has made the Old
Roberts print differs, proving that in these cases Charges his special study these twenty years, and he
the reading of the two is more like the original than is not prepared to gi>e up his deeply grounded
that of Roberts, and that the latter cannot have opinions. But he himself says that his aim was only
been the prototype of the Harleian MS. to ascertain the fa.mily groups from certain distinc-
Below are a few of the instances which might tive characteristics (for instance the "Apprentice
be cited. Charges,") not microscopic peculiarities. Therefore
my results must differ in many respects from his, as
HARLEIAN MS. RAWLIKSON MS. RoBERTS PRINT. I have taken the trouble of collating the different
being on• of the seven being one of the, &c. which is contained versions and copies line by line, nay, word by word,
liberall Sciences in the which was indeed a very tiresome and laborious task,
in and upon the face upon the face of the upon the whole but enabled me to obtain a deeper insight into these
of thew hole earth whole earth earth
most worthy, laud- worthy. laudable, worthy and honor- very "microscopic peculiarities.'' My aim is a philolo-
able, & bonorablP. and honorable able gical one; that is to weigh the textnalevidence in order
Memorth was a Ma- loved the science serv'd the science to get at the original text as nearly as possible, and
son and lot·ed the it is inevitable that I should form a different opinion
science as to the textual value of individual copies. Never-
By virtue of your commission domi~ion
cmnm ission the less, I hope we shall meet and agree on a future
And the Master Eu- Master Euclides and there Euclydes day, as both of us cherish but one desire, that of
elides gave them, gave advancing our masonic studies and of discovering
&c. the truth.
The above are merely a few of many similar I take this opportunity to tender Bro. Hughan
examples. my heartiest thanks for so kindly assisting me by
And finally it may easily be shown that the lending me some.of his transcripts of MSS. that were
Rawlinson MS. differs in some passages from the either not yet in or again out of print. Without his
other two versions, which agree with each other in help I should not haYe been able to accomplish my
the main. We have already seen that the Rawlin- laborious researches, and I shall be glad to make any
son MS. omits the "New Articles" a.nd the return in my power by helping my English b1·ethren
"Apprentice Charge." though we cannot affirm that and fellow students whe1·e•er and whenever I cnn,
they were not in the original, as possibly these to the honour of our .. Quatuor Coronati" Lod~·c and
matters were not transcribed from the old MS., there to the advantage of the Craft.
being no '·Finis" at the end as in the two other DH. w. BEGEMANN,
versions. But the chief point is that the text has P.rot·incial Grand 11Jasle7' for !J[ecklenl>ttrg;
several traditional passages which are omitted in the Rostock, !Jiecklenbttrg, Germany.
Harleian MS. as well as in the Roberts print,
inducing a belief that the latter two come from one
and the same original, now lost. The Rawlinson
MS. has the following genuine passage, which is XAISER WILHELM AS A MASON.
omitted in the other two MSS.: "And then the IN the whole range o£ history, few imlecd a1·e
:Master Euclydes took to him the Lords' Sons, and the individuals who so thoroughly realized the ideal
taught them the Worthy Science of Geometry, the of a King, in stature, mien, temperament, word and
Craft and Art of Masonry, and Mistery of all Manner deed, as the subject of this sketch. This is no idle
of Building, as Temples, Churches, Courts, and phrase, no fulsome flattery; the fact, patent to all,
Castles, &c." Also in the history of St. Alban the is proudly dwelt upon by his admirers, grudgingly
Rawlinson MS. has a passage on the wages which admitted by his very foes. Whether in camp or
162 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

council hall, in the field or on the throne, in the Dominions, and that the King answered, "as long as
barrack yard or the bosom of his family, or even men like my own Count Henckel belong to the
when sauntering down the leafy avenues of the Society, I am unable to imagine it hurtful." From
German watering places he so constantly visited, the Count the Prince imbibed his first ideas of the
one hackneyed quotation persistently suggests itself Cr·aft, and. studying the subject in his accustomed
as most fitting to describe the late Emperor of earnest manner, conceived a desire to join our ranks.
Germany,--'· every inch a King." And at no time, As in duty bound he submitted his wishes to the
under no circumstances, was this innate majesty more King his Father, who approved his project, but under
conspicuous than during the last few days of his life. the condition that he should not join any particular
This is not the place to dilate on his political lodge or system, but become a member of every
life and career: it is Wilhelm's connection with the I.,odge in Prussia, and Protector (or as we should
Craft that should at present engage our attention. say Patron) of the Prussian Craft in general; with
Suffice it then to recall that our Royal and Imperial the further proviso that a humble petition should be
Brother was born on the 22nd March, 1797, the addressed to him by the united Lodges to that effect.
second son of King Frederick William III. of A meeting of the three Grand Masters was held on
Prussia. By the death. without issue, of his elder the 18th May, 1840, and it was resolved to petition
brother, Frederick 'Villiam IV., he ascended the the Prince for an audience for themselves. The
throne in 1861, and in 1871 was crownel first audience was granted on the 19th, and the 22nd
Emperor of Germany at Versailles. On the 9th of appointed for his initiation.
March last, within a few days of attaining his 92nd The ceremony took place in the Temple of the
anniversary, he sank quietly into his rest, full of National Grand Lodge, the chair being occupied by
years, full of honour. Count H. v.- Donnersrnark, supported on each side
Our late Brother's royal ancestors had all been by Brother O'Etzel, the G.M. of the "Three
Freemasons since the time of Frederick II. (the Globes," and Brother Link, G.M. of "Royal York."
Great.) who was secretly initiated in 1738, and The Officers of all three Grand Lodges and the
shortlv- after his father's death in 1 i40, instituted W. Masters of the 15 Berlin Lodges were favoured
the .. ·1Iother Lodge of the Three Globes," the first with invitations; and a so-called "United Prussian
Grand Lodge in the Prussian States. He himself Grand Lodge was opened for the occasion, Bro.
per~onally initiated his brother the Crown Prince, O'Etzel handing to Bro. Donnersmark the gavel
Aug-ust Wilhelm, in his own •· Royal Lodge" in formerly used by Frederick the Great, a century
1740. The latter's son, Frederick William II. was previously, in his "Royal Lodge." At 6 o'clock,
in 177'2 on the roll of a Berlin Lodge, but the date the Prince was announced by Bro. Bork, Secretary
of his initiation is still a matter of dispute, whilst of State, duly vouched for by himself and the three
his son, Frederick William III., the father of the Grand Masters as sponsors, and introduced. He
late Emperor, was pri\'ately made in a special Lodge was admitted into the three degrees, took the usual
held at Pa1·is during the occupation by the Allies in O.B. kneeling, was invested, accepted at the hands
1814, the secret being only divulged at his death.* of the Grand Masters the badges of the three Grand
The manner of Wilhelm's initiation may be best Lodges and the square, as a token of his Protector-
gathered from the circular of the Grand Lodge of ship, and finally in said quality received from them
the Three Globes, 23rd of May, 1840, describing the individually and conjointly, the oath of Fidelity.
event.t At the subsequent banquet, replying to the toast
Prince William of Prussia, as he was then to his health, the Prince said,-" Brethren,-for so
sty led. like all Hohenzollern Princes, entered the I am now privileged to call you,-when it was pro-
army as a mere child, where he came into contact posed to me to enter your Society, I naturally took
with Graf Henckel von Donnersmark, Lieutena!lt into serious con~ideration the purpose underlying
General in the Prussian Service, Grand Master of your Order and instituted searching inquiry in many
the National Grand Lodge from 18:38 to his death in directions as to its character, before asking permis-
1849, and a trusted friend and councillor of the King, sion of his Majesty the King to undergo initiation.
Frederick William III. It is related that Prince In every quarter I learnt nothing but good of you,
Metternich at one time did his best to persuade his and therefore I considered it my duty to make my-
Majesty to suppress Freemasonry in the Prussian self acquainted with the Order, as far as that was
possible to an outsider, and especially with the
* It is therefore rather remarkable, as showing how Masonic History
is writtPn, that at a special Communication of the Grand Lodge of Saxony, Brothers whom you deputed to speak to me on the
22nd March, 1888, the deputy Grand Master, Bro. Rumpelt-\Va.lther, in his subject. .
address "in memoriam" should have used these words-" Since the days
of Frederick the Great no other Hohenzollern Prince had joined the Craft." Although I thus learnt that the tendency of the
Besides the three abOve mentioned, I have enumerated in my "Royal Craft was one highly to be praised, a result I quite
Freemasons" no kss than eight Princes of that house who were masons.
Adding these three, Frederick the Great, Wilhelm I. and the present expected, and was fully prepared for ceremonies of
Emperor, the roll amounts in all to 14.
an appropriate nature, I must yet acknowledge that
t At that p•riod there were, and still are, three Grand Lodges in Berlin,
ruling all the Lod~res of Prussia as well as some few lod!(es scattered in what, during the short hours of my fellowship, I
other German Principalities. The other Germ:m Grand Lodges, of which have since witnessed, the profound earnestness, the
there were then 6, (now 5, as the Grand Lodge of Hanover is extinct) were
however Qebarred by the Prussia.n Law from warranting Lodges in Prussia.. brilliancy and the dignity of the ceremony, have
The three Berlin Grand Lodges are known respectively as "Of the three exceeded my anticipations. I number this day as
Globes., "Royal York," and "National Grand Lodge of all German
Masons," the latter being a. misnomer indicating youthful aspirations des· one of the most fortunate o£ my life, and tender you
tined to remain unrealized. Since 1870, in strict accordance with Prussian
Jaw and the Edict of 20th October, 1798, the Grand Lodges of the Eclectic my thanks for the trust reposed in me and the love
t;nion at Frankfort and the Grand Lodge of Hamburg are illegal, but by you have shown. The flattering expressions of praise
~eneral consent the Edict baa not been enforced in their case, as it was
1n that of Hanover. which have dropped from your lips, I must put on
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 163

one side as excessive ; they are founded on hopes thought better by his brother the King, Frederick
which I do not yet know whether my protecti6n will William IV, that he should retire for a while to England
be able to satisfy, for hu~an power is only limited. After his return he was placed in command of the
My previous career, that which I have hitherto troops to disperse an armed revolt. Having success-
accomplished, may possibly warrant you in feeling fully accomplished this uncongenial task, thoroughly
that I am not unworthy of you. I am sensible, yet mercifully, and re-entered Berlin amidst univer-
moreover, of the weight of my responsibilities sal rejoicing, he attended on the 19th October, 1849,
in the office to which you have appointed me, and a special meeting of the three Grand Lodges. It was
which I have accepted with the consent of his on this occasion at the banquet table that he surprised
Majesty. I will strive, by the help of God, whose and rejoiced the assembled brethren by the unexpected
assistance I invoke, to truly perform these duties, announcement that his son. the present Emperor, had
and to deserve your trust and affection. I pray you only the day before expressed to him a wish to join
always to approach me with confidence ; I now drink the craft. Although this desire had greatly pleased
to the well-being of all my brethren and of all him, he came to the resolution to make no use of his
lodges." dispensing power, the Prince being under age, and
The next Masonic act of the late Emperor ap- had advised him to wait till he had gained more
pears to have been a letter of congratulation to the experience. He would, later on, instruct him as far
" Three Globes" on the occasion of its centenary as allowablt>, in the principles of Freemasonry, and
festival, 13th September, 1842; after which he if he still persisted in his wish, would then personally
devoted his influence, with gratifying success, to introduce him into the Order, and give him the
evoking more cordiality between the so-called Scots opportunity of enjoying therein the happy moments
Lodges, or high degrees, of the three systems, which which had fallen to his own lot.
had hitherto held each other at arm's length. At The last days of 1852 and first of 1853 are
his instigation also, the Prussian Lodge~ took part memorable for a concentrated attack on the Craft
in the completion, so long delayed, of the Cologne throughout Germany. Eckert's publications in
Cathedral, the masterpiece of. German operative Saxony resulted in the military being forbidden to
masonry. In the next few years his attendance at take part in Masonic proceedings. In .Jan nary, 1853,
Grand Lodge and private Lodges was frequent, and the Evangelical " Kirchenzeitung" in Berlin devoted
he never wearied of influencing by his energy, warmth a long article to the subject and stated, inter alia,
of heart, and firmness of disposition, the career and "The foundation of Freemasonry is Deism, is
efforts of his brethren. As an example I adduce the antipathy to Christianity.
following circular, 27th January, 1845, to which the "The fraternity is a monster, akin to Hell-fire,
Prince's signature was appended. a Goliath, a fit subject for David's sling."
"R.W., W., and Beloved Brethren! William's answer to this and more to the same
"In his sanctuary, as a link in the Brother- effect, was prompt and practical. He visited the
chain, the Mason labours to improve his under~tand­ town of Solingen, drove straight to the Lodge there
ing and to incline his heart to virtue, but be must assembled, (16 June, 1853), and at the proper time
also leave this circle and entering the world, to which delivered himself of a speech commencing with the
he belongs, prove by deeds, wherever possible, that following words.
the sacred teachings of the Craft have sunk deep " I am greatly pleased to find myself once more
into his heart and produced abundant fruit.. He amongst my brothers, especially in this Lodge.
knows that his help is not alone due to the Brother- " I learnt with regret that at its very foundation
hood, that all mankind is his kin, that he is bound it had to contend with the unfavourable prejudice of
to further the well-being of all, so far as in him lies. the profane, and that to this day it is hindered by
"The Societies of all sorts, which are now obstacles and enmities of various kinds. Therefore
springing up for the good of the working classes, my first visit on arriving in this town is designedly
afford a rich field of activity which will of a certainty to the Lodge, in order to evince before all the world
not be unacceptable to the Brethren. my love and respect for the Craft," etc., etc.
"We therefore urge on all members ofthe Lodges On the 5th November, 1853, a numerous con-
in our Fatherland to join these societies, and without course of the oldest members of the three Grand
making thereof a craft matter, to partake in their Lodges met by royal invitation in the Palace of the
praiseworthy efforts in the true spirit of the Order; Protector, one of the chambers having been com-
so that their success may be insured. Let the pletely furnished as a Lodge room. Prince "William
brethren carry their loving help wherever needed, having taken his seat on the right of t.he pedestal
and by their manner of rendering it, and by their thus addressed the assembly.
example, awake and propagate the sense of order, " Right Worshipful Brothers !
duty, and charity. " The object of labour this evening, for which I
"May here also. the world feel the vivifying have called yon together, is to initiate my son, (the
warmth of the Bond of Brotherhood, without knowing present Emperor .Frederick r.) into the Order, and
whence it emanates. I trust he may prove worthy of it. His wish to be
"We pray the G.A..O.T.U. to richly bless the admitted was expressed to me long ago. I did not
true work of every brother and greet you with think proper, however, to grant my dispensation at
fraternal love and the sacred numbers, etc., etc." too early an age, and preferred to wait till he had
It is matter of history that during the stormy attained his 22nd year.*
period (1848) of revolution and tumult, our brother
• In Germany the full age of a candidate, unless by dispensation, is 25
was the subject of undeserved suspicion, and it was years.
164 TRA~sAcrroxs OF THE LoDGE QuATDOR CoRONATI

"His future, if his life be preserved, will for which I have endeavoured to do fm the good of the
many years guarantee the Craft a powerful support, Order. But to day-I confess it freely-to day I
but only if it remain true to itself and preserve its receive your thanks willingly, for I know that by
pure doctrines unsullied. I have chosen theN ational introducing my son into our sacred Brotherhood, I
Grand Lodge of all German Masons for the pnrpo;.;~, have provided it with a sure support in the coming
because I myself. although under other conditions days. May you and all our Brethren, who e-ven now
and on behalf of all our Lodges, received initiation a,re ignorant of these present proceedings, be con-
therein. vinced that my son inherits my affection for the
''I therefore pray the Most "\Vorshipful National Craft, and that the Order will never lack the blessing
Gi:'<,,rrd Master. Bro. Busch, to proceed with the which such sentiments must evolve."
in;~ ;ation of my son and his affiliation to theN ational On the 2:2nd November of the same year Prince
Grand r_,odge." William visited by special request the Lodge at
The necessary formalities having been complied Magdeburg. The following extracts from his speech
with and the oath administered, Prince William in Lodge will tend to show the view he took of
himself completed the ceremony by three blows Masonry and of his duties to the Craft.
of the ga-vel on the compasses placed to the breast "You, "\Vorshipful Master, have correctly
of the young prince. saying at each blow respecti,·ely. described Freemasonry; thus have I found it, thus
'· By the Power ancl Dignity vested in me, do I understand it, thus do I desire to see it further
" \Vith the approval and consent of the brethren carried out. I joined the Brotherhood willingly
here assembled and scattered over the face of the because it is a Union of men of all social ranks. of
eart.h. all perwds of life, all following a noble purp.ose.
" Do I thus receive you as Knight-Mason, You have also, W.M., depicted the dangers which
Apprentice, and member of the National Grand have confronted the Craft in the days lately passed
Lodge of all German Freemasons." by, yon are wrong in thinking that
Prince Frederick was then passed and raised, these dangers are also passed. They have not dis-
and at the usual final enquiry, Prince William once appeared, they can never disappear. We wrap our-
more rose, directing his address to his son. selves in secrecy, and every secret society will always
·• For years you have expressed a wish to enter be exposed to suspicion and libel. We have, however,
the Order of Freemasons. Your desire is now the means to surmount these at hand. They reside
accomplished. Your initiation has been conducted in us, not outside us. For this reason the Craft
as mine was. and as I desired it should be in your case ahvays needs a degree of confidence. To insure this
also. The Ceremony will have proved to yon, not- is my care. But although I do my utmost to protect
witbtancling that its explanation was only general the Craft, ·yet shall I only then be able to ward off
anJ aphoristic, that the work of the Craft is a very danger, if in our temples our doctrines be preserved
earnest. a holy, and elevated work. There is only pure and unsullied ; if that which is taught within
one end-object. one pursuit for the life of him who our tyled doors be also diligently practised without
has vividly and clearly grasped the highest good; them ; if the prudence inculcated in Lodge be trans-
the Order will lead you to a just understanding of ferred to our daily life. Let us walk blamelessly,
this one thing needful, if you but perseveringly and thus shall we most surely blunt the edge of prejudice
unceasingly strive to incorporate its teachings with and attack. · On all sides it is repeated
yourself, if you only permit them to become pai't and that I have introduced my son into the Order; I
parcel of your own being. There is no want of have also thought of his future in so doing. God
detractors, who, standing outside the Order, en- granting him health and strength, his path lies
deavour to cover it with suspicion and confusion. straight before him. My son, as I know, is perfectly
I can concede to no one a right to defame the Order cognizant of his task in life, as in the Craft. I have
who knows it not, and basing myself on acquired entrusted him to the Lodge, in order to secure the
knowledge, I shall never lend my ear to such de- future safety of the Craft in Prussia, and with the
tractors. May your future prove that you are able conviction that in the Lodge he will find a sure
with.clear and untroubled vision to sound the depths support. No man, let him occupy any position, even
of the Order and to defend it when attacked. The the highest, can stand alone. Every one of us needs
Order is assailed because it wraps itself in true helpers, who shall in common with him, pursue
mystery, and its opponents find it convenient not to the good. That in this noble pursuit the Brother-
convince themsel-ves that this is still necessary, it hood shall in the future stand faithfully, shoulder to
being the very nature of would-be destroyers to con- shoulder, with my Son, is my most earnest wish.
tent themselves with generalities; our adversaries, in Brethren, promise me that it shall be so."
this ca-;e also, do not probe beneath the surface, Is it possible to conceive words more kingly,
purposely to avoid being taught their error. Be you more Masonic than these i'
therefore a sure shield of defence to the Craft, then The Silver- Wedding of Prince William and
will not only your own future be safe, hut you will Princess Augusta occurred on the llth June, 1854.
carry within you the glorious consciousness of having On the 12th the Royal Pair received a deputation of
sought to spread around you goodness and truth." the Prussian Lodges, which had united in founding
At the bnnquet table our late imperial Brother a Benevolent Institution for the relief of masons'
acknowledged the toast to his health in the following ~idows and orphans, in commemoration of the event,
manner:- and for which they desired the royal permission to
" You have spoilt me, my Brothers, by always bear the name of "Augusta Institution." The inter-
so kindly managing to find matter for praise in that view seems to have been remarkably free from
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 165

constraint and court formalities. The Prince said, From this time the cares of State precluded a
"I am glad to see your here. Between us, little very frequent attendance at Lodge, but the evidence
need for many words, we know each other . . . of the King's unwavering interest in the Craft, as
. . I thank you all." The Princess, being assured evinced by letters, addreRses and so forth, is too
by Bro. Von Kloeden that her name was. al wa.ys voluminous to find a place in this article.
mentioned with affection in the Lodges, rephed qmte On his return from the Coronation Festivities
simply, " Oh yes! I know that well, my husband i-n Konigsberg, an address was presented to him by
has often told me o£ it . . . . I really do not the three Grand Masters, 4th December, 1861. In
know how I have managed to deserve so much his reply the King once more emphasizes his love
love;'' and Prince Frederick remarked "You have for the Craft, and further dilates on his favourite
greatly pleased my Mother by giving her name to theme: as the following extracts will show.
this Institution." "I have oftened testified to my love of the Order
Many speeches of Prince William deli>ered. at and confidence in its members. If of late I have been
various Lodge meetinO'S have been preserved * whwh debarred froni frequenting the Lodges as constantly
space precludes my ;eproducing: but they all are as before, yet have I, whenever possible, willingly
marked by one characteristic, great. simplicity and a evinced my good opinion of our Society and its high
real pleasure in the society of the Brother~ood. aims ; especially therein that in my present position
And every one almost insists upon th~ ~eces~1ty of I still retain the Protectorate and thereby assure the
justifying the Craft's exist~nce by pract~sn~g ~1thout Craft protection and freedom for fruitful efforts. I
the Lodge those virtues mculcated w1thm 1t, t~at shall still henceforth visit the Lodges as often as
good fruit might demonstrate the soundness of 1ts possible, and therefore wish to be kept informed of
growth. all Festivals, as of all irritations of persons who are
On tl1e 1st January, 1557. the Prussian Lodges known to me.
once more addressed the Prince; this time in cele- " I repeat what I have so often said, the chief
bration of his military Jubilee, he having entered the object of Freemasons must be to practically apply in
army on New Year's Day, 1807, being then under 10 their every day life the doctrines of the Order taught
years of age. In his reply William once ~ore e~­ in Lodge, and to endeavour to spread the principles
pressed his love for the Craft and assured 1t of h1s which these doctrines enforce," etc.
protection. ''You know well how strongly I have In 1862 he forwarded to the Ratibor Lodge his
taken vur Order to heart, and how truly I strive likeness on the occasion of dedicating its new
with all my might to further its welfare. I shall premises; and the new Lodge at 8agan, in the same
continue to protect it in the future from attacks due year, was favoured with an autograph letter of
to IGNORANCE only, and I repeat, that whilst I live no felicitation at its dedication. Ever recurring incidents
evil from outside shall befall it." of a like nature prove the abiding interest of our
In 1861 Frederick William IY. died, and his late Brother in the Craft.
brother, Prince William, who bad for some months On the 22nd May, 1865, the three Grand Masters
previously been Prince R~g~nt, succeeded to ~be presented an address to his Majesty, it being 25
throne of his father as Wilham I. The Prussran years since his initiation. His reply affords us a
Craft banded the Monarch on the 16th January, 1861, glimpse of the service he had been able to render the
a letter of condolence and congratulation, and in- Craft. After speaking of his constant advocacy and
formed him that on the 19th a general Lodge of the help he had afforded them, William said :
Sorrow would be held in the Temple of the "Three "Especially was this the case at the time when our
Globes." His MaJesty, attended by the Crown Prince opponents had succeeded in instilling an unfavour-
Frederick William (now Emperor Frederick) was able opinion of our Order in the mind of my brother
present on this occasion and just bef?re the proceed- the King. I was often obliged to repel such
ings terminated addressed the followmg words to the attacks." On the same day he attended Grand
Brethren assembled. Lodge, accompanied by his son the Crown Prince,
" I have so far kept silent, because according to and in a longer address than was usual with him,
your ritual it is not usual to address the Lodge reviewed his connection with the Craft during the
during the ceremony; I have therefore awaited its preceding quarter of a century. After thanking
conclusion. I have come purposely amongst you to the Brethren for their love, he continued: "I came
day in the Lodge of Sorrow, in order to prove that in then amongst you, not knowing what should befall
spite of the different position to which it 4as pleased me, and with mahy prejudices, such as are still
Heaven to call me in the outside world, in the cherished by many outside our Circle. But on the
Brotherhood I remain the same as ever. And such very day of my initiation I discovered so ~uch
I shall remain, as long as you roy Brothers remain dignity, such depths and earnestness of sentiment
the same. Religion and the Fear of God, these, my as prov':!d to me that I had become affiliated with a
Brothers, are the rock and foundation of Free- Society worthy of high consideration." He then
masonry, whose mission it is to cultivate these feel- alluded to the two great features of the period since
ings and apply them in every day life. Cease not to elapsed, viz., the closer union between the three
follow these principles, I myself will lead you." Grand Lodges and the protection he had been able
History can point to no occasion in which our late to afford them, and spoke of the onerous duties,
Brother belied his promise: of him it will ever be anxieties and also pleasures of his Kingship, and
said, the fear of God and a strong sense of duty were continued : "Let us never, except in deep gratitude,
always before him. think of our forefathers, who have bequeathed to us
• Fitzner. Kaiser Wilhelm I. ala Freimaurer, &c. Bresla.u, 1880. a Society founded, as I have often remarked, on
166 TRA~SACTIOXS OF THE LODGE QL\.TGOR COROXATI.

Religion and Fear of God; having a basis of Virtue occupied, as we have seen, by the lower classes of th_e people.
and Morality, destined to st.rengthen, encourage and The word was transferred from the place of worsh1p to the
place of amusement, and, though the position was entirely
prepare us for the strife of the outer world." different, was applied to the highest and cheapest gallery of
In 1866, :-nst May, the King and the Crown a French theatre, [Alt, Cultus, 1., c.J."
Prince were both present at the Centenary of the In England we call those who frequent the gallery" The
Lodge "Minerva " at Potsdam : and even after his Gods."-It is probable that this may have grown out of the
elevation to the imperial dignity as First Emperor French name for that part of the theatre. The quotation
given above at once removes the three-fold division of the
of Germany in 1871, his interest in the Craft theatre from any connection with my subject. This, with
remained unabated. He never wearied of impressing much other matter in my paper, was avowedly tentative.
upon his hearers that his most valuable service to the The subject requires yet to be worked out in many ways,-
Fraternity was the gift of his son, the present and notes correcting, or elucidating, in any way the points
Emperor: a prediction which, if the Almighty grant involved, from members of either the inner or outer circles of
the Lodge, and published, ought to be acceptable to all.
him health and strength, is not likely to be falsified. W. SIMPSON,
But we, who are able to judge from a distance shall
perhaps not err in considering a better service still TRADE GUILDS IN THE EAST.-" The workmen are united
than this valuable gift, the noble example set by our in Guilds which have existed gince the Persian dominion, and
Imperial Brother himself in his stern sense of duty, are still ;egulated by Persian laws. These Guilds, however,
are not so exclusive as those in Georgia. The admission to
blameless private life, fortitude under suffering and the rank of Master is accompanied with the same kind of
reverses, moderation in success, unshaken faith in ceremonies. On occasion of certain solemnities and public
his servants through good and evil repute, and resig- processions each trade is called on to act in its corporate
nation to and trust in the will of T.G.A.O.T.U. capacity. Eaeh has likewise to bear its share of the public
burdens; thus for instance, the Guild of Shoemakers bas to
G. W. SPETH, Secretary. provide the beds for the public hospital, the Guild of Tailors
the seats, and so forth. The Armenian and Tartar artisans
constitute separate Guilds; a Tartar Shoemaker told me that
JII"OTES.
his trade was presided over by an old Master, who was elected,.
exercised jurisdiction, discharged the journeymen, and initiated
THE THREE·FOLD DIVISION OF TEMPLES.-In my paper them into the rank of Mastership, an honour which they
on this subject there is a reference to the "Paradise" of the received kneeling." p. 194.
Theatre, a tnm used in French for the Gallery. In Smith's The above is from a work entitled Transcaucasia, by
Diet. of the Bible, under the word " Paradise," vol. 2. p. 706, Baron von Haxthausen, published in 185!. The Author had
is the followiJlg" which throws some light on the matter.- special opportunities for studying the conditio:r:s of the re.gion
" The thought that men on entering the Church of Christ about Tif!is inhabited by Armenians, Georg'la.n~, Persums,
returned to the blessedness which Adam had forfeited, was Tartars, etc. The theory, which is held by many, that thee
symbolished in the church architecture of the fourth century. origin of Masonry was connected with Trade Guilds, gives some
The narthex, or Atrium, in which were assembled those who, importance to the paragraph. There is evidence here. that
not being fideles in fall communion, were not admitted iato Trade Guilds arenotexclusivelyEuropean; they are found m the
the interior of the building, was known as the 'Paradise ' of East, and pretty far East too. Probably derived from Persia,
the church [A it, Cultu.•, p. 591]. Athanasius, it has been said, for they date from the time when Persia ruled, and these
speaks scornfully of Arianism as creepihg into this Paradise, Guilds are governed by "Persian laws." The';e bodies are
implying that it addressed itself to the ignorant and the un- presided over by a head or " 2\Iaster," and initiatory cere-
taught. In the West we trace a change of form, and one monies are known and practised. These statements are such
singular change of application. Paradiso becomes in some that the q notation may be worth placing before onr Masonic
Italian dialects Paraviso, and this passes into the French Brethren.
parvis, denoting the western porch of a church, or the open W. SIMPSON.
space in front of it [Ducange, s.v., ' Parvisus ; ' Diez,
Etymolog. Wiirterb., p. 703]. In the church this space was

FESTIVAL OP ST. JOHN,

25TH, JUNE 1888.
THE Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall at 5 p.m. There Thirty-eight candidates were admitted to the Corres-
were present: Bros. R. F. Gould, P.G.D., W.M.; W. J. Hug han, pondence Circle, bringing the roll up to a total of three-
P.G.D., W. Simpson, W. H. Rylands, P.G.Stwd., G. W. Speth, hundred-and-forty-six members.
Secretary,. W. M. Bywater, P.G.S.B., Dr. W. W. Westcott, and
J. Lane. Of the Correspondence Circle the following atten· The Secretary brought up a report from the officers in
ded: Bros. A. Howell, A. H. Bateman, D. P. Cama, P.G.T., committee. Somp, slight amendments wore suggested and it
S. Saunders, W. Rowley, R. A. Gowan, F. A. Powell, W. was finally passed and adopted as follows:-
Watson, C. Kupferschmidt, H. Sadler, G.T., W. Lake, R. Eve,
P.G.T., J. S. Cumberland, C. S. Lane, and Col. J. Mead. The To the Lodge Quabor Coronati, No. 2076.
visitors were Bros. T. W. Richardson, W.M., 2029; and Report.
S. L. MacGregor Mathers, 195.
London, 25th June, 1888.
After opening, the Worshipful Master announced that, WORSHIPFT.:L MASTER AND BRETHREN,
accompanied by Bro. Speth, he had recently attended a meet· Your officers in Committee beg to report that a member
ing of the Grand Lodge of the Netherlands, June 17th, and a of the Correspondence Circle, Bro. Alexander Howell, South-
Masonic Festival in Brussels, June 23rd. On both occasions sea, in his zeal for the welfare of our Society, made, in a
they had been treated with great kindness and cordiality, as letter to the Secretary, dated lOth May last, a suggestion
representatives of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, a circumstance which Bro. Speth has placed before ns, and which we have
which he asked the Secretary to record on the minutes, and taken into consideration and unreservedly approve.
would himself again refer to at a later period of the evening. We therefore suggest that the Worshipful Master shall
from time to time, as may appear advisable, appoint on the
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 167

recommendation of the Secretary for the time being, and The iliscnssion on Bro. ·Westcott's motion to carry out
with the assent of the Officers in Committee, some active and the 8pecial work of the Lodge in the Third Degree, adjourned
willing brother who is a member of either the Inner or from last meeting, was then resumed.
Outer Circle, to act as a local centre of information respecting BRo. W. J. HuGHAN suggested that, as the object of the
the purposes of our Lodge and Literary Society. mover had been sufficiently attained, by the ventilation of
That said officer be designated "Local Secretary of the the subject at the last meeting of the Lodge, it would, be
Quatuor Corouati Correspondence Circle." thought, be most. judicious, under all the circumstances of
That as a general rule the Province, of which he is the the case, if Bros. Westcott and Speth severally withdrew the
local centre, shall, in England, be conterminous with the resolution and amendment standing in their respective names,
Province of the sawe name under the United Grand Lodge of which, after a short discussion, was agreed to.
England : but that if found desirable, each of such Provinces
may be further sub-divided. The WORSHIPFUL MASTER then mentioned the case of
That in the Colonies and abroad, such Provinces be Mrs. Warren, a candidate for the benefits of the Royal
formed from time to time, as may appear suitable. Masonic Benevolent Institution. Mrs. Warren, he observed,
That the duties of a Local Secretary be to do his utmost, was the widow of the late Bro. H. G. Warren, Past Grand
on every fit and proper occasion, to spread a knowledge of the Steward, who was the editor of the " Freemasons' Quarterly
objects and proceedings of the Lodge and Correspondence Review," in 1853, of which, under the altered title of "Free-
Circle ; to receive and forward to the Secretary the names masons' Magazine," he became joint proprietor in 1855, and
cf applicants for admission to the Correspondence Circle; to assisted in carrying it on, under great difficulties,. until 1861.
assist the Secretary in collecting the dues from said Provinee Bro. Warren, he added, was the last person who delivered the
when called upon so to do; and in general to make himself Prestonian Lecture. With these brief observations he should
useful on behalf of the Lodge under the immediate direction appeal with confidence to the members present to sanct-ion
of your Secretary. . the candidature of ·Mrs. Warren for the Royal Masonic
That to assist him in these duties he be kept supplied Benevolent Institution being strongly recommended by the
from Head Quarters with the necessary circulars and notices. members of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge. This was seconded
That in addition thereto he be allowed to issue a printed by Bro. W. H. RYLANDs and carried nern con.
circular or circulars of his own, should he think such action The WoRSHIPFUL MasTER said he had brought with him the
desirable: said circular or circulars to be subject to the draft of a short deed prepared for carrying into effect the vest-
approval of your Secretary for the time being. ing of the Lodge Library in trustees, so as to epsure its pass-
That on his S3n<ling in proper vonehers to the Secretary, ing to the Grand Lodge of England, in the event of the
a moderate amount (to pay for such printing), and all postage, Lodge, from any untoward cause, ceasing to exist; whereupon
be refunded· to him. it was moved and seconded-" That the Worshipful Master
That the Local Secretaries· being officers of the Corres- be empowered, with the assent of the officers in committee,
pondence Circle and not of the Lodge, shall hold their offices to take the necessary steps to have the said deed finally
from year to year without re-appointment. executed," which, being put from the chair, was carried
That it be thoroO.ghlJ understood that such office is not unanimously.
one of meu honour and distinction, but shall in all cases be
conferred either for service of the nature above described
already rendered, or in anticipation of persevering efforts
to increase the prestige and usefulness, and extend the sphere, BRO. JoHN LAKE read the following paper:
cf the Lodge and Correspondence Circle.
Wo know that there are some, and we believe that there
are many, of our members who will a11cept the office under MASTEltS' LODGES.
the above conditions, rendering good suit and service, and THE subject of "Masters' Lodges" (it must be
proud of the distinction conferred upon them by the only
Lodge in the world devoted exclusively to literary research. admitted), is very intimately connected with the
We anticipate that the effects of such appointments will be question of Degrees, especially in relation to the
beneficial to the Lodge in every way; but we do not share "Third," but as that has been so ably and exba,us-
the anticipationR of Bro. Howell that the labours of the tively dealt with by Bro. W. J. Hughan, in his
Secretary will be lightened, which was his kind and one of his latest work, "The Origin of the English Rite of
chief reasons for formnlating the scheme. Neither is it onr
intention that the interposition of a Local Secretary should Freemasonry,"* I shall refrain from discussing it
deter any member from addressing the Secretary directly, if now, but simply state, at the outset, that I concur,
so inclined. generally, with Bro. Hughan's conclusions on that
Further we beg to suggest that the W.M. do immediately question.
appoint The first reference to a "Masters' Lodge,'' or to
Bro. A. HowELL, Sontbsea, Local Sec. for the Province of a" Master Masons' Lodge," is found in Rawlinson's
Hampshire.
Bro. J. L. ATHERToN, Bradford, Local Sec. for the Province
list of Lodges of 1733, which I believe must have
of West Riding, Yorks. been copied from an engraved list published in that
Bro. W. HENDERSON, Hebron, Local Sec. for the Province of year. At the end of Rawlinson's list are the follow-
Griqualand West. ing entries : -
Bro. G. GoRDON, Dunedin, Local Sec. for the Province of " 115. Devil Tavern, Temple Bar, a Scotch
Otago, N. Zealand.
The first two have already expressed their willingness to
" Masons' Lodge.
the Secretary, and it is confidently believed that the others "116. Bear and Harrow, in the Butcher Row,
will gladly accept the office. "a Master Ma.sons' Lodge."
And finally, that Brethren in the several Provinces who These two, with the addition of two others, are
may feel willing and capable of undertaking these duties with given by Pine, in his Engraved List of 1734, as
credit to themselves and advantage to the Lodge, be and are
hereby invited to tender their services to the Secretary, who
follows:-
will submit their names to the W.M. " 115. [Engraved Sign o£ Devil.] Scott's
R. F. GOULD, W.M. " Masons' Lodge, Devil, Temple Bar. 2d and 4th
WILLIAM SIMPSON, S.W. "Munday."
S. C. PRATT, LT.-CoL., R.A., J.W. "116. [Engraved Sign o£ Bear and Harrow.]
W. M. BYWATER, S.D. " Master Masons' Lodge, Butcher Row. 2d and 4th
T. HAYTER LEWIS, J.D. "Friday.
WM. WYNN WESTCOTT, M.B., I.G.
G. W. SPETH. SEc. * London : G. KeRning, 1884.
168 TRAXSACTIOxs OF THE LoDGE Q~:A1TOR Conc•NA'II.

•· 117. [Engraved Sign of King's Arms.] gamated with the "United Lodge of Ionic and
"Master :Masons' Lodge, Strand. 1st Munday, Prudence" in 182 3, was then designated "The Royal
"Masters' Lodge. Do. 3d Munday in ye Winter. Alpha Lodge," and is now No. 16 on the Register.
"120. Oates's Coffee House, Masters' Lodge,
" Great Whild Street. 1st and 3d Sunday." No. 151, "BLACK DoG, CAsTLE STREET, SEVEN DYALs,"
As these fir~t four Lodges demand special and Constituted on 21st December, 1736. it met on the
particular attention, I propose, before considering "2d & 4th Monday, Masters' Lodge eve1-y Sunday."
them more minutely, to exhaust all the references or In 1738 and 1739 the General Lodge met on the
allusions to Masters' Lodges that are found in the "2d & 4th Tuesday," the "Masters' Lodge every
Engraved or Printed Official Lists down to 1813. Sunday " as before. In 1789 it was removed to
I assume that it is unnecessary to occupy any . Arundel, in Sussex, and is now the "Howard Lodge
time in proving that the term "Masters' Lodge," used of Brotherly Love," No. 56.
to distinguish No. 120,-and almost invariably after-
wards-indicated a "Master MASON8' Lodge," only. In 1738 we ha>e
This term " .Master :Masons' Lodge" is distinctly
applied to Nos. 116 and ll7, and I think it must be No. 13, "Bu:&Y's CoFFEE HousE, BRIDGEs STREET."
evident that a ":Masteps' Lodge" was clel1rly not Constituted at the " Anchor in Dutchy lane in the
intended to denote a Lodge of Past Masters, or any Strand,"* on 28th March, 1723, aftel' several
other Lodge save that which would now be generally removals it appears in the Engraved Lists of 1738
understood as a Lodge ·working exclusively the Third and 1739 at" Bury's Coffee House, Bridges Street,"
Degree. meeting on the '' 2d & 4th Tuesday, Masters' Lodge
These first four Lodges were all speedily erased 1st~ ild Sunday." In 1748 it removed to Chatham,
from the List ; No. 117 in 1735, the remaining three and is now the .. Royal Kent Lodge of Antiquity,"
in 1736, in which year three other Lodges are noted No. 20.
as having a Masters' Lodge attached to the General
Lodge.
No. 39, "SwAN AND Ru:m!ER, FrxcH LANE."
I shall note these Masters' Lodges in order as
they appear on the Engraved Lists, year by year, Constituted on 2d February, 1725, it is mentioned
keeping each enumeration separate and distinct. for the first time in Grand Lodg-e Minutes on 19th
Thus we commence with the year 1736. December, 1727. It met at the'' Swan and Rum mer,
Finch Lane," from that date until 1739, excepting a
short interval, at t.he "White Swan, Exchange Alley"
No. 68, "VINE, LoNG AcRE,"
in 1730-31. There is no trace of a Masters' Lodge,
Constituted at the "Golden Spikes, Hampstead," on until1738, when its meetings were on the "2d &
28th April, 1730, it removed in 1733 to the " Vine, 4th Wednesday, Masters' Lodge evm·y Sunday." In
Long Acre,"' and in 17:)6, 1738, and 1739, it is 1739 it appears at the" Swan and Rummer, Bartholo-
described as meeting on the '' 2d & 4th Wednesday, mew Lane " meeting on the " 2d & 4th Wednesday,
Jiaders' Lodge 1st and 3d Sunday." In the newly Masters' Lodge et·er!J 8uuday" as before. It migrat.ed
Engra\ed List, necessitat~d by the alteration of num- -in what manner or under what circumstances it is
bers in 1740, all references·(o this, as well as to e1·e;·y difficult now to determine-from London to Stockton-
other Jfaders' Lodge, w~9hidown to }7:)[1 had been on-Tees, Durham, in 1756, and was erased on 5th
registered. completely disappear. Whether this arose September, 183tl.
from a desire to avoid the expense in>olved in extra
engraving, or from a wish not to overload the Lists.
Ko. 123, '' KrxG's ARMS, WILD STREET."
or "·hether the Grand Lodge did not desire to per-
petuate such distinctions, it is impossible now to say. Constituted in 1738 at the "Prince of Orange's
This Lodge 1vas erased on 24th June, 1742, a llfS. Head, St. Saviour's Dock. ~outhwark," it has no
note on the Official Engraved List of 1741 stating date in the Engrayed Lists until 1740, when the
that it had "not attended since 2 Dec. 1730." a year " 173:3" only is gi>en. Anderson dates it
statement I ha>e \erified by reference to the Grand " 1734." Its Constitution was paid for on 18th
Lodge :Minute Book. 1\iarcb, 1734, on which day it is first noted as attend-
ing Grand Lodge. It appears at the " King's Arms,
Wild Street," in 1738, when it is described as meet-
:Ko. 76, "QcEEx's HEAD, OLD BAILEY,"
iug on the ·' 1st & 3d Thursday, Masts. Lodge every
Constituted at the " ·white Bear, King Street, Sunday." It remoYed to the" Fountain, Snow Hill,"
Golden Square," in 1730, it has no date in the before 31st January, 1739. in the Engraved List.
Engraved Lists until 1740, when the year '· 17:30 ,. for which year it is not described as a Masters' Lodge.
only is given. It attended Grand Lodge for the first It was erased on 21st No,·ember, 1745.
time on the 29th January, 1731. and appears from the
Grand Lodge minutes of 24th February, 1735, to han * In the Histon· of the Province of Kent, this Lodg-e is stated to have
been then at the ··Queen's Head, Old Bailey:' at been 11 opened at the Cro'i\'ll, Crippleg-ate, under, called, or known ~y t~e
numher 13." This statement, which is, I belie,·e, based upon a recital In
which place, according to the Engraved List of 1786, the \Varrant of Confirmation of this LoUg-e, is unfortunately incorrect,
inasmuch as Lodges were not 1wmbered in 1123, nor did. t~e Lodg-e meet
it met on the "1st and 3d Thursday, Masters' Lodge at the •·crown, Crippleg-a.t~." T~e error, doub_tless, or,lgmated through
1st and 3d f::hwday," while in 1738 and 173fJ its No. 13 of the 17~0 cnumcl'<ttiOn helllg confused wtth the 13th Lo~gc on th~
Engraved. List of 17:23, which did meet at the "Crown, near CriPJ?legat~,
General meetings were on the "2cl & 4th Monday, but there was no connection whatever between the two. I mention th1s,
Masters' Lodge, 1st ~· 3d Swzday " as before. After en passant, to ghow that the Official interpreters o.f the _Grand L~dge
Records in earlier davs, were not always accurate m thcu deduct10ns
many changes both of name, and location, it amal- respecti:1g the facts of )l:lsonic history.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOB CORONATI. 169

No. 130, "BELL, NICHOLAs LANE, LOMBARD STREET." No. 158, "WESTMINSTER HALL, DuNNTNGs' AtLEY,
C<Ulstituted llth June, 1735, at the "Mitre, Mint BISHOPSGATE STREET."
Street, near St. George's Church, Southwark," it Constituted 30th March, 1737, it met on the" 1st &
removed to the "Bell, Nicholas Lane, Lombard 3d Wednesday, Masters' Lodge erery Sunday.""' This
Street," probably in 1737, but certainly before 25th distinctive reference, however, like all the others,
January, 1738, in which year it met on the " 2d & disappears in 1740, but the Lodge was most regular
4th Tuesday, Masts. Lodge every Sunday," while in. in its attendances at Grand Lodge, not having been
1739 it met on "2d & 4th Saturday" with the absent from a single meeting down to June 1741,
" Masts. Lodge every Sunday " as in the previous year. and doubtless, as with the ot.hers noted, continued to
It is now the" Old Union Lodge," No. 46. work the Third Degree. It was erased on 22d
December, 1748.
No. 150, "YoRKSHIRE GREY, BEER LANE, THAMES
STREET." For the sake of completeness, it may be the
proper place to note here, that .Anderson in his Book
Constituted on 2d December, 1736, [Anderson of Constitutions, 1738, enumerates eleven Masters'
erroneously states" 2 Sep. 1736, "] the 1738 Engraved Lodges. The numbers given by Anderson, being
List describes it as meeting on the " 2d Wednesday consecutive for London Lodges only, do not
Masts. Lodge 4th Wednesday." It remo1·ed to the harmonize with the numbers on the Official Register.
"King's .Arms, Lombard Street," before the 31st These I therefore prefix to each Lodge for facilitating
January, 1739, the List for which yc·ar does· not reference and identification.
describe it as a MaBters' Lodge. It is now the
EnllT'•'d Dr.
''Constitutional Lodge," No. 55. List. Anderson.

No. 152, "BLossoM's INN, LAWRE~CE LANE,CHEAPSIDE." 13 " 12. BURY's Coffee-house in Bridges-street, where
there is also a Masters·Lodge."
Constituted on 31st December, 1736, the Engraved 39 "31. SwAN and RVMMER Tavern in Finch-Lane,
Lists of 1738 and 1739 note it as meeting on the where there is also a Masters Lodge."
"1st & 3d Thursday, Masters' Lodge every Sunday." 68 " 43. VINE Tavern in Long-Acre, where there is
It W'.ls erased in 1769. also a Masters' Lodge."
76 "47. QUEEN'S-HEAD in Old-Bailey, where there is
also a Masters Lodge."
No. 163, "Two BL.lCK PosTs, MAIDEN LANE." 123 "74. KING'S-ARMS Ta•ern in Wild.. street, where
Constituted 21st September, 1737, at the "Swan, there is also a Master's-Lodge."
130 " 76. BELL in Nicholas-Lane, near Lombard-st.·eet,
New Street, Covent Garden," it met, according to another Lodge,t where there is also a
the Engraved Lists of 17H8 and 1739, at the " Two Masters Lodge."
Black Posts, Maiden Lane," on the 1st, 2d, 3d 150 "83. YORKSHIRE-GREY, in Beer-Lane, Thames-street,
Thursday, Masters' Lodge e·very Sv.nday." In 1802 it where there is also a Masters Lodge."
is found at Wiveliscombe, Somersetshi1·e, (in all 151 "84. BLACK·DOG in Castle.stred, Seven Dials,
where there is also a Masters Lodge."
probability an entirely new Lodge), and in 1854 152 "85. BLosso.l!'s INN in Lawrence-Lane, CheapBide,
removed to Dulverton, in the same County, where it where there is a J[aRters Lodge."
ceased to exist, and its· warrant was returned to 163 "95. BLACK-PosTs in Maiden-Lane, where there is
Grand Lodge on 14th May, 1862. also a Master's Lodge."
169 "93. BACCHUs Tavern in little Bush Lane, Canon•
street, where there is ahw a Masters Lodge."
No. 169, "BAccHus, LITTLE BusH LANE, CANNON
STREET." Coming now to the enumeration of 1740, which
Constituted 17th February, 1738, it met on the continued until 1755, there is but one reference to a
"2d Wednesday, Masts. Lodge 1st Fryday." The Masters' Lodge during the whole of that period, and
1739 List, however, does not mention a Masters' that not until 17 53. It is, however, very improbable
Lodge, but reads" 1st Monday in ye Summer, Ist & that every one of the foregoing Lodges-ten of them
3d Mon. in y• Winter." .Although constituted on being denominated" Masters' Lodges" down to 1739
17th February, 1738, the Lodge is recorded as having -should simultaneously, and for ever, have ceased
attended Grand Lodge on -the 25th January of that to work the Third Degree in a separate Masters'
year. It was erased on 21st November, 1745. Lodge.
The following year, 1739, furnishes two addi- The only Lodge in this 1740 enumeration, not
tional Masters' Lodges. previously described as a "Masters' Lodge" is

No. 89, "DoG AT RICHMOND." No. 61, [of 1740] "RED CRoss, BARBICAN."
C:mstituted llth April, 1732, at the" Black Boy and Constituted 20th May, 1730, as No. 69, at "King
Sugar Loaf, Stanhope Street," it removed to the Henry VIII's Head, Fleet Street," after several
" Dog at Richmond" prior to 31st January, 1739, in *This is the last Lodge recorded as meeting on Sunday, and it should
the Engraved List for which year it is described as not be forgotten that one peculiarity of the Early Masters' Lod:res was the
fact of their .Meeting so frequently on that day. There is no evidence of
meeting on the " 2d & 4th Tuesday, Masters' Lodge any " General" Lodge in this Country meeting on Sundays. From this
P.very Sunday." In the same Official List, however, we may perhaps infer that ordinary Lodge business was not transacted in
"Masters' Lodges," hut that they were simply and exclusively held for the
the day is altered in ink, from Tuesday to Thurs- purpose of conferring the Third or Master .Masons' Degree. It is well
day, and the words" Masters' Lodge every Sunday" known that later on, members of the " Royal Arch" met frequently on
Sundays.
are struck out. It was erased on 21st November t Another Lodge then met at the "Bell in Nicholas-lane," viz., No. 5,
1745. ' ollUh July, 1721.
170 TRANSACTIOllS OF THill LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

removals it appears (in Grand Lodge Minutes) at No. 296, "WHITE HART AT CRIPPENHAM, THE LoDGII
ihe "Red Cross, Barhican," in December, 1 7'48, and OF PERFECT UNION."
in the Engraved Lists for 1753-55, it is described us
meeting on the "First Thursday, the 3d a Master Constituted in May, 1763, and described in the
Lodge." In the new enumeration of 1755 [then No. Engraved List of 1764 as meeting on the" 1st Mond.
36] the records to 1758 are also, "Red Cross, Mas_ters' Lodge 3d Tuesday," it was so continued
Barbican, 1st Thurs: ye 3d a Masters Lodge." In untill772, and was erased on 2rd April, 1773.
1759 its days of meeting were changed to the "1st
Wednes: 3d a Masters' Lodge" and so it continued No. 358, "RED LION; THE RoYAL EDWIN AT
until [as No. 32] its erasure on 28th April, 1775. F.A.KENHAll, NORFOLK."
Constituted 20th December, 1765, in neither of the
The enumeration of 1755-69 furnishes seven Lists engraved by William Cole is there any refer-
other Lodges having the distinctive title of ence to this as a Masters' Lodge, but in that of
"Masters' Lodges," which were not previously so Benjamin Cole, dated 1767, it is thus described,
described; proceeding chronologically we have " Red Lion, The Royal Edwin at Fakenham,
Norfolk, 2d Monday ~last Mond. in ev'ry Second M.
a Masters' Lodge." I think this is good evidence,
No.1 "THE WEST INDIA & AMERICAN LoDGE, AT although the then Official Engraver failed to record
THE QJ:EEx's .ARMS IN ST. PAuL's CHURCHYARD." the fact. The Lodge subsequently removed to
This was No. 1 of the " Four Old Lodges " [time Thetford and to Bury St. Edmunds, and was erased
immemo:r;ial] and met at the "Goose and Gridiron, in 1829.
St. Pttul's Churchyard," as early as 1717. In the
Engraved List of 1760 it is, for the first time, noted No. 232, "PoPE's Hun, SouTH SIDE STREET,
as meeting on the " 2d W ednes : the 4th a Masters' PLYMOUTH."
Lodge." This record continues until 1769, the new Constituted 1st March, 1758, at the" White Hart,
List and enumeration of 1770 containing no refer- Old Town, Plymouth," we find it located at the
ence to it as a Masters' Lodge. It then, being No. 1, "Pope's Head, South Side Street," in 1769, meeting
took the name "Lodge of Antiquity," and at the on the " 2d & 4th Mond. ~ 1st Tuesd. ;a Masters'
"Union" in 1813 became, and still is, No. 2 of the Lodge." In 1777 [then No. 189] it removed to the
"United Grand Lodge." "King's Arms" under the title " Lodge of Unity,"
and continued meeting on the same days until 1805.
In the next year (1806) it appears at Crediton, in
No. 249, ".A :MAsTERs' LODGii: AT CHARLES TowN, Devonshire; when the reference to the "Masters'
SouTH CAROLINA." Lodge " ceased. It was erased on the 5th December,
Dated 22d March, 1756, it did not appear on the 1827.
Engraved List until 1760, and was described as
meeting on the " First Monday.'' Like many other The enumeration of 1770-79 furnishes only one
foreign Lodges it was retained on the Roll until instance of a Masters' Lodge not previously noted.
1818, without reason, the Grand Lodge o£ South
Carolina having been formed on 24th March, li87. No. 416, "BuNCH oF GRAPEs, PLYMOUTH DocK."
[DEVONPOR'I.]
No. 258, "OLD KixG's ARMS, AT LEEDS, IX Warranted as the "Lodge of Friendship" on 21Rt
YoRKSHIRE." September, 1771, it met on the "lst & 3rd Wed.
Constituted on the 8th January, 1761, in the last Friday Masters' Lodge." From 1784 it was
EnO'ra\·ed List of 1762 it is described as meeting on located successively at the "Golden Lion," the
the"''· Second "\Vednesd. <S" the 4th a Masted Lodge." "Plume of Feathers," the "Dolphin and Old King's
It remoYed to the "Talbot" in 1762, and in 1766 to Arms," the" Prince George," the "Old London Inn,"
the ''Golden Lion, near the Bridge," meeting on the the" Navy Hotel," and the" Barnstaple Inn," meet-
same clays, [" 2cl Wed. & 4th a Masters' Lodge"] until ing down to 1808 on the same days [abbreviated
1785. It was erased on 1st February, 1786. '' lst & 3rcl W., l. F. Mast. L."] After ,'1808 there
is no further mention of the Masters' Lodge. It is
now the "Lodge of Friendship," No 202, Devon port.
No. 279, '·Ox BoARD Hrs MAJESTY's SHIP THE
'Gl:ADALOl:PE,' PLY~!Ol:TH." The next enumeration made in 1780,-ancl which
Warranted on 22cl May, 1762, it appears in the was continued with sundry alterations from 1781-91
Engraved List of that year, ·' On Board his Majesty's -gives three additional Masters' Lodges.
Ship the 'Prince,'" [the words "at Plymouth"
being inserted in the space usually occupied by the No. 135, [of 1780] "KrxG GEORGE's LoDGE,
days of meeting.] In 1764 it met " On Board his SUNDERLAXD, DURHAM."
Majesty's Ship the Guaclaloupe, 4 Wednes. a :Masters' Warranted 7th October, 1755, as No. 207, at t,he
Lodge, Plymouth." In 1766 it was transferred to "Masons' Arms, Sunderland, near the Sea," in the
" A Private Room, Somerset House, Strand," Lon- Lists for 1780-84, it is described as meeting on the
don, without any reference to a Masters' Lodge. It "1st & 3rd Wednesday, General Lodge 1st,
is now the ''Royal Somerset House and Invern!!ss Masters' Lodge 3d Wednesday." After sundry re-
Lodge," No.4. movals it went, in 1785, to the "Phrenix Hall, Queen
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 171

Street, Sunderland," was named the" Phrenix Lodge," No. 69 [of 1792] "GRIFFIN, HALF MooN STREET,
ita meetings being on "1st & 3d Wednesday, PICCADILLY."
General Lodge 1st W edn. Master.•' Lodge, 3d Constituted on 26th June, 1740, at the "White
Wednesday." From 1786-90 the days of meeting are Swan, Little St. Andrew's Street, Seven Dyals," as
thus recorded; "1st & 3d W. Gen. 1st W. Mast. No. 183, it is first described as a "Masters' Lodge "
3d W." but in 1791 the latter portion, "3d W." is in 1792, meeting at the "Griffin, Half Moon Street,
omitted, the description being "1st & 3d W. Gen. Piccadilly," on the "4th Tu. ~Ma.slers' L. 5th Tu."
1st W. Mast." only. This omission of the" 3d W," After several changes it removed in 1797 to the
which is clearly a typographical error, continues down " Old Chesterfield Arms, Shephard's Market., May
to 1813. The Lodge is now the "Phrenix Lodge," Fair," its meetings then being altered to the "4 'l'h.
No. 94, Sunderland. M. L. 5 Th." This ceased in 1800, when it joined
the ''Ionic Lodge," No. 8, under the name ''United
No. 159, [of 1780] "LODGF. OF FoRTITUDE, DoLPHIN Lodge of Ionic and Prudence." It is now the
INN, FoRE STREET, PLYMOCTH DocK." [lJEVONPORT.] "Royal Alpha LoJge," No. Hi.
This Lodge, as No. 237, dated 2d January, 1759, No. 263, [of 178~] " JERUSALEM LoDGE, CROWN
is noted iu the Grand Lodge Minutes as first meet- TAVER!<. CLERKE:'\WELL GHEEN."
ing at the "Red Lyon, South Street, Plymouth." Warranted 2d February, 1771, as No. 408, at the
In 1780 it appears at the "Dolphin Inn, Fore Street, "Jerusalem Tavern, Clerkenwell," it removed to the
Plymouth Dock," when it was named the "Lodge of ··Crown Tavern, Clerkenwell Green," in 1786, and
Fortitude," meeting on the " 1st and 3d Tuesday, in 1792 is first described as m'"eting on the " lst &
~Masters' Lodge last Thursday," which is the first 3d Vof. M,tsl. L. 5th IV." This continued until 1808,
time it is so noted, excepting that on the Official and from that year to 1813 it was "1st W. Mast. L.
Engraved List of 1778 the ·words" Masters' Lodge" 5th IV." It is now the" Jerusalem Lodge," No. 197.
are written. The List for 1781 contains the same
reference to the Masters' Lodge as in 1780, but in No. 231, [of 179l] "LODGE OF SrxcERITY, JAMAICA
1782 the record gives " 1st & 3d Tues." on! y. It Ho[SE, BEruroxDSEY."
is now the" Lodge of Fortitude," No.105, Plymouth.
Warranted 23rd April, 1768, as No. 423, at the
'· Golden Anchor, Artichoke Lane, near Virginia
No. 217, [of 1781] "CANNON, PoRTLAND RoAD, Street," it appears in 179;) at the ",Tamaica House,
MARYBONE.'' Bermondsey," meeting on the ·' 2d Tu. Masters' L.
Constituted on 13th March, 1765, as No. 335, at the 5th ltfon." This continues to 1795 only, for on
"Black Horse and Dolphin, Mansfield Street, Soho," removing from the" Jamaica House," in 1796, the
removing in same year to the " George and Dragon, reference to a Masters' Lodge disappears. It is now
W ardour Street, Soho," in the Engraved List the the" Lodge of Sincerity," No. 17-!.*
Lodge is styled "Operative Masons." In 1781 it
was located at the "Cannon, Portland Road, Mary- No. 6G, [of 1792] " LoDGE OF SrxcERITY,
bone," and met on the " 1st Tuesday, Masters' BERMONDSEY SPA."
Night 5th Tuesday." This is its description to 1785, Constituted 29th August, 1739, as No. 187, at the
and from 1786-1809 it is" 1st Tu. Mast. L. 5th Tu." " Red Bull, Charles Court, Strand," it is described
It met at the " White Lion, near Berners Street," in 1799 as the "Lodge of Sincerity," meeting at
from 1799, and was still designated "Operative "Bermondsey Spa" on the 4th Wed. lJI. L. 5th
Masons." In 1810, however, the Lodge was trans- Wed." It removed in 1801 to the "Canterbury
formed into the "Royal Jubilee J,odge," and ceased Arms, Dean Street, Southwark," meeting on the
to be noted either as " Operative Masons" or as a "4th Wed. JJI. L. LAST Wed." In 1807 it met at the
"Masters' Lodge." It was erased in 1830, having "Plymouth Arms, Mill Lane, Tooley Street," and
made no returns after 1814. in 1812 at the "Bull, Bull Court, Tooley Street," its
meetings from 1807-13 being on the "4th Wed.
The last enumeration we have to consider, that M. L. 5 Wed," as in 1799. The Lodge ceased work-
of 1792-1813, contains eight additional Masters' ing about 1820, but ·was not erased until 3d March,
Lodges. 1830.
No. 186, [of 1792] "GOTHIC LODGE, GEORGE,
No. 67 [of 1792] "RED LION, HoRSELYDOWN LANE." GRAFTON STREET, SoHo."
Constituted on 8th October, 1739, at the "Ax and Constituted 22d March, 1765, as No. 336, at the
Gate, King Street, Westminster," and numbered "George and Dragon, Shug Lane," it is noted for the
188, it took the name "Lodge of Peace and Plenty,"
·when meeting in 1786 at the "Red Lion, Horselydown • The Hi•tory of thi• Lodge, published by Bro. John Newton. P ~!.
(London 1888) since this paper was written furnishes several points of
Lane." In 1792 it is first described as meeting on interest, viz.-
the "2d Th. M!L$ters' L. 5th Th." In 1801 it removed (1) That in 1792 it. was "proposed that a 'Masters' Lodg-e' be held
every fifth Tuesday." (2) That in 1794 the Lodge met seventeen times, in·
to the ''New Two Giants, St. John's, Southwark," eluding Emergency meetings and "Masters' Lodges." {3) That, not. with·
standing there is no reference to a Master's Lodge (under No. 231) 111 the
and in 1812 to the " Anchor and Castle, Tooley Grand Lodge Calendar after 1796, the members met separately so late as
Street, Southwark," meeting on the same days [" 2d 1804, in which year there were nine regular meetings, three emergency
meetings, and u one Masters' night." (4) That previous to the fonnation
Th. lrfa.•. L. 5th Th."] down to 1813. It made no of the Masters' Lodge in 1793, and in many suhsequent years, (e.g. in li8;1,
returns after 1814, and was erased on 3d March, 1787, 1797, and 180!,) all three degrees were conferred upon the same can.
didate at one meeting, in most instances to master mariners or sea.faring
1t!30. men about to proceed to aea.
 172 TRANSACTIONS OF. THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI.

first time in 1801, as meeting at the " George, Masters' Lodge," "At a Master Masons' Lodge,"
Grafton Street, Soho," on the "4th Mon. Mas. N. 1st and some, me1·ely, "At a Lodge;" but they invari-
after 5th frf," and so continued until 1805. In the ably relate to the Third Degree only.
following year it appears [as No. 186] at the ~gain, ~here are minutes extant, of an old Lodge,
"Three Cups Tavern, Harwich, Essex," without any constituted 1th September, 1730, at the "Saracen's
mention of a Masters' Lodge. It was erased on the Head, Lincoln," then No. 73. These minutes
5th March, 1828. commence in 1734, and read as follows : -
" Tuesday, Deer. ye 3d, 1734. It was proposed
No. 435, [of 1792] "BANK OF ENGLAND LonGE, AT " that there should be an election of new members
THE HORNS, BERMONDSEY SQUARE." " an d at t h e request of the whole Lodge, Sir C.'
Warranted 24th June, 1788, as No. 526, at the "Wray, Bart. D.G.M., was re-elected Master of the
"Guildhall Coffee HouRe, King Street, Cheapside," "same, who was pleased to nominate Sir ChristopheP
it was located at the "Horns, Bermondsey Square," " Lahr, Bart, as Senr. Warden & Sidney Every, Esq.
in 1802, when it is first noted as a Masters' Lodge, "Jun. Warden for the ensuing year. But as
its meetings being on the " 2d Tu. Mast. L. 5 Tu." "regards our said two new Wardens, as well as
This is the record to 1813. It is now the "Bank of "several other Brothers of this Lodge, well qualified
England Lodge," No. 263. " & worthy of the Degree of Master, had not been
" called thereto, our said Right W orahipful Master
No.6, [of 17!!2] "LODGEOF FoRTITUDE,THEWREKIN, " was pleased to direct that a Lodge of Masters should
BROAD CouRT, LoNG AcRE." "be held at the place aforesaid on Monday ye
"thirtiet,h instant, at which time the said [names
This is another (the third) of the Four Old Lodges,
"given] should be severally admitted to the Degree
and in t.he List of 1729 is numbered II, under date
" of Master, on their paying severally 5s. a piece to
27th February, 1723, but met at the "Apple Tree "the Box & 12d to the Door keeper."
Tavern, Charles Street, Covent Garden," as early as
Accordingly, under date "Dec. 31st, 1735,"
1717. It took its name in 1768, but there is no trace [? 1;34] the minutes inform us that" .At a Lodge of
of its having a Masters' Lodge until 1803, when it " Masters held this day at the place aforesaid .
removed from "Gerard Street, Soho," t.o "The " in pursuance of the order given at the
Wrekin, Broad Court, Long Acre," meeting on the
" last Lodge, the several Brethren following were in
"1st W. Mas L. 5 W." This description is continued "due form admitted to the degree of Master, (to wit)
to 1813, the Lodge having removed to "Freemason's
" Bro. Lahr, Bro. Every, Bro. Curtois, Bro. Rayner,
Tavern," in 1811. It is now the "Lodge of Forti-
"Bro. Newcomen, & Bro. Clarke, after which a
tude and Old Cumberland," No. 12.* " General Lodge was held."
This concludes the evidence of the Engraved There were, moreover, other Lodges, e.g. at
and Printed Lists from 1723 to 1813, during which Salisbury, Norwich, Bath, Bury, etc., which are
period, notwithstanding that more than a thousand ment.ioned by Bro. Hughan in his invaluable work
Lodges had been constituted or registered by the on the " Origin of the English Rite." In the
" Modern " Grand Lodge, only 3ti of them are chapter entitled, "Investigations on the Third
described or referred to as ''Masters' Lodges." It Degree," Bro. Hughan says, "Of the forty-seven
is, however, very improbable that these 36 comprised " Lodges chartered in the provinces, we know that
all, or even any considerable proportion, of the "those at Norwich, Lincoln, Bath, Bury, and other
Lodges that worked the Third Degree separately " places, worked the Third Degree, yet the Book of
from the General Lodge. In fact there is ample "Constitutions, 1738, does not credit one of them
testimony to prove that many Lodges, during this " with a Masters' Lodge, and even in London the list
long period, specially held " Masters' Lodges " for "of eleven is far from exha11stive of the number
the purpose of conferring the Third Degree on Fellow "which practised the whole three degrees, 1730-8."
Craft Freemasons. I do not, however, affirm that every Lodge
Time, however, will prevent my mentioning which legitimately worked the Third Degree was
more than a few. necessarily, and as a matter of course, entitled to the
First of all, I note that the premier Lodge of special designation" Masters' Lodge." Some, doubt-
Devonshire, viz., "St John the Baptist," Exeter, less were not. Nevertheless, most, if not all, of the
No. 39, has an Old Minute Book containing records Lodges evidently considered they had full authority
exclusively of meetings in the Third Degree, eighty- to work the whole of the Three Degrees by virtue of
two of these having been held between 1777 and their Constitution or Warrant, and I believe it will
1785, and two as late as 1803. There can be no be generally conceded that they did possess that
doubt that this was a distinct "Masters' Lodge," its power. On the other hand, it is in evidence, that
meetings having been held, almost invariably, on either on the ground of expediency or inability, or
the 2d Tuesday, while those of the General Lodge, for some other cause which may never be accurately
on the evidence of the Official Lists, were held on ascertained, not a few Old Lodges failed to work the
the "2d & last Friday." The headings to the Third Degree, and thus neglected to communicate to
minutes-which I have personally examined-are the Fellow Crafts those esoteric and other cere-
not always alike, those most frequent being "At a monials and teachings peculiar to the Master Masons'
Lodge of Master Masons," while others are "At a Degree, and without which their Masonic progress
must have been impeded, and their Masonic life
* For further particulars about the foregoing J.od~es, their various
places of meeting, changes of numbers, &c., &c., vide my "Maaonie rendered incomplete.
Records, 1717-11;86." The By-Laws of No. 73, Lincoln, dated about
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LoDGE QuA.Tuor: CoRONATr. 173

December, 1732, confirm and illustrate the foregoing, relation to its character as a Lodge superior to the
and show that it was custom.1ry, at least, for one Fellow Crafts, whether as a Master Masons' Lodge
Lodge to confer the Third Degree on members of or o'hcnrise; and secondly, because it furnishes a
another. The 9th By-Law reads." No Brother made striking analogy. in many particulars, to the three
in another Lodge shall be pass'd Muster in this, under "Master Masons'" or" Masters' Lodges," with which
·half-a-guinea, to be paitl for the entertainment of the is was contemporary.
Masters' present." What constituted a " Scotch" or a "Scott's
In this connection, however, the " exceptions Masons Lodge" at that early period is not very easy
that prove the rule," must not be overlooked. One to determine. Bro. R. F. Gould* says "The Scots
is that of the First Lodge of Boston, which was "degrees seem to have sprung up, about 1740, in all
warranted by the English Grand Lodge in 1733. "parts of France," that ·• the Scot-s Master claimed
The proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Massa- " to be in every way superior to the Master Mason,
chusetts [1871 pp. 317, 318], inform us that ''In the " to be possessed of the true history, secret, and
" First Lodge but two degrees were conferred, and " design of Freemasonry, and to hold various
"the third was never given by this Lodge until after " privileges, of which some few may be mentioned.
" 1792" (i.e. about sixty years without working the "He wore distinctive clothing, remained covered in
Third Degree). "This last grade was supposed to "a Maste1·s' Lodge, and in any Lodge, even as a
be exclusively within the power of the Grand Lodge " Visitor, ranked before the W.M. At any time or
to confer." Nevertheless the Third Degree was duly " place he could personally impart, either with or
provided for, about five years after the formation of "without a ceremony, the secrets of the E.A., F. C.,
the Lodge, inasmuch as we are told, under date " and M.M. degrees. If he was a member of a
"January ~d 1738," [1739] that "The Rt. Worshl. "Lodge none but Scots Masons could adjudicate upon
Lodge of Masters was founded, and our Rt. W orshl. " his conduct. Later still, when Scots Lodges became
Br. Mr. Henry Price chosen :First Master." "more numerous, they were grafted on the ordinary
Another instance is referred to in Bro. Hughan's " Lodges, and not only asserted, hut obtained, still
"Origin," being that of a Lodge of Freemasons at "greater privileges. 'rhe W.M. was not chosen 15y
Newport, in Rhode Island, who, having worked the " the Lodge, but appointed by the Scots Lodge, and
Third Degree, were taken to task by the Provincial "was almost always one of themselves; and the
Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, at Boston, for so " finances of the Masons' Lodge were disposed of by
doing, and were ultimately supplied with a Special "the Scots brethren, who also decided in all matters
Warrant enabling them to confer that Degree. This "o£ doctrine and ritual."
Warrant says that " a considerable number of Now, if " Scots " degrees or " Scots " Lodges
"Masons have from time to time congregated them- originated first in France, and that not until 1740,
" selves at Newport . . . . . as a Lodge of two questions naturally arise. (1.) Where did our
"Master Masons, and have therein raised some English brethren obtain the distinctive appellation
" Brothers of the Fellow Craft to Master Masons, of a "Scotch" or "Scott's Masons' Lodger" and (2)
" not thinking but that they had authority so to do, what constituted its peculiarity in 1733? Satisfac-
" and have now petitioned us to confirm the said tory answers to these enquiries would be very
"Degree, and to form them into a Masters' Lodge." acceptable, but I cannot supply them.
This mode of procedure is so unlike anything Without discussing the question of nationality,
we find elsewhere, and so completely at variance which intuitively presents itself, I may say here
with the general practice, that its designation by that an examination of the names of the members
Bro. Hughan as" a species of fanciful and superfluous of No. 115 might assist us very much, but, unfor-
legislation" cannot be considered too expressive. tunately, they are not obtainable.
Inasmuch as this Newport Lodge was never returned
to be registered in the Books of the Grand Lodge of In a recently published History of ''Lodge
England, either under its original Warrant of 1749, Canongate Kilwinning No. 2" (Scotland), the
or under the new-fangled Charter of 1759, one is author, Bro. Allan Mackenzie, furnishes evidence
naturally led to enquire (in reference to these official that a separate M~asters' Lodge existed as early as 31st
opposers of wrong-doing), What became of the Three March, 17:35, in connection with the General Lodge,
Guineas which, by that same Charter, the members and as the Masters' Lodge on that date " mett
were required to pay "for their enrolment in the according to adjournment," it is evident it had a
Grand Lodge Book in London P" previous existence. Thus it is certain that the Third
Degree was known and worked separately in Scot-
But I must refrain from pursuing this topic any land in that year. Canongate Kilwinning's parent
further, and will now revert to the first four Lodges Lodge, Mother Kilwinning, however, has no refer-
namely: ence in its records to the Third Degree until 173G,
115.-Devil, Temple Bar, Scott's Masons' Lodge. and other Scotch Lodges, viz .. Canongate Kilwinning
116.-Bear and Harrow, Butcher Row, Master at Leith, and Mary's Cht~pel, Edinburgh, not until
Masons' Lodge. 1738.
117.-King's Arms, Strand, Master Masons' Bro. F. H. Goldney, P.G.D., in his" History of
Lodge. Freemasonry in Wiltshire," quotes from the Minute
120.-0ates's 'Coffee House, Great Wild Street, Book of the Salisbury Lodge (No 109 of 27 Dec.,
Masters' Lodge. l/32), under date " 1746, Oct. 19. At this Lodge
I include the "Scott's Masons," or " Scotch were made Scotts J!asons five brethren of the Lodge"
Mason's Lodge," for two reasons: Firstly, in the
hope that further information may yet be gleaned in • "History of Freemasonry," vol. 3, ~· 9:!.
174 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LonGE QuATUOR Co&ONATr.

-but this date is too late to avail for a solution of never attended Grand Lodge, and it was erased (i.e.,
the question in relation to No. 115. struck out in ink), from the Official List in 1736.
I must, however, proceed to point out in what Now, at the same" Devil Tavern within Temple
particulars this "Scott's Masons' Lodge" agrees Bar," Lodge No.8 (of 25th April, 1722), was located
with the three " Masters' Lodges" that immediately from 1729 to 1736, meeting on the " 1st and 3d
follow it on the Engraved List. Monday," i.e., on alternate Mondays to No. 115, and,
(A) These four Lodges have, in common, special like No. 115, it removed to "Daniel's Coffee House,
and exclusive days or times only for meeting. With within Temple Bar," in 1736, where it met on the
the exception of the "Masters' Lodge, at Charles lst Monday only.
Town, South Carolina," and the Lodge "On board I consider the fact of the meetings of both
his Majesty's Ship the Guadaloupe,"-both appear- Lodges having been held at the same place from
ing to have been "Masters' Lodges" only,-the 1733 to 1736, and that both removed in the same
other thirty-one Lodges are all noted as having days year to another place in common, must be more than
of meeting as General Lodges, in addition to, and a mere coincidence ; for it suggests a very strong
quite separate and distinct from, the days on which presumption that both Lodges were composed of the
they met as- "Masters' Lodges." These four, it will same members, one of them being designated by the
be remembered, have no days of meeting as General peculiar, and as yet unexplained, name of a " Scott's
Lodges. Masons' Lodge."*
(B) There is not the slightest evidence that
either of these four Lodges ever paid for a Charter SECOND, astoN o. 116, "Bear and Harrow in the
or Constitution. Butcher Row." This, as I have stated, on the
(c) In the Official Engraved Lists neither of evidence of Rawlinson and of the Engraved Lists of
them has any date of Constitution recorded. With- 1734 and 173t.i, is termed a" Master Masons' Lodge."
out unduly pressing this point, it nevertheless ought It has no date in either List, and never paid for a
not to be overlooked, as it tends to confirm the uther Constitution. It met on the 2d and 4th Fridays,
peculiarities. but never attended Grand Lodge, and was finally
(D) .Although all these four Lodges assembled erased (i.e. struck out in ink) from the Official List
in London neither of them during any portion of its in 1736.
existence ever attended Grand Lodge. During this period, 1733-36, there were two
I think it is expedient that we should endeavour General Lodges meeting at the " Bear and Harrow
if possible, to ascertain what these peculiarities in the Butcher Row." One, numbered 63 (of 26th
suggest. .At the outset I am enabled to affirm, from February, 1730), assembled there from its constitu-
a careful analysis of the attendances, as recorded in tion to 1736, meeting on the "1st Thursday," until
the Grand Lodge Minutes, that of no other London its removal to the " Bacchus, Gravill Street, Hatton
Lodge, then existing, could the same negative Garden." Uniting~with another Lodge in 1843, it
and positive Rtatements be made. In fact, and with- became, and now is, "St. George's and Corner Stone
out exception, every other London Lodge attended Lodge," No. 5.
the Quarterly Communication, or the .Annual Feast,
The ot.her Lodge located at the " Bear and
from time to time, with more or less regularity, [my
Harrow in the Butcher Row," was No. 74 (of 14th
examinations at present extend from 1727 to 1748
December, 1730), known as the "University Lodge,"
only,] but these four Lodges never once attended;
meeting on the "First Tuesday." It continued
and from this extraordinary circumstance, as well as
there until 1736 also, when it was struck out of the
from the other remarkable incidents already noted,
Official List.
I am of opinion that, notwithstanding a definite
I am strongly of opinion that the " Master
position was given to them on the Roll, these four
Masons' Lodge," No. 116, was connected with one
Lodges were not separate organizations, but were
or the other of these two Lodges, if not with them
composed of members of " General" Lodges who,
both. The records of No. 63 (now No.5), if pre-
for tho purposes of communicating the Master
served, might furnish some information on this
Masons' Degree, obtained the sanction of the Grand
point, but I am more induced to believe that a.s No.
Lodge so to act and work under the appropriate
74 and 116 were both erased from the List at the
designation of "Masters' Lodges."
same time, the probability is in favor of a previous
The c0nsideration of the quest~on how far this
connection between them, similar to that of Nos. 8
opinion is supported by evidence, more or less
and 115.
definite, will bring to a close this already lengthy
paper.
THIRD, as to No. 117, "King's .Arms, Strand."
FIRST, as to No. 115, the "Scott's Masons This Lodge, also, has no date in either of the
Lodge," at the " Devil Tavern, Temple Bar." It Engraved Lists, never paid for a Constitution, and
appeat·s, for the first time, in Rawlinson's List of never attended Grand Lodge. Meeting on the •' 1st
17i:l3, and next in Pine's Engraved List of 1734, • The names of the members of No. 8, as registered in 1731·2, show
without a date. It never paid for a Constitution, that they were not exclusi\•ely Scotchmen-viz., "Mr. Claude Crespigny,
" Mr. Edward Rr.venel, Mr. Thos. Shank, Mr. George .Moody, Mr. William
but, from its position and number, was evidently "Goostrey, Mr. William Dea.rds, Mr. Charles Trinquand, Mr. John Shu<>k-
placed on the Roll in 1733. It continued at the " burgh, Mr. John Thomas, Mr. Edward Stracey, Mr. Henry Tata.m, Mr.
" Anthony Ewer, Mr. Thomas Griffiths, Mr. John Houghton, Mr. George
" Devil Tavern," meeting on the "2d & 4th "Shank, Mr. Nichs. Downing, Mr. Benjamin Tassell, Mr. Daniel Coxe,
Monday," until1~36, when it removed to "Daniel's " Mr. John Wyat, Mr. Godfrey Wills, Mr. Duke Newland, Mr. Christopher
" Loft, Mr. Francis Frank, Mr. Henry Loubier, Mr. Thos Bigg, Mr John
Coffee Honse, Temple Bar." We have seen that it "Goostrey, Mr. Jonas-Sedgeley, Mr. Edward Pyewell."
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE Loom; QuATCOR CoRONATI 175

Monday, Masters' Lodge, do. 3d Monday in y• Third Degree, and being thus duly recognized and
Winter." it had even a shorter existence than the sanctioned by the Grand Lodge, and autborizo·d by
ot.hers, .for No. 117 is blank in the earliest edition it to assemble and work, they were placed on the
of the 1736 Engraved List, indicating its erasure in "List of Regula1· Lodges," although they had never
1735. Its place was taken in 1736 by the '' Stewards' been f9rmally constituted, and were free from
Lodge," which met at the " Shakespeare's Head in any obligation either to obtain or tD pay for a.
Covent Garden," the date of whose Constitution is WarTant. or Constitution. Hence, also, the. members
recorded as 25th J one, 1735. I£ the days of meeting were not required to be represented at the Quarterly
of the Lodge at the "King's Arms," quoted from Communications of Grand Lodge, or at its Annual
the Engraved List, appear somewhat ambiguous, I Festivals, in t.heir new capacity,· seeing that, in all
think nothing more is meant by "lst Munday, probability, the same persons, as Masters and
Masters' Lodge, do. 3d Munday in y• Winter," than W a1·dens of " General " Lodges, would be making
that the Lodge met as a Masters' Lodge on the l.;t their attendances and payments, from time to time,
Monday in Summer and also on the 1st and 3d according to the regulations then in force.
Mondays in Winter. This was the case with No.
Hi9, whose meetings are more distinctly recorded as Such are the results of my investigations in
'' 1st Monday in y• Summer, 1st & :id Mon. in y• relation to this confessedly difficult and complex
Winter." subject, and in submitting them for consideration I
Was tLis Lodge, No. 117, connected .with any feel assured that, whether the members of the
"General" Lodge? Now, we find, that No. 26, (of " Qnatuor Coronati" agree or not with the views I
~5th March, 17:24,) met at the "King's Arms, have advanced, they will accept my first contribu-
Strand," from 1728 to 17:33, removing in that year tion to their " Transactions" as an earnest endeavour
to the " White Swan and Royal Oak, Whitecross to set forth facts and suggestions alike in such a.
Street." Another Lodge, however, viz. No. 43, (of manner as to be helpful to other brethren who may
25th May, 1725,) took its place in the very same be enabled to carry on the interesting study of these
year, having removed from the " Cross Keys, old "Masters' Lodges " to a more definite and satis-
Henrietta Street, Covent Garden." It remained at factory conclusion.
the "King's Arms, Strand," from 1733 untill742,
and is now the" Old King's Arms Lodge," No. 28.
I think it highly probable that, meeting at the BRo. HUGHAN, by request of the W.M., opened the
interesting discussion which followed, by first of all congratu-
same place during the period 1733 to 1735, No. 117 lating Bro. Lane on the exc!oJllent paper which he had just
was composed of members of, or worked in connec- read, which was on a confessedly d:flicult subject, and had
tion with, No. 43. Here, again, the old minutes, if been treated in a most masterly manner. Many of the facts
extant, would be very helpful in arriving at an noted so carefully and interestingly, were entirely new to
absolutely accurate and satisfactory conclusion. most students, and some were quite unknown to all. The
discovery that Lodges 115, 116, 117, and 120 of 1733, never
paid for warrants, if they had any, never attended officially
ForRTH, as to No. 120, "Oates's Coffee House, at Grand Lodge, and were all erased 1735·6 (evidently making
Great Wild Street." Like the other three, this Lodge no returns of members, and never initiating) could not well
has no date in either of the Engraved Lists, never be over-valuE'd, and certainly should obtain due reco!!'nition
paid for a Constitution, and never attended Grand and warm appreciat.ion. Evidently, whilst it was true that all
Lodge. It met on the " 1st and 3d Sunday," and Lodges were empowered to work the three degrees, from say
1724-5, many did or could not, and hence the few who were
was struck out of the Official List in 1736. able to confer the third degree WE're often known as '' Masters'
I have been unable to discover that any other Lodges," and described as such. Not that the latter designa-
Lodge met at "Oates's Coffee House,'' and can, there- tion was applied to all those who, from time to time, worked
the "'l'hird," for as Bro. Lane had pointed out, we were able
fore, only conjecture that this '·Masters' Lodge," to trace (and had done so), several not so described, which
No. 120, may have been composed o£ members o£ beyond question were, or held, Masters' Lodges. When so
other " General" Lodges meeting regularly else- termed, on the Lists, the information appeared to be given,
where, but who, not possessing in themselves a so as to inform brethren when these :Masters' Lodges
sufficient number of members ahle or willing to work assembled, as frequently they were held on different days to
the ordinary meetings. With reference, however, to Nos.
the "Third Degree," united together, meeting at a 116, 117, and 120, they doubtless met as Masters' Lodges,
common rendezvous for that purpose. The fact that mainly, if not exclusively supported by Nos. 74 (or 63), and
this is the only one of these four that met on Sundays 43, as Bro. Lane had noted, for the first time, and hence,
seems to strengthen this opinion. There may be a being possibly not warranted, there was no need for the usual
more satisfactory explanation in relation to this part "annual returns,'' or any payments, as these were made for
the same members, who belonged to the Lodges, numbered
of my subject, but of this I am convinced, that these 43, &c. Bro. Hughan, however, did not feel so sure about
four Lodges were of a character very different to any Bro. Lane's identification of No. lJ 5 with the members of
others that preceded or followed them, the records No. 8, as the evidence favoured the supposition that the
showing conclusively that they have never had an latter was simply composed of Freemasons from Scotland,
exact parallel or counterpart before or since. who so assembled as " A Scoffs J,[asons' Lodge" at the "Devil
Tavern." At that time (1733), the Grand Lodge of Scotland
Taking into account, therefore, the comparative was not formed, whereas that for Ireland had existed from
newness of the Society, as an Organized Grand 1729, so that it was quite possible that the English authorities
Lodge, and remembering that in not a few Lodges placed the Scottish Lodge on the List, though not warranted.
the first and second Degrees only were worked, it Of course, the membership of No.8 might be the same as No.
should not be considered either strange or unlikely 115, but unfortunately whereas we had the former. the latter
was unknown. If a better origin for the name could be found
that new Lodges were formed for working and be should like to hear it. The relation between the 01·dinary
developing the principles and ceremonial of the Lodges and those of the Masters', was of a similar character to
176 TaANUCTIONs or THE Loooz Qu.uuoa CoKON.&.TL

the ".!thoU" Lodges Bnd Royal .Arch Ma~onry, as also the exist· No. 115 was eomposed of Scotch Masons, for if so, how can
ing Lodges in Scotland and Mark Masonry. All the "Atholl" the absence of a date of constitution, or a paymeut for a
Lodges had the right to work the R.A. degree, but few did so. warrant, be in any way accounted for P It is certain t?at the
All the Scottish Lodges are allowed to confer the "Mark," but expressions Entered Apprentice, Fellow Craft, and (m ~on.
the great majority do not. So also with the Lodges in England, junction with them) Master Mason, were introduced 1nto
early last century. All were empowered to work the third English Masonry from the Operative terminology of the
degree, bnt only a few did so ; some apparently because they N ortbem Kingdom. It is also certain that in the first instanc.e,
oonld not; henc.e arose the "Masters' Lodges," composed first viz., until 1723 (or later) the titles Fellow Craft and Master
of all, as separate organizations, virtually, and afterwards were convertible terms. After this the degrees were re·
the same Lodges meeting on specially appointed nights to arranged (or it maybe slightly re-modelled), and blossomed
oommnnicate the third degree only. All the eviden~e into the three with which we are familiar. Theae three
accumulated pointed to the modern character of Masomc degrees-according to my reading of the evidence-were
Delrl"ees. The first reference to the third degree was only beginning to be popularized in 1733, and .I therefore
to be found in the Additional MS., 23,202, British submit, as a reasonable inference to be drawn from the
Museum, of 1724·5, which is one of the moat valuable circumstances, that a Lodge wherein a system of degreetr,
masonic documents in existence. Bro. H nghan quoted from bearing Scottish Operative titles of rtcent introductiO'II, was
the" St. James' Evening Post," of Dec. 19th, 1738, as follows,· known Bnd practised, would very frequently be referred' to,
being an early instance of a Masters' Lodge being held:- as " a Scotch Masons' Lodge."
"We hear that on Sunday last'therewas a numerous meeting [The remainder of the discussion partook more of the
" of Master MAsons at the B~ar Tavern in the Strand, who nature of a desultory conversation, and was maintained by
"have agrood to hold a Master Masons' Lodge there for the Bros. Cumberland, Rylands, Howell, Westcott, and Speth.]
" future, every Sunday night on extraordinary business."
Those familiar with Bro. Gould's grand Masonic History The WORSHIPFUL M.&sTJIJB in proposing a cordial-vote of
would be aware that our W.M. fixes 1740as the yea.r when the thanks to the lecturer, said he had no doubt but that the
" Scots' degrees" were fabricated, so that the "Scotts' paper of the evening containing as it did such an array of
Masons' Lodge" of 1733 had no connection with that novelty. facts, drawn from official records, and marshalled with so
In 1741 we meet with the "Bo11al Onlt:r of Scotland" in much literary skill, would be used very largely in the futm;e,
London; in 1746, our Bro. Goldney (in his excellent History), as a basis not only for intelligent criticism, but also for atill
tells us of brethren "mads Scotts' Masons" at Salisbury ; Bro. further research.
W. Logan has traced the "Highrodiam" in the same year, at In the ooune of a short reply Bro. LANE accepted SAl
Dnrham; and Bro. R. Hudson, the "Harodim" at Sunderland, probable Bro. Gould's hypothesis concerning the pecnl~
in 1756. The Royal Arch is alluded to so early as 1744, in name of No. 115, and thanked the brethren both for theU"
print. All these degrees, h()wever, came yea.rs after 1733, the attention to a somewhat dry paper and their vote of thanks.
period of advent of No. 115. Bro. Hnghan concluded, as he
began, with his hearty appreciation of the value, importance,
and usefulness of Bro. Lane's paper. SUPPLEliiENTARY NoTE-The interesting paper on ''Mastera'
Lodges" brings home to ns with clearness, ~hat the evolu·
The WORSHIPFUL MASTII:R said: I readily accept the tionary process by means of which Universal Masonry was
challenge thrown down by the lea.rned brother who has last taken from its original to its consummation continued until
addressed us, and will put forward a conjecture with regard a later period than bas been commonly supposed. The facts
to the crux submitted by Bro. Lane, which I shall attempt to marshalled by Bro. Lane indicate with precision that it ~as
show has a greater inherent probability of being a true solu- not until the fourth decade of the last century that the ex1st·
tion of the very difficult point raised for our consideration ence of a Third Masonic Degree met with any very general
than has yet been advanced in the course of this discussion. recognition.
In the first place, however, let me state that having had the This is worthy of onr most careful consideration, because
privilege of perusing Bro. Lane's paper at leisure, I prepared, the period during which evolutionary changes were in progress,
and had nearly completed, when the Secretary took me away has been somewhat a.rbitrarily restricted within narrower
with him to the Continent, some written observations there· limits than there is evidence to support, and the " epoch of
upon, which I shall in due course transmit to Bro. Speth for transition," as I have elsewhere ventured to term the space
insertion-if he thinks fit-in our Transactions. I mention of time that intervened between the formation of the original
this from a two.fold feeling of respect,-to the Lodge and to Grand Lodge of England and its cumulation of degrees,
Bro. Lane,-because while no Master of our Lodge can be ex· appears to have stretched down to, and to have overlapped,
pected to take a prominent part in each and all of our debates, the year I 730, a date of much importance to students, as
nevertheleEs, as it seems to me, the duty is cast upon every being connected with the appearance of a ne"!' group of
occupant of this chair, to suitably prepa.re himself for a par- Masonio Catechisms, • concerning which I may briefly remark
ticipation in everyone of our discussions, whenever his that they seem to have been at least as misleading to the
previous studies have qualified him to take a part. My generality of craft writers as to those who are not members of
remarks (for the reason stated) will be divided into separate our Society.
contributions, one dealing with Bro. Lane's paper from its The allusion to the "Scotch Mason's" Lodge in the list
exoteric side; and the other, a verbal contribution, will take of 1733 is I think, one of those puzzles that are more
the form of some passing remarks from an esoteric point of apparent tb~u real, and the solution of which will be attended
view-and therefore more appropriately delivered in Lodge- by no insuperable difficulty. I am strongly of opinion that
on the salient features of the excellent lecture of this evening. Scotland could not have become the legendary home of high
[Bro. Gould then proceeded with a dissection of the ritual Masonic degrees untill736,t at the t>arliest, and we know as
and ceremonial, as existing between 1723-33, and continued,] a fact, that a third degree was not worked at all in the
I am of opinion therefore that a Third Degree in original Masonry of that country. A second degree can
Masonry, which as we have seen is not mentioned in the indeed be traced back to 1720, under which year-December
Constitutions of 1723, may have been recognized by the 27-we find in the minutes of the Lodge of Dunblane : -
Grand Lodge of England, within a year or two of that date, " Compeared John Gillespie, writer in Dunblane, who was
but was not generally wrought in the Lodges until after 1733, entered on the 24th instant, and after examination was duely
the period at which Bro. Lane takes up the thread of his passt from the Square to the Comp~ss, and f;,om an En.tered
disc:mrse. I think, further, that the expression " a Scotch Prentice to a Fellow of Craft of this Lodge. :): 1720 1s, of
Ma3ons' Lodge" meant a Lodge wherein the expanded system course, comparatively late. But even adm~tting the. extreme
of degrees-with the Scottish nomenclature which had been probability of the usage last referred to, bavmg been 1m ported
grafted on to it-introduced by Dr. Anderson, was taught or from England, there are two points wort~y of onr att~ntion.
practiced. The lecturer has made it tolerably clear that the In the first place, according to a pnuted catechtsm of
Lodge No. 115, in possessing the same characteristics, must 1730, at the examination of a Master Mason, the following
have been virtually the same kind of masonic body as Nos. colloquy took place.
116, 117, and 120; and this, as it appea.rs to me, altogether
invalidates the conclusion arrived at by Bro. Hnghan, that * Hlst. UL, 4 73. t antt p. 10. t Lyon, 416.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI. 177

Q. How was you passed Master ? (though it is believed in a balder form) to the Fellow Craft
A. From the square to the compass.• or Master.
Without therefore assigning undue importance to the Concurrently with this procedure, for although the
catechism, the answer above quoted will show that in the evidence only dates from 1724, it may be inferred that the
popular estimation, at all events, a Freemason in 1730 in usage certainly stretched back to 1723, the same secrets-
progressing to the rank of Master, was passed from the square with, it is possible, some slight variation of ceremonial, and
to the compass. expansion of ritual-were communicated to candidates, with.
Now, as I shall presently show, the titles of Fellow Craft out the direct sanction, but after November 27, 1725,
and Master Mason, which really meant the same thing in the apparently with the tacit consent of the Grand Lodge, in
phraseology of Scottish Operative Masons, were also used three steps or degrees.
ali words of indifferent application by Dr. Anderson in the This tri-gradal system of degrees was eventually
first edition of his Constitutions of the Grand Lodge of sanctioned by the governing body, but the process of
England, published in 1723. assimilation was conducted quietly and imperceptibly, and
Entered Apprentice, Fellow Craft, and Master Mason, though it probably began in 1725, we find from the details so
were all terms introduced by Dr. Anderson into English carefully gleaned by Bro. Lane, that the English Craft, as a.
Masonry from the vocabulary of the Northern Kingdom.t body, ~ere only becoming generally instructed in the ampler
The second point, therefore, to which I invite attention, ceremonial between 1733 and 1740.
as appearing to me to be suggested by the entry in the Dun· In 1723 an" Entered Mason" is made to say in one of
blane records, is the following. The degree of Fellow the Catechisms :•
Craft -a title synonymous with that of Master-was the " A F~lloto I was sworn most rare,
highest one recognized by the Grand Lodge of England in And know the Astler, Diamond, and Square."
1723. But in another of the year 1730 there occurs the following
The name, as appertaining to a title or degree in the variation :t
Freemasonry of South Britain, was the coinage of Dr. Ander- " A M(£8t~r Mason I was made most rare,
son, and it seems inherently probable, that being previously \Vith Diamond, Ashier, and the Square."
unknown to English Masons, they would allude to it as often It may be taken, I think, that the three titles of Entered
as not in the first instance by its exact equivalent " Scottish Apprentice, Fellow Craft, and Master Mason, were used to
Master." some extent-at least in their existing signification, with the
It is alio not an unreasonable assumption, that as all approval of Grand Lodge, possibly in 1725, and almost certainly
three degrees into which thfl Masonry of England became from 1726, though I incline to the opinion that in by far the ma-
divided, were labelled with titles selected from the operative jority of Lodges the work continued to be done in the old way,
terminology of the Northern Kingdom ; the brethren of the vi~., by conferring the secrets of the present first and second
Regular Lodges (i.e. those under the obedience of the Grand degrees upon the Entered Apprentice, and those of the
Lodge) must have been constantly described as Scots, or present third degree, (or its direct ancestor) upon the Fellow
Scottish Masons, by the members of those independent or Craft, or Master, until a date very closely approximating to
non-tributary Lodges, which as yet held aloof from the new that which the lecturer of the evening has selected as his
governing body, together with all the innovations practised starting point, that is to say, the year 1733.
under its authoriby. It is noteworthy that the entries in the York Records,
It appears to me that the Scots Mason Lodge of 1733 relating to the admission of new members from 1713 to 1729,
and 1734, could have had nothing in common with the so- contain no allusion whatever to degrees, all candidates
called Scot,s degrees, which overran Europe_after the delivery throughout that period being merely "sworn and admitted,"
of Ramsay s famous oration of 1737. a method of expression which, indeed, is not only destructive
In Lodges at Salisbury and Bath resp&ctively, brethren of any theory as to the third degree having been wrought in
were made " Scotts Masons" and " Scotch Masters" in 17 •6,t these early days, under the sanction of the Grand Lodge of
but though the balance of probability seems to incline in All England, but affords presumptive proof that except in
fa~our o.f the degrees then conferred being of foreign origin,
Lodges holding warrants from the Grand Lodge in London,
a hngermg doubt may yet be permiss;b]e as to whether the or in localities whither the influence of that body had
older and entirely different sense-whatever it may really extended, a plurality of Masonic degrees was unknown.
have been-in which the terms in question could only have The question now suggests itself, to what extent and down to
~een understood in 1733, was wholly superseded by a mean-
what date (if any) can the Mother of Grand Lodges be held
mg, of which so far as there is evidence to guide us, the to have been the supreme authority in matters of ritual and
fons et origo, was the halo of romance wherewith the erection ceremonial? Her right to re-shape and re-model the old
of the Grand Lodge of Scotland was encircled in 1736.§ fabric of Masonry, between the years I il7 and 1723 has never
In this connection some remarks by Kloss, who finds in been seriously arraigned, nor indeed has the furthet· amplifi-
the degree of Installed Master, a close resemblance to one of cation of ceremonial which resulted in the formation of the
the grades of " Scots Masonry" practised on the continent, II "Masters' Lodges," whose precise functions it has been the
may be usefully consulted, also the Grand :Mystery, 1724, and design of Bro. Lane to elucidate in his lecture.
Bro. Speth's paper read in this Lodge, on March 2nd. The question, therefore, that I wish to put and to sub-
But passing over all side-issues I shall attempt a short mit for the candid consideration of Masonic Students,
outline of the expansion of the lllasonic system of degrees, "wheresoever dispersed," is the following:-
under the original and legitimate Grand Lodge of England. So long as there was no other Grand Lodge, was the
original Grand Lodge of England-the mother Grand Lodge
There is a consensus of opinion on the part of l\fasonio of the World-justified in expanding the universal syste"' of
wri~ers, that without resorting largely to inference and J!asonry at its pleasure?
conJecture, nothing can positively be affirmed with regard to
the secrets of ~[asonry in the era preceding that of Grand Or to put it in a different manner:-
Lodges, except that there is a great deal of evidence, direct, Is the system of Masonry-consisting of three degrees-
collateral and presumptive, to support the belief that but a successively borrowed from England by the Grand Lodges of
single form of reception was in vogue in the seventeenth Ireland, Scotland, and various foreign countries, correctly
century, and there are no known facts which are inconsistent described by the title ''pure and ancient Freemasonry?" and
with it.'lf if so, do the degrees which were subsequently added, stand on
In 1723, as we learn from the Book of Constitutions, two an entirely distinct footing ? or are those recognized by the
degrees, En_tered Apprentice and Fellow Craft or Master, Grand Lodge of England, both before and after its ceasing to
were recogmzed by the Grand Lodge of England. be the only Grand Lodge in the World, to be considered as
At that time the essentials of what are now the first and equally comprised within the Ancient Landmarks of :i\Iasonry?
second degrees were communicated to the Entered Appren· It seems to me that the expansion of universal masonry
tice, and the essentials of what is now the third degree became a practical impossibility after the formation of the
Grand Lodges of Ireland and Scotland. York, indeed, may
• l\IaBonry dissected, 1730, p. 16. t Hist. ii., 317, et seq.
t Hiat. ii., ~58. § ante, 10. U Hist. ii., 459. 'I! Ibid ii., 259. • Hist. iii. 487. t Masonry Dissected, 16.
 178 TRANSACTIONS 01' THE LODGE Ql'ATUOR CORONATI.

be cited as possessing a Grand Lodge in 1725, but it aban- Bro. GooLD, in acknowledgment thereof, said" I shall now
doned its original simple ceremonial of reception in favour of call upon you to celebrate the Festival of St. John, by drink.
the "improved" system of the South, of which, there occurs ing to the continued prosperity of the Lodge and Circle of
to some extent a fore-shadowing so early as 1726, in the cele- the Quatuor Coronati, and in introducing the toast you will,
brated Oration of Dr. Drake (J.G.W.) delivered in that year.- I am sure, forgive me, if I blend with my remarks an allusion
R. F. GouLD, W.M. to the recent pilgrimage from which I have returned, as well
as an expression of my own heartfelt thanks for all the
kindly words said of me by Bro. Hughan in the Lodge, and
As the valuable and interesting "Supplementary Note" by Bro. Bywater at this board. The continued prosperity of
of Bro. Gould refers chiefly to the question of " Degrees" both the Inner and Orrter Circles of the Lodge seems to me
which, although intimately connected with the subject of to require three chief conditions : the first, that the quality
" Masters' Lodges," I nevertheless stated at the outset I of our full membership should be maintained at a high
should refrain from discussing, so now I will only say that standard ; the second, that the lectures or papers read in
while the Worshipful Master's "Note" harmonizes very Lodge should be distinguished by such good workmanship 8111
much with my own conclusions, I think the subject of to render them of prominent value; and the third, that there
"Degrees" is well deserving of further consideration by the should be no falling off, but on the contrary, a considerable
members, and I venture to express the hope that some able increase in the numbers of our Correspondence Circle.
Brother will deal with it in a Paper to be read before the With the first part of the toast I shall couple the name of
Lodge at an early date.-JNo. LANE. Bro. Hughan, who is, as you are all aware, one of the most
learned Freemasons in the world, and therefore a pattern
PosTsCRIPT.- It is important to bear in mind a fact alluded and example for young students; with the second part that
to by Bro. Speth in the discussion of my Paper, viz.: that while of Bro. Lane, the lecturer of this evening; and with the
many of the early " General Lodges " met once or twice only third I shall associate the name of Bro. Speth, to whose
in each month, the "Masters' Lodges," in connection with brilliant inspiration we owe the formation, and to whose
them, met "every Sunday." This corroborates my sugges- indefatigable exertions we owe the rapid development of our
tion, that other "General Lodges," although possessing Outer Circle. If I pass somewhat lightly over the two first
ample authority, did not take the trouble to work the Third names the reason will be obvious. All that I can tell you
Degree, but made use of these " Masters' Lodges" to obtain about Bros. Hug han and Lane yon already know, but you do
for their members the Degree of a Master Mason. I fail to not know, and I feel convinced would like to be informed, a.
see, on any other ground, any necessity for the " Masters' little in detail with regard to the opinion entertained of our
Lodge" meeting so frequently-four or five times each Lodge by the brethren in Holland and Belgium, with whom
month-to complete the ordinary work of the "General the Secretary and myself have so recently been associated.
Lodge " which assembled twice, or in some cases once, a To begin, however, with Bro. Hughan, when a history of
month only.-Jxo. LANE. Freemasonry was projected in 1881 by the late Mr. Jack,
of Edinburgh, our brother was very naturally and properly
asked to write it, but this he felt himself obliged to decline
from considerations of health, his physical strength not
Bro. Hl"GH~N moved "That the members of the Lodge being equal to the strain. He suggested, however, that
Qnatuor Coronati, No. 20i6, London, composed exclusively the task should be confided to me, and promised that if I
of authors of works on Freemasonry, or of brethren undertook it he would render me every assistance in his
possessing scientific, artistic, or literary qualifications, power. How this engagement was fulfilled to the letter
having taken note of the circular of the Grand Orient of I need not state, and shall only make the passing remark
Belgium reproduced at Part III. of 'Ars Quatuor Corona- that had our brother accepted Mr. Jack's offer I should have
torum,' are of opinion that " The History of Freemasonry" assisted him instead of t•ice versa, and therfl can be no doubt
by the W.M., BFo. H. F. Gould, P.G.D., of England, &c., is whatever that under those altered circumstances all which
the most meritorious work, from a :Masonic point of view, has been said in favour of my work, would have applied (and
published in Great Britain between March 15th, 1879, and I believe with far greater force) to his. Masonic students, if
the present date. That Bro. Gould's work is not only they do not abound, are at all events less rare in this country
critical but most exhaustive, a8 it treats of the origin, than they used to be. But twenty years ago this was not the
progress, and present condition of the various branches of case. Then, indeed, the lamp nearly went out, and if to any
the Craft in both Hemispheres, and is practically without a one man is due the credit of preventing this catastrophe, it
rival as a history. That the W.M. be therefore requested to was to Bro. Hughan, who, when the light burnt dimly, sup-
compete for the Peeters-Baertsoeu prize offered by the Grand plied it with the fuel which alone saved it from becoming
Orient of Belgium; the Lodge being strongly of opinion that extinct. Next, as to the lecture of this evening, it is, I may
no Masonic author is so well fitted to uphold the literary justly say, worthy of Bro. Lane's reputation, but I shall go
honour of England and of the Lodge Quatuor Coronati." just a step farther and state that no special study of a Masonic
He did not consider that there was time for him to character has ever-to the best of my belief-resulted in a.
dwell at length on the terms of the proposition, but every clearer and better analysis of obscure and somewhat doubtful
word was true, and he felt assured that were a poll taken of points, within the limited compass of a paper or essa.y snit·
the 380 odd members of the Lodge and Correspondence able for reading in a Lod!re· Thirdly, and with especial
Circle, the vast majority would endorse his verdict as to the reference to the portion of the toast which I have associated
value of Bro. Gould's unequalled researches and labours, and with the name of Bro. Speth, let me state that we-as W.M.
every member of the Lodge would heartily support the and Secretary of this Lodge-attended the annual meeting of
W.M.'s claim as the most trusted historian of the Craft. the Grand Lodge of Holland on tbe 17th ult. The invitation to
This was seconded and put by the S.W., Bro. Simpson, be present and partake of the banquet was sent by the Grand
and carried rzem. con. Secretary, Bro. J.P. Vaillant, and our healths were proposed
by the Deputy Grand :Master, Bro. Maas Geesteranus, both of
The WoRSHIPFl"L MASTER said he was very greatly obliged these distinguished brethren being, I am gratified to say,
to the Lodge for the compliment it had paid him, but would members of our Correspondence Circle. Of the kindness and
express himself more fully on the subject~when it beeame his hospitality we experienced at the hands of our Dutch brothers
duty to address the brethren after the adjournment to re- I could speak at great length, but will content myself with
freshment. the statement of a single truth, viz., that from the G.M. down•
The routine business being concluded the Lodge was wards we were treated on all sides as brethren in the strictest
closed, and the brethren adjourned to refreshment. sense in which the tie of our Fraternity can be regarded, and
that the recollection will not easily fade from our memories
The opening toasts having met with a loyal and fervent of the personal consideration and attention shown to us by
response, the Worshipful Master next gave " The Grand the Grand :Master, Grand Orator, Grand Treasurer, and Grand
Officers,'' coupling it with the name of Bro. Bywater, P.G.S.B., Master of the Ceremonies. (Bros. Van Diggelen, Lieftinck,
who concluded an eloquent reply with proposing " The Egeling, and Lelyveld), not to speak of the still closer
Health of the Worshipful Master.'' relations which allied us to the Deputy G.M. and Grand
 TRANsACTIONs oF THE LoDGE Qt:ATUOR CoRONATI. 179

Secretary, to whose thoughtful kindness we are indebted for had changed his mind. In the Old Charges it is enacted
seizing upon the interval between•thetermination of actual work that " no fellow at any time go from his fellows of the lodge
and the commencement of the banquet to show us the cherished intu any town adjoining except he have a fellow with him to
treasures of their Grand Lodge. On the Saturday following, witness that he was in honest .place and civil company."
June 23rd, we were present at a great banquet given in The brethren would observe that the ordinance had been
Brussels, by the Rose Croix Chapter " Les Amis Philan- strictly carried out in their case, as, from the moment of
thropes," to Bro. Pierre Tempels, a very prominent Belgian starting till their return to Dover, they had never been
Freemason, but better known in this Lodge as a distinguished absent from each other's sight for ten minutes at a stretch,
member of our Correspondence Circle, and a valued contri· and they were both ready to vouch for the absolute propriety
butor to our Transactions. On that occaEion, to the tribute of the other's conduct and company. As the w.:aL h&d
paid to Bro. Tempel's worth, we also added our mite by asking fraternally found fault with him, be would not attempt to
his acceptance of our lodge jewel in token of membership, rebut the accusation, though he should venture to put iu a
the very first impression of which I took upon myself to plea of justification and to rely upon the final words which
present and invest him with in the name of the Quatuor had been uttered from the chair as affording all the evidence
Coronati Lodge. In Belgium, as in Holland, we were treated that would be requisite to support it. The CC'rdiality and
with the most fraternal cordiality, and it afforded me extreme warmth of their reception in Holland and Belgium had, in·
pleasure to find that by the reading Freemasons in both these deeu, exceeded by far his own most sanguine anticipations,
countries the labours of our Secretary, Bro. Speth, in devising but the appreciation of the special labours of the Lodge,
and gradually perfecting a scheme for uniting the literati of which they hltd everywhere met with, he regarded as of very
our Society by a closer tie than the common bond of the hopeful augury for the continued prosperity of the Outer as
Craft, were as thoroughly well known, and as heartily well as of the Inner Circles of the Quatuor Coronati Louge.
appreciated as by ourselves. As a travelling companion our The remaining toasts were:--" Tho Correspondence
Secretary proved all that conld be desired, and if I mention Circle," replied to by Bros. A. HOWELL and W. WATSO!'i, the
one blemish in his character it is merely to enhance by former of whom observed that he had travelled two hundred
contrast the remaining e"-"ellence. His one defect is a miles to attend the meeting, and nothing had given him
chronic indisposition to regard the labours of any one day as greater pleasure than to listen to the proceedings iu Lodge ;
complete, and justifying a short period of repose. So that "The Visitors," for whom Bro. RICHAHDSON made a suitable
if his project of an annual tour with the W.:~L for the time response; and a solemn toast in memory of the late Emperor
being becomes a reality, I venture to suggest that in choos- Frederick, eloquently proposed by the S.W., Bro. SIMPSON.
ing my successor some attention to his physical qualifications
will be desirable, and if a Master can be found who is able
on a pinch, to dispense with sleep ahogether for a week o;
ten days, I believe it would be possible (but in no other way)
for your W.::II. to ~ulfil the bigh expectations of the Secretary,
and at the same bme dram fully to the dregs the brimmino- THE "QUATUOR CORONATI" ABROAD.
cnp of hospitality so bountifully presented by our continent.:!
brethren. A VISIT 'l'O THE HAGUE A:ND ERUSSELS-

The toast being very heartily responded to, A SIIORT account of the visit made by the W or-
Bro. HuGHAN thanked the Worshipf11l Master and shipful Master and the Secretary of No. 2076 to our
brethre.n. He said, when the Lodge was first mooted, years brethren on the Continent may possibly be of
before 1t actually came into existence. he held aloof, because interest to the members of our Circle. Your
pr~vious experiments in the "arne di~ection had la,;.ectably
fa1led. Almost against his better judgment he had been in-
Secretary is constantly receiving invitations from all
duce~ to back the petition for the warrant; but, having once pltrts of the world to participate in Masonic festivi-
east m h1s lot, he was the last man who would shrink from ties from some of our members. These invitations
devoting his best efforts to its welfare. As far as human are of course given in good faith, but owing to the
foresight could tell, the Lodge's success was now assured and enormous 'distances it is evident that the brethren
in his opinion the full membership of the Lodge had alr~ady
become one of the greatest honours c.ttainable in the Craft. who so kindly and warmly invite his presence can
As regarded the " History'' he woulcl only say that had he seldom really hope for his attendance. No member
undertaken it, he was convinced that Bro. Gould's assistance has been more persistent in trying to induce some of
would have been as readily granted ao; in the actual case his our officers to cross the '· silver streak" than
own was. He believed other members of the Lodge were Bro. Tempels, of Brussels, and when early in May
actuated by similar feeliuo-s, and trusted that the demon of
literary jealousy, now abs~lntely non-existent in the Lodo-e he announced that a grand Masonic banquet was to
wo.ulcl never he allowed to enter in, and spoil their pres~11t be given in his honour on the 23rd June, and begged
Urilty of feeling. The ·' Quatuor Coronati" was instituted -nr
)Our orshipful :\laster aud Secretary to attend as
for the furtherance of )Iasonic research-let each brGthcr his guests, I felt that the time was come for a supreme
t~erefore, on every occasion cheerfully devote his best ener: effort and communicatell \Vith Bro. Gould on the
g1es to the assistance of any litemry project in ha"Jd, for the
~on our and glory of their Lodge, and the welfare of the Craft
subject. 1Vhilst still in Joubt there arrived a cordtal
In general. invitation from Bros. Geesteranus and Vaillant, the
. ~ro. LA~E said he was grateful for the hearing accorded Deputy Grand ~Iaster and the Grand Secretary
h1m m Lodge. If any brother had any new views to brino- respectively of the Grand Lodge of the Netherlands,
for':ard which could be compressed into a paper, it was hi~ to attcud their annual festintl on the 17th June. at
obvwus duty to do so through the medium of the Lodge. the Hague. This double inducement over-weighed
?'hat was only a debt justly due to the Lodge, and fortunately our hesitation and caused our irresolution to kick
It was also the best course for the brother in question to
pursue, bec~nse. by no other means could he without expense the beam, so that Thursday evening, the 14th June,
(or even w1th 1t), appeal to so large a number of interested saw us on board the Harwich Boat bounJ for
readers and competent critics. Rotterdam.
Bro. SPETH thanked the Worshipful J\Iaster and brethren It is not my intention to inflict an account of
n.ot only for the kindness shown to him on the present occa: Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague, Scheveningcn,
swn, but also for their unvarying readiness to fall in with Antwerp, or of other cities of the Low Countries on
any propo~al which he considered might benefit the Lodge.
Th". last .mstanc? was that of the W.M. consenting, much
my readers; in these days of "running to and fro in
a?'a1nst h1s first tnclination, to accompany bini to the Con- the earth" descriptions of travel are more numerous
tment. He thought, however, the W.M. was now glad he than novel ; but I may remark, en passant, that the
180 TRAXSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

characteristics of the Dutch have been much mis- The roll was then called by the Grand Secre-
represented. The heavy, lethargic, boorish, much- tary, after which the Grand Master delivered a long
breached Hollander is either a fiction or has been and telling address, and the ordinary business of the
improved off the face of the earth. The citizens of session commenced. A debate, or motion, is
Amsterdam and Rotterdam are patterns of activity, inaugurated by a member claiming the right of
often of manly beauty, and in all cases of winning speech (demander la parole), which is done by bring-
courtesy. Whether acquaintances or strangc1·s, we ing together the hands in a manner that would at
found them uniformly hospitable, warm-hearted, and once arrest the attention of any Master Mason.
bent on making our visit agreeable to ourselves. Every brother is permitted to speak twice, as of
Merely adding, therefore, that Friday and Saturday right, and a third time by permission of the chair.
were passed in the two seaports of Holland, I will This license seems somewhat liable to abuse, and we
commence my narrative with Sunday morning. We noticed that several speakers-notably an advocate
had passed the foregoing night at Amsterdam, and and a pastor of the Lutheran Church-took several
as Grand Lodge met at the Hague at 10 a.m., and opportunities of impressing their particular views
our train left at 8.30, this necessitated our rising at upon the meeting.
6.30 and immediately donning full evening dress. At mid-day we retired, the Grand Lodge being
For an Englishman the feeling of breakfasting at adjourned for refreshment, but it speedily resumed,
7 a.m. in ""swallow-tails and white choker" was and continued in session until 5 p.m.
somewhat novel, but on arriving at the station we The labours of the Grand Lodge being con-
were comforted to observe many gentlemen in the cluded, the Deputy G.M. and the Grand Secretary,
same attire and evidently bound on the same mission. Bros. Maas Geesteranus, and J. P. Vaillant, con-
A few minutes before 10 o'clock saw us at ducted us over the Grand Lodge premises, and it
Freemasons' Hall, 22, Flnweelen Burgwall, Hague; goes without saying-that both Bro. Gould and
a large, spacious, and commodious building, very myself felt no slight difficulty in limiting our
plainly but appropriately decorated and furnished, inspection of the famous Kloss Library within the
and were almost immediately invited into the room small number of minutes that would alone admit of
where the Committee of Grand Officers was sitting. our also visiting the many other objects of interest
With the Deputj Grand Master and the Grand that are to be seen at the head-quarters of Dutch
Secretary, who are members of the Qnatuor Coronati Freemasonry. The library referred to was formerly
Lodge Correspondence Circle, we were in some the property of Dr. G. Kloss, a Masonic critic and
measure acquainted, and introductions to the Grand historian of world wide celebrity, whose valuable-
Master, Wardens, and other officers followed in suc- or, rather, invaluable-collection passed at his death
cession. The members of the Grand Lodge then into the posRession of Prince Frederick, for upwards
proceeded to take up their allotted stations in the of sixty years Grand Master of the Netherlands,
hall, which being accomplished we were summoned who presented it to the Grand Lodge.
by the Grand Master of the Ceremonies, who ushered A large number of rooms in the building are
us into the Grand Lodge and conducted us to the fitted ·with Masonic curiosities, and one of them is
dais, where seats had been assigned to us. entirely devoted to the display of the many gifts or
The total number of Lodges under the obedience presentations made from time to time to the late
of Grand Lodge is one-hundred-and-four, of which, Prince Frederick during his Grand Mastership.
however, only eighty-six are now active. Each lodge Our inspection of these int.eresting relics was scarcely
is represented in the Masonic Parliament by three completed when the Tyler informed our courteous
deputies, who are elected annually. These deputies hosts and conductors that dinner was ready.
have three rows of seats assigned to them on either Accompanying them at their desire, we were ushered
side of the hall, and the centre is open for the free into a large hall. Over the entrance was a gallery
passage of brethren, as with ourselves. Each deputy occupied by the band (string and wind), of the
is provided with pen, ink and paper, which lie ~cady Grenadier Regiment. The members of the band, as
to his hand on a desk. The Grand Master s1ts, of also the waiters, are not Freemasons, but are styled
course, in the East, the Deputy Grand Master on Serving Brethren, having been obligated to secresy
his left, and the Grand Secretary, together with the by a peculiar ceremony, unknown to us in England,
Assistant Grand Secretary, on his right. The but very usual on the Continent. Lodge Tylers, as
Wardens both sat in the West, and the remaining a rule, are also only Serving brethren. Three long
Grand Officers, who were apparently also deputies tables ran the length of the room in parallel rows,
(or representatives of lodges), ~ad taken up their and at the further end, on a dais raised some two
positions on the seats to the nght and left of the feet, and backed by an arrangement of flowering
body of the hall, as seems to be the custom when shrubs and evergreens, extended a slightly curved
brethren, who either hold Grand office or represent cross-table. Our seats were here assigned to us as
foreign Grand Lodges, are also the elected deputies follows: to the right of the Grand Master, the Grand
of private lodges. There thus remained only some Secretary; myself; Baron Creutz, Representative
half-dozen brothers, including our two selves, on the of the Grand Lodge of Sweden; Bro. Gould; Major-
dais. General Kromhout, representing France; and the
The ceremony of opening the Grand Lodge was Representatives of Roumania and Peru. To the
very similar to our English practice, and the other left-the Deputy Grand Master; Rev. Lieftinck,
business transacted was the reception of the repre- Grand Orator, M.P. ; Capt. Lelyveld, G.D. of C.;
sentatives of foreign Gra:::1d Lodges, who were the Grand Superintendent of Works; Rev. Helder,
severally conducted to their places on the dais. Grand Librarian; the Representative of Italy ; and
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 181

the Grand Expert. The three long tables, at which glasses with our two selves, and their example was
were seated some two hundred brethren, were headed followed by melil bcrs from the body of the hall, one
by the Grand Wardens and the Grand Treasurer. brother making a particular point of the fact that he
The music, excellent in every way, and the toasts was initiated at Marazion, near Pcnzancc. " Hoch"
alternated during, and not after the repast, the rent the air and almost drowned the blare of the
Wardens being desired to perform ·their usual trumpets, and some time elapsed before quiet was
functions by the G.D. of C., who, at the same time, restored. The parCle was then given to Bro. Van.
announced the speaker. The first toast by the G.1\L Ysselstcijn, who in a speech of much power and
himself was, of course, ·' King and Fatherland," interest, rendered in excellent English, proposed
greeted with great enthusiasm amidst the strains of "'fhe Health of the G.M. of England, the Prince of
the National Anthem. After the " Grand Master " Wales." Once more the familiar strains of our
had been given i:1 a very effedive speech by the National Anthem rose from the gallery; once more
S.G.W., followed a toast which was entrust-ed to the the G.M. left his seat to grasp our hands and clink
eloquent Deputy G.M. After a long address in Dutch glasses; once more a frantic'· Hoch" almost silenced
to his compatriots, Bro. Maas turned towards us, and the orchestra. The whole scene was one of wild
speaking with great precision of diction, and no enthusiasm, which would have astonished me as
small fluency in English, said: ·• ·w. Bros. Gould much as it tvidently did Bro. Gould had I not in my
and Speth,-1 have just asked our brethren to drink youth assisted at like scenes amongst the lively
to " The Prosperity of our Sister Grand Lodges," as students of Heidelberg. The fact is that the open-
represented on the dais, and in the body of the hall, hearted, unconstrained, generous, and unstinted
by their respective Ambassadors. In former times expression of one's feelings so common on the Con-
we were honoured by the presence of a Representative tinent, is almost incomprehensible to the usually
from the Grand Lodge of England, that Grand stolid, reticent Englishman, except after long experi-
Lodge, from which we ourselves sprung, to which ence. The toasts, as already stated, began directly
we have ever been attached heart and soul, to which after the songs, and the only drawback to this
our sympathies most strongly turn, the Venerable arrangement is that, as in our case, the provender
Mother of all Grand Lodges in existence. Untoward on one's plate is apt to get cold during a somewhat
events of, we trust, a passing nature, have deprived protracted speech; for be it noted that during the
us of this pleasure, but we are perfectly convinced address every brother remains standing with his
that the former feeling of mutual love and respect is napkin thrown over his left shoulder.
as strong as ever. This day we derive a great 'fhe other official toasts were " The Subordinate
consolation from the fact of your presence amongst Lodges," by the G. Orator, who in the course of an
us. Not only docs this show that the fraternal bonds impassioned speech knocked over a bottle of claret,
are not broken, we believe not even strained ; not a contretemps which our reverend brother turned to
only are we enabled to welcome in our midst two effective use by explaining that he was offering up
English brethren, the one distinguished by having a libation according to ancient usage; "The
occupied a high office in his own Grand Lodge, and Visitors," by the G.D. of C.; and" Our Sisters," by
by his surpassing historical and literary attainments the Grand Expert.
in the sphere of Masonic research, the other by his By this time we had arrived at the dessert and
successful efforts in binding together under the wing cigar stage, and the unofficial toasts began. Here it
of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, of which Bro. Gould was necessary for a brother to claim the parule, and
is the present W.M., all those interested in the ~;arne the first to do so was Bro. Gould, who said that on
absorbing studies; but we find our former English leaving!England a few days before he had experi-
Representative, who, after all, was of course, only a enced some anxiety, owing to his unacquaintancc
Dutch brother, replaced by two actual and Represen- with the Dutch language, but a very short stay in
tative members of the English Craft. The Grand Holland had convinced him that there were few
Lodge of England is thus not merely represented in countr~es where an Englishman would be received
this assembly, it becomes actually a component part with greater kindness, and none whateYer where an
thereof. Grand Lodge in the person of Bro. Gould, Euglish brother would be treated with more fratcrual
and the English Fraternity in that of Bro. Speth, cordiality. As a Past Grand Officer of the Graud
are acting with us, seated at our board and assisting Lodge of England it had afforded him the greatest
at our festivities. This, my brethren, is a day of possible pleasure to listen to the highly eulogistic
happy aug=y for us; may it prove the harbinger of terms in which that body had ·been referred to by
a resumption of our former close relations ; we the Deputy Grand Master of the Netherlands. The
welcome you personally for your own merits, and worthy and distinguished brother had indeed spoken
representatively as sons of our Common Mother, of slight and passing differences as existing at one
the Grand Lodge of England. On your return time between their respective Grand Lodges. With
COL.vey to your Grand Lodge, and to all the Brother- this, of course, he (Bro. Gould) had nothing to do,
hood in Eng land, the assurance of the profound but neyertheless he could not help being reminded of
love and esteem which we entertain for them. what had been told him by some other married men,
Bros. Gould and Speth, to your Grand Lodge, and viz., that occasionally even husband and wife had a
to yourselves, yo= Dutch brothers now drink." temporary disagreement, and he had likewise been
The enthusiasm which immediately followed is informed that between mother and daughter there
scarcely to be described. The band struck up " God might also happen a passing estrangement, which,
save the Queen," every brother at the cross-table, however, in by far the majority of instances, soon gave
including the G.M. himself, left his seat to clink place to a renewal of that kindly feeling that should
182 TRANSACTIOXS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

always subsist between parent and child. The as manifested by his reply, it afforded some slight.
latter of these illustration>; would be most in point, consolation to our stricken brother.
and of one thing he felt quite sure, viz., that had the Monday was devoted to an inspection of the
members of the Grand Lodge of England enjoyed beautiful Hague and its Brighton at Scheveningen,
the privilege of witnessing that evening the filial Tuesda,y to Antwerp. and Wednesday found us at
respect evinced on all sides and by all the brethren Brussels, in communication with Bro. Tempels,
present, towards the Grand Body from which the whose personal acquaintance we were desirous of
Grand Lodge of theN etherlands derived its origin, enjoying for a few days previous to the banquet on
it must have resulted iu a display of parental the following Saturday.
affection on the part of the Mother Grand Lodge of In Belgium, as most persons are aware, there
the world, by which the loving attachment of its exists a sharp division of political sentiment between
daughter Grand Lodge would have been amply the Clericals and the Liberals, and this cleavage is
requited. Bro. Gould then went on to say that no reflected in the Lodges. Recently the former party
Masonic gathering which he and Bro. Speth had has got the upper hand, and their predominance in
ever attended had given them greater pleasure than the Senate and Chamber has, not unnaturally,
the assembly of that day. They had seen a great operated to the prejudice of the latter, especially in
deal which it would profit them to remember, and a Masonic point of view, since it is almost entirely
they would carry back with them to England an from those who are adherents of the Liberal party
enduring recollection of the exceeding kindness they that the recruits are drawn who fill up the gaps in,
had met with at the hands of the Grand Officers and and swell the ranks of, the Freemasons.
members of the Grand Lodge of the Netherlands. In a country, therefore, where the minds of a.
Many other interesting remarks were made in the vast majority of the population are in a condition of
course of his speech by my compagnon de voyage the moral thraldom, where the Papal influence has lately
W.M. of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, but I must acquired a new lease of power, and where men of
content myself with recording that our brother, by moderate opinions carefully abstain from doing any-
our joint desire, spoke for both of us, explaining that thing that may tend to embroil them with either of
in England, when several brethren are included in a the political parties, it rarely happens that any
toast, it is deemed the preferable custom for one prominent official so far possesses the courage of his
person to respond for all. opinions as to publicly avow an interest in, and to
Bro. Gould concluded in true continental fashion, participate in Masonic fellowship with, a class of
by himself drinking, and calling upon me to drink persons to whom even the rites of the Church are
with him. to the welfare of the Grand Lodge of the denied by the priests whose office it is to administer
Nether lands; and then. having obtained permission, them.
we edified our Dutch brethren by according them Bro. Tempels, however, is a brilliant exception
the usual English Masonic Fire, in which many of to the almost general rule, and there can be little or
those present more or less successfully joined. The any doubt that his sturdy independence as a high
orchestra replied with a hearty rendering of the official on the Civil Staff of the Army has contribu-
National Anthem of the Nether lands, followed (for ted not a little to the affectionate respect with which
the third time) by "God save the Queen." Nor he is regarded by the general body of Belgian Free-
were our brothers slow to evince their gratification masons.
by a scene almost as tumultuous as those already Not, indeed, that the claims of Bro. Tempels
described. upon the gratitude and esteem of his brethren are
Other replies to previous toasts and wme extra exhausted by the preceding reference, for it is in the
official healths, occupied the time till coffee and capacity of a sagacious ruler of capitular )\;fasonry
liqueurs arrived, when the "table lodge" was during i.he past six years that this distinguished
declared closed. Even then we found it difficult to brother displayed the qualities which, in the opinion
evade further hospitality for we were persistently of those most competent to judge, amply justified
pressed by various brethren to finish the evening at the compliment paid to him by so large and repre-
their splendid club of the Hague on the "Grande sentative a body as were assembled in the Grand
place," but it being then 10.30, and our arrangements Hall of the Lodge and Chapter "Des Amis Philan-
having necessitated our rising at 6 a.m., and leaving thropes," Brussels, on the 23rd June.
Amsterdam at 8 o'clock, we reluctantly but firmly We arrived at the hall at six o'clock, as re-
put t.he temptation aside, and expressed, as best we quested, but not being members of what are familiarly
could, our sense of the extraordinary cordiality and termed the "Higher Degrees," therefore took no part
warmth of our reception. in the opening feature of the Festival, which was a
It is very melancholy to record the fact that on meeting of the Rose Croix Chapter " Des Amis
the next day, Monday, 18th J nne, the wife of our Philanthropes," under whose banner all the proceed-
genial and kindly entertainer, Bro. Geesteranus, ings of the evening were conducted. .
succumbed under the after-effects of a surgical The preliminary business having been d1sposed
operation. We received the sad tidings at Antwerp, of, the chapter was lowered to the Third Degree, and
the only bitter drop in a cup otherwise overflowing the visitors of distinction-including many members
with pleasure. The joint letter which we imme- of the A. and A.S.R., 330, who had been present
diately wrote the R.W. Deputy Grand Master, very throughout the entire proceedings-were admitted in
inadequately expressed our feelings of sorrow and procession-the guest of the evening bringing up
dismay, but we tried at least to assure him of our the rear-and were saluted by the Belgian Masons
unfeigned sympathy, and we are glad to think that, in the manner peculiar to brethren in the 18°.
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LonaK QuATUOR CoRO:SATI 183

Shortly afterwards, a general move took place, After alluding to the benefits which the King
and the chapter, with its guests, marched slowly to believed the Craft conferred upon his subjects in
the Grand Hall, where the banqueting tables had general, and promising them continued protection,
been set out, the National Anthems of Belgium, he insisted upon the loyalty which he expected from
England, Holland, and France being played in suc- them in return. Grasping a brimming bumper of
cession as the brethren advanced to their seats. champagne, he concluded with the words--" I, as
At the upper end of the Hall, on a slightly representing his :Majesty, now drink to the welfare
elevated plane, was a high or cross table, and in the and health of my faithful subjects of the Belgian
body of the room were three long tables arranged Craft," emptied the glass in due form, and dashed it
lengthways with the Hall, and at right angles to the violently to the ground, where it was shivered into
dais. atoms.
The brethren seated at the cross-table were as The President next proposed the Supreme
follows: In the chair, Bro. De Vergnier, M.W.S. R.ulers of the foreign brethren present in the follow-
of the Chapter; on his right, Bros. Desmond, Grand ing order : "Her .Majesty the Queen of England,
Master of French Masons (under the title of Presi- the King of Holland, and the President of the French
dent of the Council of the Order); Van Humbeeck, R.epublic." Thus far, all the brethren remained
Dep. Sov. Grand Com. of the Sup. Council of standing, but they now resumed their seats, which,
Belgium, Past Grand Master, &e., formerly Minister for the most part, they retained without again rising,
of Public Instruction; Van Osenbruggen, Sov. G. save for the purpose of honouring a toast, or of
Com. of the Scottish Rite in the Netherlands, addressing the assembly. The exceptions to this
member of the Second Chamber of the States- general rule were the brethren seated on what may
General; R. F. Gould, P.G.D. England, W.M. of be termed the outer circle of the body of the hall, or
Quatuor Coronati Lodge, No. 2076; Couvreur, Past in other words the Surveillants, who presided over
G. Master of G.O. of Belgium, formerly Vice- the three tables arranged longitudinally in the apart-
President of the Chamber of Representatives; Baron ment, and the brethren to their right and left, whose
Creutz, Rep. of the G.L. of Sweden at the G.O. of places at the banquet were nearest to the two walls
the Netherlands; G. W. Speth, Sec. of Quatuor of the room. Thus, the Vice-Presidents, as we
Coronati Lodge, No. 2076, London; Mace, Member should term them in England, and the brethren on
of the French Senate; Buls, Burgomaster of Brussels; their right and left, whose backs in either case were
and G. Jottrand, G. Chancellor of the Sup. Council nearest to the wall, remained standing thoughout the
of Belgium, Ex-Deputy to the Chamber. On his various speeches, while the remainder of those
left: Bros. P. Tempels, President of the Court of present retained their seats, except as above stated,
Military Justice, retiring M.W.S. of the Chapter, or unless the word was given that all present were
and the guest of the evening; H. D. Sandeman, G. expected to rise to their feet.
Sec. Gen. Sup. Council of England; Rev. F. Lieftink, To assist the Chairman (or President) in his
G. Orator of the G.O. of the Netherlands, member of onerous duties, our Belgian brethren resort to an
the States-General; E. R.eisse, Dep. Grand Master expedient that we might do well to introduce into
(G.JI. Adjoint) of the G.O. of Belgium; Capt. J. Van this country. The high, or cross-tables, as with
Lelyveld, G. Dir. of Cer. of the G.O. of the Nether- ourselves, is intended for the superior officers of the
lands; Verhoogen, Sec. of the Chapter Union and Masonic body giving the entertainment, who, to-
Progress, Bruxelles; Van Meinen, Orator of the gether with the visitors of distinction, face the body
Chapter Amis Philanthropes, Bruxelles; Berge, of brethren sitting as it were below the salt. But
W.M. Union and Progress; Prince de Looz Cori- in Belgium, two brethren at least, sit a.t the cross-
warem, of Liege ; Cohen, of Brussels ; and Paris, De table with their backs to the body of the hall.
Paesse, and Marinx, of the Chapters at Charleroy, These are Stewards or aides de camp to the Presiding
Mons, and Ghent, respectively. Officer, and their places at the banquet we are
The three long tables in the body of the hall endeavouring to describe, were exactly opposite to
were presided over by Surveillants, and about those of the brethren on the immediate right and
seventy-five brethren were seated at each, or some left of the Chairman; which gave that functionary
two-hundred-and-twenty-five in all; among them an uninterrupted view of the meeting over which he
being a number of English Masons from Antwerp, was presiding, w bile at the same time seating within
who were readily distinguished by the colour of easy earshot a couple of vigilant Craftsmen, who suc-
their aprons. Members of the 18th and Superior ceeded to admiration in discerning and rightly inter-
Degrees wore the sashes of their respective ranks, preting the slightest hint from the chair. These
but the officers and members of foreign Grand and brethren were constantly on the move, and it was
private Lodges who attended as Craft Masons were quite a rare occurrence to find them both seated at the
attired in the ordinary regalia of their respective same moment. Conspicuous above all, was their
grades. attention to the visitors, whose glasses they inspected
The banquet having duly progressed through at ever shortening intervals, and replenished accord-
its first stage, the dessert was placed on the table, ing to the carrying capacities of the representatives
and, the hall being properly tyled, the President of the various foreign nationalities.
rose, and in a short speech of great eloquence pro- The President then rose and proposed " The
posed the first toast, "King and Fatherland." 'l'his health of the Guest of the evening, Bro. P. Tempels."
having been duly honoured, the parole was given to At every mention of his career, as an official of the State,
the Grand Master of the Ceremonies, who spoke from as a foremost man in literature, science, jurispru-
the lower end of the hall, in the King's name. dence, politics, or as a Mason who had devoted his
 184 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LonGE QuATUOR Co&ONATI.

best energies to the purification of their system, to is the desire of the older Masons to .wean them J.
a revision of their ritual and to the consolidation of Between the twu rites (Scotch and modern French)
their relations with foreign jurisdictions, the orator there was only a difference of method and a differ-
was greeted and encouraged by enthusiastic cheers. ence of age. '·We (i.e., the Scottish Masons) are the
At a given signal the excellent portrait of Bro. veterans, our role is that of a compensated balance.
Tempels, destined for the ball, was unveiled, and the The younger Masons, with their youthful vigour and
cheering renewed. The President then turned to ardour, are the main-spring. Wanting the balance,
Bro. Tempels and pinned upon his breast t.be hand- the main-spring would unwind itself to no purpose;
some jewel voted to him by the two Rose Croix wanting the spring, the balance would be useless."
Chapters of Brussels, and folding him in a close After alluding to the life and activity in the Chapters,
embrace kissed him upon both cheeks. The cheering Bro. Tempels made an eloquent appeal to the Grand
here became deafening, and the great major·ity of Orient of the Nether lands, represented by its Grand
those present left their seats to clink glasses with Officers at that table. He thanked the various
the hero of the ?our. Quiet being at length restored, illustrious guests individually for the honour they
Bro. Tcmpels, m a speech of much force and con- had done him by their presence. Turning to Bro.
siderable humour, replied at some length, but, as I Desmond, Grand Master of France, he said that no
am not skilled in the art of stenography, I can only one could be better placed than he was for appre-
give a condensed sketch of an address which would ciating the grandeur of the role played by the Craft,
well merit being reproduced in its f'ntirety. and the beneficial influence it was capable of exert-
Bro. Tempels begged most sincerely to thank ing, if faithful to the Old Charges, in a country
the last speaker for his too partial appreciation of where political passions ran so high, and irritated
his little book "Les Francsma9ons," and for his one set of citizens against the other to the point
generous praise of any benefit he had been able to almost of endangering the public weal. He thanked
render to the Craft in Belgium. He trusted his Bro. Sandeman and the Supreme Council of England;
efforts in both directions had been successful, but he Bro. Gould, Past Grand Deacon of the Grand Lodge,
must decline to take all the credit to himself. For W.M. of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, the learned
his 0wn part he would take that opportunity of historian, whose great work had created a new epoch
thanking sc>eral brethren for the great assistance in the study of Masonic antiquity ; and Bro. Speth,
they had always rendered him (the speaker here the courteous and indefatigable Secretary of this
mentioned se\·eral by name). .As for his treatise, he same Lodge of the Quatuor Coronati, the fame of
would like to reinforce the arguments he had used; which had encircled the globe. "In every country,"
but the time and circumstances were perhaps not he continued, "Lodges are necessarily coloured by
quite fitting. .Masons should e\·er have before them the national temperament, and the circumstances of
the_ claims of intellectuality and the perfecting of their surroundings ; but I maintain that all Masons
the1r morals,_ but they acknowledge also the exist- should ever turn their faces to England, as to the
ence of certam hours when all other thoughts give paternal roof, just as believers in our faith lift their
place to the sweet pleasurPs of friendship, hours of eyes to the East, "·hence came their hope and their
delight when. assembled round the hospitable board, ideal. On the other hand, those who have remained
they forget the world outside the charmed circle, in their father's house should remember, more than
with all its cares and misery, injustice and strife, and is often the case, the younger members of their
giYe up their very souls to the fascination of frater- family who have left its shelter. Every mark of
nal conYerse: when joy blossoms amidst the crystal sympathy on the part of the Grand Lodge or
and flowers. and where sound sense more often prevails Supreme Council of England would he a powerful
than in great orations and heated polemics. He encouragement on the Continent; every verdict
~hen took up his parable against political discourses
pronounced by them on the conduct of Continental
m Lodge. and against empty and sterile declamation. Masons would have a salutary influence, so long as
"They remind me," said he, ·'of that would-be dame the admonition recalled the spirit of the Old Charges,
spirituelle, of whom· it was said that when she had i.e., liberty and tolerance dominating party or
perpetrated a bon mot on an emetic, she was sur- national quarrels.''* Bro. Tempels remarked that
prised not to find herself purged. If at table we are some three weeks back he had been fortunate enough
not always g-reat philosophers and statesmen, we to be present at the annual meeting of the Grand
are at least a! ways honest philosophers and men of Masters of Germany and had been a witness to the
common sense. 'IVhen we show our friends the elevation of their ideas and aspirations. Many of
bottom of the bottle, we also offer them the depths those illustrious brothers had decided to be present
of our hearts." ReYertinrr to the Rose Croix that eyening. but the melancholy death of the
Chapter, Bro. 'l'empels thus described its work: To Emperor had prevented their attendance. The
undertake only such studies as each one might Grand Master of Switzerland also was debarred from
prosecute fruitfully, to enter upon them seriously, being with them by illness. ·' If," he said, ''a mere
1\·ithout foolhardiness. without prejudice. and to feeling of amity has been sufficient to almost assemble
guard against the possibility that any incident of around this board a great number of the heads of
their work should disturb the harmony which should
exist amongst all Masons. The Chapters in Belgium * It may bP as well to explain that in Belgium the Lodges show a ten-
dency to meddle with l'olitical questions. The Chapters admit to their
enforced fidelity to this twofold rule ; he trusted De!.{rce~nnl.Y tmch :\l.~osons as are free from this defect, anti seek tiJ induce
that the Lodges would soon return to a like course the Lodge:il to gi \ e up a practice which can only result in misfortune to the
Craft. In this undert:1.king they naturally desire the support of our own
[the orator here alluded to the unfortnnate line of con- Grand Lodge, , ..i.th which they earnestly desire to exchange represent.ativ~s,
duct for so;ne time pursued by the Lodges ,fran~ which it an~ it is somewhat difficult to make tt...em understand that we ca.nnot.
recognise a Supreme Council in any way.
 TRANSACTIONS oF THE LoDGE QuATUO& CoRONATI. 185

European Masonry, I am assuredly justified in Queen, but. also as an example to all women in the
hoping before my death to see such a re-union in the world, whether as a daughter, a wife, or a mother.
interest of the Craft universal. That day would be On behalf, therefore, of the English brethren present,
the starting point of a new epoch in the history of he thanked them for their gracious compliment to
the Craft, one in which its universality would be the English country. Finally, he thanked them
affirmed in spite of parties and nationalities. I have heartily and sincerely for the opportunity of being
no great faith in those numerous assemblies called present at a festival given in honour of a brother
'convents,' but I believe we should not be disap- who had done so much for Freemasonry in Belgium
pointed in expecting valuable results from periodical (Bro. Tempels), for their general kindness, their
meetings, attended, as in Germany, by the Grand great hospitality, and, above all, for the fraternal
Masters. Then should we see our Institution, sentiments which evidently characterised Free-
founded as it is upon a like respect for all religions masonry in Belgium as well as it did in all parts of
and systems of philosophy, imposing no particular the civilized globe.
faith upon its members, and remaining strictly out- Bro. R. F. Go"CLD said that the previous speaker,
side all politics, become the most powerful agent of though attired that evening in the regalia of the A.
moral and social progress ever invented by man." and A.S.R., 330, held higher rank than himself
The word was then given to Bro. JOTTRAND, the under the Grand Lodge of England, and therefore
Grand Chancellor General, who delivered himself of he (Bro. Gould) considered that it would be unneces-
a comprehensive toast, including "The Supreme sary for him to do more than express his full con-
Council, the Grand Orient. the Chapters and Lodges currence in all that had fallen from Bro. Sandeman
of Belgium, the Scottish Rite in Holland, tbe Grand with respect to the practical working of that body.
Orient of France, th& Supreme Council of England, His further observations would also be of a brief
the Grand Lodge of England, the Quatu01 Coronati character, as he felt constrained to address the
Lodge, and the Grand Orient of Holland," coupling brethren in his own native tongue, and should leave
with each body the name of one of the distinguished to his cornpagnon de 1·oyage, the Secretary of the
guests present and seated at the High Table. Quatuor Coronati Lodge, the task of pulling the
Bro. VAN 0SENBR"LGGEN replied for the Scottish labouring oar in the enterprise upon which they had
Rite in Holland ; Bro. REI SSE for the Belgian Grand jointly embarked. But there ·were, after all, a
Orient; and Bro. DEs~IOSD, Grand Master of France, number of English brethren present, besides many
for the Orient of that country. others to whom the English language was as familiar
Bro. SANDE)!AN (speaking in fluent French), as their mother tongue, and to each of these classes
replied on behalf of the Supreme Council, 330, of he would therefore in some measure address himself.
England, and thanked the brethren present for the Various governing Masonic bodies were represented
cordial manner in wl1ich the toast of English Free- that evening at the hospitable board of '' Les Amis
masons had been propo~ed and received. Being a Philanthropes," and it might be asked on what
foreigner, and consequently unaccustomed to deliver grounds were the two representati•es of the Quatuor
speeche6 in the Freneh tongue, his remarks would be CoronatiLodge-Bro.Spethandhimself-bracketted,
brief; but his words "·onld not be the less sincere, as if he might use the expression, with the distin-
they "·ould come from his heart. The aim and the guished brethren around them, who hailed respec-
object of Freemasonry was the same everywhere, tively from Grand Lodges, Grand Orients, and
viz., the progress of humanity, help to the indigent, Supreme Councils. To that a two-fold ans>vcrmight
and brotherly love among themseln:s. Some people be returned, the first and most important being that
supposed that because Freema~onry ·was open to all while a due subordination to Masonic authority was
it was without religion and without politics. He undoubtedly one of the first obligations cast upon a
contended that such persons erred. Freemasonry member of the Craft; a proper comprehension of
had both its religion and its politics ; the religion of the general scheme of Masonry-of its past history,
a Freemason was a belief in God ; his politics, a and of the aims and principles of the existing
prompt and cheerful obedience to the laws of the Society-was equally incumbent upon the Freemason
country in which he had been born. as well as of who "·as imbued with a genuine love of the Institu-
that in which he resided. Bro. Sandeman then gave tion. The advancement of :Jiasonic knowledge was
an account of the three great :Masonic Charities of the mission to which the Quatuor Coronati Lodge
England, stating that an annual festival was held was dedicated, and constituted in fact the mioon
for each, at which sums varying from £12,000 to d'etre of its ~xistence. How far the Lodge had
£15,000 were ordinarily collected, adding that at a fulfilled its self-appointed mission it was not for him
recent festival of the Institution for Girls. which was to say, though the few words he had to add would to
honoured by the presence of H.R.H. the Prince of some extent supply the n,nswer, and at the same time
Wales as President, and which. being a Centenary explain more particularly the reason why the .Master
Festival, was naturally an exceptional occasion, a and Secretary of the Lodge were taking part iu the
collection was announced amounting to 1,250,000 festival of that evening. It was the desire of the
francs. (Applause). That was, he submitted, a Quatuor Coronati Lodge to unite by a closer tie than
very large sum. Before concluding, Bro. Sandeman the ordinary bond of Masonry, the wide band of
adverted to the hearty manner in which they students who were interested in Masonic research.
dedicated the second toast of the evening to her For that purpose an Outer or Correspondence Circle
Majesty the Queen of the British Realm. English- had been instituted, and among the brethren who
men, he said, were all proud of their Queen-they had joined it was Bro. Tempels, to do honour to
loved and respected their Queen-not only as a whom all present that evening were assembled. The
186 TRANSACTIONS OF TilE LODGE QVATUOR CORONATI.

Master and Secretary of the Q uatuor Coronati Lodge and t~mpe:ance, every assertion of individual liberty
bad therefore attended very willingly at the compli- c~ntamed m that work, is in complete accordance
mentary banquet given to a member of the literary w1th our ideas, and merits your own serious study.
society attached to that body, and nothing could have Rn~wurs reach us from Belgium of Masonic acts
gi>en them greater pleasure than to find from the wb1ch ~ce must brand as un-Jfasonic; we are unable
testimony of all those brethren with whom they had to approve at all times your practice; but this I will
con>ersed since their arrival in Brussels, that the safely say, if you adopt for your theory and standard
estimate they had already formed of his great services the exposition of our Bro. Tempels, and strictly con-
to Freemasonry was adjudged to be a correct one. form thereto, then shall we in England be able to
There remained, however, one pleasing task, but that concur in all your actions, and unreservedly approve
he should perform a little later, and with the assist- your ways.
ance of Bro. Speth, who would next proceed to Some few months back our Lodge resolved to
address them in a language with which they were adopt a medal to be worn at will by every member
more familiar.
of our Lodge and Correspondence Circle. The dies
The necessity of the case now thrusts upon me the for this medal are now complete, but only one medal
uncongenial task of reporting myself. Speaking in has as yet been struck, which medal I now hold in
French. I said (as nearly as I could subsequently recol- my hand. Neither the W.M., nor myself, nor any
lect:) ":My first duty is to express on behalf of my member of our Lodge has yet received a medal,
W.:M .. Bro. Gould, and myself, our high appreciation although in a very short time, I have no doubt, it
of the compliment paid us in associating our names will possibly be worn by thousands. The medal in
with those of the distinguished brethren and bodies my hand differs in no respect from that which would
included in this toast, and more especially of the be worn by the greatest of Masons were he a mem-
loving-kindness and fraternal courtesy extended to ber of our Circle, save that it bears the name of Bro.
us at this board. Apart from the fact that Bro. Tempels and the words 'from No. 2076, 23/6/88,'
Tempels and your Supreme Council are members of on the rim. This medal, the first ever completed,
our literary society or Correspondence Circle, we the W.M., Bro. Gould, will now, on behalf of our
came amongst you as strangers, but shall leave you Lodge, present to Bro. Tempels, and long may he
firmly conYinced that we are parting from true and preserve health and strength to wear it among you.
trust:~ friends and brothers. The warmth that Let it be a token of the tie which binds him, and
pe1T~des our hearts would find poor expression in through him, all Belgian Masons, to the Lodge
words. e.-en were I using my mother tongue, but Quatuor Coronati."
fettered as I am by the use of a language with which During the latter part of this speech Bro. Gould
I ha1e been unfamiliar for some ten years past, I left his place, and adva.ncing to Bro. Tempels, whose
despair of con1eying any adequate idea of the state radiant countenance expressed his pleasure, pinned
of our feelings. \Ve ha1e met here this ewning to the jewel to his breast. The whole proceeding,
do honour to one of the foremost Masons in Belgium, which was, of course, quite unexpected, was the
a brother "·ho is at the same time in the front rank cause of evident gratification to the brethren present,
as a man of letteJ'S, law, science, and politics. He is and '\Yas attended by much cheering.
also foremost in another sphere. ·when sixteen
months ago we founded our Corre~pondence Circle, Quiet being at length restored, Bro. LrEFTINK,
now numbering some three-hundred-and-thirty Grand Orator of the Grand Orient of theN etherlands,
members of all nations and kindred, Bro. Tempels replied for that Body in Dutch (or Flemish) a
was one of the 1ery first to apply for admission. language almost as universally understood in Belgium
His clear intellect at once grasped the 1alue of the as French.
work to which 'lYe had dedicated our efforts, and his Here it becomes necessary to interrupt my
application for membership arriwd within a month narrative in order to explain one peculiar feature of
of the issue of our first circular. Let me here assure Lodge life in Belgium. It would appear that in
him tl1at of all our Circle he is not the last in our Ant\verp there are many resident business men of
regard. If any proof were wanting of his right to American, Scottish, Irish. and English birth, not a
our loving consideration, that proof is ready to hand, few of whom are Masons. These brethren were
in a book \Hitten by him e~1titled 'Les Francs- naturally desirous of meeting as a Lodge and eventu-
ma<;ons.' This '\York bas been translated into ally gained their ends by joining the Lodge "Les
German, and one chapter was given in English in Ele1es de Themis" at Antwerp, which works in
our ·Transactions.' lf it be asked why the whole Flemish. Since that elate e\"ery officer in the Lodge
has not been rendered into English, the anS\H'r is has had an English-speaking Deputy, and the Lodge
prompt. \Yith the exception of some unnecessary meets under these Deputies at stated intervals, works
historical remarks 'IYhich are open to ach-crse in English according to the ritual of the Grand
criticism, the "·bole teaching of the book is in exact Lodge of England, admits English-speaking candi-
accordance with Eno:lish doctrine and dog-ma. Its dates, and wears English clothing. The appearance
translation \Yas the~efore unnecessary. If you will of a score of English aprons and collars amongst the
kindly bear in mind that I am an Englishman, a regalia of the Grand Orient of Belgium, which is
matter, I presume, of no great difficulty-' for my quite different, was sufficiently striking. These
speech bewrayeth me '-you ·will acknmdeclge that hrethren 1vere overjoyed to welcome the British
such a statement, deliberately made, in>ol1es 1cry visitors. HaYing on several occasions left my seat to
high praise. Every word of doctrine, every precept sit amongst them in the body of the hall I each time
of morality, e>ery injunction of charity, forbearance, experienced great difficulty in regaining my place so
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRONA'!'!, 187

great was the fraternal feel~ng shown me. But to notions, to justify a considerable sub-division ·of
proceed with my report. their component atoms.
Bro. GEO. RICKARD, the Immediate Past Deputy The two Lodges in Brussels, we were informed,
Master of the Lodge, next claimed the parule, and each numbers between four and five hundred mem-
addressing Bro. Tempels in English, thanked him bers. The Rose Croix chapters, though unduly
for the services he had rendered them, in particular strong, from an English point of view, arc less un-
for facilitating the arrangement above alluded to. wieldy than the Lodges, and, curiously enough, in
moral sentiment, the two sets of bodies are the
Bro. TE)IPELS then proposed " The Health of veritable antipodes of each other, the Lodges being
the Ladies, and especially of the wife of the Presi- arrayed on the side of progress-a term in Belgium,
dent." Handing Bro. De Vergnier one of the huge as in France, rather implying a descent from liberty
bouquets which graced the banquetiug table, he
to liccnce,-whilc the Chapters supply the useful
begged him to give it to her with the fraternal
function of a drag, which prevents the brethren of
regards of the brethren present. the ''Blue Degrees" from adva11cing too far in the
About this period of the evening the proceedings direction of either socialism or innovation.
seemed to pass by an easy transition to the final, or The annexed engraving represents our Lodge
coaversational, stage, and though speeches still con- Medal, the first one stmck having been presented to
tinued to be delivered, they in no wise interrupted our Bro. Tempels.
the general flow of language, which in a more
subdued key, was taking place in every portion of
the Hall. Nor did the obvious fact that their
eloquence was falling upon deaf ears in any way
discourage a certain number of orators, from whose
gesticulations alone could any idea be formed of the
subject matter of their various discourses. Coffee
soon after made its appearance, and the Stewards
proceeded to divide the remaining bouquets among
the company, hamling bunches of roses to each guest
seated at the High Table. While this was taking
place, a well-known Brussels singer, whose name
has escaped my recollection, was introduced. He
was borne into the Hall astride a beer barrel, and
deposited on the dais. Attired in a flowing flaxen
wig and beard, with &hirt open at the chest, and a Sunday was passed by us at Bruges and Ostend,
Rkin tht·own over his shoulders. this impersonator of which we left by the Belgian Mail Boat at 8.30
Gambrinus flourished a h11ge Delft mug in his hand, p.m., and enjoyed a most delightful moonlight trip
and intoned some ancient ch·inking song to a spirited to Dover, arriving at l o'clot:k. On J\lomlay morn~
air; but, as far as the wonl~ ar0 concerned, the buzz ing we experienced little difficulty in finding an
of convel·sation was so g1·r:at, that we could arrive at obliging boatman, 'vho for a consideration pulled us
no conclusion with regard to the language used by out to sea, and enabled us to rid ourselves of Conti-
the vocalist, who, for all we knew to the contrary, nental dust by a glorious dip in En;,;lish 'vaters:
might han been chanting his ditty in one of the but nothing short of a plunge into Lethe itself "\\-ill
choicest of the Olympian dialects. efface from our memories the splendid cordiality of
On the following day a very pleasant excursion which we were the recipients at the hands of our
was made by a few of the brethren, including Bros. Dutch and Belgian brethren. Finally, a hasty lunch
Tempels, Desmond, Sandeman, Baron Creutz, Van and the mid-day train landed us in London in time
Osenbruggen, Lieftink, Cohen. and others, to Dinant, to dress for our own St. John's Festival at 5 o'clock,
on the river l\lcuse, distant some sixty miles from a 'vorthy conclusion to a most enjoyaLlc and "·ell-
Brussels, where they passed a \'cry pleasant day and spent holiday.
evening, returning to Brussels on the JVIonday. G. W. SPETH, Secretary.
During this outing a great deal of discussion natur-
ally took place as to the subject of differences in
feeling and in working Freemasonry in various LITERARY.
countries: but in everything which passed, a most "LATmru,·' (a Leipzig fortnightly) of the 5th
thorough goodwill and cordiality prevailed, and we May. reproduces a translation of Bro. Gould's lecture
have it verbally from Bro. Sandeman, who was the on '·Some Old Scottish J\lasonic Customs."
only Englishman present at the excursion-Bro.
Gould aud myself having been reluctantly compelled THE "South African Freemason., is now reach-
to turn our faces homewards on the 24th-that ing us with more regularity. We thank the nditor
nothing could possibly exceed the kindness and and are pleased to note what we predicted would be
cordiality which he received at the hands of the the case, a great improvement both in matter and
brethren with whom he was associated on that manner. Its columns deprecate any idea of an inde-
occasion. pendent Grand Lodge for South Africa but advocate
In conclusion, it may he remarked that the the erection of at least one extra District Gram! Lodge,
numerical strength of the Belgian Lodges is, in most for groups of Grand Lodges which are at present
cases sufficiently large, according to our insular directly dependent upon .England.
188 TRA~SACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

THE" New Zealand Mail," Dunedin, is also sup- refraining from pronouncing any verdict on the
plied to our Library through the kindness of the correctness of his opinions, the Conference acknow-
proprietors. It is a remarkably well edited monthly ledges that the author has striven to apply to
and its editorials for some months past are occupied Masonic History the canons of serious historical
in recommending the formation of one Grand Lodge research and criticism.
for New Zealand. The Craft in the Islands is at
present go>crned by twel>c bodies ; the three Grand Bro. Dr. Rud. Manuel, in the "Freimaurer-
Lodges of England, Ireland, and Scotland, fi>e Zeitung" of the 12th May and following numbers, re-
English, one Irish, and three Scottish District Grand produces from the Archives of the Lodge in Halle,
Lodges. With the arguments of the Editor we the eight original orders or fundamental principles
are not specially concerned, they arc temperately of the Strict Observance, as formulated by Br. E. J.
advanced and generally fair, save and excepting the G. Schmidt, in 1753, and approved by the Baron
statement that the Grand Lodge of England levies von Huncl on the 16th January of that year. They
heavy contributions on the Colonial Lodges. occupied the same position in this Rite as the Old
The only fees payable by Colonial Brethren and Charges prefixed to the English Book of Constitu-
Lodges, are as follows :-in each case we annex the tions, and are both curious and valuable to the
corresponding fee paid by brethren in England. student of our antiquities. We thank Bro Manuel
District. for forwarding ns the numbers in question.
A V{arrant for a New Lodge £5 5 0 £15 15s. for London, and £10 lOs.
for the Provinces
Registration of a ~Iason 0 7 6 £1 7s. ed. for London, 1/s. 6d. for "LATmnA" 16th Juno, 1888, devotes five columns
the P rodnces.
Fees of Honor (to fund of to a criticism and appreciative review of Bro. Lane's
Benevole-nce) .. Xil From £10 lOs. to £5 5s.
Quarterag-e (to fund of Bene- " Masonic Records." It is j rrstly described as "a
volence) ::\il 4s. per annum for each member, pattern work, the thoroughness of which leaves
Provincial Lodges paying half
this amount to Grand Lodge nothing to be desired." A great portion of Bro.
and half to their 1-'rovincial Hughan's introduction is translated verbatim.
Grand Lodge.

It will be seen that the Lodge makes but one TrrE history of the Lodge "Canongate Kilwin-
payment for its warrant, and this single payment is ning," No.2, Scottish Constitution, by Bro. Allen
one-third the sum paid by a London Lodge: and Mackenzie, P.M., (R.W.M. 1883-87,) has been pub-
that an English Lodge has to pay bcyo'lcl that, 4s. a lished. The Records of the Lodge extend from
year for E)'ach member. N cvcrtheless our Colonial 1677 to 1888. This Lodge is, for many reasons, one of
brethren are entitled to participate in the benefits of the most interesting on the Roll of the Grand Lodge
our Fund of Benevolence to which they pay nothing, of Scotbnd.
their very small contributions going ent.irely to the
Fund of General Purposes. Ox p. 129 we had occasion to review a. treatise
on the nature of Freemasonry by Bro. Tempels of
THE Banhiittc. Leipsic, 7th January last de>otes Brussels. and expressed unqualified admiration of
a few words of affectionate remembrance to our late our brother's views. We have seen no cause to
Bro. Rev. A. F. A. ~Woodford. modify our opinion, which has been reinforced by
The Latomia also bewails the untimely decease the fact that the Grand Lodge of Darmstadt has
of Bro. ,yooclford. ordered it to be translated into German for the
benefit of the Lodges under its jurisdiction. It is pre-
Ox p. 132 we announced a ::'IIasonic Conference faced by a historical introduction which we refrained
at Bru~sels, to take place on the :!8th and 29th 1farch from criticisino-, because avowedly unnecessary for
last. The following resolutions passed at this Con- the purpose of the treatise, but we did mention that
ference will doubtless interest our readers. this introduction was open to criticism. The German
No. 4.-The Conference views with great translation has, however, been reviewed by Bro. Findel
approval the formation in London of the Lodge in his organ" Bauhiittc," and he devotes two numbers
Quatuor Coronati, composed exclusively of Masonic to demolishing Bro. Tempels' historical views. Bro.
students aacl authors. The Conference is of opinion: Findcl is quite right in bisgeneral onslaught, a~though
a, that in many countries similar Lodges might be wethinkalittleless acrimonywouldhave beenm better
erected; b, that failing such erection, all regular taste and that a little more space might have been
governing ~Iasonic bodies should, like the Sup. devoted to the more congenial task (to us, at least)
Council, and Grand Orient of Belgium, establish of acknowledging the truth and good sense of the
"Historic Committees "; c, that a reciprocal con- major portion of the book.
nection between these Lodges and Committees would With all this, however, we should have no concern,
be easily arranged on their own initiative ; cl, that it Bro. Tempels is quite capable of fighting his own
is desirable to facilitate the extension of the " Cor- battles, and the imprimatnr of the Grand Lodge of
respondence Circle" attached to this Lodge, whilst Darmstadt will probably, in his opinion, outweigh
expressing a hope that the Lodge may see its way to the virulent attack of Bro. Findel. We merely
publish in their original language, any matters which mention the matter at all, in order to introduce to
may be addressed to its Secretary and which it may our readers a few passages which cannot fail to amuse
consider sufficiently important. them. Bro. Findel "runs-a-muck " in the following
No. 5.-The Conference congratulates Bro. diverting fashion.
Gould, of England, on the production of his import- " Bro Tempels alludes repeatedly to the Fratres
ant work "The History of Freemasonry." Whilst Pontifices as predecessors of the Freemasons. Here
 TRANsAcTIONS OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATr. 189

he obviously imitates Gould, who follows Rebold, have translated it for the benefit of our readers. As
whose History is based upon the German Archreo- regards his criticism of Bro. Goulds' labours it can
logist Krause. What Bro. Gould may perhaps have only be accounted for on one of three propositions.
read, studied and verified, is beyond our ken. Prob- Either Bro. Findel has read the work and does not
ably not much worth talking about ! At any rate understand plain English, or,-he has not read it and
it is suspicious that Gould takes from Rebold, with- evolves his strictures from his inner consciousness,-
out comment, the section on the French Compagnon- or, he deliberately " saith that which is not." Until
nage, which is absolutely unconnected with Free- otherwise informed Masonic Charity constrains us
masonry; that he equally without criticism, lugs in to adopt the first supposition. But we do know that
the bridge-builders, and exalts without the least his appreciation of Dr. Kloss is genuine. He has
foundation, the Hermeticists, Rosicrucians, and proved it. Whole passages, amounting to many
Caballists.• Bro. Gould in his six volume History pages of his History are taken Verbatim et Literatim
labours at the outset under the disadvantage that he from the works of the learned Doctor, without the
is not a Historian, but a Tendency-writer,t because he faintest acknowledgment, or even the compliment
was obliged to reckon with the preference of his of inverted commas. If imitation be the sincerest
countrymen for the High Degrees.t What enormous form of flattery, how much more so plagiarism!
industry and research did not Schneider and Krause
bring to bear, even if we refrain from speaking of IN the "Atheneum" of July 7th, there appears
the conscientious labours of Schroder and his over the Signature "Juan F. Riano" the following
colleagues ! But of all this the faultily instructed notice:-" La Espana Mas6nica, or Freemasonry in
Brothers Tempels and Gould know absolutely nothing. Spain, by Taxi! is said to have been compiled from
Kloss, the Father of Masonic research, most certainly original documents in the posse£sion of the author."
read and tested the greater part of the 5393 numbers Can any member of our" Circle" elucidate the
catalogued in his Bibliography. In like manner the above passage by some further particulars in regard
writer of this article read and weighed the 2,800 to the History in question P We have before us Nos.
numbers of Taute's Catalogue, besides drawing upon 9 and 10, November, 1886, of a Madrid fortnightly,
the resources of the Libraries of Lodges Minerva at entitled, La Espana Mas6nica; and the first article
Leipsic, Three Hills at Freiberg, and of the British therein is entitled La Masoneria en Espana. It is o.
Museum. In England the study of Masonic History mere sketch, and contains nothing that may not be
and the encouragement of Masonic research is still found in such works as the Handbuch or Gould's
young. Before the appearance of the English Edition History. Neither is it signed "Taxi!," for all of
of our History and our Masonic Pilgrimage to York, which reasons we are hardly able to identify it with
no one in England troubled himself about Masonic the compilation mentioned in the Atheneum. As it
study ; in this respect there reigned complete dark- breaks off at 1865 there is possibly a continuation,
ness.§ The younger powersJ! have now unitt>d in the and the History of the last 20 years may perhaps
Lodge Quatuor Coronati, but will and cannot possibly justify the expression" Original Documents." If so,
produce any results equal in the remotest degree to we should be glad to see the following numbers, and
those of Schroder and the Engbund., The foremost appeal to our Spanish members to assist us.
English Student, who really produced much that is
new and valuable, is D. Murray Lyon in Edinburgh;
but Bros. Speth, Gould, and Co. present everywhere
a picture of prejudice,** ignorance of the fields of re-
search which have already been studied and exhausted OBI'l''UABY.
and an obvious dilettantism. Let this, however, not Hrs Majesty the Emperor Frederick III. of
prevent us acknowledging wha.t is honest and merit- Germany, King of Prassia, Patron of. the German
orious in their endeavours." Lodges of Freemasons, Past Grand Master of the
We have already had occasion, on p. 131, to Order in the National Grand Lodge of all Germany
allude to the amusing conceit of our Bro. Findel. We at Berlin, passed away on the 15th June last. Our
shall, therefore, make no attempt to refute his present Imperial and Royal Brother was born ] 8th October,
deliverances beyond the running commentary already 1831, and ascended the throne on the 9th March,
supplied in the foregoing foot-notes. But we have 1888. In his death the German Brotherhood suffers
thought the whole passage given above, too good, a severe loss. We hope to present our readers with
too diverting and characteristic to be shelved, and an account of his masonic career in our next num-
ber. German Lodges, without exception, are accus-
• As a corrective to this totally wrong statement read the remarks on tomed to keep the ancient Craft Festival of St. John.
~rl~~eJ'¥~~,!\,~~~o?.t~~d~,,':~b1e to~~.r,aasage which Flndel avers Wll8
In consequence of this sad occurrence they have all
t This h literally tmnelated and we presume means that Bro. Gould refrained from so doing this year, including the
wrote. as it were, from a brief, i.e. to order.
German-speaking " Pilgrim " Lodge in London.
l In thlo connection cf Vol III p. 93, le.et two lines et 1eq: or p. 78,
the f!n!t six lines of the second paragraph. The remarks there made are as
cleprece.tory of the High Degrees e.e any ever penned by Findel, although BRO. G. PARKER BROCKBANK, Past Grand Stand-
we gladly confess they are couched in more dignified language,
§ Cj. our remarks on p. 131 o! the Transactions.
ard Bearer under the Grand Lodge of England, died
B These you ngstll1'1 include Me.eonlc Students of over a quarter of a cen-
suddenly on Saturday, 2nd June last. He was a.
tury' I atanding I member of our Correspondence Circle, and contribu-
" A literary society formerly attached to the Grand Lodge of Bamburg. ted at various times to the Masonic Press. In
• • Because they will not accept the Steinmetz theory, bolstered up by Masonic literature he will be best remembered by
J'lndel and based upon a palpable lie-cf. p. 23, Col. I. last lines of Tl'IUIII-
.actlona. his History of St. John's Lodge, No. 221, Bolton
190 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRC•NATI.

[1880], and by the History of the Anchor and Hope annual subscription of its members at the present
Lodge, No. 37, Bolton, [1882], the latter compiled figure, but the members of the " Three Golden
jointly with Bro. Newton. We were never fortunate Apples " have been under the necessity of raising
enoug.h to make our Brother's personal acquaintance, theirs from 36 to 40 marks. The Hall was first
but h1s letters to us, extending over some years are occupied 50 years ago.
marked by great geniality, and leave us no cause The third Dresden Lodge, " Of the Brazen
for wonder at the deep regret universally expressed Pillars," celebrated its 25th Anniversary on the 24th
by those who knew him. June of this year.
WE regret to announce the death of Bro. Samuel In the seventh decade of last century the follow-
B. Oldham, for many years Deputy Grand Secretary ing lodges existed also in Dresden:-" Of the Three
of the Grand Lodge of Ireland. He was interred in Pomegranates," "Edward," and "St. John of the
Mount Jerome Cemetery, Dublin, on Tuesday, 12th Travellers." The last named was known later on as
June, 1888. There was a very large attendance of "Of the true Friends," but amalgamated in 1772
Grand and Provincial Grand Officers, and the Grand with the "Three Swords." The two former did not
Chaplain, the Rev. P. Gibson, delivered a very enjoy a prolonged existence. A further movement
touching address in the llfortuary Chapel. has only shown itself lately. A project is openly
discussed to form a new Lodge with High Degrees l
and, therefore, exclusively Christian! It is intended
to erect the new Lodge in a fashionable quarter of
EXT:U.ACTS Fli\OM Dresden for the gentry and capitalists, and it will
possibly enter upon its career next year. (Ibid.)
CORRESPONDENCE, NOTES, &c.
GERMANY. THE Grand Duke of Hesse in an audience with
Bro. Brand, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge at
OcR learned Correspondence Member, Dr. W. Darmstadt, expressed his acknowledgment of the
Begemann, of Rostock, Mecklenburg, was on the 9th laudable tendency of the Brotherhood, and presented
May elected Provincial Grand Master of Mecklen- each of the 8 Lodges in his States with a portrait of
burg, under the Grand National Lodge, at Berlin. himself.
Gratifying as this would be in any case, our pleasure
is much enhanced by the fact that Bro. Begemann SWITZERLAND.
has been elected to this high office distinctly on
account of his services to Masonic Literature and WE extract the following from the last annual
Research. We congratulate our Brother heartily address of the Grand Master of Switzerland, as re-
on his well-merited elevation. ported by "Latomia."-" I should like further to-
direct your attention to Libraries, which should exist
GER)JA:SY possesses now 382 Lodges. During in all Lodges. I say should, because in many Lodges
1887 the Lodges were increased by l, and the they are wanting or almost so, albeit Masonry stren-
membership by 179. (Bro. Beck, Dresden). uously requires of its members that its history be
deeply studied. Emphatically, it is not sufficient
THE Imperial Statthalter in Alsace-Loraine, for us to rejoice only in ritualistic perfection of
Prince Hohenlohe, has granted a subsidy of £150 working, or in the inspiring deliverances of a good
to the Lodge in Mulhouse, toward~ the erection of a Orator. The spirit of the time insists that we, who
Masonic Hall. (Ibid). claim to be Freemasons, should know the association
to which we belong, that we should study its history
DRESDE:S.-The date of the constitution of the and appreciate the significance thereof. By these
Dresden Lodge "The three Swords, and Astraea of means alone can we possibly become good Masons,
the budding Rue," has been long fixed as the 6th and therefore it is necessary to devote more care to
January, 1740, the exact date not being ascertain- our libraries, and to ceaselessly encourage our
able by documentary evidence. It is, however, very brethren to use them."
probable that the event should be dated two year's
earlier, i.e., 1738, because in that year Count ITALY.
Rutowski founded the first Saxon Lodge in Dresden,
under the name "Aux trois Aigles." From this ToRDr.-Lodge "Cavour" has issued a printed
sprang almost immediately the lodge '' Aux trois report concluding with a programme of activity for
Glaives d'or," or Lodge of the Three Golden Swords. the members outside the Lodge. Their efforts are
On the 7th September, 1831, this lodge amalgamated to be directed towards,-
with Astraea (date of Constitution, 22nd September, The Suppression of Duels, Lotteries, and Pros-
1815), and still flourishes under the conjoint name. titution; Encouragement of Temperance; Extension
This lodge meets in one hall with the lodge of the of Electoral Privileges and the Rights of Women;
"Three Golden Apples," founded at Wildenfels, 27th Abolition of Capital Punishment; Advancement of
November, 1776, and removed to Dresden in 1781. Free-trade ; Replacement of the Standing Army by a
They now purpose rebuilding and extending their National Militia; Rejection of War; Freedom of
premises. A loan of 205,000 marks (£10,250) was Labow·; stricter contJ-ol over Food; Prevention of
announced and covered thrice over. The " Three Infection; Asylums for the Necessitous; Erection
Swords" having in anticipation accumulated are- of Workhouses; Organization of Labour; Co-opera-
serve fund of 30,000 marks, is enabled to leave the tive Societies ; Cremation; Distribution of Instruc-
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 191

tive Tracts; Free Education; Combati!lg Supersti- AFRICA.

tion ; Reports of Scientific Progress ; Encouragement BRo. J. E. GREEN, in the course of a recent
<>f Study and Invention, when not applied to war; letter referring to the meeting of the District Grand
and the Support of Artists. Lodge under the banner of his Lodge Meridian, No.
This is a very wide field of activity and displays 149~, at Cradock, South Africa, on the 25th June
much earnestness on the part of our Italian brothers, last, incidentally mentions that "set'eral brethren, in
but it is needless to point out that, according to our order to attend, had to travel 400 miles by road and
.English views of the duties of Craftsmen, some of rail to and fro, and one 728 by rail.". Even in
these subjects are quite outside the legitimate sphere England, with our luxurious and fast trains, this
<>f Freemasonry and trench upon political, and there- would argue great interest in Masonry, but the
.fore forbidden, ground. Those in italics certainly occurrence is more striking still in South Africa.
.do so, and as regards some of the others much depends Part of the proceedings consisted in a presentation
npon the light in which they are regarded. to the retiring W.M., Bro. A. E. El vey, one of our
earliest Correspondence Members. We are promised
TURKEY. a full account shmtly, but it is interesting to note
THE Lodge "Italia Risorta" lately gave a that a handsomely bound copy of Bro. Gould's
Charity-Ball in Constantinople. The governor of "History of Freemasonry," was included in the
Pera handed in a subscription of £100, and an testimonial.
11.utograph letter from the Sultan, in which he
expressed his thanks for the assistance hitherto BURMAH.
rendered to the poor of his capital by the Free- "A Buddhist has been initiated in Burmah.
masons. (Bro. Beck, Dresden.) This is the first instance on record of one of this
faith entering Masonry. On this occasion a Parsee
FRANCE. was in the chair, a Hindu was J.W., and a Moham-
MONSIEUR CARNOT, lately deceased, the father medan J.D." [South African Freemason, June 5th.]
of the President. of the French Republic, narrowly We should like to hear more of this. Buddhism
missed attaining the highest honours in the Craft in can only be called a religion at all in a very peculiar
1870, on the retirement of Grand Master Mellinet. sense, as it is theoretically a pure Atheism, and
A vote was passed by the Grand Orient on the 9th wholly ignores the existence of a Deity. We freely
June, 1870, that it was expedient to abolish the admit that the moral code of the system is one of
office of Grand Master, and place it in commission, the purest in the world, but, nevertheless, a Buddhist
but as the assembly did not consider itself compe- would appear to lack several essentials required o£ a
tent to act on the vote there and then, it was candidate for Freemasonry. Will one of our corres-
decided to place the question before the Lodges, and pondents in Burmah enlighten us further in this
<Jall a meeting of the Grand Orient in 1871, to revise matter i'
the Constitutions and specially consider this matter.
The candidates for the Grand Mastership were there- AUSTRALIA.
fore requested to intimate their willingness to resign THE Installation of Bro. the Hon. J. Arthur
-if so desired-in 1871. Bros. Babaud-Laribiere, Wright, as District Grand Master of Western
Massol, and De Saint Jean did so, Carnot disapprov- Australia, and the Inauguration of the District Grand
ing of the proposed alteration, refused in spite of Lodge of Western Australia underthe United Grand
all the efforts that were made to convince him of its Lodge of England took place on the 4th of April
expediency. The Grand Orient, consisting of 292 last. The ceremony of Installation was performed
members, then proceeded to vote with the following by Bro. Sir F. Napier Broome, Governor of the
result: iBro. Babaud-Laribiere, 167: Bro. Carnot, Colony, in the Lodge of St. John, No. 485, E.C., held
109: Bro. Massol, 10: and Bro. St. Jean, 2: 5 votes in the Freemasons' Hall, Perth. After the R. W.
blank. In 1871 the office of Grand l\faster was District Grand Master was installed, he opened the
1Lbolished, ancl Bro. Babaud-Laribiere resigned. first District Grand Lodge, and appointed his officers.
There are at present six Lodges that owe
SPAIN. allegiance to the new District Grand Lodge, viz.:
THE Spanish Review " V erdadera Luz " has Lodge of St.John, No. 485, Pert.h; Frcmantle Lodge,
been anathematised by the Bishop of Segovia for No. 1033, Fremantle : Gerald ton Lodge, No. 1683,
advocating Masonic ideas. (Bro. Beck, D1·esden.) Geraldton; Wellington Lodge, No.l840, Bunbury;
York Lodge, No. 2118, York; and St. George's
THE Statutes of the Grand Symbolic Lodge, Lodge, No, 2165, Perth; and already warrants are
under the Grand Orient of Spain, having been being applied for for new J,odges. The total mem-
approved by the Governor of Madrid, Freemasonry bership of the Lodges is about 400.
in the Peninsula may be said to have at last ob-
tained official recognition. (Ibid). AMERICA.
THE German-speaking Lodges of New York
HUNGARY. State showed a roll of 3274 Master-masons on the
Two clandestine Lodges " Kronenloge " and lst January of this year, (Bro. Beck, Dresden.)
" Grossmuth" recently established in Pesth, have
been denounced by the Grand Lodge of Hungary. THE Masonic Hall, Caracas, Venezuela, built at
(Ibid). the expense of the State, has lately been opened by
 192 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

the President of the Republic, Bro. Guzman Blanco No. 2209. Brighton. Brighton, Victoria.
in person, (Ibid.) " 2210. Star of the East. Omeo, Victoria.
" 2211. Albert Victor. Clifton Hill, Victoria.
Oua Correspondence Member, Bro. J. Ross " 2212. Rupanyup. Rupanynp, Victoria.
Robertson, has been unanimously elected Deputy " 2213. Daylesford of St. George. Daylesford.
Grandmaster of the Grand Lodge of Canada. We [Victoria.
tender our hearty congratulations. " 2214. Josiah W edgwood. Etruria, Stafford-
[shire.
IRELAND. 2215. Anfield. Liverpool, Lancashire.
" 2216. Egerton. Swinton, Manchester, Lanca-
Hrs Grace the Duke of .Abercorn, Grand Master "
of Masons, Ireland, presided at Leinster Hall, Dublin, [shire.
on Saturday, May 12th, at the distribution of prizes 2217. Windermere. Windermere, Westmore-
to the Masonic Female Orphan School. The function
" [land.
was most successful in every respect and the 2218. Rickmansworth. Rickmansworth, Herts.
" 2219. Mandalay. Mandalay, Upper Burmah.
proceedings were full of interest. The scholars, "
daughters of deceased Masons, some having lost 2220. .Albion. Woodstock. South Africa.
their mothers also, received their awards at the
" 2221. Te Awamutu. Te .Awamutu, .Auckland,
hands of the Duchess of Abercorn, and exhibited
" [New Zealand.
their proficiency in vocal and instrumental music " 2222. Frederick West. East Molesey, Surrey.
and in drill and calisthenics, to a crowded audience " 2223. Monara. Cooma, New South Wales.
which filled the Hall from floor to roof. Music and " 2224. Fairfield. Long Eaton, Derbyshire.
dancing for the guests followed and was prosecuted " 2225. Perak Jubilee. Taiping, Perak, Ma.lay
enthusiastically, although most of the visitors had [Peninsula.
danced into the small hours of that very morning at " 2226. St. David's. Rhymney, Monmouthshire.
the Masonic Charity Ball given in the same hall on " 2227. Whi.te Horse. Westbury, Wiltshire.
the previous eveni.ng. " 2228. Dene. Cookham, Berkshire.
The school has been established 96 years and at " 2229. Latham. Liverpool, LancaRhire.
present educates and clothes 72 girls. It was " 2230. Centennial. Sydney, New South Wales.
mentioned that Jane Black, the chief prize winner " 2231. Talbot. Stretford, Lancashire.
on this occasion, bad won prizes during her career " 2232. Stella. Vryburg, South .Africa.
in the school to the extent of £25, and that several " 2233. Old W estminsters'. London.
of the pupils, instead of taking their prizes in books, " 2234. Onslow. Guildford, Surrey.
" 2235. Port Curtis. Gladstone, Queensland.
had had the money invested for them in the Post
Office 8avings' Bank; thus insuring to themselves a
start in life on leaving the school. The Dep. Grand THE Pilgrim Lodge, No. 238, London, (working
Master recounted with justifiable pride that the in German) opened a Lodge of Sorrow on the 12th
authorities could look back on the subsequent career January last, in memory of three of their members
of every pupil without cause for shame in any one lately deceased. To these was added the Rev . .A.
single instance. F . .A. Woodford, describerl as "a close friend of the
Pilgrim Lodge." We thank our German Brethren
ENGLAND. for the honour paid to the memory of our dear de-
parted Brother.
The following is a list of the Lodges warranted
by Grand Lodge of England during 1887.
.At the Festival of the Royal Masonic Benevo-
No. 2191. Anglo-American. London. lent Institution on Wednesday, the 29th February,
, 219:2. Highbury. , 18!j8, the amount collected was £15,117 18s. 6d.
, 2193. Queen's Jubilee. Nelson, Sancasbire.
, 2194,. Golden Bay. Takaka, Nelson, New Zea- .AT the meeting of Grand Lodge of England,
[land. Wednesday, 6th June last, the rank of Past Grand
, 2195. ~Iilitary Jubilee. Dover, Kent. Master of the United Grand Lodge of England was
, 2196. Victoria. Bridgetown, Barbadoes. conferred upon our Brother, His Majesty, King
" 2197. Spencer Walpole Temperance. Douglas. Oscar II. of Sweden and Norway, Supreme Grand
[Isle of Man. Master, or Vicari us Salamonis, of the Order in those
" 2198. Beresford. Petersham. New South countries.
[Wales.
" 2199. Jubilee. Mittagong, New South Wales. 0:-. Thursday, 7th June, 1888, the Royal Maso-
" 2200. Pantiles. Tunbridge Wells, Kent. nic Institution for Girls held its 100th anniversary
" 2:201. Earl of Sussex. Brighton, Sussex. Festival, under the presidency of the M.W.G.M.,
" 2202. Regent's Park. London. H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, supported by H.R.H.
" 2203. Farnborough and North Camp. Farn- Prince Albert Victor, and H.M. the King of Sweden
[borough, Rants. and Norway. The subscriptions announced amounted
" 2204. Paulett. Wynyard, Tasmania. to the enormous total of £50,472 1.5s. Od.
" 2:205. Pegasus. Gravesend, Kent.
" 2:206. Hendon. Hendon, l-liddlesex. AT the Festival of the Royal Masonic Institu-
" 2207. Blackall. Blackall, Queensland. tion for Boys, 27th June, 1888, the total of the sub-
" 2208. Horsa. Bournemoutb, Rants. scriptions amounted to £8,600.
 TRANSACTIONS oF THE LoDGR QuATUOR CoRONATI. 193

5rH OCTOBER, 1888.

The Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall at 5 p.m. Present: sarily be devoted to the oral exposition of certain
-Bros. R. F. Gould, P.G.D., in the chair; W. H. Rylands, secrets we are not permitted to inscribe-! am
P.G. Stwd.; Lieut.-Col. S. C. Pratt, R.A.; G. W. Speth, compelled to restrict my remarks to a few of tho
Professor T. Hayter Lewis, Rev. C. J. Ball, E. :\Jacbean, and
Dr. W. "\V. Westcott; also the following members of the salient features of the t:lcottish Craft.
Correspondence Circle: Bros. J. Bodenham, P.A.G.D.C. ; 'Vhere documentary evidence is dra1\·n on, my
F. A. Powell, P.G.S. of W . .Monmouth; J. Barker, P.P.G.S. statements can be verified, chiefly. by the Book of
of W. West Yorks; C. B. Barnes, F. Wood, J. IV. Howurd Constitutions issued in 1886 by the Grand Lodge,
Thompson, G. J. Dunkley, P.P.G.O. Middlesex arid Surrey;
while the other matters referred to have mainly
Professor F. W. Driver, C. Kupfet·schmiilt, W. Lake, P.P.G.lt.
Cornwall; C. F. llogard, I'. G. Std. Br.; J. S. Curnberlancl, come under my own personal notice an<l may be
P.P.G.W., K. and E. Yorks; and the following visitors: relied upon accordingly. Though some of the customs
Bros. G. A. Nock, lHDG, aml 'l'. JJ. Hart, 165. are not to be commended. it is yet 'vorthy of note
that a gradual impron·ment is even now going on,
Twelve Loilges and sixty-one brethren were admitted to and. "·ith the march of time, changes for the better
the Correspondenco Circle, bringing the Holl up to 41 D may be reasonably expected. lt was recently said
members. by an eminent Brother, who is one of thei1· leading
anthm·itit•s, •· Scotchmen are proverbial for their
Bro. William Mattieu Williams, Fellmv of the Royal inattention to formal ism," and another en tIt nsiastic
Astronomical Society, Fellow of the Chemical Society, was membc>r claims, 11·ith grPater zeal than knowledge,
proposed as a joining member. Born in 18:!0, he \Yas
initiate•! in the Bank of England Lorlge, ~ o. :l:Z!l, in 1846, that ··we have more- heart than they lta\·e in
joined King Solomon Lodge, No. :W:!!:l, in JS>;.J.; and is England, which is tho main point "-this. of course,
the Author of "The Fuel of the Sun," " Through ~ orway is a mere matter of opinion.
with a Knn.psack," "Thrnu~h X orway with Lad if's,''
"Science in Short Chapters," "The Chemistry of Cookery,"
"A Simple Treatise on lleat," and other works Tho G1uxn LODGE of Scotlall(l 'vas instituted
in the year 1736, and is consequently the youngest
of the three powers which hold 1lasoni<· sway in
The following brethren were appointed Local Secretaries,
viz., Bros. E. ~Iacbean, for Glasgow and vicinity; G. L. these Islands. Tlw recently pnblishL·r1 histm-y of
Shackles, for~ orth and East Ridings of Yorkshir<'; E. Forbes No. 2 Lodg-e, ·· Canong-ate Kil ~Yinning- ... by one of
-Whitley, fur Cornwall; J.Bodenham, P.A.G.D.C., for Shropshire its P.M.'s, Bro. A. Mackenzie, puts in oven clearer
and St~ffordshire; C. P. Cooper, for Armagh ; B. Cox, for terms than appears on the surface of tho grand
Somerset shire; TI. J. \Vhymper, for the Punjab; J. E. Green, history by Bro. D.11unay Lyon. the steps which more
for South Africa (Eastern Division); T. H. Girling, for Hong
Kong ami South China; R. Lamlll'rt, for Louisiana; J. immediately led to tho establishment of this
Robertson. for Wellington, New Zealand; an<l H. W. Supreme Body. As at present constituted, it consists
Dieperiuk, for South Africa (Wcstern Division). of the Grand l\laster. all Past Grand ilfasters,
Grand Officers, Prov. and Dist. Gmnd Masters. as
Bro. n~. Si'Dpson, S.W., ''"as Plected "~.:\L for the 'Yell as the Masters and 'Vardens of all tiJe subor-
ensuing tm>lve months, Bro. Walter lksant was re-elected dinate Lodges. -With the exception of Past Grand
Treasui·er, and Bro. J. IV. Freeman, Tyler. l\lasters. they do not recognise past rank per se,
as entitling the holder to a se;lt in the g-oyerning
The Secretary reported that Bro. F. J. W. Crmve had chamber; but there is in force a proxy system
bequeathed his collection of .\Iasonic books, papers, and "·hich enables each District, Province, and daughter
autographs to the Lodge, and was instructed to conyey the Lodge, not represented by its own dignitaries, to
thanks of the Loclge to the said Brother. nominate Master Masons to sit on its behalf ( cOlTCS-
pondiug to Master and ·wardens) and exercise full
BRO. EDWARD :llACREA~ read the following paper:- delegated powers as mem hers of Grand Lodge.
They have three paid officials : Grand Secretary,
"SCOTTISH FREEMASONRY IN THE Grand Cashier (or Treasurer), and the Grfl]1(1 Tyler,
all of whom are directly responsible to Grand Lodge.
PRESENT ERA." Of the remaining twenty officers the Depute and
Substitute G.M. are appointed by the Grand Master,
Ix cont.inuation of the series inaugurated last but all the others are elected annually ; and none
November by our W.M., and followed at tho May of these members. except the salaried offieials, are
meeting by tho Secretary's paper on "Scottish Free- permitted by law to occupy the same position more
Masonry prior to 1717," I propose to invite your than two succes~iYe years, although after the lapse
attention to a brief review of Northern Masonry as of twelve months a Brother is eligible for his former
now existing ; for my residence in that part of the seat. The Grand Master Mason is, ipso facto, a
Empire has afforded me opportunities of seeing member of every subordinate Lodge, but is not
more, than could a casual vi8itor, of the inner pene- thereby liable for any fees. In the event of a
tralia of Scottish working. disputed interpretation arising out of a motion,
I need hardly remind such an audience as the which has been duly proposed and seconded, the
present one that there are very many important decision rests with the meeting, and does not lie in
differences between the ceremonials, regulations, the option of the chairman. The Grand Stewards,
and observances practised on the two sides of the limited to fifty, are appointed yearly at the N ovem-
River Tweed; but owing to the limited time at my ber communication; they have the management of
disposal this evening-part of which must neces- the Feast of St. Andrew and other Festivals, and
 194 TR,I.XSACTIOXS OF THE LODGE Qt:ATGOR CoRONAU.

are expected to attend all great fu net ions. Supple- success. Throughout her long career no mention
mental to other liabilitie~, these officers have to pay, was e>er made of the Third degree till the issue of
in virtue of their position, 5s. annually to the the new bye-laws in 1879, and even now this step is
General Fund. The scale of fees, regulated by the conferred gratuitously, although she receives dues
Constitution, must strike any of us, acquainted with separately for initiating and passing her candidates.
English procedure, as being meagre in the extreme. Scotch benefactions arc very meagre: as an
As a test of membership in Grand Lodge, each almost invariable rule the Lodge funds only admit
:Master and IV arden-whether actual or proxy-and of some trifling temporary relief, often 2s.•6d., but
Ste>~"ard pays every February the sum of .)s. to the where deemed advisable the case is represented to
General Fund, and to the Benevolent Fund from the PrO\·incial and Grand Lodge, which may possibly
2s. 6cL as a \Varden to 7s. 6d. as a Steward, '"hile vote £5 each to the applicant; and in rare instances
the President of the Grand Stewards, elected by even £1(1 may be awarded.
·themselves, contributes an extra 3s. per annum in
recognition of the honour conferred on him. The Pnonxcu.L and District Grand Masters are
The Scotch (Craft) Year of Light-formerly the appointed for a term of not more than five years
same as with us-was altered long ago, ~o that now (though this may be extended), by commission from
they are nominally four years ahead of the English Grand Lodge-not by the Grand Master, as in
date; making it, at prc~ent 1\Titing, A. I.-. 5892. England. They nominate their own Dep. and Sub.
This difference in chronology is apt to confuse the Masters, Wardens, Secretary and Chaplain. The
student. other offices are filled up by the Provincial Grand
Lodge, so that you will observe the Provincial Grand
The Fund of Scottish Masonic BEXEVOLENCE Master can dispense more patronage than the
was extended by resolution of Grand Lodge on 7th supreme Grand Master himself. Certain ofthe officers,
February, 1884. and shortly afterwards it was as in Grand Lodge, can only retain their position
decided that £10,000 must be raiserl before the for two consecutive years, and my previous remarks
scheme should come into operation. It was further as to Past Rank are equally applicable to this body.
determined on 7th August of the same year, that
half of the free income of Grand Lodge shall be Under Scotch CRAFT Jurisdiction only the Three
annually made over to the funds of this enlarged Symbolic Degrees, or St. John's Masonry, can be
attempt at organised charity, which aims even so recognised; but Grand Lodge permits her subordi-
high as the granting of annuities. Besides this and nates to work the " ~~lark," on the distinct under-
>olnntary sources, the Fund receives the contribu- standing that it must be considered as a portion of
tions levied on the Officers and l\Iembers of Grand the F.C. Degree, though only to be conferred on
Lodae, and also the sum of one shilling out of the M.:Ms., and in the presence of those possessed of the
regi~tration fee paid for each Lodge intrant. The secrets. The Joint Committee of Grand Lodge and
required amount has not yet been reached, and the Supreme R.A. Chapter declared "That, as rPgards
assistance afforded to necessitous claimants is very "the R..A. Deg-rees, this Degree (the Mark) shall
insignificant when compared ·with the average yearly "be reckoned the Fourth Degree in Masonry. That
addition of some 4,000 new names to the roll of "nothing contained in these Regulations shall
rnembrrs. It may be convenient '.,·hile on this topic "interfere with the superintendence which the
to note that very few of the Lod~es have any " Supreme Grand R.A. Chapter claims over :Mark
Benevolent, as distinct from their Gener\ll, Fund, " Masonry out of Scotland-or with the Lodges
though K os. 34 and 54, both in Aberdeen, are brilliant "holding of it in England" (of which there are now
exceptions. Despite her very low initiation and none) '·or abroad."
joining fees, Mary Chapel, No.1, has now a consider- Very many of the Blne Lodges now confer the
able reversion, arising from a gradual accumulation Marh, but any Brother not holding it and desirous
of her receipts, with accrued interest., and in great of exaltation to the Arch, receives this advancement
measure brought about by the superior standing of in the Red or Capitular Body, whose certificates
the class >~"hich swells her ranks and the consequent carry the Degree on the face of them-though that
smallness of the claims made upon her resources. of Past Jlaster (often only "constructive") has
The historical members of our student-guild will latterly been eliminated. In Scotland the JJiark is
no doubt 'Yelcome-though, strictly speaking, not necessarily on a different footing from that which
germane to my subject-a few figures relative to the it occupies in the south. As Bro. D. Murray Lyon
"Freemason Lod:Je. St. John's, Jllelrose," taken from puts it. ·'The conferring of the Mark ''-(not the
their balance sheet of last December. For the year degree, lw"-cver)-'' upon Apprentices and Fello"-s
1887 they received £87 for quarter dnes. £22 for "of Craft-operative and speculative-was a practice
Initiations and Passings. and with sundry other sums, " here more than a century prior to the advent of
including a balance brought forward. their income "specnlatiYe 1'.I:tsonry." Lodges No. 3 bis, and
reached £140 ~ out of which they disbursed £:39 for ".Journeymen" No.8, proved that they had granted
Superannuation, £18 for Funerals, £,'i3 for Sick the Jlark for a long series of years, and thereby
.Allou:ance, and £2 1Gs. for Torches at their St.John's forc8d Grand Lodge into an acknowledgment of it ;
Night procession to the Old Abbey, which, with but she takes no active interest in its affairs be,-ond
other items, left them some £6 oclcl to begin another the issuing, on request, of Mark Master Dipl;mas
year. Constant efforts are made to induce this at 2s. tid. each. "11fother Kil winning" No. 0 (the
ancient society to come under Grand Lodge banner, phrase Time Immemorial is not in vogue), used to
and in time these will probably be crowned with observe the ::\Iark Custom, but for some reason has
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATCOR COROXATI 195

ceased to do so. A few of the celebrants when Lodges, be considered as a simple purchase of Lif~
giving the F.C. Lecture make passing allusions to Membership, and therefore a very modest final
this ancient habit. \Ve must be careful to dis- charge fo1' the distinction of belonging to one of the
criminate between the Mark Degree and the old oldest and best Lodges in Scotland. Non-payment
usage of granting a Mark to tho newly entered of these fees, which are supposed to cover the cost
Apprentice or Craftsman. of circulars, postage, etc., pr·ecludes a Brother from
In Scotland it is by no means essential that. the speaking, voting, or holding office; but it is a moot
Master (elect) shall have occupied a \Varden's chair, point whether the penalty be strictly enforced.
hence not infrequently a l'.L~I. is chosen from the floor The system of numbering is somewhat peculiar:
of the Lodge to sit in the East. It has been so, in for in addition to Glasgow St. J olm's No.:~ bis, there
Mary Chapel, No.1, >vhich is looked Ppon by many are fh-e other lodges similarly treated, three of which
as the •' cream " of the Society. There does not were chartered in 187ti. Colloqnially, these are
appear to be any legal limit to the duration of a spoken of as 38~ aml f'O on. Not a few of the Blue
Master's tenure of that post-termed Right Wor- Lodges are clubbed ·· Royal Arch,'" though only
shipful Master, or R.\Y.}L as was formerly the case practising Symbolical nlasonry; the latest example
in England. He appoints his own Depute anrl being the St. James' Border Union Royal Arch Lodge,
Substitute Masters and the Tyler; but the other instituted twenty-fiye years ago.
officers are elected by the Lodge while sitting in the The eo lour and fittings of tlw Lodge Aprons are
Third, though the In~tallation mnst be performed, not uniform as in Euglancl. Tlw hues embrace
mainlY, in the Fir.<t De"ree. No one is eli,ible green, gold, crimson. >arious shades of blue, whit~,
for initiation until he is 1'; years of age. 'l'he laws purple, reel. orange, scarlet, sundry tartans. pink,
provide for the exclusion of canditlates receiving yellow, and IH<lUYC. Some sen~ation and cm·iosity
three adverse votes. and from a careful reading of were caused by a, Scotch brother appearing at a
the statute I am of opinion th:tt no Home Lodge Leeds Installation l'.leeting in the gOJ"geous J'IL~L
can vary this number. though t1w black balls in the Apron of Lodge Atholc No. 41:1; the semi-circular
Colonie-s debar an applicant. It is ordained that flap ofwhich was purple velvet, "·ith G. inside the
no degree shall be conferred on any Brother within sqnare and compasses 1Yorkcd in gold, the fringes
two weeks of his last step, unless " on emer!Jency; " and tassels being of the same noble metal, and
but this qualified permission is very commonly running round three sides was the Athole Tartan
exercised when the necessity or advisability is not ribbon,
too appaL.mt. I am aware of instances where all It is against orders to wear, in craft working, any
the three were given to a candidate on the same clothin~J not appertaining to St. John's :Jiasonry;
evening, and on gi"Ounds that but few English but the regulation, praet.ically, does not apply to
W.J\Is. would recogni.:;e as sufficient. jewels or certain regalia, for it is an everyday occur-
According to the Constitutions, 3~s. 6d. is the rence to find even Grand Officers displaying the
minimum fee for which a candidate can be enterecl insignia of the A. and A. Scottish rite, the Hoyal
passed, and raised. Of this sum Grand Lodge must Order, Heel Cross, and many others of the chivalric
receiYe Gs. 6d. for enrolment and 5s. for the Diploma, or High-Grade systems, besides that of the Royal
which enriches the Lodge funds to the extent of Arch, none of which are recognised by the Constitu-
one guinea for every intrant. The ordim,ry charge, tions. One of the shining lights in Grand Lodge
especially in country ancl suburban districts, is two defends tho custom on the ground that there is no
guineas, which leaves the difference of 30s. 6d. in use in having these pretty ornaments unless the
the box. .Mary Chapel, the old Lodge of Edinburgh, owners arc permitted to exhibit them on every pos-
requires four guineas for Initiation and two guineas sible occasion. The Jewish Lodge '· :Montefiore,''
from affiliating or joining members, provided that 753, lately founded in Glasgow, has adopted cloth-
with the latter class a new 3cotch certificate is not ing which, in color, ornament, and trimmings, is
required; she exacts, however, no test fees. This almost an exact reproduction of the full-dress worn
expression, or more amply stated, test of membership, by English Grand Officers ; and, so far as I am
is the North British equivalent for the annual aware, is the only Scotch body that combines the
subscription payable to an English Lodge; but this ear of ·wheat and laurel, for the Grand Lodge itself
latter is obligatory, while with the former it is affects St. Andrew and the Thistle.
largely optional. The Northern Lodges, generally, Of the (nominal) 757 Lodges holding Scotch
expect a yearly contribution of some half-a-crown Wanants, 33 are in the Province (city) of Glasgow,
or three shillings from their members; but it is and these, by their combined efforts, enrolled nearly
expl'essly stipulated by Grand Lodge that nonful- 600 new members last year. There is also quite a
filment of this duty '·shall not deprive any Brother num her of Lodges meeting on the outskirts of the
"of his Masonic privilege of attending all meetings City and in the residential suburbs, which own
"of the Lodge; arrears shall, in no case, be charge- allegiance to other Provinces, so that altogether a
" able for more than three years." This is widely very considerable proportion of the Home Loclges on
different from the English, Irish, and American the Grand Roll ministers to the requirements (real
practice. Payment of a fixed sum of two guineas or imaginary) of the three-quarters of a million, or
usually constitutes Life :Membership in tl:.e Lodge, so, included in larger Glasgow. The City Lodges
and consequently relieves a Brother of any future usually hold some twenty regular stated meetings in
subscriptions. As this is the exact sum that "Mary the course of a year, besides the occasional or fre-
Chapel," which has no test fees, receives from a quent gatherings, denominated emergency, which are
joining Brother, it may, in comparison with other summoned for various purposes. These are very
196 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORO~ATI.

often for the initiation of candidates, who might Masonry until higher fees are the rule, and more
slip through their fingers if ample convenience were especially a compulsory annual subscription.
not afforded for their reception when inclination or As was well said by Bro. W. J. Hnghan, in a
solicitation prompt them to take this step. It is recent Lecture "many Lodges seem to exist for the
by no means unusual to find that an expected sole purpose of working degrees." Meetings for
neophyte has not put in an appearance, and equally instruction and the 15 Sections are almost unknown;
so with respect to some who are wanted to be moved Lectures on Masonic subjects are very uncommon,
np a degree. For this reason the circulars cannot and even when delivered, as a rule convey but little
intimate more tban a possible passing, raising, etc., real information.
and they convey no hint as to the presence of any In one particular our Northern Brothers show
specified person for reception or advancement. The a good example; for it is only in rare cases that
'/nOdus operandi is beautifully simple; a member, they assemble in licensed houses. There are but
perhaps of a different lodge, brings into the "adjacent" few Masonic Halls, in the proper meaning of that
some one who is ready to pay the fee; an applica- expression, although Edinburgh, Falkirk, and
tion form is at once filled up and signed by two Aberdeen have erected commodious premises.
members, the would-be intrant is then most probably, Glasgow, which loves to be thought the" second city
almost invariably, accepted and put through, at of the Empire," has, however, nothing of the kind ;
least, the first degree the same evening. but some of her Lodges own three or four rooms in
From what. has been already stated you can a house, which are made to answer the purposes of
easily see that the funds of very many Lodges must a meeting place, and for the use whereof a rent is
be quite inadequate to the proper carrying out of paid by other bodies utilizing the accommodation
Masonic duties. In Glasgow the ordinary fee is for similar objects. In Glasgow and Edinburgh it
three or three and a-half guineas for each intrant, is possible (and not unusual) to purchase a shop or
but of this, the amount of lls. 6d. goes direct to the one fiat (floor) in an erection several stories high.
Grand Cashier, and as only a small proportion of the Such an important Lodge as Glasgow St. John has
members pay even the trifling test-fees it is clear a liquor bar in the "Kitchen," where the Brothers
that to all intents and purposes, the Lodge must look can quench t.heir thirst at current rates, but the
to the Initiations for the wherewithal to meet inevit- mediocre Lodges do not generally exercise such a
able expenses, such as rent and the varwus doubtful privilege, unless on special occasions, to
odds and ends, termed " Incidentals." I refer wit, Installation and the, perhaps, quarterly
here to the bulk of the Lodges, as, of course, Harmony (musical) evenings, when refreshments
there are exceptional cases in which, by dint of care- are brought into the Lodge-room and smoking is
ful management, a fund has been created-in a very permitted. The only other opportunity of indulging
few instances, such as the Old Aberdeen, No. 34, and in fraternal conviviality is at the Summer excursion
the St. !IIachar, No. 54, of magnificent amount. The or Winter festival-but the dinner or any extra
low scale of fees lies at the root of all t.he inferiority concourse must ordinarily, for want of space, be
alleged, not without some reason, against the Scottish · held in some hotel or hall.
Brotherhood. The constant clamant necessity of The Installation is, as a rule, performed by the
obtaining the needful is more than likely, often, to same officer throughout; and after the R.vV.l\f. has
result in the acceptance of candidates who are but received the secrets and been placed in the chair, it
little suited to om· order. In England Masonry is is customary te confer the oath de fideli on the rest
esteemed a luxury ; and this is practically enforced of the elected Brethren together-a few words being
by the higher sums demanded. In the south, the subsequently addressed to each one on investiture.
career of an enthusiastic brother, especially if he has I have been informed that the working was
gone on to some of the higher grades, represents no formerly superior to what we now generally see;
inconsider·able expenditure of both time and money; but while it is in some cases rather archaic, there
while the recurring subscriptions and demands for are Lodges which pride themselves, and justly so,
the charities and various local objects rapidly run up on the careful way in which all the ceremonies are
to a respectable figure the cost of his connection ·with performed. It is somewhat remarkable that the
the Society. Caledonia has always been poorer than more pretentious and quasi-aristocratic sections of
her sister, but I certainly think that some increase the Order are often more negligent of that due
might be made on the present absurdly low minimum decorum and efficiency which we are justified in
Reception Fee; and also that a moderate yearly expecting of them, than are those whose rolls are
subscription should be leYied on all her members- mainly recruited from the ranks of the tradesman
with a resultant dis>tbility in the event of non-pay- and artizan class.
ment, th ough not necessarily so severe as under Some 40 years ago Grand Lodge made provision
the English code. for the holding of Lodges of Instruction, but I
With the present system there arises a large class cannot learn that any advantage was ever taken of
of members who readily turn to the Craft for assistance this privilege. It is far from common for the
whenever any misfortune happens to them; and, R. W . .\I. to confer the Degrees, or even the O.B.,
consequently, the already insufficient funds are which, according to Scotch usage, is exigible from
further reduced by a ceaseless drain on small all joining members; neither is it necessary that the
resources; this is alike unhealthy and disagreeable Bro. ·working the Degree shall be an Installed
for the applicant and the Fraternity. Clear-sighted Master. There need. therefore, be no cause for
and unprejudiced observers declare that there is astonishment that intelligent and educated men
:faint hope for the true advancement of Scotch should very frequently, soon after being raised, edge
 TRAXsAcrroNs oF THE LoDGE QcATGOR CoRoxArr. 197

v:II from any active participation in the duties of of Blue, Excellent Master, and Capitular degrees.
their Lodge. As there is no social "Refreshment" The First. Principal (nominate) is pledged to a con-
(such as is observed in England), the tame repetition tinuance of th1s laudable effort to impart informa-
of the same ceremonials, rhymed over with more or tion, and as thel"e is ample scope and abundance of
less imperfectness, must rapidly pall on many available material in tbe chapter itself (if wisely
thoughtful minds. There is urgent need of some directed), we may reasonably anticipate that much
vitalizing power, and a properly organized system will be done for the real advancement of the order
of instruction in the hidden mysteries of nature during the ensuing session. It cannot fail to interest
and scienc:>, for, as matters now stand, numbers of his innumerable friends, when I mention that Bro.
those "who should be the backbone of our Royal W. J. Hughan was exalted in this same chapter
Art look on attendance as a sheer waste of time. twenty-three years ago.
The Junior Deacon holds a sinecure appoint- That there is great inherent vitality in Scotch
ment, for all the active duties of reception devolve :Masonry cannot be denied; for in the Colonies,
on the Senior Deacon, who walks round in front of where her financial arrangements are more satisfac-
the candidates, each of whom is led by a Bro. tory than at borne, she is powerful and respected.
acting as conductor. Wands or rods are seldom carried. If the roots of a tree are diseased the branches can-
The aspit'ants to the square degree of F.C. and not be healthy, so we may fairly assume that careful
sublime degree of 1\LM. are advanced without being revision and some modification of the present system
subjected to the catecbetical examination enforced would put this Grand Lodge in the proud position
in England. The E.A.P. selects two instructors, which her own merits and the acknowledged, because
probably his proposer and seconder, who should indisputable, authenticity of her venerable docu-
coach him in the science; but no steps are ever mentary evidence distinctly entitle her to occupy.
taken to test his proficiency. No law exists on this All who are familiar with her career for the last
point, but seven is considered to be the maximum twenty years must concede that she has made
number that can be initiated, passed or raised at one immense strides, and specially so since the ad>ent to
time. I have personallv witnessed five raisings office of the present distinguished Grand Secretary,
in a single ceremony, and· am informed that seven who is almost more of an organizer even than an
have been so treated in Mary Chapel. historian, if that be possible. He found chaos and
While No. lhasa unique history and a notable established order; relieved her of a load of debt and
roll of. members (during the last three centuries), placed the funds on a satisfactory basis; restored
her neighbour, No.2, Oanongate Kilwinning, can also discipline and caused the ordinances to be respected.
boast of a prosperous career, and point to very many In good time, with so expert a helmsman, still
of the noblest names in Scottish annals as havinO" further improvement will fall to be recorded; and
been amongst her signatories. She has, as you ar~ year by year salutary changes will surely be effected.
no doubt aware, the credit of being one of the very It is, perhaps, advisable to add a word of ex-
few Lodges which have had a Poet Laureate, for on planation for the benefit of our Brethren who may
fith February, 1787, this office was conferred on have attended a Scotch meeting, and experienced the
Robert Burns, when nine Lords, besides many other caution and reserve which are the national charac-
prominent Brethren, were present. She retains one teristics. There is no gush about either Highlander
singular feature, viz., the placing of her "Wardens or Lowlander, but let a visitor prove his genuine
in the nort.h-west and south-west-a practice that worth, and he will meet with as hearty a reception
some of our friends fancy was formerly common in as could be accorded in an English Lodge.
Scotland, but of which there is now no other trace.
Another Lodge with a curious history is the At the conclusion of the paper, Bro, l\IACBEAS illustrated
some slight differences between the csot~ric ''.rorking in
Roman Eagle, and deserving of special mention, North and South Britain, and replied to various questions
because the founder and first master, Dr. Brown, asked by Brothers Cumberlaml, Boden ham, Speth, and
a medical professor in Edinburgh University, induced Westcott. He also exhibited a certificate of initiation
the members, mainly consisting of his own class- granted by the Lanark Lodge to John Home (the General
students, to keep the minutes and perform all other Home of Wellington's campaigns), also a blank certificate
and last year's balance sheet of the Lodge at Melrose, From
duties in Latin. I need hardly say that the mother the latter it would appear that this old Lodge, which still
tongue is now the medium of communication. refuses to join the Grand Lodge of Scocland, and preoerves
While it has been my duty to chronicle matters its independence, initiated seventeen 1He1nbcrs and passed
and criticise methods which, you will agree \Yith me, fifteen to the second degree. Raising-s, not being charged
stand in need of amendment, we must recollect that for, are not shmvn in the accounts. The annexed copy \Vill
doubtless be of interest : -
there are some signs of a better life making them-
selves manifest. One sign of the times, and a very I:\CO:}IE. £ s. d.
hopeful one, is the craving for instruction, 'vhich a Collected for Quarter Dues 87 17 G
few of the zealous and thoughtful brethren in Se,·enteen Initiations and Rules 13 8 0
Fifteen Passings 8 5 0
Glasgow are striving to satisfy by means of Lectures; Rent of House and Shop 15 0 0
but instead of the Craft, the foundation of all Rent of Hall from various parties .•. 6 13 6
Masonry, taking the initiative, it has been left to the Drawn for Pay Books 0 0 10
Glasgow Royal Arch Chapter, No. 50, to move first.
Total Income for the Year 1ill 4 lO
The retiring Z. of this body, Companion J. Roper 10 16 7
Add Balance from last Year
Paton, a valued member of our Correspondence Circle,
last winter inaugurated and successfully carried Total Receipts for the year £142 I 5
through a course of addresses on the allied subjects
198 TRAxs.Acnoxs or TIIE LoDGE QcATUOR CoRoxAn.

EXPEKDITURE. :£ s. d. BRo. DR. Wn;x WESTCOTT said: I have recently paid my

Superannuation Allm>ances 39 0 0 first visit to a Scotch lodge, and I have made some study of
Funeral Money 18 () 0 Freemasonry in Scotland; while acknowledging that the
Sick )Ioney 53 15 4 Scottish laws and practices are open to much improvement,_
J\liscellaneons Payments 24 11 3 I must confess that I found the actual ceremonies better
performed in the Glasgow Lodge, St. John 3!, than I antici-
Total Expenditure for the year 135 6 7 pated. I noticed very considerable differences in procedure;
the most notable being tho status and behaviour of the W .M.
Balance due by the Treasurer 6 14 10
who, besides delegating the performance of ceremonies to a,
secretary who had never been an occupant of the master'!'!
£142 5
chair, made a point of remaining standing when the minutes
were being read, and when visitors addressed the lodge; and
in several other points the dignity and importance of the
mastership, as understood in England, were lessened, and I
believe his authority impaired. Another departure from
'The follo"·ing note was also addressed to the lecturer by English custom was the introduction of extraneous mattere
Brother W. F. Yernon, in illustration of the annual proce"sion into open lodge, the formation and conduct of bowling and
of the fine old Lodge. shooting clubs and arrangement of matches with other clubs;
the W.l\1. told me that these clubs and festivities took the
"On St. John the Evangeli><t's Day, the 27th December, place of the regular banquet at the close of each lodge
as many l\Ielrose :Masons as are able assemble to celebrate meeting which is almost a universal custom in England. Tho
the festival, they come from all the villages rounrlabout anrl peculiar mode of placing the hands as a first stage in giving
generally muster pretty strong for the procession, bt>t.ween the sign of an E.A. is quite distinct, as also seemed to be the
two an£! three hundred (according to the state of the weather) invariable custom of the \V.l\I. to ejaculate whelle,·er a brother
marching to the strains of a military band. They perambu- left the lodge (which happened very often) the form of words
late the 'l'own·Cross three times, the majority carrying lighted " make your stay short." An addition to the E.A. ceremony
torches, as the procession is at night after dinner, then they of England 'vas ~oticed in an address concerning a " shoe;"
march down the High Street and up Buccleuch Street to the I must ask Brother 1\facbean to explain thi« to you, as I am
Abbey, which they also circumambulate three times to the not clear on the point. Beyond this mystery, however, a still
air " Scots wha hae "-the heart of the Bruce is buried in greater departure from the English ritual was made at the
:Melrose Abbey-" The Flowers of the Forest," and "Auld conclusion of the ceremony, the W.l\1. giving a comic address
Lang Syue," the Abbey being lit up with coloured lights the in the broad lowland Scotch dialect, although the pre·vious
while. I am told the country folk and the inhabitants of the ceremonial was performed in English- This introduction of
towns and villages round about flock to see this annual the comic element very much marred, to my mind, the stately
demonstration which has been kept up from time immemorial. and eloquent ritual of the English E.A. ceremony.
I should add that the lfelrose brethren have the special
permission of the Duke of Buccleuch to enter tho precincts The Worshipful :Master, in moving tho usual vote of
of the Abbey on tb-e occasion." thanke, took occasion to explain the precise point at issue
between the Grand Lodge of Connecticut, and tbe oldest
Lodge in that State. As our readers are already aware;
In the balance sheet already given, will be observed
Hiram No. I, the largest and most influential Lodge in the
l\Iiscellaneous Payments, £24 lis. 3d. The Schedule of
jurisdiction ha>ing refused to depart from its old customs,
these payments contains the item•, Torches, £2 I Gs. Ocl., and
has been struck off the rolls, and now claims the right to
Galashiel Instrumental Baud, £4 lOs. Od. The Super·
work under its original English Warrant." Bro. Gould laid
anruation Allowances-six--are at the rate of £6 lOs. Od. per
stress on the value of Brother .:\Iacbean's paper, and expressed
head; ~·uncral money, :£4 for a Brother, £2 for a Brother's
a wish to see similar papers explaining the working or cere-
wife; Sick money ranges from £6 lOs. Od. in the highest, to
monial under other foreign j nrisdictions prepared in an equally
3s. in the lowest case; Salaries, for the Secretary £4,
Treasurer £1, and Tyler £1 Gs., with 2s_ 6d. for every careful and systematic manner.
initiate. The other working expenses of the Lodge are The vote was cordially accorded and Bro. Macbean
remarkably small; Printing 14s. 6d., and Sundries, incl1tding returned thanks.
postage, 3s. 6d. The rates, taxes, and insurance, however,
run away with £4 is. Gd. * Vide p. 8~ ante.

FESTIVAL OF THE FOUR CROWNED MARTYRS.

Sm NOVEMBER, 1888.

The Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall on Thursday, the The following brethren were proposed to join the Lodge :
8th instant, when there were present.-Bros. R. F. Gould,
P .G.D., W.M.; W. Simpson, S_ W. ; Lieut-CoL S. C. Pratt, Gustav Adolf Caesar Kupferschmidt, born in 1840.
R.A., J.W.; G. W. Speth, Sec.; W. M. Bywater, P.G.S.B., was initiated in Pilgrim Lodge No. 238, in 1875, W.l\L thereof
S.D.; Dr. W. Wynn Westcott, I.G.; W- H. Rylands, P.G. in 1883. In 1884 was elected hon. member of Lodge Lessing
Stwd-; Rev. C. J_ Ball, and W. J\Iattieu Williams. Also the zu den drei Ringen, in Greiz, Germany. Author of "List of
following members of the Correspondence Circle: Bros. S. Lod"'es founded in Germany from 1737 to the Present Time"
Richardson, Alex. Rowell, C. F_ Matier, P.G.S.R; J. B. (still in M.S.,) "Notes on the Relations between the Grand
Mackey, Geo. Allen, J_ H. Forshaw, C. Kupferschmidt, Lodges of England and Sweden during the last Century,"
F. A. Powell, R, A_ Gowan, B. A. Smith, W. J. Spratling, and of several essays read in the Pilgrim Lodge.
and Prof. F. W. Driver. Together with the following visitors:
Bros. S. L. Macgregor Mathers, J. Finlay Finlayson, S. S.
Partridg<>, P.A-G.D.C., Dep. Prov. G.M. Leicester and Rut. John Finlay Finlayson, born 1836. Initiated in the
land; and C. Purdon Clarke. Dutch Lodge, at Georgetown, Cape of Good Hope, in 1863;
passed and raised in Lodge of Goodwill, No_ 711, Port Eliza-
Bro_ W. Mattieu Williams, F.R.A.S., F.C.S., was beth; and joined J\Iount Olive Lodge, No. 385, Demerara, in
admitted to the membership of the Lodge, presented to the 1880. Author of "'l'hc Legends and Symbols of Free-
W.M., and greeted from the chair. masonry," and other works.
 TRAXSACTIONS oF TTIE Lc DJE QuATt:OR CoRONA H. 199

Caspar Purdon Clarke, born 1846, Companion of the have his aitl, as wPII as that of others, I have the
!ndian Empire. Initiated in Lodge Urban, No. 1196, hope of being able to carry through my term o£
London, (in 1877. In I 870 was sent to Italy to superintend office, I trust, with credit among the Brethren.
the reproduction of Wall Mosaics for the South Kensington
Museum, and worked in the Basilicas, Churches, and. Cata·
My first duty "-ill be to congratulate the Lodge
combs until 1873, when he was appointed H.M. Supermten- on its success. About twenty years ago a "Masonic
dent of Works for the Consular Buildings in Persia. On Archreological Institute" came into existence; some
their completion was appointed Agent for the Indian Govern- of our members, including myself, belonged to it, but
ment at the Paris Exhibition, 1878. t;cnt to India for the after a year Ol' two it ceased to exist. 'IVith this
Science and Art Department in 1880, and on his return in
1882 appointed Keeper of the Indian Museum, South experience before us, there were naturally fears at
Kensington. In 1885 proceeded to India and organized the first as to whether ,,e, with our new venture, ''ould
Indian section of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, London, be able or not to pull through. All doubts on that
1886; designed and built the Indian Palace at said Exhibi- head are now, I think, at an end. The foundation
tion, etc. Author of a paper read before the Society of has been laid, I may say, in clue form; and the
Antiquaries, 1873, upon" The supposed Mythric Church (or
chamber) beneath the Church of St. Clements, at Rome"; building has begun to appear. Still it is only a
before the Society of Arts, 1882 and 1888, on •• The Domestic beginning, but every thing, so far as we ha>e go'1e,
Architecture of India," and " Street Architecture in India"; is good and solid, and the structure will 110w rise,
before the Iron and Steel Institute on " Art Castings in and such a goodly building I trust will grow up,
Bronze in India"; before the Royal Institute of British
Architects, on " Moghul Art," and of Twenty-six Articles in
that we shall all yet be proud of it. I hope it will
the Calcutta Englishman upon " Indian Art," etc. etc. at some not far distant elate be not only an honour
to all of us, but an honour to lllasonry in all parts
of the world. As we are the first Lodge that bas been
Two Lodges and twenty-six brethren were elected
members of the Correspondence Circle, raising the roll to
started for the purpose of studying the Archreology
a total of 447 members. of lllasonry,-let it be our object. to keep it the first;
let e>cry member do his best with this motive in
The Worshipful Master announced that the preceding view, and we shall be among Lodges of this kind
evening a valued member of the Lodge (Bro. W. Kelly, -The Mother Lodge. We shall not long be the
P.P.G.M. Leicester and Ruthmd) had completed his 50th only body of Masons working in this direction;
year of initiation and membership in the Lodge St. John's, our suc-cess will be followed in other pla{?es, but we
No. 279, Leicester; that the Secretary, Bro. Speth, had
attended the proceedings at Leicester, both officially and shall always have the honour of having led the van.
as a personal friend of Bro. Kelly, and had heartily greeted With our success, as it is, I feel it an honour to
the veteran on the part of the Qnatuor Coronati Lodge, but occupy this chair, but with om· future achievements,
that he (the W.l\1) thought that some more official notice of when we have still further progressed, there will be
so auspicious an event should be taken. He therefore moved a reflected honour thrown back upon each Master of
a hearty vote of congratulation to Bro. Kelly, such vote to be
transmitted to said brother by the Secretary in writing and this Lodge as well as upon all its early members.
recorded on the minutes. Carried by acclamation. 'IVhile in this cl1air I shall work in full hope of this
final success, and do my part, as far as in me lies, to
Letter" and communications having been duly acknow- carry our labours a step forward at least towards
Jedgecl, Bro. Gould, the retiring W.~I., proceeded to install
that end. Those who have gone before me have
into the chair of K.S. the W.)L elect, Bro. Wm. Simpson.
done their duty well, and I will try to follow in
The W.l\I. appointed his officers as follows: their footsteps. I cannot hope to equal my prede-
Bro. R. F. Gould, P.G.D., I.P.~I. and D.C. cessors, but I promise faithfully to do my best.
Lieut.-Col. S.C. Pratt, R.A., S.W. The number of our members is not so great as
W. l\1. Bywater, P.G.S.B., J.W. we could wish, but the reason for this is a good
Walter Besant, Treas. feature of our rules, and it will ultimately tend to
G. W. Speth, Sec. make sm·e the position ''e aim at. Our main
, Professor T. Hayter- Lewis, S.D.
Dr. W. Wynn Westcott, J.D. object, so far as relates to members, is quality, and
, Rev. C. J. Ball, I.G. not quantity. 'IV c ''ant mcm hers who arc capable
E. l\1achean, Steward. of cluing something in the task: we ha YO before us.
Before the end of tho Year the first volume of our
The W.l\I., BRo. Smrso:-;, then delivered tho following Transactions will be Ol;t, and it will be in itself an
evidence of the character of those who belong- to the
ADDRESS. Lodge. It will at least shew that almost everyone
BRETIIREN,-While I occupy this chair I shall is fitted to take part in the discussion of the difficult
have to claim your indulgence in many ways. questions ''"hich arc brought b~fore us. and that
Although I have been a JI.Iaster-~lason for over they arc competent to do so with credit to themselves.
twenty years, I have not had much experience in the Under the able manac;·cment of our very
bnsir1ess of a LodQ"e. I became a JI.Ia'ion in search industrious Hrother-SecretaJ~y, the Ars Q11afllor
of know ledge. 'When this Lodge 'vas formed I Co,·o;wforum, the publication which contains our
·willingly joined it with the same motive in my mind. Trans<ldion~, has already become ·what may be
'l'his will tell you at least that my heart is in our looked upon as a regular Journal of Masonic Arch-
'York; and that there will be no want on my part, a'ology. I think that this is '' good fcatnre, and
whereve1· it is possible to carry out the objects for that in this light the publication shouhl Le kept up
'Yhich the Quatuor Coronati has been formed. I have to the hio-hest standard. It is tl1is feature Hwt 'vill
the disadvantage of following one, as Master, whose attract ,;:'nd assist to keep together the members
knowledge of Lodge work is so complete, that it of our Correspondence Circle. If we can manage to
makes me feel my own incompetency; but as I shall produce good papers which bear upon the origin of
200 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

the Craft, and give new light upon our various Lodge if we were the means of procuring new light
ceremonies which will be of interest to the Masonic in any of these directions.
Brotherhood, we may make our journal a standard We have lately had large stores of material of
authority, and from this the increase of our various kinds brought within our reach connected
Correspondence Circle will become sure and certain. with Ancient Egypt. 1 am not aware that this has
Brother Speth has already a list of over 400 members, been ever gone over by a Masonic Student. Our
and new names are steadily coming in. The whole old knowledge of Egypt, derived from Greek and
merit of this peculiar branch to our Lodge is due to other sources, is now known to be perfectly unre-
Brother Speth, and as this success adds largely to liable. vVe want some one to investigate all this new
the success of the Quatuor Coronat.i, our thanks to accumulation of records and study it from a ·Masonic
him are great. Brother Speth has in hand a number point of view. The Book of the Dead, of which more
of reprints of old documents connected with Masonry, than one copy has already been translated, would
one .-olume of which will shortly be published, and repay, I feel certain, any one who would study it in
these will be of great value in relation to our work the manner here suggested. The same process
in the Lodge. I shall leave the details on this head should also be gone through with the cuneiform
for Brother 8peth to give himself, which will be inscriptions. Some, in fact a great many, of the
done before the end of the year. Tribes in Africa are now known to practice
Our library 1s rapidly increasing, and now initiatory rites. I know so far, that when a young
numbers about 600 \Yorks of one kind or another. man enters upon the duties of manhood, he
The pr·oper housing of this is one of the matters recei,·es initiation, which includes the rite of cir-
11·hich Brother Speth is already looking forward to. cumcision, and that for months the individual
Our· existence as a Lodge has as yet been of walks about ·whitewashed. so that every one ·will
short duration. 1Yhen we first met together many reco(J'nise him and treat him as something sacred
of us \vera only >ery partially known to each other, duri~g the period that the initiatory rite is supposed
we ha.-e been gradually unfolding ourselves, and we to continue. If any one would read up and collect
begin now to have some notion of one another's the details of this very peculiar rite I assume it
ideas, and the direction in which each has previouly would be of interest to all Masons.
studied. It turns out that the members, or more These are a few examples. and they might be
correctly groups of them. have been working in largely added to. of new fields to work in. Let me
very different. directions. This has been a fortunate point out tbat it is only lately that the East has
con:1ition for us as it has given variety to our been opened up for the purposes of study-it is
pa pe1·s. It is to be hoped that this diversity of still opening up-and in every region of it there is
study 1vill be continued. I for one could wish for a ground for us to explore and work upon in our own
still greater diversity; for there are some lines of particuhtr direction. To do this we require more
inYestigoation which would be of great interest, if members. so that we may have individuals capable
've could find Brethren qualified to deal with them. of taking up each department of the enq airy. Here,
Let me mention. as an illustr·ation, The Old Mysteries as in other branches of knowledge in the present day,
of the Greeks. They have been written upon we Rhould have specialists. These I have no doubt
before. and often too, but we want the latest we shall find. Yon are all probably a ware of the
knowledge on the subject which can be procured. loose statements on which identifications with
Great additions are being made in the present day Masonry have been made in relat.ion to ancient
in e>ery department of classic lore; all knowledge mysteries and ori<mtal ceremonies ; I am very
of this kind is becoming more exact, and we should familiar with them, and I believe that most of the
like to know what we ought to reject, and what we conclusions will have to be put back into the mill
can trust upon as certain, regarding these mysteries. and ground over again. I may say that nearly
You will all see how important it would he to have the whole of this section of our subject requires the
data upon which we could rely regarding these process to be gone through, ·which has been so ably
subjects. Let me mention another direction in done with the modern History of Masonry. Every-
which we have almost no knowledge. Since the thingmust be tested: the rude blocks must be sqnar~d
beginning of Mohammedanism, ascetic orders of accurately to the truth, before they find a place m
vario~1s kinds have existed in it; and I have heard it our structure.
repeatedly stated that they are Masonic in their In the short space of time the Qnatuor Coronati
organisation. The "·hirling and howling Dervishes has been in existence, the papers which ha>e been
are said to be so at the present day; then there read, as well as the discussions upon them, have
were the Ishmaelites and others, said to have had already shown that there are two great divisions in
initiated orders ; to these might be added the the subject we have to deal with. I do not give
Assassins, or followers of Hassan Sabah, of which we this as a >ery precise classification, but I think that
have strange tales regarding their initiation. At the for my purpose at the moment it is a >ery convenient
present moment we do not know what to accept one. The first is that which includes, what may
regarding these >arious organisations. It would be be called in contradistinction to the other, the
positive knowledge to know for certain that they Modern History of Masonry, or the tracing of our
had no rites allied to Masonry among them; or on system back from the present day to the trade
the contrary, if there should be any identity, how guilds, or other organizations from which it sprung.
valuable it would be to us if we had any one who The other division is the inquiry into the ancient
could give exact information regarding it. I need and mostly oriental forms of organization which are
scarcely point out how important it would be to the supposed to have been Masonic in their character ;
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATI:OR CoROXATf. 201

-to borrow a word which is much used in vestigated, but I should feel hopeful that if a close
scientific nomenclature,-it might be known as scrutiny were made some light would be discovered.
the Paleo-Masonic, and the other as the N eo- I can point to some lines of continuation by which
Masonic, Period. In the Nco-Masonic division the rite may have been carried down from the past ;
we are fortunate in having as workers among us the that is through the Monastic Orders, or the Orders of
best known authorities on the subjects which belong Knighthood: to these I would add the Old Mystery
to it. I willingly confess my own ignorance on most Pla.vs as another. I do not affirm it came from
of the questions included in this branch, but I either, I only say that these are possible vehicles of
have been a good listener, and since this Lodge was transmission. There may be others as well as these,
formed my ignorance is much less than it was. from which the rite may have been derived. In
When papers on this division come in the future directing attention to this it may induce some
before us, I promise, that if I take small part members, either of the Lodge or of the Correspon-
in the discussions, I shall still be good in the virtue dence Circle, to study the subject, and give us the
of listening. In the other division, our Transactions benefit of their investigations.
will shew that something has been done, and I hope I have already alluded to the loose statements
that progress on this interesting field of inquiry and theories which have formerly appeared in works
will be still further gone into. which traced Masonry and other systems back to a.
I have called your attention to this in order to primitive period. I have read a large number of them.
point out where our labours are tending, and at the It is very common in writers of this class to track an
same time to indicate a problem which it should be idea to Egypt, or some other parts of the East, and
our object to solve. The Nco-Masonic Students are then finish with the suggestion that it bad its firsii
working backwards, and discovering details connec- origin at some far distant era in the mysterious
ted with the origin of our system as it exists at the recesses of the cave temples of India ;-Elephanta
present. The Paleo-Masonic inquirers, by working being often mentioned as the exact spot. When I
forward from the far past, will necessarily meet the tell you that Elephanta is only somewhere about a
others in the process of investigation. Now the thousand years old, you will see how valuable at
problem which will have to be encountered before times the simple fact of a date becomes. It may be
this mE'eting can take place, comprises the questions added that the oldest caves date only from about
connected with the third degree. It seems to me two or three centuries n.c.-and the few that are
that the profound meaning of this degree has scarcely as old as this, are not very mysterious ; for they
been realised by many of our Craft. I believe that were simply small cells for Buddhist monks.
the symbolism attached to it is of the very highest There are still some points which require clearing
kind. It is the Holy of Holies of our system, and I up about the caves of India, but as to their
have long considered that a correct understanding of dates and the objects for which they were made,
its symbolism has a bearing in many ways, even out- it may be said that we now know almost all
side of Masonry. that can be kn~wn. It may be worth stating at
It i;; now affirmed that before the early part of the same time, that the general opinion now enter-
last century, the Masonic Craft had no third degree. tained is, that ideas were carried into India, and but
There appears to be unanimity of opinion on this few have ever conic out of it. The explanation of
head.* Assuming this to be so, the question presents this is derived from the historical fact that conquering
itself as to where the rite came from. This is the people have repeatedly gone into India: while on the
rather complicated problem, the solution of which I contrary, conquering armies have seldom, or never,
have referred to. If we could dive into the depths, proceeded thence. Writers who carry you to India for
and come up with the explanation of this hitherto the origin of anything which they cannot explain,
dark riddle, it would be a grand justification for the will now require to discover some other region as a
existence of the Quatuor Coronati. It will take place of refuge for their ignorance. This, however, will
time to accomplish this, but I believe it will yet be now be difficult, for the process of careful and accurate
done. 1'he two lines of inquiry must converge and investigation is being carried out in relation to almost
clear up this difficulty. So far as my own studies every country. Explorations are going on, inscrip-
have gone, I consider myself entitled to affirm that tions are being found and their words given to us;
rites of a similiar kind to those now in Masonry did ancient books, wherever they exist, are being t.rans-
exist in the past, and some of them at a very remote lated. The result is a vast accumulation of reliable
period; and that numerous survivals, some of them knowledge, and we find that the old authors whom we
in a very frgamentary condition, of the symbolism formerly depended upon are far from being trust-
of this rite, can also be found. It is at least some worthy. It waR only the other day that even
satisfaction to know that in the rite of the third Herodotus was accused, not only of being an untruth-
degree, we have a form of a very ancient ceremony. ful historian, but of being a humbug. I mention
1'he great obscurity is around the channel by this new condition of knowledge in order to shew
which this rite has come down from former times, that nearly all previous speculations on :Masonry
and from which it was adopted by the Craft which have been based on these old authorities can-
at the beginning of the last century. I do not know not be accepted without doubt, and that almost every
how far this part of the subject has as yet been in- question will have to be gone over agam and com-
pared with the light of our latest information. This
"' I find since this address was written that some authorities are of
opinion that it was not the third, but the second degree, which l\·as the new is the duty we must perform, if we wish that the
introduction. Brother Speth supports this view of the case. The question
here involved is a very important one, hut whatever may be the decision,
Quatnor Coronati should keep its place among the
it will not affect the application of what I have expressed above. scientific societies of our age.
203 Tr.AxsAcnoxs OF THE LODGE QcATL'OR CoRONATI.

There is one hopeful condition for our Lodae who had been initiated either in France or in
which may be mPntioncd ; and that is in the ext;nt England. Amongst these was one Count Axel Erick
to 11·hich arclucoloay of all kinds is now stndied. Wrede Sparre. who had been initiated at Paris, 4th
Yon lun·e only-
to l~k back to the beainnincr
b ,...,
of the May. 1731. and who soon after his return founded
centm y. when the archa>ologist was an •· antiquary" a Lodge, which, however, >vas not properly consti-
who had collected a few old pots and pans, and to tuted until ~nd January, 1752, when it received the
whom the foundations of a Roman Prretorinm was a name of St. Jean Auxiliaire, and is now considered
profound subject to talk about. Arclut'ology now, the first and Mother Lodge in Sweden. Other
as a science. embraces the whole world, Art, Archi- lodges soon followed the constitution of this lodge,
tecture, Philology, History, Mythology, Institutions, and we find the foundation of the following lodges.
Customs, Folk-lore: all the~e, and many more. have Lodge Adolf Fredrik, founded 1753, in Stock-
now an archreology which belongs to them, and which holm, by King Adolf Fredrik.
is being studied. This means a very large number Lodge Salomon a trois serrures, constituted
of persons \Yho are interested, and I believe that the 80th November, 1754, at Gothenburg.
number is daily increasing. The Archreology of Lodge St. Augustin in Helsingfors, founded 24th
Masonry is quite as interesting as any of the subjects June, 1756, by John Jennings, who had been initi-
I hnxe mentioned. and with the growing participation ated 30th January, 1753, in the Lodge St. Jean
in all archreological knowledge we may be sure that A uxi liaire.
our particular form of study will find an ample Lodge of St. Erick, founded 30th Nov., 1756,
number of followers as time goes on. This means in Stockholm, by I. Torpadius.
that our labours will be more ancl-more fully appre- Lodge of St. Edvard in Stockholm, constituted
ciated, and we need not fear Jhat in the future there 15th June, 1757, by Edvard Corleson.
will be any lack of members to the Lodge. St. Andrew's Lodge, L'Innocente, at Stockholm,
Brethren,-In closing this address I have the although said to have been founded 30th Nov., 1756,
highest pleasure in congratulating you all on the did not begin regular meetings until the middle of
perfect harmony ·which has prevailed in this Lodge 1758.
through all our proceedings since we began three Lodge L'Union, founded in Stockholm, 15th
years ago. This must be a source of great satisfac- June. 1709, by General Count Fredrik Horn.
tion to every member. In preserving this harmony Until 17;)9, the lodges constituted, with the
we carry out one of the first virtues of our CraH, I exception of the St. Andrew's Lodge, L'Innocente,
trust it will continue: and I promise that nothing had not received any of the higher French degrees,
shall be wanting on my part in assisting in fostering but in this year (1759) Charles Fredrik Eckleff,
this feeling amongst us. supported by Fredrik de Stenhagen, Patrick
.Alstromer, Anders Lidberg, Israel Torpadius, and
fifteen other brethren who were in possession of the
BRO. KUPFERSCHMIDT read the following paper:- higher degrees, founded the Grand Lodge of Sweden
the 2.Jth DecembeJ·, 1759. Ch. F. Eckleff had
travelled very much in Europe, and thus acquired a
NOTES ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE
thorough knowledge of the then existing system of
GRAND LODGES OF ENGLAND & SWEDEN Freemasonry in different countries. With the aid
IN THE LAST CENTURY.
of the materials thus collected. he set to work on his
return to Sweden, in 1750, and within the following
nine years seems to have compiled a ritual, founded
TirE History of Freemasonry in Sweden has
principally on the French high degrees, which
hitherto been only of a very fragmentary character,
became the basis of the present Swedish Rystem.*
and a trustworthy official account of the Craft in
that country is much needed. Although ne~trly There seem to have been, however, some brethren
every Grand Lodge has published its history, it is a not satisfied with the system of Masonry trans-
remarkable fact that the two Grand Lodges, work- planted from France to Sweden, but ,vho preferred
ing after the so-called Swedish System, and claiming to adhere to the English way of working, and most
great seniority, i.e., the Grand Lodge of Sweden and probably applied through the influence of Sir John
von Zinnendorff's National Grand Lodge of Berlin, Goodri<:?ke, English Ambassador at Stockholm, and
have up to the present left the Fraternity without a himself a mason, to the Grand Lodge of England, to
complete and reliable record of their foundation, establish an English Provincial Grand Lodge in
de>elopment, and proceedings. Thinking, therefore, Sweden. Certain it is that on .April lOth, 1765, a
that any addition to the present small knowledge of warrant was granted by the G.M. Lord Blaney to
this subject might prove useful, I have tried to Charles Tul!mltn (not Fullman, as recorded by all
collect a few pa.rticulars concerning the relations historians) of Stockholm as Prov. Grand Master of
which existed between the Grand Lodges of England Sweden.t
and Sweden. * Bro. Findel's puhlication, "Br. Schiffmann und die GrossP. Landes-
'\Vriters on the history of Freemasonry in loge von Deutschland," Leipzig, 1877, gives the result of Br. Schiffmann's
full and searching investigatious regarding Ecklcff, and the origin of the
Sweden have claimed for its first foundation there, a present Swedish system.
very old age, but without producing any positive t Bro. Tullman before he went to Sweden had been Secretary to the
proofs of their assertions. Swedish Ambassador at Copenhagen, where he had been instrumental in
settling- a dispute concerning the Lodg-e "Of the three ardent Hearts ...
It seems, however, that in the third decade of The Grand Lodge of En land hatl granted a patent as E.P.G.M. of Denmark
the last century, Freemasonry in its present form and :Norway to Count Christian Conrad Danneskjold-Laurvig, Admiral in
the Danish Navy, under date of the lOth February, 1750, and through his
was introduced into Sweden by persons of rank, influence the two then existing Lodges of St. .lla.rtm and Zorobabel were
 TRA~SACTIO~s oF THE LonGE QcATUOR CoRONATI. 203

During his appointment he succeeded i1_1 con- they must address themselves to me."* I find no
stituting three Lodges, which first appeared m t_?e further reference to Bro. Tullman, but a communi-
official English List of Lodges of the year 17 tO, cation, probably the one he refers to, was apparently
under Nos. 385, 386. and 387, mysteriously called addressed from Sweden to London in 1770 ; or,
Nos. 1, 2. 3 in Sweden.* Through a letter of Charles perhaps, some statement was made by Baron de
Tullmann to the Grand Lodge of England I am Nolcken, minister from Sweden. who was present
enabled to give the names and particulars of these at the Grand Festival, May 7th, 1i70 ;t for the
three Lodges. original source from which all other writers on
the History of Freemasonry in Sweden have
Lodge No. 1, called "Britannia," was consti-
drawn their information (for instance, Handbuch
tuted at ~Stockholm, August 7th, 1765, met the fir~t
iii., 207) relates that in this year the Grand
Saturday of every month, and its W.M. was S1r
Lodge ol Sweden applied to the Grand Lodge
John Goodricke, Baronet. of England to be recognized as a Grand Lodge,
Lodge No. 2, called "Phcenix," was constituted which recognition the Swedish Grand Lodge received
Nov. 9th, 1767, held at Stockholm on the first under condition that they should acknowledge the
Wednesday of every month, and its first \V.M. was illegality of their French Constitutions, and as a
Ddelius, Dr. Medicinae. Grand Lodge constitute Lodges within the kingdom
Lodge No. 3 was constituted at Gothenburg in of Sweden only.
August, 1768, under the name of "St. George," met The principal part of this statement seems to
the first Thursday of every month, and its first W.M:. be true. but one point, to my mind. is not so; the
was Cahmius, (this name is not quite distinct in the Grand Lodge of England did not acknowledge the
original) an eminent merchant at Gothenburg. Grand Lodge of Sweden as such, but only as an
Nothing further seems to be known about the English Provincial Grand Lodge. The minutes of
Lodges " Britannia" and " St. George," but about the Grand Lodge of England do not mention any-
the "Phcenix" I find (Handbuch iii., page 211), thing about this occurrence. but Noorthouck in the
that a St. Andrew's Lodge "Phcenix " held its List of Provincial Grand Masters in his edition of
meetings at Stockholm for some unknown time, till, the Constitutions of 1784 (page 412) cites Count
by an order of the Grand Lodge of Sweden, the Lodge Carl Friedrich Scheffer, as filling this office for
was, on April 8th, 1777, removed to Helsingfors in Sweden. As to when he received his warrant as
Finland. There this Lodge had the same W.M. Provincial Grand Master no particulars are to be
as the St. John's Lodge "St. Augustin," founded found, and an uncertainty has hitherto existed about
24th J nne, 1756; but when Finland was incorporated his relation to the Grand Lodge of England. Latomia
with Russia both Lodges left the jurisdiction of the (vii, page 176) and the Handbuch (iii, page 207)
Grand Lodge of Sweden and finally ceased to work presume that be was appointed about the year 1736 ;
in 18:22, when an Imperial decree of the Government in another place the Handbuch (iii, page 151) states
ordered the closing of all Lodges in Russia. that he was Grand :Master of Sweden, 1770-1774.
Everytl ing seems to have gone smoothly until Even Bro. Gould seems to be at a loss and not to
1769, when Bro. Tullman came in conflict with the have been able to find any information concerning
Grand Lodge of Sweden and reported the following this worthy N able.
to London. As far as I have been able to trace, Count
Scheffer was already, in 1762, Grand Master of
"I have reason to believe that so happy a Sweden.! for as such he is mentioned in a correspon-
beginning of my success in settling our ancient royal dence from Sweden to the Lodge of the " Drei
order here, will in process of time produce desired Greifen" ("three Griffins") at Greifswald, where
effect, and force the unlawful, by France, constituted it is said,§" that on the 5th September of that year
Lodges here to range themselves under my standard, (1762), His Excellency, Count Scheffer, presented the
but it is highly necessary that all Lodges under medal of the Swedish Army Lodge to His Majesty,
English protection are ordered not to admit in their King Adolf Fredrik, at Dorttningbolm, and that
Assemblies any Mason coming from Sweden without His MaJesty the King, the 7th of that month had
a Certificate of the three English Lodges, or signed declared himself Protector of Freemasonry in Sweden
by myself. I am just now told that some of these etc.;" and further that "His Excellency, our illus-
profane French Lodges here have a mind to be as trious Grand Master, Baron Scheffer, has caused the
bold as to write to the Grand Master at London, and Grand Lodge to relieve the Swedish Army Lodge of
to ask him some questions about my constitution of all contributions, and to have the Warrant of Consti-
Provincial Grand Master of Sweden. But if ever
such impudence should happen, I hope they will " The original letter written in English is in the Archives of the
Grand Lodge of Enzland; I have given an exact copy of the wording.
not be favoured with an answer at all, or be told that This letter, and the letters mentionE:d later on, were put at my disposal by
the court~sy of Bro. Colonel H. Shadwell Clerke, Grand Secretary.
hrought under this Constitution. Notwithstanding the existence of this t Noort.houck Constitutions 1 1874, page :298.
En~lish P. G. Lod~e, the Lod<.:..e of the Three Globes at Berlin, constituted ! Bro. Findel is wrong in stating- in his History of Freemasonry. that
in 1753, a third Lodge at Copenhagen, under the name "Of the three Baron Saltza was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Swcde11 in 17ti2.
ardent Hearts," this third Lodge •\·orkcd, besides the three St. John's In the letter to the Swedish Army Lodge, ca.llLd "Zu den drei Greifen" at
degrees, a Scott's degree, and was, therefore, not acknowledged by the two Greif.;;:wald, (pabe 68 in the history of this Lodge), he is mentioned "as
<>ther Lodg-es and the Provincial Grand Lodg-e. In order to settle this dis- our Grand .Master Baron Saltza," but this means Grand Master ~)f the
pute Bro. '!'ullman collected a number of the Brethren into a new Lodge, Swedish Army Lodge, of vohich Lodge Baron Saltza was \Vorshipful
under the name of "Phrenix" the others joining- the two Lodges, under Master ; for in the latter half of the last century it was customary in
the E. P. Grand Lodge, and thus tlie Lodge "Of the three ardent Hearts" German Lodges to style the \V . .M. •' Gr;1n:l ~Ia.st.er." Besides the ~arne
became extinct, in or before 1765. Soun after this "vent Bro. Tullman Jetter mentions Count Scheffer distinctly as Grand Master of the Grand
left for Sweden. Lodge of Sweden, as the above quotation ~h JWS.
_.Bro. Lane's :\Iasonic Records, 1717-1886, page 118, and Bro. Gould's §See Geschichte der St. Johannis Loge Carl zu. den c."re; Grtij~?-n in
History, vol. iii., pag-e 197. Greijsuald, by Treptow and Loose, L63, pago 68.
 204 TuAxsAcnoxs OF THE LoDGE QcArr:ou CoROXATI.

stution made out gratis." He is further mentioned The Count de Scheffer is Provincial Grand
in the warrant of this lodge, which is dated 1/th Master for Sweden, his authority he
February, 1763, and which begins: "\Ve, Carl recei;-ed from the Duke of Beaufort, but
Friedrich Scheffer, lawfully installed Grand Master such authority is confined to Sweden only,
of all working and legitimate Lodges in Sweden, consequently he has not the least right to
Gothland, and \Vendland, greeting, etc." interfere in any other nation. Bro. Louquin
He seems to have occupied this position until is charged with a letter to the Count de
17/3, when the Duke of 8ndermania succeeded him Scheffer and a copy of the patent, in order
as Grand Mastel', and he died 1/86. to lm;-e the affair explained, but I am
Now this Count Scheffer was the vePy brother inclined to believe the whole an imposition
for whom the before-named application to the Grand formed by Zinnendorf, and have in con-
Lodge of England was made ; and in order to prove sequence thereof wrote likewise to the Royal
this and my former assertion that the Grand Lodge York Lodge, acting under us at Berlin.*
of Sweden, in 1770, was only acknowledged as Prov.
Grand Lodge, I must make a shol't digression. 2. " To the R. W.l'II. of the Royal York Lodge at
After the formation of the National Grand Berlin.-! am informed that one, Dr. Zin-
Lodge of Germany, at Berlin, in 1770, on the nendorf of Berlin, assumes the title of P. G.JI.f.
Swedish System, by Zinnendorf. efforts "\Ye!'e made for Prussia, and says that he has received
to spread his system in all directions and countries. his authority from the Prov. G. Master of
Bro. G. G. L. Reichel had undertaken to introduce Sweden with a power to constitute or
this Swedish-Zinnendorf system into Russia, and in establish other Prov. G. Lodges in different
1771 he succeeded in founding, or rather reinstating, Kingdoms. He also asserts that the G.
the Lodge Apollo in St. Petersburg. Lodge of England, by their appointment of
In the same year an English Lodge had been the Count de :Scheffer as P.G.M.for Sweden,
constituted there, the lst June, by the Grand Lodge engages not to appoint any other Provin-
of England. under the name of '· Lodge of Perfect cials abroad; in the first place I beg leave
Union;"* the IV,M. and the greater number of the to assure you. as Grand Secretary of the
members were well-to-do and respected English Society, that no such engagement has been
merchants, who visited the Lodge regularly, and by entered into with the Count de Scheffer
their energy and zeal kept it in good repute. or any other P.G. Master. In the next
As at the time of this foundation a great number place the Count de Scheffer's authority
of the aristocracy and higher classes had already extends through the kingdom of Sweden
embraced Freemasonry. and Prince Yelaguin was only, 11·ithout the least power to interfere
favourable to the English system of working, the in any other nation, so that if he has given
latter was requested to petition the Grand Lodge of an authority to Mr. Zinnendorf (which I
England to establish an English Provincial Grand cannot credit) he has exceeded the power
Lodge in Russia. For this purpose Prince Yelaguin allowed him by us-and Mr. Zinnendorf's
sent a Brother Louquin from St. Petersburg to appointments and every act done by him
London in the beginning of the year 1712. ,dw must be illegal, unconstitutionaL and
succeeded in getting from the Duke of Beaufort the absolutely inYalid. Out of the respect the
desired wanant. under date of 28th February, 1772. Grand :Mastel' bears your Lodge he has
authorisc>d me to communicate to von the
Bro. Louquin informed the Grand Secretary, above particulars to prevent you;. being
Bro. Hescltine. at the time. that a certain Brother imposed upon. and our much beloved
Reichel pretended to have a right to establish Lodges esteemed Brother Louquin. who will deliver
under an authority received from Sweden, in conse- this to your hands. and who is now possessed
quence of 'vhich information Bro. Heseltine 1\Tote of a patent from us appointing a Provincial
the following three letters in the beginning of Grand Master for Russia can further
1772.t satisfy you 'vith respect to the truth of
this Letter. "t
l. "To His Excellency, John Yelaguin. Prov.
G.M. of the most Ancient and Honorable *In a. further letter (in the Archives of the Grand Lodge of Eng-land),.
dated 9th May, 177 4, t.he Grand .Secretary, Bro. He~eltine writes the
Society of Free and Accepted Masons for following to Prince Yela'!uin : "The Prince of Hesse Darmstadt hadng-
all the Russias under the authority of united with the Prin~e of Pru~sia and other per~ons of di~tinc·ion in
Germany, all re~ular )Jasons, applieU to us lately for a confirmation of
His Grace the Duke of Beaufort, supreme th('ir authority :1s a Xati,mal t::.r:,nd LodU"t~ under such restrictions and
conditions as lni!:ht be a~reeable to us, which proposal was approved of in
G.M. of the On1er." our Grand Lodge; and the Prince of Hesse is the prl'sent Gra1uJ Master,
Bro. Louquin has informed me that there is and Mr. Zinnendorf u·Jw wu s heretofore looked 1lP'•Il a:-; (t rer,11 irregulal*
Brother, has c"nformed to all our regulations and is now an officer under
already a person of the name of Reichel the Prince of Hesse."
appointed Provincial Grand Master for t The 31st March, 1772, the \V.M. of the Royal York, the Che,·alier de
Russia, and that he acts under an authority Saverolles, acknowled!!eU the receipt of the above letter, sayiu~: "And if I
address myself to yon, my dear Brother Grand Secretary, it is for the
granted him by one, Zinnenclorf of Berlin, reason that the Brother Louquin who has just delivered me your letter of
the 29th February, 177~. has informed me that the R. \V. Pro\·, G. ~J. de
which Zinnendorf is authorised by the Pro- Vignoles is no longer at Loudon." It is well known, and the Royal York
vincial Grand Master of Sweden. reports it, that Zinncndurf in the month of January of that year (1772)
had duped this Lodge, for on the 8th of this month he applied to the
Royal York for punJission to use their rooms for an initiation, and invited
~The Minutes or Journal of this I .. odge from June 1771 t1l :.ray 1772
that Lodg-e to be prPsent on the lOth. He produced a patent written in
in MS. are in the Library of the Grand Lodge of Eng-land. Catalogue F. 6. cipher, a11d recci\·ed the desired pPrmi:::sion of the Lodge. During- the
t Copies of these three letters are in the Archh·es of the Grand Lodge initiation a sheet of paper was clandestinely inserted in the minute book
of England. of the Royal York, the proceeilings taken down, si~,rned b.r the R. Y.
 TRANSACTIONS oF THE Lonul> QuATGOR CoRONATI. 205

3. To the Right Worshipful the Count de purpose the Lodge of St. Petersburg had sent a
Scheffer, Prov. G.M. of the most, etc., for the deputy here, and the others bad remitted the
Kingdom of Sweden.-As Grand Secretary Diploma of the Installation to the Baron de
of the Society of Free and Accepted Masons, Leyonhufvud, who had gone for this purpose last
I am directed by his Grace the Duke of year to Copenhagen and Germany; this installation
Beaufort, Supreme Grand Master, to ac- took place with much pomp. The assembly consisted
quaint you, that one Dr. Zinnendorf, of of over four hundred members. and was honoured by
Berlin, pretends that he is appointed the presence of the King, who deigned to accord to
Provincial Grand }\faster for Prussia, by the Lodge a Diploma. by which he assures the same
virtue of an authority from you, and that of his protection, and who robed the new Grand
such his authority extends to the consti- Master with a mantle lined with ermine. His Hoyal
tuting of other Provincial Grand Lodges in Highness thereupon took his seat on a throne,
different kingdoms, and in consequence invested with the insignia of his new dignity, and
thereof he has appointed one Reichel, of received there the compliments of all the members,
St. Petersburg, Provincial Grand Master who, according to their rank, were allowed to kiss
for Russia. the hand, or the f'ceptre, or the mantle :Jf the new
The Grand .Master, fully persuaded of your Grand Master. and everyone of whom received a.
attention to the Laws and Regulations of sih-er medal to perpetuate the memory of this
the Society and the particular mftrk of the ceremony, which took place in the Hall of the
office of Provincial Grand !laster under Exchange. It is thought that the King will accord
him, look~ upon the affair as an imposition, revenues for the ' Commanderies ' and that this
fabricated by Zinnendorf." Royal Lodge, acknowledged by the others as Mother
Lodge. will receiYe from ea~h of them an annual
So far the facts as they stand. How it was tribute. This solemnity has rescued the order of
possible to grant Count Scheffer, who since 1762 ·was the Freemasons from a sort of oblivion into which
Grand Master of the established Grand Lodge of it had fallen.''
Sweden. a warrant as Provincial Grand Master of the
Grand Lodge of England, seems to me a puzzle. I My object in giving this account of the instal-
can only account for this occurrence by the ignorance lation iu extenso, is to draw attention to a
of the Grand Lodge of England of the state of matter which might interest our numismatical
Masonic affairs on the Continent, and by another brethren ; it is with regard to the silver medal
suggestion which I will make later on. No answer given to each of the members present at this instal-
seems to have been received from Sweden untill784. lation, 15th March, 1780. Bro. Merzdorf, in the
Latomia xxv., 1866, page 54, in enumerating the
In the meantime, Karl. Duke of Sndermania, medals of the S·wedish Freemasons, does not mention
brother of King Gustav III., ,;ucceeded in 1773 Count this particular one, but describes under No. 5, Stock-
Scheffer as Grand Master. au ofllce which he retained holm, 1780, a medal struck in memory of the death
until1780, when on the 15th March he was installed of Johann de Bjcrken; he thinks that this medal
with great pomp by the king himself as '' Vicarius must be the same which is mentioned in a report
Salomonis," of which ceremony the supplement of of the Installation. giv<en in the Vienna J :mrnal for
the Utrecht Gazette, ~o. 98, of Friday, 7th April,
1780, gives the follo•ving clescription. (Streit-hamwer); and that he had then been proclaimed head and
go-vernor o-ver all Freemasons in that country (Sweden).
'·From Stockholm, 21st March. The 15th of DL H. A. Lachman, in his "History of Freemasonry in Bruns-
wick" (l8.t4), page 9.!, gives also the following about that occurrence:
this month will ever be a solemn day for the Free- The Queen of Denmark (sister of Duke Ferdinand) haU asked the
masons established in this kingdom, for on that day Landgra-vc 1\.arl of Hesse why the Duke of Suderma11ia. had Leen
elected Grand ::\lastt·r; if her brother had resigned this office, he
the Duke of Sudermania, brother of the King, was (Lanclgrave Karl) ou~ht in her opinion to be his successor; she could
not conceal from him that this election had attracted her attention.
installed Grand Master over all lodges in this king- The Queen had seen a newspaper article, which contai1:ed the news
dom, as >Yell as OYer all those of St. Petersbura- that the united Lodges of Germany, Russia, and Dcumark had
Copenbagen, Brunswick, Hamburg, etc.* For thi'~
elected the Duke of Sudermania as Grand 1\laster, that all lodges
acknowledged the Lodge in Stockholm as their mother Lodge, and
would pay their tribute to the Swedish Lodge; at the same time there
Members, and the she~e.t secreti_\. abstra~terl ~nd forwarded to England, in was gi"Ven a description of a brilliant ceremony arranged by the King
order to prove that Zmnendorf and h1s fnends were acknowled:!ed as of Sweden to enthrone his brother bef0re the assembled court.
regular )Jasong. by a properly constituted Enqlish Lodge. Instead of The Landgra"Ve Karl ans'tvercd the Queen that the Duke Ferdinand
ex~rcising- greater care with Zinnendorf in consequence of- the warning of would always be the only Grauel :\faster of the united Lod~es, aiHl if
t~IS letter of_ the_ 29th Ft;.bruary, this ~od_g-e ag-ain acted incautiously. ever he should resign this office he (Lanrlgra'e Karl) also wonl(l resign,
Zmnendorf With his t\\'O Wardens were tnnted to a conference in their because he wa~ sincerely and eternally attached to her illustrious
Lodge with reftrence to the letter recei\·ed from the Grand Lodae of brother. One of the hiL.:her Superiors of )lasonry had died, and the
Lngland. Delighted at the simplemintlednes~ with which the contents of Duke of Sudermania had secretly sought to get his office; he (Land-
the letter had been communicated to him beforehand he declined the grave Karl) had worKed for a whole year against it, because he knew
invitati_on, pret~nding the confer~nce \'.·onld he quite useiess, as the letter only t0o \Veil the Swedish policy of extracting triumph and glory fron1
was wntten entirely throug-h a nusunderstanding on the part of the Gmnd the smallest things, and throwing dust into the eyes of the public; he
LOOge of England. The matter therefore dropped, and thus Zinnendorf had not been aLle to entirely prevent the election of the Swedi~h
g~ined more and more ground and time, till at last. throu1fh the compact Prince. Lower Germany had elected the Prince as P.G. :\1., while
wtth the Gra_nd Lodg-e of England, he succeeded 1n 1773 in getting his Upper Germany had given him (Landgrave Karl) the same offi('e; and
newly established Grand Lodge acknowledged. as the Danish Brethren did not want to acknmvlcdge the Duhc of
Sudermania as P.G.:\1., they too had elected him (Landc:rave Karl) to
"' I may mention here, that this passage created a great sensation this office, awl held no communication with the Duke of Sudcrmauia.
in Germany. The Lodge Royo.l York complained that nothing about The election of P.G.:\1. of Lower Germany had given occasion to the
thiS event had been communicated to it, although Baron Horn was narrative of the ceremony in the uewspapers, which ceremony, pro-
their acknowledged representative at Stockholm. bably, the King of Sweden had inver..ted, as in the German Lodges 9
The Duke of Sudermania himself, having seen the printed report they do not know sceptre and hammer, but hammer and "Tahliers."
r:
sent corrected report of it to Brunswick, in which he stated, that or-I. Besides he could assure her on his word of honor and that ot a :\lason,
the l.::>th l\Iarch, 1780, he had been installed Yicarius Salomonis of the that the word "Tribute" was not known in the Lodges, nor was the
IXth Provin~e. ju~t th~n re.stored ; the King and the Hishop of Lode:e at Stockholm acknowledged as their mother-lodge; the whole
Gothenburg 1nvestmg h1m w1th a mantle of blue satin embroidered newspaper article was nothing more than a stroke of policy in the
with golden stars and bordered with ermine, with a hat to match usuR.l Swedish style, all the worse, as the truth was known to a great
while in one hand he held a sword and in the other a battle-ax~ many.
206 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI.

Freemasons, vol. rr., part 4., p. 130, i.e. : " The 15th "We enjoy, ·therefore, within our Swedish
March, l/80, the Duke of Sudermania Masonic Fraternity the greatest happiness which we
was installed Grand Master, a memorial medal was can imagine, and we are happy enough to be illum-
also distributed." He supports his assertion by inated by the most exalted and true light, which is
presuming "that an error of memory, ( Gedaecht- the only true source of the highest degrees and
nissfehler) must have taken place in mentioning the science of the Royal Art, as well as of Freemasonry
Installation and the distribution of the medals, by in general.
which only this No.5 can be meant, together, whilst "Although all communications and correspon-
these two facts ought to have been told separately." dence between us had ceased for some years, from
But the original report of the Installation was given the time when Bro. Tnllman's unseemly demands
21st .March, 1780, whilst de Bjerken died the 28th were the principal cause thereof, it will now afford us
August, 1780, and the medal struck in memory of the greatest pleasure to foster the concord with the
his death was distributed in 1781. I maintain, Grand Lodge of England; the more so, since by the
therefore. that there were two distinct medals of praiseworthy supervision and attention of our present
the year 1780, one in memory of the Installation of most wise and enlightened leader, the Swedish
the 15th March, 1780, and another in memory of Masonic Fraternity has been brought to the highest
the death of J. de Bjerken, of the year 1780, esteem and independence.
described as No. 5 by Bro. Merzdorf. " In order to reciprocate the attention of the
The Duke of Sudermania, who after the death English National Grand Lodge in sending us the
of Baron von Hund in 1776, had been elected on the list of their Grand Officers, I will do myself the
2nd September, 1778, head of the Strict Observance honour to do likewise, and herewith send the list of
(the installation took place at Brunswick, llth the high personages and Grand Officers in the Grand
December, 1778, Baron von Leyonhufvud being sent National Lodge of Sweden.
over by the Duke to act as his proxy), resigned th_is "We wish and implore for you, for ourselves,
office in a. long declaration, dated the lOth Apr1l, and all lawful true Masons, dispersed over the face
1781, and now bestowed all his energy to the of the earth. the continued gracious protection of the
furthering of the Swedish System in that kingdom. Grand Architect of the Universe.
A revision of the Rituals took place, and a Palace " I am with the highest esteem,
for the meetings of the "National Grand Lodge,"
"the Supreme Chapter," and the St. Andrew's and " Your true Brother,
St. John's Lodges, working at Stockholm, was " Sincere and obedient servant,
purchased from Count Fred. Horn, lst Nov., 1783. " CARL FR. FREDENHEIM,
About this time the Grand Lodge of Sweden
"Grand Secretary."
being anxious to renew the correspondence, which
had ceased for some years, with the Grand Lodge
of Ena-land addressed a letter to London, still
preser;ed in'the Archives of that Grand Lodge, and of List of the highest Personages and Grand Officers of the
which I will give a literal translation in English. Swedish Grand Lodge.
His Majesty the King Protector of the Order.
STOCKROL~r,
26th May, 1784. His Royal Highness the Duke af
Sudermania Salomonis Vicarius.
To the lriost lVorl'hipful Grand "A[aster, lVardens, ~Masters, His Royal Highness the Duke of
and Brethren of the Grand Lodge of England, Ostgothland National Grand Master.
Bishop Dr. Wingard Prelate of the Order.
GREETIXG,
General Count F. Horn Dep. Nat. Grand Master.
Most Worshipful Sirs, Knights, and Brethren. His Excellency Senator Count Nils
Bjelke Grand Chan~ellor.
" The Grand Master of all constituted Lodges Grand Orator.
Senator von Stenhagen
in the Kingdom of Sweden, His Royal Highness the
Bishop Dr. vou Trail Grand Chaplain of the Order.
Duke of Ostgothland, has graciously requested me
to convey the brotherly acknowledgment due by us, Colonel Baron Carl Pfeiff Grand Inquisitor.
for the remembrance with which the Sir Knights His Excellency Senator Count Eric
and Brethren of the Grand Lodge of England had von Stockenstri:im Grand Conservator.
honoured the Grand Lodge of Sweden by their letter Colonel Baron C. A. Wachtmeister Grand Senior Warden.
some time ago. Colonel Count Ad. Lewenhanpt Grand Junior Warden.
"At this opportunity I will give myself the His Excellency Senator Baron Fred.
pleasure to inform you that the ancient genuine Sparre Grand Treasurer.
Masonic Fraternity with us has reached its highest Colonel Count J. G. Oxenstierna Grand Master of Cere-
position, since it ha~ been ordained by the G~·eat monies.
Architect of the Umverse that our most gracwus Chamberlain Baron Barnekow Grand Introducer.
King himself, as an honest and zealous Brother, has General C. G. Sinklair Grand Intendant.
deigned to become the Patron of all constituted Major Baron C. Bjornberg Grand Senior Deacon.
Lod"'eS in his dominions, and that His Royal Highness
Colonel Baron E. Ruuth Grand J nnior Deacon.
the Duke of Sudermania has been installed as chief
and leader of Freemasonry in general as well as of C. F. Fredenheim Grand Secretary.
the highest degrees in the Innermost Temple.
 TRANsACTIONS oF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 207

I would draw your attention to some points The one occurred in 18fi8, when our present
which I think are worthy of notice. M.W. Grand Master His Royal Highness the Prine~
Firstly: The Handbuch (iii page 214) in a of Wales, during a visit to the Swedish Court, was
foot-note states that Fredrik Adolf, since 1772 initiated into Freemasonry-a ceremony which was
Duke of Ostgothland, is cited, in an undated Swedish conducted in part by his present Majesty King Oscar,
List as Grand Master of Sweden, and Bro. Speth, in the Second, and by King Oscar's predecessor. The
his "Royal Freemasons," page 19, adds "probably second event was a reciprocation of the foregoing,·
in error;" but we have it officially stated in this when by a proposal of his Royal Highness the Prine~
letter that the Duke of Ostgothland was Grand of Wales, communicated to Grand Lodge by the
Master in 1784. M.W. Pro-Grand Master the Earl of Carnarvon,
Secondly : If an acknowledgment of the Grand the rank of Past Grand Master of the Grand Lodge
Lodge of Sweden as such by the Grand Lodge of of England was on the 6th June, 1888, conferred
England had taken place in 1710, the Swedish Grand upon his Majesty King Oscar the Second, then on
Lodge certainly would. have referred to it in their a visit to this country.
letter, which says that "all communications and
correspondence between the two Grand Lodges had Bro. Goutn said that the time allotted for the dispatch ol
ceased for some years from the time when Brother their business having run out, he did not rise with a view of
TuBman's unseemly demands were the principal prolonging the discussion, but in order to propose the
cause thereof." customary vote of thanks to the lecturer. Having had the
privilege of perusing the paper, he had hoped that time
And thirdly : It seems to me that Bro. Tull- would have permitted him to make some observations upon
man, as E.P.G.M., being, sn to say, a thorn in the it. This, however, he was precluded from doing by the
side of the already established Grand Lodge in lateness of the hour, and must, therefore, restrict himself
Sweden, had to be got rid of, and, in order to effect to the motion to which he had already referred, though he
this, the Swedish Grand Lodge may in 1770 have would add to it his own congratulations to Bro. Kupfe ..schmidt
on having cast a new and much needed light on a very
applied to London for recognition as a Grand Lodge, obscure portion of :\lasonic history.
but only obtained the appointment of Count Scheffer
Bro. SPETH observed that, being very much in the same
as English Provincial Grand Mast.er for Sweden ; position as the last speaker, he begged leave to second the
and that this appointment, after having effected the resolution before the Lodge, which would enable him to say
desired object of deposing Bro. Tullman, was never that he had noted many points for further remark and would·
acted upon in Sweden. Count Scheffer remained as contribute what he had to say in writing. The paper added
before Grand Master of Sweden and as such he is considerably to our knowledge of Swedish affairs.
named in the Hamburg New Gazette, 1st part, 1771, The vote of thanks was then accorded and acknowledged
when on the 29th December, 1770, he visited the by the lecturer.
Lodge of the Three Roses at Hamburg.
This letter, although dated 26th May, 1784, was The paper by Bro. Kupferschmidt is a most welcome
contribution to the little that is known respecting the Swedish
sent in Aprill786, by the Earl of Effingham, G.M. Craft, especially during the last century, and though it leaves
to Bro. Heseltine, G.S., with the following remark, much to be desired, which under the peculiar circumstances
" The enclosed is the letter from the Grand Lodge has so far evaded elucidation, I hope that our friend will
of Sweden, which I wanted to have some conversa- continue those researches, which already have resulted in
tion on with you and some other old Masons before important facts being brought to the light.
I have consulted Bro. John Lane (who is the authority on
it is laid before Grand Lodge." Lodge Lists and Numerations) and he tells me that in the
Nothing, however, is mentioned about it in the Engraved List of Regular Lodges for 1768, in our Grand Lodge,
minutes of Grand Lodge, and I must, therefore, there is a register in :MS. relative to the three Lodges in
Sweden, numbered 1, 2, and 3 locally, to which apparently,
conclude that the matter dropped for some reason, 445, 446, and 447 were to be assigned, but for some cause not
hitherto unknown; and the much desired renewal now known these numbers were given to Lodges in England,
of correspondence and representation between the and so also 448 and 4±9, but later on the three following ( 450
two Grand Lodges did not take place until 1799. to 452) were allotted to those for Sweden, of course, in MS.
only, but doubtless inserted on warrants. In a list for 1769
At the meeting of the Grand Lodge of England, there is also a MS. note showing that two guineas each were
on April lOth of that year (1799), a long letter of paid for the warrants, though not one of the three f!Ot on the
the Duke of Sudermania, addressed to the Grand Engraved Lists for 1768 or 1769, but are duly noted in that
Lodge of England, and dated 24t.h January, 1798, of 1770. Bro. Lane can furnish me with nothing more on tho
subject at present, but as be is now preparing a " Handy
was presented by the Baron de Silverjhelm, Swedish Book to the study of the Lists" be may yet come across
Ambassador to the English Court, to the M.W. some points of interest respecting this curious trio.
Grand Master his Royal Highness Prince George of Bro. Lane also notes in his "Masonic Records, 1717-
Wales, praying again for a union and mutual repre- 1886," a Lodge held at a "Private Room, City of Stockholm,"
sentation between the two Grand Lodges of England which was warranted by the "Atholl " Grand Lodge, 14th
July, 1773, and which was "constituted at Globe Tavern,
and Sweden. This request was unanimously acceded Fleet Street, London ;" and states that there arc no " Records
to by the Grand Lodge of England and made known after 1790." These Returns or" Records" might be worth a.
to the Grand Lodge of Sweden by a letter of His careful examination as they were, I presume, made direct to
Royal Highness, Prince George, on May 8th, 1799. the Grand Lodge.
Ever since that time the fraternal relations between It seems to me likely, from the evidence of the Lists,
according to copies in Bro. Lane's possession, that Nos. l and
the two Grand Lodges have been of the most friendly 2 were" returned" to Grand Lodge as constituted in 1767,
?haracter, and were further strengthened by two and No. :.l in l76R, and that the numbers 385 to 387 wero
Important events of more recent date.* not those on the Warrants, but the aforesaid 450 to 452.
Count Scheffer's name occurs as Provincial Gran
• See Bro. Gould's History, Vol, ill., page 199. Master of Sweden in our Engraved Lists of Lodges from 1770,
208 TRANSACTroxs OF THE LonGE QuATUOR CoRONATr.

but I fancy not earlier, as I have " Charles Fullman " noted Grand National Lodge of Germany, which professes the
on Lists 176!.7. I entirely agree with Bro. Kupferschmidt Swedish System, wrote a ponderous vol. of some 1000 pp.
that this body was only acknowledged as a Provincial Grand qr:arto, somewhere about 1845, which professes to gil"e a
Lodooe under the Grand Lodge of England. History of every System of Lodges, but, except to claim
°Clearlv there were two distinct medals issued in 1780 as infallibility for the Swedish Systems, never mentions them.
our Brothe"r declares, and Dr. Merzdorf for once is in error, This pretension is once more amusingly exemplified in one of
although generally fairly accurate. Bro. Marvin, in his the letters quoted by Bro. Kupferschimdt; the G.S. of Sweden
"Masonic Medals," 1880, gives particulars of a number of stating that they "are happy enough to be illuminated by the
such struck in Sweden, one being for a " Swedish Army most exalted and true light,"-whereas every impartial
Lodge (Svenska Armeens Loge), in 1762, by Ljungberger of student is ready to affirm, that no Masons have diverged
Tralsund. (Marvin's, No. 432.) The one struck in honour of further from the true light of Masonry, than those under
the lamented Bro. Bjerken is Marvin's 434, and is not the the Swedish Systems in ~weden, Denmark, and Germany.
Installation Medal of I 780. The data given respecting the" Lodges Nos. 1, 2, and 3,
I cannot trace the latter anywhere, but possibly Bro. in Sweden" are of great value. Absolutely nothing has ever
Shackles, of Hull, may have had better luck in his researches. been known of these Lodges beyond the bare fact of their
W. J. liUGHAN. existence, and yet the knowledge lay all the while hidden in
the archives of our own Grand Lodge, whence even the-patient
I have looked carefully into the question of these two research of Bro. Lane failed to unearth it.
medals, but can find no reference in Merzdorf, Marvin, A further proof is snpplied, if such were wanted, of the
Zacharias, or Hildebrand (the latter being the best authority folly of our rulers last century and of their ignorance of
on all N orweo-ian or Swedish Medals) to the one alleged to be continental affairs. Starting with a well-founded belief that
struck on the installation of Karl, Duke of Sudermania, Zinnendorf was a gross impostor, and after denouncing him
brother to Gustavus Ill. in 1780. Marvin qnotes the "Bierken" far and wide as such, they yet condoned his past, and recognised
Medal which I possess in my collection. It is as follows. his usurpation because, forsooth, he had enticed into his toils
Obv. Bust of Bierkeu to right, under which is the letter F., and entrapped the Princes of Hesse Darmstadt and of Prussia.
quite small, the initial of Fehrman the engraver. Legend .And to this new jurisdiction they subordinated, not only their
IOH • A BIERKEN · R · SV · ACONS · CONCELL · ET Lodge " Royal York" at Berlin, and their Prov. G. Lodge at
EQV • AUR (John von Bierkeu, Arch Counsellor, Chancellor Hamburg, but, worst of all, their Prov. G.L. at Frankfort, the
and Knight of the Kingdom of Sweden). Rev. On a platform only body on'the whole Continent which had remained true to
approached by three steps, a sarcophagus on which lie the them in spirit as well as words, and kept inviolate and
ribbon and jewel (the square) of a presiding Master. Legend unsullied the pure and simple teachings of English Free-
FLEXDI COPIA DIVES (Worthy of a flood of tears) masonry. Of such power was the mere mention of the names
In exergue L. FR. MUR. EXS. S. EDUARD PR.i'EF. MER. of a couple of princes !
MORT. A.D. MDCCLXXX. 1\Iarvin reads the abbreviations As regards the Swedish medals, Bro. Kupferschmidt has.
"The Freemasons in honour of the memory (exsequias) of rendered u~ another service, upon which I will not dilate,
the :II aster (Praefectus) of St. Edward's Lodge, deceased A.D. because I feel that either Bro. Hughan or Bro. Shackles is
1 iSO. Mer. is too indefinite to interpret; probably it is some more competent to deal with the subject.
Latin equivalent for Worshipful." I can find no reference to Finally. our Bro. Kupferschmidt crowns his deserts by
any other ::IIedal struck in 1780. I have on~ struck_in 1787 pointing out a serious error into which I fell some years ago,
in honour of Charles, Duke of Sudermama, bearmg the In Sweden the G.M. is the head of the Symbolic Lodges only
following legends. Obv. CAROLUS D · G · REGN · SVEC · i.e., of lthe first three degrees. The head of the Order is
PR · HAER · ET DUX SUDERM (Charles by the Grace of called Vicarins Salomonis. The two offices can be, and haTe
God Prince and Heir of the Kingdom of Sweden and Duke of been, held conjointly. The Duke of Sadermania was installed
Sud~rmania). Re,·. LUCE FIDA ET CONSTANTE (With G.l\I. in 1774, and in 1780 he Rucceeded his brother, at that
faithful and constant light). In exergue SUMJ\IO PRAE· time King Gustaf m., as Vicari us Salomonis, which office he
FECTO I LIB. FR. MUR. SVECI I MDCCLXXXVII (To the held till his death in 1818. It is stated that in 1811 he
Grand Master of the Fraternity of Freemasons of Sweden, resigned the lower dignity to his adopted son Bernadotte,
17Si). This was struck at Stockholm by the Grand Land afterwards King Carl xrv., and I therefore presumed that he
Lodo-e of Sweden in 1787, and presented to the Grand Dnke held both offices from 1780 to 1811. His nephew Fredrik
on s"t. Charles' Day (28th January) 1787. The identification, Adolf first appears on the Masonic scene about 1777 and died
therefore, of a hitherto unknown medal by Bro. Kupferschmidt, i::J. 1803. I was therefore led to place little reliance upon an
is an interesting contribution to our numismatic knowledge; undated list, whose authenticity was very vaguely established.
and to me, especially, renders his paper of great value. But now this list crops up attached to an anthentic letter of
GEo. L. SHACKLES. 1784, and must be accepted, and it states that Fredrik Adolf
was Grand Master in 1784. I am therefore inclined to believe
It is with great pleasure we must all welcome Bro. that in 1780 the Duke of Sudermania divested himself of the
Kupferschmidt's appearance before the Lodge as the ~nthor of secondary dignity in favour of his nephew, and that be
a paper, -which is moreover a very exceller:t productiOn from resumed it on the latter's death in 1803, retaining it till 1811.
various points of view. Bro. Kupferschmidt had long been G. W. SPETH, Secretary.
known to Bro. Gould and myself as a Masonic student, and
we were bv no means surprised to find him amongst us as a Without again traversing the ground which has been so
visitor at o'ur first literary meeting. At our second, he once well covered by the Secretary, I may, perhaps, be allowed to
more appeared, in order, in his own words, to break a lance echo the cordial approval bestowed by him ou the paper of
with me, in defence of the integrity of his countryman Bro. the 8th inst. It is an excellent example of the good work
Fallon, whose veracity I had impugned. That har~ blows were that can be done by a diligent and accurate student, who
delivered on either side, must be in the recollectwn of many departs from the beaten track, and carries on his explorations
of us but the joust was conducted, as I hope will always be in the by-paths of Masonic history. By labours of a like
the c~se in the Quatuor Coronati, in the true spirit of fraternal character to those so happily performed by Bro. Kupfer-
chi·mlry. Since then onr Bro. has attended. nearly every schmidt much benefit would result, and in this way I regard
meeting, and was the 22nd member enrolled m our Co_rres- his paper as not only good in itself but of particular value as
pondence Circle. He now appears before us as a candidate a portion of our Transactions, since it points out to others
for Lodge membership, and there can be no doubt in any a form and method of research, as yet too little practised,
brother's mind that the paper read is a full and sufficient but from which, let us hope, something more may be antici·
"Masterpiece." It is the paper of an archre_ologist, showi_ng pated in the future. R. F. GouLD, I.P.M.
microscopic attention to, and grasp of deta1l, together w1th
a masterly arrangement of data, and closeness of argument.
The history of the Grand Lodge of Sweden has ye~ to be The Secretary called attention to the deed which had
written. Almost every Grand Lodge possesses a history, been prepared, according to a resolution of the Lodge, vesting
authorised or otherwise, but that of Sweden has not even the the Lodge Library and Museum in the bands of Trustees, so
beginning of one. Von Nettlebladt, a shining light of the that should untoward circumstances befall the Lodge, the
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CoRONATI. 209

collection would be placed in the Grand Lodge Library, and thereof or be in anywise liable for any loss or damage which
thus be preserved to the Craft. He, therefore, requested all may happen to the same or any part thereof.
members of the Lodge then present to execute the deed in the ~ew or additional Tmstees or a new or additional trustee
interval between the closing of the lodge and the sitting of these presents may be appointed at any time by the
down to refreshment. Worshipful Master, Immediate Past Master, Treasurer,
Secretary, and Senior Warden of the said Lodge for the time
being or any three of them by writing under their hands in
the minute book of the Raid Lodge ~n ~ihte~~ whereof
DEED OF TRUST, QUATUOR CORONATI LIBRARY. the said parties to these presents have hereunto set their
(!!;lfts ~nbeutu1:e, made the eighth day of November hands and seals the day and year first above written
one thousand eight hundred and eighty eight '@dween
Robert Freke Gould of the Junior Army and Navy Club
Saint James Street in the County of Middlesex Esquire
Barrister at Law William Simpson of No. 19 Church Road The Lodge was closed, and the brethren adjourned to
Willesden in the County of Middlesex Esquire and Sisson dinner.
Cooper Pratt of the Junior Army and Navy Club Saint The W.M. proposed "The Queen" in felicitous terms,
James Street in the County of Middlesex a Lieutenant Colonel and, in calling upon the brethren to drink "The Health of
in the Royal Artillery and all other the persons who shall the :r-.I.W.G.M.," took occasion to relate some few incidents
execute these presents of the one part and Sir Charles that tad come nuder his personal notice, and which illustrated
Warren of 44 ~aint George's Road Pimlico in the County of very forcibly the kindness of heart and regard of H.U.H. for
Middlesex Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished all those about him, from the highest to the lowest.
Order of Saint Michael and Saint George and Knight Com- The toast of "The Grand Offices" was responded to by
mander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath the said Bro. Partridge, P.A.G.D.C. and Prov. Dep. U.M. for Leicester
Robert Freke Gould Wiliiam Harry Rylands of No. 1l and Rutland.
Hart Street Bloomsbury in the County of Middlesex Esquire Bro. GO!:LD, who next proposed "The Health of the W.
Thomas Hayter Lewis of No. 12 Kensington Gardens 1\faster," said: "On occasions like the present, when it is
Square in the said county Esquire ProfPssor F.S.A. William observed that the I. P.l\f. has possession of the gavel, the
Wynn Westcott of 396 Camden Road in the said County brethren become aware that the toast of the evening is about
Esquire B.M. The Honourable Sir Henry James to be proposed. The privilege thus devolving upon me I valuo
Burford Burford Hancock of The Palace Gibraltar Knight very highly, and will now, to the best of my ability, proceed
Chief Justice of such colony and George William Speth of with the somewhat difficult task of compressing within a
Streatham House Margate in the Isle of Thanet Gentleman short speech the varied and interesting ' record ' of our
(hereinafter called the said Trustees) of the other part Worshipful :Master, of which, indeed, some kind of summary
WIJerea~ the parties hereto are the members of and consti- is both due to the Lodge and, I am aware, is anticipatctl by tho
tute a Lodge of Free and Accepte<l Masons under the title or brethren. Of our personal relations, I shall merely say that
denomination of the "Quatuor Coronati " Lodge (hereinafter during my year of office no Master of a Lodge ever received
called the said Lodge)numbered 2076 on the Grand Register of greater support from his Wardens than I did. .:\lore than once
England d,\ub whereas the said Lodge possEsses divers valuable in matters that had lain outside the cour13e of my own reading
printed books manuscripts prints and drawings which the said I consulted the Senior \Varden, and the information sought
~odge has transf':rred to the said Trustees and the said Lodge for was never withheld. Indeed, quite the contrary, anti I
mtends to acqmre by purchase gift and otherwise other remember in one special i11stance, having written to our
books manuscripts prints drawings maps charts papers and brother concerning the symbolism of the hand, that I found
documents of a similar nature and the said parties have myself very much in the same position as the Indian ryot, of
agree~ to J?r_ovide for the c':stody management safe keeping whom it is related, that praying fervently for 1·ain, ho was
and disp?sitwn of the same m manner hereinafter appearing somewhat disconcerted when straightway the Gan~es over-
~.cw this lnde~t_ure witne~setlr that in pursuance of the flowed him. From this, however, 1 conceived the !~ope that
Bald agreement It IS hereby agreed that all the printed books our Bro. Simpson might, perhaps, be equally communicative
manuscripts prints drawings maps charts papers and docu- with regard to the circumstances of his own verv remark-
ments of a similar nature medals antiquities carved or able career. But here I was disappointed, as o~r brother
engraved articles (other than the jewels and the furniture observes a singular reticence respecting achievements of
belonging to the said Lodge) objects of art or curiosity which which he has every reason to feel proud. N evcrtheless, I
have been so transferred to the said Trustees as aforesaid or have succeeded, after a fashion, in J:iecing together, from one
"":"hich now belong to the sai? Lodge or ~hich shall at any source or another, at least a bare outline of the previous
time h_ereafter by purchase gr_ft or otherwise be acquired by career of the worthy and distinguished brother whose instal-
the Said Lodge and all of which books manuscripts articles lation this night ha~ been the chief feature of our proceedings.
and premises are _hereinafter called " the said Library" shall What may be termed the notable career of the W.i\L began in
be held by the smd trustees and the survivors and survivor 1854, with the Crimean War, and he was in Balaklava during
of them and the executors and administrators of such sur- the terrible winter of that year. Days and nights were spent
vivor their or his assigns upon the trusts following that is to by him in the trenches; nor was he associated with the land
say service only, for he often accompanied one of our ships of
~pon trust to permit and suffer the said Library to be war when such was detached for the purpose of bombarding
kept m such place or places and used by such persons and in a fortress. Bro. ~impsou's sketches were published in two
such manner and under such rules and restrictions and folio volumes, dedicated to the Queen, and I have it on
generally to be managed and the books manuscripts and all good authority, that the greatest lady of the land was
other articles forming part of the same to be used lent sold graciously pleased to compliment our brother, not only on
exchanged given away or otherwise disposed of and dealt the result of his labours, but also on the gallantry and
with in such man:rer for such purposes and to such person or daring which be had evinced in the pursuit of his pro-
persons as the said Lodge or any duly appointed Committee fession. After the Crimean War, Bro. Simpson made a
tber~of shf.ll so long as the said Lodge remains undissolved and tour in Circassia. Then came the Indian Mutiny, and our
consists of three members shall think fit. brother, long attracted by the East, went to India to illustrate
~(:pcu trust that if and whenever the said Lodge shall that country. There he remained for three years, visiting
be duly dissolved or the members thereof be reduced in all the most celebrated spots, including the wonderful cave-
number to three then that the said trustees shall forthwith temples of Ellora and Ajunta, and in this way became familiar
transfe; deliver and band over the said Library to the Grand with Indian temples, from seeing and sketching the various
Lodge m England of the said Free and Accepted Masons and places of worship. ~While in the Himalayas, among other
the same shall from thenceforth become and form part of sacred spots, our brother visited the source of the Ganaes
the Library of such Grand Lodge. where he bathed and drank the water-a ceremony, I 1~a;
observe in passing, which, according to the Hindu belief,
. ~one of the said Trustees shall be liable to see to the entirely whitewashes all former sin. The precise extent,
msnrance or safe custody of the said Library or any portion indeed, to which our W.li.L benefited by his ablutions I cannot
210 TRANSAcrroxs OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONATI.

say, but he was, at all events, sufficiently invigorated cor- though the title was at first regarded as a joke, I believe I
poreally. to be able shortly afterwards to penetrate iuto am right in saying, that hy the authorities of the Institute it
Tibet, where he found himself among Buddhist Lamas, or was pronounced to be the very best which Bro. Simpson bad
monks, and, as a matter of course, embraced the opportunity ever produced for them. All these architectural papers con-
of skeu-hing their monasteries and cer('monies. In 1866 we tained new matter picked up by our W.M. on his visits to
find him at St. Petersburg attending the marriage of the different countries, and each of them was a very valuable
present Emperor of Russia, after which he was included in contribution to our knowledge of the architecture of the
th(' suite of H.R.H. the Grand Master on a visit made by the world. With this introduction, brethren, I now give you
Prince of Wales to :Yoscow. In 1868 he was with the Abys- 'The Health of the W.M.,' with whose extensive learning
sinian Expedition, and, at the close of the year, went to and varied experience all of yon may not yet be as familiar,
Egypt to illustrate the Suez Canal; and, this completed, he as you already are with the kindness of heart and geniality of
went to JNusalem, where be vms shown the underground disposition, which has endeared him to every member of the
wonders of that city by one of our Past Masters. then Captain Lodge.''
Charles ""arren, of the Royal Engineers. Two years later we BRo. SIMPSON, in returning thanks, remarked that, owing
find our brother at Rom(', the occasion being the meeting of to his deficiency in the ritual requirements for the occupant
the Vatican Council. Then followed the Franco-German of tbe chair, he should have felt constrained to decline the
lVar, with regard to which I shall only mention in passing honour if proffered by any other Lodge; but, as W.M. of the
that the late Empe,·or Frederick sent our brother the war Quatuor Coronati he felt that those accomplishments were of
medal for it. After this, Bro. Simpson had some thrilling a secondary nature, and that being so, the honour was too
exp<'ri<'nces of the Commune in Paris, and was a witness to great to refuse. No position in Masonry appeared to him
the street fighting. In 1872 he went to Peking to illustrate equal to the one he then occupied, and it would be his first
the marriage of the Emperor of China, and here our W.llf. thought during his year of office to uphold the proud position
pron'd himself a man of resourcP, for the most important the Lodge had already acquired, and to further its interests
part of the ceremony, which no facilities were afforded him to the utmost of his power. Before sitting down be would
for seeing, he succeeded in witnessing by a midnight ainhush, ask the brethren to pledge " The Past Masters and Founders
or, in otht>r words, by looking through a chink in the paper of the Lodge." Two of these were that day absent-Sir C.
window of an opium den. It almost goes without saying that \Varren, whose acquaintance be had first made many years
our brother paid a >isit to the Great Wall. On his homeward ago in the excavations beneath the Temple of Jerusalem,
journey, Bro. Simpson tra>elled >ia Japan and America, nnd, detained owing to the necessity of preparing for the Lord
reachin)! San Francisco, found a great excitement over the Mayor's Show, and his old friend Walter Besant, whose health
Modoc \\'ar; so off he Wt>nt again (where I am quite unable prevented his attendance. Others, however, were pre~ent,
to follow him) on the war-path. Before leaving the United and he would call upon the I.P.M., Bro. Gould, to reply.
States, our brother accomplished a good deal, and I have
certain information that he visited Yosemite Yallev, and the BRo. GouLD Baid that the founders of the Lodge, who
great Mammoth CaYe of Kentucky, besides interviewing the mustered that evening in greater strength. than the Past
Mormon patriarch, Brigham Young, at Salt Lake City. In Masters, derived much satisfaction from the success which had
1876 he accompanied H.R.H. the Prince of Wales on his already crowned their initial efforts. With regard to the
Inrlian tour, and a few years later, 1878-9, was again in the Mastership, the responsibility seemed to him not unlike that
same country, the occasion being the Afghan \Var, at the appertaining to the keeping of a watch on board ship. The
conclusion of which he explored some old Buddhist monu- outgoing Master had, so to speak, in their own case, handed
ments, and made several arcb::eological discoveries. In 1883 over the charge of the ship to his successor. But the course
he was at Moscow, attending the coronation of the Emperor of the vessel remained the same, and though be (Bro. Gould)
of Russia, and the following year accompanied the Afghan from being the captain, bad become one of the crew, he hoped
Boundarv Commission, under Sir Peter Lumsden. It was and believed that in him, the I.P.M., their present W.:Y.
through· his absence with this expedition that our W.M. possessed no more loyal or dutiful subordinate. Both Circles
does not figure as a founder of this Lodge, which it was he thought, would feel confident, that with Bro. Speth at the
always the intention that be should do, though I may here helm and the W.M. on the bridge, their ship could not possibly
obser>e that we ha>e ever rPgarded him as a virtual be in better hands, and that those brethren, with the officer,;t
founder, as the officE's he has successively been called upon to of the Lodge, would be found fully equal to the duties devolving
fill will atte>t. Bro. Simpson got back to England from upon them, or to any emergencies that'migbt arise. More he
Afghanistan by way of Persia, the Caucasus, and the Caspian would not sav because his watch on deck was at an end, and
Sea; and here my .;tory uf his travels approaches an end, he handed o~~r the speaking.trumpet, with the other emblems
though I shall just mention the funeral obsequies of the late of authority, to the worthy and distinguished brother who, to
emperor Frederick of Germany, which were recently brought the satisfaction of them all, had already entered upon the
so viYidly before our eyes in the oldest of our illustrated discharge of his duties, as Master for the twelve months
ne"·spapers, where, also, there was the following notice: ensuino- in a manner which left no room for donbt that his
" From sketches by our Special Artist, Mr. William Simpson." tenure"'~f office would be productive of the greatest possible
One e>ent, indeed, in the \Vor>hipful Master's 'rpcord' I benefit to the lodge.
have omitted in its proper order. His last collection of
drawings \'>as entitled 'Troy, Mycen::e, and Ephesus.' These The WoRsHIPFCL MASTER next proposed" The Officers of
were the sketches he made when sent out to illustrate Dr. the Lodge," coupled with the name of the S, W.
Schliemann's explorations, and in connection therewith he BRO· LIEUT.-COL. PRATT replied, and incidently mentioned
wrote some articles in '· Fraser's ::\lagazine," which led to a that the W.::\I. had left future travellers little to do in the way
paper war in the Times. But, although Dr. Schliemann of discovery. There yet, however, remained Central Mrica,
denied the accnracv of what our W.::\L said about his Hissarlik and he tJ,ought it would be interesting if a deputation of the
(Troy) explorations: the former has since had to concede the Lod!!e invaded that district, in order to ascertain whether the
position taken up by Bro. Simpson, t·iz., the absence of any whitewashing which, on the authority of the W.llf., was there
e'>idence to establish the doctor's claim that he had discovered applied to th-e natives under certain conditions of initiation,
the palace of Priam. Our brother is honourably known in at all resembled the process as carried out in their own Law
connection with more than one of the fine arts, and, as we Courts.
all know, combines in himself both those qualifiations of
which we offer candidates their choice, who may be duly Tl:e WoRsHIPFliL MAsTER, in proposing "Tbe Kew Mem-
recommended for our full membership. But I must confine bers," said in a lodge like theirs, more than in any other, it
my remarks to the master art or science with which as Free· was quality, not quantity, that was to be desired. Their
masons we arc, or should be, most closely concerned. Bro. regulations insured this by insisting upon a literary or artistic
Simpson has read papers before the Royal Institute of qualification, and the success of their system was provPd by
British Architects, on the architecture of India, of China, of the eminence in various lines ofthe one member admitted that
Abyssinia, of Afghanistan, and on the wooden architecture of evening and of the thrPe proposed for joining. It wa~ neces-
the Himalayas. His last paper, read before the same body, sary that mPmbers should not only be fit to apprecmte the
was on quite a no'>el subject-'· ::\Iud Architecture "-and labours of the Lodge, but competent themselves to afford in-
 TRANSACTIONs oF THE LoDGE QuATUOI~ CoaoNATf. 211

atrnction to the others. He coupled the toast with the name the many features of Bro. Mackenzie's handsome
of Bro. Mattieu Williams. volume.
BRo. WILLIAMS returned thanks, and remarked that years The work is a Lodge History, pure and simple.
ag-o he entered Masonry for the sake of kn~wledge. He It could not be more than this, that is. more of a
could not say that he received none at all, but to htm person~lly General History, unless the cost of printing were of
it was unsatisfying in its nature and extent. That evemng no moment, for with '"the somewhat difficult task
he made a second venture in the same direction, and, from
what he had already seen, was convinced that that time at to condense the very large and varied amount of
least he need not fear disappointment. material into the space at command," some 260
The WoRsHIPFUL MAS"'ER proposed "The Treasurer and pages (quarto) are occupied in narrating the chief
Secretary," and appealed to the latter to maintain the hig_h particulars of the Lodge's eventful past. Bro.
standard of their Transactions, as upon that depended the1r Allan Mackenzie has the necessary enthusiasm as
future and continued success. well as knowledge, the exemplary patience, as well
BRo. SPETH returned thanks, and said his connection with as the needful discrimination, to be amply qualified
the Transactions was confined to the editing; the mainten- as the Lodge Historian, and I have no hesitation in
ance of the standard depended upon the contributors. He
muot, therefore, pass on the appeal to the members of tbe declaring, that as a Lodge History, the work has no
Lodge in general; but he was confident that they would :10t superior, and but few equals. In the matter of
leave him in the lurch, and that, however good the precedmg typography, and as respects the illustrations, it
numbers of "Ars Quatuor Coronatorum" might be, those to appears to me impossible to suggest any improve-
come would be better. ment, save that I should have liked to see a facsimile
In proposing "The Correspondence Circle," the W.M. of the resolution aforesaid, of 1ti77, as one of its
pointed out that at the date of his predecessor's appointment attractive reproductions: but when so much is given
to office the roll numbered 155 members. The year just
passed had witnessed the accession of 292 mem hers, bringing for the merely nominal subscription, and any profits
the total up to 447. He truste<l the year to come would (I say any, because that seems to me very unlikely
prove even still more successful. to occur), are to be devoted to the Building Fund,
Bro. J. B. MACKEY responded, and the Tyler's toast it would savour of ungraciousness to breathe one
brought a very enjoyable meeting to a close. word of regret.
The photos, gems in their way, are by Bro. J.
Duncan Smith, of No.1, Hanover Street (who has
also published them on a larger scale), and the
printing is from the press of Bro James Hogg, of
REVIEWS.
North Bank Street, both names being a guarantee
HrsTORY OF No.2 ScoTLAND, 1677-1888.*-As that the best typographical and artistic skill have
all Masonic Students are aware, the Histories of been employed in the production of the noble tome,
" Mother Lodge Kilwinning," No. 0, and the Lodge which is a credit to all concerned.
of Edinburgh, No. 1, have been written, the first After the elaborate and most appreciative
mentioned by Bro. D. Murray Lyon, the Scottish review which appeared in the '"Freemason" for
Masonic Historian, and later on by Bro. Wylie, Past June 16th, 1888, I need not refer at length to the
R.W. Prov. G.M. of Ayshire; and the second by my varied and interesting, as well as curious and im-
friend Lyon only, in a volume which has made his portant, records which are now made known to the
name for ever famous in Masonic Annals. Lodge Masonic world. Seven volumes of minutes from
" Ganong ate Kilwinning" is an off-shoot of No. 0, 1735 to 1888 are thus opened and exhibited to the
having been constituted in a certain fashion, on astonished and interested reader, and every now and
Dec. 20th, 1677. An excellent facsimile of the then, in fact wherever needful, Bro. Mackenzie
entry in the minutes of " Mother Kilwinning " is to obligingly introduces notes and comments, which
be found in Lyon's History of No. 1, at p. 101, with make doubtful passages "clear as noon-day:" and
the " marks" of brethren attached, and is to the effect his biographical sketches are perfect specimens of
that" the brethren of the cannigate in edinbroughe" their kind. No wonder it has been a "' labour of
were empowered "to enter, receave, and pase ony love" to compile such a history, when it is such a
qualified persons that they think fitt, in name and delight to read, for to my mind it is much more
behalf of the ludge of Killwinning and to pay ther "interesting than a novel," and ct;rtainly a deal
entry and booking moneys due to the sd ludge as we more instructive and entertaining to such as the
do ourselves." If a copy of this authority was given writer, who has made the history of Freemasonry his
t? these petitioners from Edinburgh (which is study for over a quarter of a century. The first
hkely), the document was not forthcoming in 1736, Grand Master of Scotland, "William St. Clair, of
when it was wanted on the formation of the Grand Rosline, Esq.," was initiated in this.famous Lodge on
Lodge of Scotland, so the Members on Feb. 16th of May 18th, 1736, and on Nov. 30th of that year ··was
that year again petitioned their Alma ~Mater, and a installed, saluted, homaged, and acknowledged," as
second authority was granted, bearing date 24th the Grand Master. Twentv-one more Grand
June, 1736. The phraseology of the last charter is Masters have been proud to hail from No. 2 as
not quite in accord with the original record of 1677, their ·' own Lodge," from X is bet of Dirleton in 1746,
but happily "the document is still in good preserva- to the Earl of Rosslyn in 1870, and as to the ""few
tion," and a faithful reproduction thereof is one of selected names fl·om the Roll of Members," that the
author speaks of, distinguished in science, literature,
"'History of the Lodge Ca.nongate Kilwinning No. 2. Compiled from
the _Records, le77-1888, by Allan Mackenzie, R.W.M. 1883-188~ &c. &c." and art, milital:"y and naYal beroes, noblemen,
Cop1es may be had from the author, 17. Saint Andrew's square Edinbur~h, travellers, etc .. etc., etc .. it is impossible to say aught
at lfis. 6d .. post free. The work is sold on behalf of the " BujJdjng Fund"
of this ancient Lodge. · now, as the list appended runs to over 350 names,
 212 TRAXSACTIOXS OF THE LODGE QuATl:OR CORONATI,

and even then the selection must hn,ve proved n, In l8G3, '\\'hat we should describe as a new
considerable difficulty. The facsimile autographs Lodge was formed. The prime movers were stranO'ers
of eminent men and craftsmen n,re dispersed throub'h- to the old Lodge, the warrant is a new one, "'the
out the volume by scores, and of themselves n,re a n~mber on the roll is a new one, the old Lodge had
rich treat. Of course Robert Burns is n, prominent d1sappearcd from the Grand Lodge List, and the
character, as >veil he may be, Bro. Wn,tson's pbte only point of contact ·with the extinct Lodge was
being reproduced for the purpose of illustrating his the adhesion of some few of the old members. Our
investiture as Poet Ln,uren,te of the Lodge.* Sco~tish Brethren prefer to call this a re-awakening,
Commencing with Burns in 1789, there have renval, of the old Lodge, and if it pleases them I
been thirteen poets so honoured. including James certainly shall not take further exception to the term.
Bogg, the "Ettrick Shepherd," in 1835; William In Ul78 they laid the foundation stone of their new
Bay, 1836-41 ; Francis Nicoll, 1846-49 ; William hall, and I grieve to see, that undeterred by former
Pringle; and .Anthony O'N en,l Haye, the Historian experience, and unmindful of Ruskin's advice to beg
of the Templars. The present holder of this dis- or steal, but not to borrow, thev have once more
tinction is Bro. Charles H. McKay, '\l'ho is evidently incurred a liab1lity, for that pm·p~se, of £300 to the
at home in his office. Society of Odclfellows. However, Bro. Johnston
The earliest minute in Scotland relating to the writes in glowing terms of their prospects, which I
degree of " Master Mason " is to be found in the first heartily trust may be fulfilled.
volume preserved by No.2, and is dated 31st March, Sufficient 'CerbatinL extracts from the minutes
1735. the oldest record of those preserved being arc given to interest. without wearying, the reader,
of Feb. 13th of that yen,r. The adherents of the and appen,r judiciously chosen. The most prominent
Stuart cause were ·welcomed witLn the fold of members sided with "Charlie" in 1745, thereby
No. 2 early last century, several of the foremost entailing the loss of their own heads and a period of
Jacobite noblemen and gentlemen being" brethren enforced repose for the Lodge, from which it speedily
of the mystic tie." Doubtless to this cause is due recovered. .An interesting and authentic account is
the loss of Records prior to 1735, the unsuccessful recorded of one of those cases, so numerously
rising in 1715 sending into exile those who escaped reported and often on very slight foundation, ·when
death on the battlefield. 1745 did not affect the the tie of brotherhood rose superior to the stern
Lodge so very much, the meetings being resumed on demn,nds of >farfare. .A >Yelcome little volume might
24th June, 1746. The Roll of Masters from 1734-5 be indited on this subject, and although many
is a most extraordinary one, and should be reprinted, n,pocryphal cases would probably have to be rej eeted
some day, in the pages of our proceedings, with the if the author were a critic, I am convinced enough
list of a few of the principal brethren, if only to would remain to evince to the world at large that
illustrate the remarkable membership of this lodge. our professions are not vain imaginings.
Its Masonic Hall has been in use for its members No record of the first allusion to the third
from 1736, and, in faet, every item respecting the degree is contained in this book, but I notice that in
Lodge savours of antiquity. the order of a procession in 17 54 no masters are
1N. J. HuGIIAN. mentioned, but only the Fellow-crafts and the
"Entred Prentices."
Every Lodge-history I have yet perused contains
HISTORY OF TH~ FALKIRK LODGE BY BRO. some little point that is new to students, and often of
Jorrxsrox.t-This is an unpretentious little 8vo. of a character bordering on the comical. This one
some 50 pages, wherein is plen,santly told the history contains several of the kind, but I "ill only allude
of an old Scottish Lodge, which, existing before to the free initiation of Robert Balderston, in 1802,
the formation of the Grand Lodge of Scotland in because he had hitherto cooked the Lodge dinners
1736, accepted a warrant from that body in 1740, so nicely, and to his election in 1815 to a totally
and filled a useful place in the Craft till about 1838, novel office, unique in the Craft, that of " Pie-
when it succumbed to financial pressure and col- baker" to the Lodge. Bro. Johnston's history is
lapsed; a state which our Scottish Brethren are in decidedly both entertaining and instructive.
the charitable habit of describing as "dormant." G. W. SPETH, Secretary.
The tale of its gmdual decline, produced by the
growing debt on its Masonic Hall, built in 1762, n,nd
hastened by the pernicious habit of borrowing large THE TowER oF BABEL, AND THE Bms NrMROl:D.
sums at interest to stave off claims, instead of man- BY 'VILLIA~I SnJPSON, R.I., M.R..A.S. This is a
fully subscribing the required amount, which culmin- reprint of a paper recently read by our W.M. before
ated in sequestration of the Lodge property, is the Society of Biblical .Archreology, and apart from
graphically described ; and our sympathies are its value as a contribution on a subject hitherto
strongly enlisted for the brethren who, themselves untreated, viz., the origin of the Zikkuratus or
owing sueh large sums, were unable to collect the Terraced Towers of Mesopotamia, possesses feat!lres
debts due to them for hire of the hall, amongst the of special interest to Masons. Bro. Simpson, as usual
defaulters being, sad to relate, the Bench of Justices in matters purely architectural, proceeds on !l strictly
of the Peace. scientific basis. .Alluding to strrrctures, the main
fe<ttures of .,hich are ·well-known, and which he
* It is fair to state that this appointment of Burne is questioned hy not
a few of our Students, but into tha.t matter I do not now enter. himself has largely assisted in investigating, such as
t The Old Masonic Lodge of Fa.lkirk, now known as Lodge St. John, the Buddhist :Monuments of India, known under the
N?. 16, by Thomas Johnston, lately Secretary of the Lod~e. 1-"'a.lkirk:
pnnted for the Lodge at the Herald Office, MDCccLxxxvu.
various names of the Stupa~, Topes, Dagobas, and
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QcATGOR COROXATI. 213

Chaityas, the Pyramids of Egypt, the Pagodas and any other part of the >vorl d. How this Universality
Terraced Temples of China, the purport of whose has been brought about we ha>e, perhaps, not stayed
construction is generally admitted, he reduces these to enquire, and our own comparative ignorance of
to their primitive forms, divested of the architectural the ci:·cumstances has prompted us to accept every-
accretion of centuries, and following the same course thing as mthodox and in order without any very
with the Zikkurat12s, proves that all were funda- close or critical examination. In common witb other
mently similar, and prob[tbly of identical origin; viz., brethren. I confess to ha>e nen'r had, before reading
a cairn, mound or tumulus, surmounted by an altar to Bro. 'Vhymper's book, any misgivings as to the
the manes of the individuals reposing beneath, which propriety of everything that is clone in East Indian
altar developed into a temple. He thus explains the Lodges or as to the actual and careful preservation
origin of the towers in question, and enforces his therein of our ancient landmarks in their integrity.
architectural arguments with quotations from But I am free to admit that my impressions in this
ancient writers, lately deciphered inscriptions and respect have received a somewhat rude shock, and I
other sources. feel sure that no thoughtful brother can rise from a
To us, as Masons, the special interest culminates perusal of this >vork without a conviction that its
in two distinct points. Firstly. one of these :Meso- author has made out a case for very careful consider-
potamian Terraced Temples, that at Borsippa, or the ation, both on the part of individual brethren and
Birs Nimroud, is generally assumed to be the of the rulers of Craft Masonry under our English
veritable Tower of Habel, so intimately mixed up Constitution.
with our traditions and legendaey documents, and I h[tve said that the author holds strong
was certainly repaired by N ebuchadnezzar, also a opinions, and this book is their outcome, its object
favourite Masonic character; and any theory re- being to prov-e " that there is no inconsistency in
specting its origin must be welcome to :Masonic Freemasonry claiming to be both a Christian and an
students. Secondly, Bro. Simpson mentions in his universal institution, that no other vic,y is consis-
paper that he could bring additional reasons to tently tenable, that the allegories, symbols, and
sustain his argument; he however only glances at teaching cannot otherwise be reconciled, ne·ither can
them, reserving their discussion for another place. the Tifnal hat'e any otha meaning in a ChTt··tian
"The subject is intimately related to a conclusion I community." I have italicised these words because
have long held, that almost all temples had their they point to the pith and marrow of Bro.
origin in connection with worship at tombs: '·worship \Vhymper's book.
of Ancestors' it it generally called. but I prefer to
describe it as the '\Vorship of Death.' " It is It is the common belief of nfasons that the
gratifying to know that our \V.M. holds that, of all leading requieements for admission into their Society
the learned Societies with which he is connected, is a belief in an Omnipresent, Omniscient, and
the Quatuor Coronati is the one most fitting wherein Omnipotent ruler of the Universe; but it is a pretty
to Yentilate his theories in this connection. The well-known fact that in India the "Sacred" books
Worship of Death will be the paper brought before of the East take the place of our Bible when native
us on the 4th January next. The M.S. is now in persons holding local creeds are admitted into the
my hands, and I can promise those brethren who Order. Our author argues that this is wrong, that
attend a rare treat indeed. under the English Constitution the Bible alone cal}.
Bro. Simpson coins a new expression for the be the volume of the Sacred Law, that it is virtually
method of induction of 1vhich he is so capable an an insult to the Holy Scriptures to substitute for
exponent: viz. "Comparative Monumentology," and them any other book, and that the whole of the
he incidently describes the Begging-bowl of Buddha teachings and f'ymbolism of the Craft point so
as the Sangrael of the Buddhists. The allusion distinctly and unmistakeably to the Holy Bible that
appears to me a happy one, and a fit subject for a if another so-called '·Sacred" book be substituted
new chapter in "Comparative Symbology." ·will tbe whole ceremony is reduced to nonsense.
our IV.1f. take the hint P-G. W. SPETH, Hecretary_ In order to prove this the first step must be to
show that the Craft under the English Constitution
represents the oeiginal plan of Freemasonry, and
THE RELIGIO~ OF FREDIAsoxRY, BY Bro. H. J. that its connection with the Bible is so intimate as
WHniPER*.- Bro. vVhymper possesses what too not to admit of its divorce therefrom without a com-
many of us lack, the courage of his convictions. plete severance from Ancient Freemasonry as under-
Having lived for many years in India he has seen stood by English :Masons. This Bro. 'Vhymper has, I
the growth and extension of Freemasonry in that think, succeeded in doing in a very complete manner.
Empire, and has at the same time witnessed what In a series of exhaustive chapters dealing succes-
he regards .a~ a distinct diversion or falling away sively with the old and new Constitutions, the
from the ongmal plan of the Order. We who live lectures and the ritual he has shown in detail that
in England only read or hear of the practices of in the first instance Freemasonry was essentially
Louges under the English Constitution in the East, Christian and Trinitaeian ; that at the period known
and what we have heard and read has lead us to the as the Revival, in lil7, a determined effort was
?elief that_in India the Universality of Freemasonry made to give to Freemasonry a tone of universality
lS more widely and favourably exemplified than in
which it never possessed before. and that with this
"' Tm<"; RELIG_IO~ OF ~REEMAS?XRY, by_ Bro. Henry Josiah Wymper, object it was attempted, but only with very partial
P.D.D.G.M. PunJab. Wtth an mtroduct10n by Bro. William James success, to eliminate all Christian teaching from the
Hugha.n, P.S.G.D., En£:'1and. Edited by Bro. George 'Yilliam Speth, P.M.
London : Georg"e K~IIning. Constitutions and Ritual.
214 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QuATUOR CORONATI.

In this connection, by the way, Bro. Whymper lil7, it necessarily follows that all Freemasons of
seems to be very much in accord with the theory of the present day do or should regard the Bible as the
Bro. Carson, who believes that the consequence of Great Light in Freemasonry. It is easy, of course,
this anti-Christian crusade was the formation of the to assert, as some do, that the Bible is a mere symbol
Christian degrees by those Freemasons who were and of no more real significance than a copy of the
dissatisfied with the arbitrary proceedings of Books of Euclid or Colenso's Algebra, and after
Anderson and his allies. I am very much inclined reading an address by an American member of the
to take a similar view, which has been strengthened Ancient and Accepted Rite, published a few years
by a certain passage in the ritual of what I conceive ago, in which the writer declared that the teaching
to be, without doubt, the oldest, and certainly the of the Rose Croix degree bore no allusion to
most doctrinal, of all the Christian orders, thus: Christianity or its Founder, but was purely allegor-
"To what intent was it," t.his order, "re-established ical and symbolical of morality, I have ceased to be
and amendments made the1·ein ?" Answer : '' To surprised at anything in the shape of anti-religious
correct the errors and reform the abuses which had argument used by some Freemasons.
crept !nto the three degrees of St. John's Masonry." Bro. Whymper asks how it can be possible for
The ntual from which the foregoing is an extract the English master of a Lodge, under the English
was ve1-y probably formulated about the year 1750. Constitution, to poi'lt to the Koran or the Zendavestas
That the endeavour to squeeze all Christianity as " the sacred writings," and tell a candidate that
out of the order was not quite successful is such a book should be the rule and guide of his faith.
next shown by the author, and here again all The Master must either believe or disbelieve what
Masonic students must admit him to be correct he is saying, and only the Bible can be "sacred" in
seeing that during the whole period, from 1717 to an English Lodge, every member of which has
1813, the practice of offering up Christian prayers in expressed his distinct belief in the God .of the Bible
the Lodges was quite usual and, in fact, almost and in the efficacy of prayer. The fact is, as our
universal. In 1813 a further turn was given to brother says, modern sreculative Freemasonry was
the screw, and this latest squeeze resulted in the never intended to be world-wide in its extension. Its
knocking out of the Christian prayers and certain origmal formulators never anticipated its spread
other allusions of a Christian character. Even beyond English shores, and, consequently, no pro-
then, however, says Bro. "\Vhymper, in the ritual vision was made by them for the reception of men
that was agreed upon at the Union, our present of faiths other than that which prevailed at that
ritual, there is ample evidence to be found of a date, and still almost universally obtains in this
general Christian tone, indeed some of the symbolism, country. But, says Bro. Whymper, we are told
if not directly pointing to Christianity, is reduced that Masonry is a " progressive science," and,
to a meaningless array of words, more particularly therefore, must in the natural course of things extend
in the case of some portions to be found in the itself, so that our care should be to see that its
working of the Third Degree. extension is characterised by dignity and propriety
Passing on to the subject of the Royal Arch, and not by any sacrifice or infringement of ancient
our author maintains that its symbolism is Trini- landmarks or essential beliefs. It is not difficult to
tarian, and in this I quite agree with him, the fact imagine what "confusion of ideas" must arise in
of the great antiquity of the Delta as a religious Lodges where the Great Light in Masonry may mean
emblem merely proving the fact that from the anything, from the Holy Bible to some of the repul-
earliest times of antiquity the mind of man has been sive writings of the Brahminical sages, and Br_o-
imbued with an ineffaceable impression of the exist- Whymper's idea that the reme~y is to be fo~nd ~n
ence of a Triune God. The Royal Arch is, of course, the maintenance of the status of the Holy Bible In
declared by our Constitutions to be an integral part English Lod()'es, and the foundation of Hindoo,
of Ancient Free and Accepted Masonry, although Mussulman, ~nd Parsec Lodges under distin_ct
Bro. Speth has lately published a very well reasoned Constitutions seems to have much to recommend It.
out article for the pur·pose of proving that the Arch The rights of visitation and the privileges of
is no part of ancient Freemasonry, which extends no Fraternity would still be preserved, yet there would
further than the Third Degree. Nevertheless, the be no anomalies, contradictions, and absurdities as
Grand Lodge of all England working at York, the at present.
most ancient Masonic body in England, emphatically One of the most interesting sections of this
declared a<; late as the close of the 18th century that book is that portion in which Bro. Whymper asks
there were five Degrees in Freemasonry, the 4th what is the nature of the "li"'ht" that is declared
being the Royal Arch and the 5th the Christian to be shown to every candidate for the Masonic
Degree of the Knight Templar. mysteries if it be not th~ light _of. the doctrines of
That English Freemasonry is founded upon the Christianity. Before his· admu;sw_n to the , fi:r:st
English Bible is quite clear, as Bro. Whymper shows Degree he is required to profess himself a 'lheist
in great detail. All its traditions, titles, and words and a believer in prayer, and this practically covers
are taken from the Scriptures, its lessons are derived everything that is told him in that particul~r
therefrom, and much of its phraseology is appropri- ceremony. In the First Degree, therefore, he 1s
ated from the same source ; so that if it be true, as tauaht nothing he did not know before he entered.
is agreed by all Masonic historians of repute, that Buta in the Second and Third Degrees he is instructed
the whole system of Speculative :Masonry, as at in matters much further ad vanced,includingdoctrines
present known in the civilised world, is lineally not to be discovered in the Old Testament writings
derived from the English Revised Freemasonry of but preached for the first time by the Founder of
 TRANSACTIONs OF THE LoDGE QuATUOR CoRONAn. 215

Christianity himself. Christianity then, our brother to them, and made more than one pilgrimage to
urges, is the real " light" originally intended to be Palestine for the purpose o£ enlarging his knowledge,
communicated by Freemasonry. Certainly, we often and seeing things with his own eyes. Being a
hear that Freemasonry is not a religion, but only professor of architecture the author deals principally
the handmaid of religion. Granted that it is not in with the buildings, and chiefly with the Dome o£ the
itself a religion, but it must have a religion of its Rock, which stands on the traditional site o£ the
own, else why has it prayers and religious teaching? Temple. The Sacred Rock over which this structure
I agree with Bro. Hughan, whose characteristic was erected is the summit of the traditional Mount
preface is a feature of the book, that the Constitu- Moriah, a spot of considerable interest to Craftsmen.
tions of the last century tend in the direction of This rock is about sixty feet from north to south,
cosmopolitanism and religious universality, but I and stands up above the floor about four or five feet,
would add, with Bro. Whymper, that it is a cosmo- and is as rough as the summit of any highland hill.
politan and religious universality bounded by the .According to Mohammedan belief this marks the
limits of the land in which we live, or, at any mte, by " Centre of the World "-in this sense it might,
Christian Europe and America. I can hardly go with perhaps, be called "a point within a circle,"-
Bro. Hughan, however, in his classification of Jews it is the " Gate of Heaven," for they have
with "men of other faiths" outside the Christian transferred Jacob's dream from Bethel to this rock;
pale, since they, at any rate, meet us on the common it is the spot from which Mohammed started in his
ground of the Old Testament from which we have celebrated "Night Journey"; and like the Black
culled all our traditions and a great portion of our Stone at Mecca, it will rise and ascend to heaven at
moral teaching. With Bro. Hughan I can see that the last day. The traditions connected with it are
difficulties might possibly arise from the chartering endless. Bra Hayter Lewis gives in connection with
of Lodges under different faiths, but I do not think each subject the very latest information which has
such a contingency probable, seeing that already resulted from exploration, and at the same time the
Lodges are specially chartered for the particular most recent knowledge derived from books has been
use and behoof of brethren holding peculiar views brought to throw light on the questions dealt with.
on the intoxicating liquor question, as well as for We congratulate our Bro. S.D. on having produced
othe>: brethren pursuing special callings in life; one of t.he ablest books on the .Arch reo logy of J ern-
whilst Bro. Hughan himself, speaking of the fact salem that has yet appeared. It is elaborately
that some Grand Lodges are simply and purely illustrated.
Christian, says: "So long as such organisations are WILLIAM SIMPSOX, W.M.
"willing to admit visitors from England and other
"countries where the Craft is established on broader
"lines it is not for us to object to their narrower FACSIMILE M PINE's ENGRAVED LisT OF LODGES
"system." 1734, WITH INTRODUCTION AXD EXPLANATORY NOTES B;
However, I sincerely hope Bro. Whymper's BRo. WILLIAM JAMES HuGHAN-.Advance sheets of Bro.
arguments will receive fair and careful consideration Hughan's next contribution to his series of Masonic
from all who look forward to strengthening the Reprints ~ave. ju.st re~ched me. The only known
influence of Freemasonry in the future and who copy of th1s hst m existence has been kindly lent
believe in its great mission in the world. The by its owner, Bro James Newton of Bolton. a member
tendency of the present day is far too much in the of our Co~respond.e:r:ce Circle, for the purpose of this
direction of so-called .Agnosticism, which, in my reproductiOn. This IS one of those early lists in which
humble opinion, is only a polite and indefinite term the taverns where the Lodges met are represented, not
for mental laziness and moral flabbiness, and if any by words, but by miniatures of the taYern signs
action, or want of action on the part of English themselves. The facsrnile is perfect in every way
Freemasonry in permitting tho degradation of an and the "signs " look as fresh as if the oriainal had
ancient landmark should be aiding in such a move- been engraved yesterday, instead of a cenh;='ry and a
ment, the circumstances and facts of the case cannot half ago. The last number on the Roll is 128 but
be too soon comprehended and realised in order that as 79 is a blank, a fact which has given rise' to a
the "progressive" feature of our order may be seemingly interminable controversy, the Lodges
maintained in an upward and not in a downward actually tabled are 127. Bro. Hughan gives brief
direction. T. B. WHYTEHEAD, P.M. histories of the more important, such as the present
Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, &c., the intermediate
numbers being younger Lodges, (" .Athole" sub-
ordinates) which were sandwiched in at the Union,
THE HoLY PLACES OF JERUSALnr.-Bro. Professor 1813 ; and his notes nat.urally enhance the value o£
Hayter Lewis, S.D. Quatuor Coronati Lodge, No. a very interesting publication.
~07f\ has just published under the title of the Holy
Places of Jerusalem, a very learned work treating on G. W. SPETH, Secretary.
the .Archreology and Topography of the Holy City.
There are a number of difficult questions connected
with buildings still standing in Jerusalem, and with OBITUARY.
the position of sites mentioned in the volume of the
Sacred Law, extending from the time of Solomon to THE Earl of Mar and Kellie, Past Grand l\faster
Josephus, and even t.o later times. No one is better :Mason of Scotland, expired on Sunday, 16th Septem-
entitled to write on these subjects than Brother ber, in his 49th year. He succeeded Bro. Sir M.
Hayter Lewis ; he has devoted many years of study Shaw-Stewart, B.-trt., as Grand Master in 1881.
 216 TRANsAcnoxs OF THE LoDGE QDATD'OR CoRONATI.

"'\V E regret to announce the death of two members Lodge, of which Lodge his fat.her had been an
of the Correspondence Circle, viz. Bro. Joseph honoured member, to prosecute his legal studies at
Mix:sell, M.D., of Easton, Pennsylvania, on the 7th Leyden, and thus ultimately achieve the high position
July; and Bro. Joseph M. Levey, of New York, on he did.
the 2Llth August. Bro. Levey was a native of Dover, An oration was delivered by Bro. Douallier, C.G.,
and died of blood-poisoning at the age of 68. in which a touching reference was made, inter alia, to
the sudden death of Bro. Cornwell, the W.M. of the
ON the 30th August, 1888, Bro. Emil F . .Adolph Carnarvon Lodge. The high principles of Masonry
Ferdinand Rumpelt "'\Valther, the Deputy Grand were illustrated by the noble life of the late President
Master of the Grand Lodge of Saxony. He was a of the Free State, who had adopted for his motto
prolific Masonic writer, and many of his Lodge the now well-known saying "Alles zal rech kom."
Orations are in print. In the field of Historic
Research he laboured under the strange conviction SCOTLAND.
that no profit could be derived from enquiries into BRo. :MACBEAN, in his paper on Scottish Free-
matters of date previous to 1717, inasmuch as the masonry, p.l94, ante, alludes to the Benevolent Fund
Society was then distinctly and exclusively Christian; of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. The Branch
and therefore its history could profit little the thereof devoted to annuities is about to undergo
members of a brotherhood founded on toleration and reconstruction, and the following are the clauses of
charity. For upwards of forty years he was a con- the Grand Committee's Report (adopted lst Nov.,
spicuous member of the Dresden Theatrical Stage. 1888), which are of special interest, the remainder
Personally, he is represented to have been of a most dealing only with the machinery of management.
lo,able character, and his death is greatly deplored l. The name of the Fund shall be "The
by the Fraternity in Saxony. Annuity Branch of Scottish Masonic Benevolence."
2. The Fund shall consist of donationR from
Lodges and indi>idual Brethren, and one-half of the
EXTRACTS l'ROM annual free income of Grand Lodge, and any other
CORRES:PONDENCE, NOTES, ETC. sums that Grand Lodge may see proper to grant.
The donations and one-half of all sums received from
SOUTH .AFRICA. Grand Lodge shall be reserved as capital, and
THE Diamond Fields .Adrertiser of 13th October, invested in the names of the Trustees of the Fund
1888, devotes five columns to the ceremonial of laying of Masonic Bene>olence, or of such other trustees as
the foundation stone of the Masonic HaJJ at Kim- Grand Lodge may from time to time direct.
berley. The dimensions and sketch given reveal an 3. The other half of the sums which ha-ve been
imposing structure, and the addresses delivered on received from Grand Lodge, and the income which
the occasion were decidedly above the average. We has arisen from the capital during the preceding
•notice ·with pleasure that the Hon. Sec. and Treasurer, year, under deduction of the expenses incidental to
Bros. Hampton and Solomon, and the officiating the management, shall, so far as may be required, be
Master, Bro. Richards, are all members of our distributed in annuities. Any surplus remaining
Correspondence Circle. shall be carried forward for disposal in subsequent
years; but it shall not be competent to make grants
.A MOL'RN'IN'G Lodge was held in the Temple of in anticipation of income .
the Good Hope Lodge on Saturday evening, August 4. The Board shall haYe power to grant ten
25th, in memory of Bro. Sir J. H. Brand, President annuities of £15 and five of £20 each in cases which
of the Free State. The Lodge was opened at seven are considered deserving of special treatment ; but
o'clock, after which members of the Order and then it shall not be competent to have more than these
sisters and profanes were admitted, followed by Bro. respective numbers of such special grants current at
C. A. Fairbridge, the D.G. Master of the Western the same time. All other annuities shall be of £10
Province and the officers of the District Grand Lodge each. The Board shall baYe power to appoint
of England, and the Grand Master N a tiona! (Bro. J. annuities to be paid by instalments, and also, if
Hofmeyr), and the Provincial Grand Lodge of the' deemed expedient, to fix in what way they are to be
Netherlands. His Excellency the Governor, Bro. applied for the benefit of the annuitant.
Sir Hercules Robinson, who was accompanied by his 5. Eve1'Y Master Mason registered in the Books
A.D.C. and Private Secretary, was received ·with the of Grand Lodge, and his widow or children, shall be
honour due to a distinguished visitor. qualified to be placed on the roll of annuitants; but
In a few appropriate remarks the W.M. of the it shall not be competent to have on the roll at. the
Lodge, Bro. :Marshal, alluded to the sorrowful event same time more than one annuity in favour of parties
that had brought them together that evening, and deriving right from the same Brother.
to the fact that both Sir J. H. Brand and his father, 6. Any annuity may be withdrawn at the
Sir C. Brand, had been members of the Good Hope pleasure of the Board.
Lodge.
The Provincial Grand :Master, Bro. the Rev. D. CHILI.
P. Faure, delivered a short and earnest address in THE Bm<hiitte reports:-" The Grand Lodge of
which he pointed out the noble qualities of their Chili is o>erwhelmed with debt. Eighteen years
departed Bro., and how it was to Freemasonry South ago it issued mortgage bonds to the amount of
Africa was indebted for so distinguished and upright £30,000, and shares to £25,000, in order to build a.
a colonist, Sir J. H. Brand having been enabled, palatial Hall. No interest has ever been paid, let
through the educational fund of the Good Hope
 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LODGE QUATUOR CORONATI. 217

alone providing for a mortization fund. For years p. 37, c. 2, I. 32, after turned omit to.
the Hall expenses have only been met by a Gambling p. 47, c. 1, I. 11 up, for zur read zu.
, , last line, for August read Augustus.
Hell, located in this palace. Of its twelve lodges p. 53, c. 2, I. 22, for provid ea read provide a.
(nominal) eight are dormant and the others only , , I. 24, for Mathers' read Mathers.
vegetate. p. 54, c. I, I. 9, for re-eleted read re-elected.
p. 55, c. I, I. 15, after and insert the sum of.
NEW SOUTH WALES. p. 59, c. 2, I. 34, for Cuatro read Quattro.
p. 65, c. I, I. 5, for simualcrum read simulacrum.
ON the 16th August, the brethren under the , c. 2, I. 9, for cornicularii read cornicularii.
Dis. G.L. of England, the Prov. G.L. of Scotland, p. 67, c. 2, 1. 34, for on read or.
and the G.L. of New South Wales, (formed in 1877) p. 69, c. l, last line, for Masonic read Masons'
c. 2, I. 2, for national read natural.
met in tbe Great Hall of Sydney University, and , , I. I4 up, for admissability read admissibility.
having agreed to the Articles of Union, proclaimed p. 70, c. 2, I. 2, for 1793 read I693.
the United Grand Lodge of F. and A. Masons of , , I. 12 up, for d'etreread d'etre.
New South WaleR. The R.W. Bro. Lord Carrington, p. 7I, c. l, I. II up, for papers read paper.
P.G.W. of England and Dis. Grand Master, N.S.W .. , , I. 8 up, for mem. con. read nem. con.
under the G.L. of England, was elected 11.W.G.M, p. 12, c. I, I. 25 up, for they were read you are.
p. 77, Hebrew quotation. In the first line, the fourth word
of tbe new body. from the left.shou1d be separated
from its neighbour by a Soph
ON the 18th September, 1888, Bro. His Excellency besook, or Hebrew full stop; it
Lord Carrington, Governor of the Colony, was should also commence with a
installed by Bro. Chief Justice Way, the Grand capital letter (Shin). The first
word in the fourth line should
Master of South Australia, as First Grand Master of commence with a Vaw instead
the newly created United Grand Lodge of New of an Ayin.
South Wales. p. 79, c. 2, I. 2 of note, for Ueberliefurungen read Ueberlief-
erungen.
p. 80, c. 2, I. 11 up, for three first read first three.
p. 81, c. 2, 1. 24, for cc:>rresponding read correspond-
ence.
p. 82, c. I, I. 8 up, for humantarian read humanitarian.
ERRATA. p. 83, c. I, I. 16 up, for that read than.
p. 91, c. I, for Plan of the Temple of Jerusalem
p. 2, c. I, I. l, for 621 read 4 29. read Plan of the Tabernacle.
,, " l. 2, for 429 read 621. p. 94, c. 2, I. 9ofnote, after given Pendragon and insert
p. 5, c. I, l. 31, for parellel read p•rallel. other mystic prisons. Such a
p. 8, c. 2, I. 18, for these read there. sepulture is but a well-known
" " I. 34, for where read were. stage of transition
p. 9.c.I,l.l9, for 1857 read 1858. p. 102, c. 2, I. 16 up, after so insert to.
p. 10, c. I, 1. 23, for Steel read Street. p. I05, c. 2. I. 40, for Cobet read Colet.
" I. 36, for Ecottish Customs read Scottish p. 178, c. 2, I. 15, for prominent 1·ead permanent.
Masonic Customs. P· 179, c. I, I. 25, for excellence read excellencies.
,, , I. 4 np, for plausability read plausibility. p. 20:!, c. 2, note 2, I. 4, for Enland read England.
p. 25, c. I, I. I 6 up, after Tilton insert late. p. 203, c. I. I. I6, for Medicinae read Medicinre.

~
: ·. ."· ~ :_: .
. ' \ ~-
 FROM THE ISABELLA MISSAL.

BRITISH MUSEUM, ADD. MSS., 16,851,

CIRCA 1500 A.D.

ST. JOHN'S CARD

OF THE

Lodge Quatuor Coronal/

No. 2076,

LONDON.

27th December, 1887.

 QUATUOR CORONATI LODGE, NO. 2076,
AND

LONDON.

FEAST OF ST. JOHN IN WINTER, 1887.

DEAR BRETHREN,

N this, one of the ancient festivals of our Society, I seize the

welcome excuse to convey to you, one and all, my fra-
ternal greetings.

The occasion is not an inappropriate one to review

our progress during the past and to express our hopes for
the future. Our Lodge was warranted, as you all know,
on the 28th November, 1884, for the purpose of forming a
central point around which might gather the students of
our antiquities, and all those capable of shedding light on our past history
or desirous of assisting us in still further unravelling those mysteries of
origin and continuation by which we are yet, and may perhaps for ever,
be surrounded.

Untoward circumstances delayed our inauguration till January,

1886, but since then our Lodge has steadfastly pursued its mission and
prospered beyond the expectations of its founders. From nine original
members we have increased to twenty-three in two years of active work,
but this number has been reduced to twenty-one by the resignation of one
brother whose avocations did not permit him to remain with us, and by the
lamented decease of our Bro. E .. T. Budden.

We have held ten meetings, two of a purely business nature; and at

each of the remainder a paper of sterling value has been read to th9
brethren.

U uti! the 8th of last November we were under the rule and guidance
of an eminent brother; eminent in every sense, as an explorer, writer,
administrator, and military commander-Sir ~harles Warren, G.C.M.G.
 4
I think it may safely be affirmed that, as a Lodge, we have been no dis-
credit to him ; he has been conspicuous for his response to the call of duty
all his life; we also have to the best of our power responded to the same
call. He can not be otherwise than proud of his Lodge, and the Lodge
is also proud of its first Worshipful Master.

On the 8th November the brethren were pleased to entrust me with

the succession to his office. It will ever be my sincere desire that during
my term of Mastership the Lodge shall not forfeit the position it has
already acquired, and no efforts on my part will be wanting to maintain th~
prestige it now enjoys. I know that in these efforts I shall be ably
seconded by the officers and members of Lodge Quatuor Coronati.

In January, 1887, we determined, and as events have proved, wisely

determined, to try and extend our sphere of usefulness ; to associate with
us in our efforts that large band of well-wishers and enquirers after truth,
who, from one cause or another, were constrained to remain outside the
actual membership of our Lodge. We believed that an appeal to Masons
throughout the universe to assist and strengthen our endeavours would meet
with a favourable response. We therefore instituted the "Outer," or
" Correspondence Circle" of the Qnatuor Coronati Lodge. Our appeal has
been met, generously, fully, eagerly; we were not mistaken in our belief.
In March our Correspondence Members amounted to thirty-seven, in J nne
to eighty-eight, in September to one hundred and twenty-four, in Novem-
ber to one hundred and fifty-five, and on the lith December, 1887,-to
one hundred and seventy-seven. They are distributed in England, Scot-
land, Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy,
Spain, South Africa, Ceylon, East India, Australia, South America, West
Indies, United States, and Canada. But l'appetit vient en mangeant; and
our ambition, for reasons to be presently shown, now seeks to incorporate
with us a total of at least ten or fifteen hundred brothers.

In July of this year we issued Part I. of Ars Quatuor Coronatorum :

the Transactions of the Lodge. Early in December Part II. was published.
We have been assured from many quarters tbat these issues are highly appre-
ciated, but of their value I will say no more, confidently leaving to every
individual brother the task of estimating their real worth himself. I
merely desire to point out that the Lodge is truly catholic in its aims ;
every school of Masonic thought and research may here find a tongue and
place its opinions before the brethren ; those whose studies lead them to
the misty regions of hermeticism, or the Jewish Cabbala; others whose
classic predilections favour the ancient mysteries or Roman Collegia; still
others who dip into the fount of eastern tradition and legend, are as free
to ventilate their conclusions and hypotheses as the more matter of fact
students, who at present content themselves with delving into the mine of
medimval lore and custom. We arc all willing to contribute from our own
stores to the general stock of information; we are all anxious to receive
the contributions of our fellows. Individually, we each reserve to ourselves
tl:).e right of dissent or acquiescence; but the Lodge as an entity has no
belief, no theory, no leanings to this side or the other; no body within the
Lodge is constituted a censor of ite proceedings, no portion of the members,
 5
majority or minority, is entitled to pronounce either imprimatur or
anathema.

During 1888 we hope to issue at least three parts of Ars Quatuor

Coronatorum, and have no doubt whatever that onr increasing Correspond·
ence Circle will provide us with ample funds for this purpose. The only
doubt is whether our correspondents will furnish us with sufficient matter,
for it is evident that the mere proceedings in Lodge will not suffice. The
value of Ars Quatuor Coronatorum must therefore depend more or less on
the support accorded to our Secretary.

The Volume of Reprints, so long announced, bas unfortunately been

delayed by various circumstances beyond the editor's control. I trust,
however, it may now soon be in the hands of the subscribers; and imme-
diately after its isr.ue the Lodge contemplates proceeding to an even more
arduous task -that of publishing in one volume an absolutely correct tran-
script of every known version (over sixty in all) of the '·Old Manuscript
Constitutions." Particulars will be announced in duo course.

Our young library is also making steady progress. Not one book
has so far been purchased; it is solely the result of tho generous contribu-
tions of our own brethren and of some ftw who are not direcLly associated
with us. Even non-Masons have kindly assisted; Mr. Wyatt Papworth,
F.R.I.B.A., having contributed some of his own valuable researches into the
obscure subject of medimval operative Masonry. Including pamphlets and
books-but excluding newspapers and periodicals, with some of which we
are regularly and kindly supplied-the catalogue now shows nearly two
hundred numbers. Stepsr..re about to be taken to insure this library revert-
ing to the United Grand Lodge of England, should our Lodge, from any
unforeseen cause, become either dormant or extinct, so that intending
contributors may be relieved from any misgiving, lest their generous gifts
might, at any time, be diverted from the free use of the Craft. In this, as
in all other matters, the Lodge Quatuor Coronati is not self-seeking; it
regards itself as simply tho servant, steward, or trustee, of the Craft
universal.

But it is to fa~ilitate the use of what will shortly be a valuable

library that we desire the large increase of our numbers alluded to above.
This Library should be installed in central London premises, open p,t all
reasonable times to the brethren of the Correspondence Circle in virtue of
their membership, and to oLher students on due application. But London
premises are costly, while the Lodge is poor and will always remain so,
because its funds will never be allowed to accumulate, but in conformity
with the very spirit of our Loilge, will be expended in the furtherance of
Masonic research. With one thousand members we should have the
wherewithal to rent premises, small at first but improving with our
material success, and yet continue the issue of our publication as heretofore.
If every present associate would bestir himself and induce five or six of his
friends, his Lodge, Chapter, &c., to join onr ranks, our numbers would very
soon attain the required dimensions. Let me impress this upon you all-
that every Correspondence Member who, while profiting by the perusal o{
 6

our Transactions, is yet powerless to contribute to our proceedings, may

nevertheless assist us materially by thus using his personal influence. We
ask it not for ourselves, the books will not belong to us, except as trustees,
the premises will not be ours, tbe benefit will not be greater to ns than to
others; indeed many among us have already good private masonic libraries
of our own ; but we plead in the name of the Craft in general and of the
Correspondence Members themselves in particular. Every additional
member will increase the t•alue of each previous individual's membership;
I am therefore really only asking you to work for your own benefit.

The Library, thus installed, will confer an additional boon on many

members wbo perhaps care in a IP.sser degree for Masonic research. It will
afford a resting place for the stranger or visitor in London, where he can
read the Masonic periodicals of the day, receive his letters and conduct his
correspondence during his temporary sojourn among us; meet his Masonic
friends and obtain Masonic information of every sort. It is not in contem·
plation to convert it into a Masonic club. This, though often essayed in
London, has always failed, because begun at the wrong end, i.e., started
on a grand scale to meet an assumed demand. But should, in consequence
of our extension, such a demand arise, and be, as it were, forced upon us,
I am convinced that the Lodge will, at the proper time, find a satisfactory
way of dealing with it.

Let me entreat you then, individually and collectively, to "be up

and doing." The Lodge has made a splendid start, let it not lag for want
of support. Surely each one of you must be proud of your connection with
so many masons "of light and leading!" I do not, of course, allude to
myself, nor even more particularly to the full Lodge members, but to
che large number of eminent brothers to be found on the Roll of our Cor-
respondence Circle. The Lodge assumes to itself nothing more than to be
the focus and administrator, the active centre of this large circle of
students and well-wishers to Masonic research. As such, your 'Vorshipful
Master is willing to work hard; the majority of members diligently
s~ppo:r;t him, and the Secretary devotes his days and nights to the further-
ance of our joint objects. Let it not hereafter be said, that the Corres-
pondence Members contented themselves with a languid interest in our
proceedings, paid their subscriptions regularly, and read our Transactions
-but took no further heed to our welfare.

I earnestly desire that each one of you should feel that the future
success of the Lodge is, in a measure, due to your own efforts, and that you
have contributed in various ways to its well-being. Let the Lodge becom·e
a part of your Masonic exietence, look upon its success or failure as
being bound up with your own career, resolve that as far as you can
lend your assistance it shall not fall short of any one of its high aims, and
I am confident that my successor in its chair will be able, not only to thank
you all sincerely for valuable support, but to announce such decided progress
in its destined path as shall inspire every one of you with legitimate pride
in your membership and with renewed courage to persevere in the good
cause. Forgive my iteration if I once more repeat and urge npon yon,
 7
that no member shall cry" hold, enongh !" until he has intodllced six new
members, at least, to our association.

"Let us, then, be up and doing,

Still achieving, stiil pursuing."

And now, brethren, I once more tender you all my "hearty good
wishes." May the year upon which we are entering be for each of yon
personally one of comfort, prosperity and happiness, in your home, in your
family, in your business, in your Lodge; may it be one of increased activity
and success for the Quatnor Coronati, and may the Great Architect of the
Universe watch over, guide, and protect ns all.

Your Worshipful Master and Brother,

R. F. GOULD, P.G.D., England.

D
~stlft~
MARGATE, 27TH DEC., 1887.
DEAR BRETHREN,

'
HAVE now the pleasure of presenting to you what I hope
will be the first of a series of annual lists of the brethren
\: connected with our Lodge and Correspondence Circle.
'
At this time of the year it is usual amongst members
n~.JJii~
'"") of the same family or intimate friends, to dispatch to each
'~~~·.
,.,~c~.. other more or less artistic reminders of their love, in the
-~,~iv; shape of a so-called Christmas Card. In like manner the
QJY13 W.M. and Officers of Quatuor Coronati commemorate our
ancient festival of the winter solstice by sending you a
St. John's caret The value of this souvenir will no doubt be enhanced in
your eyes by learning that it was designed expressly for the purpose by
Bro. W. Simpson, F.R.LP., Hon. A.R..LB.A., Senior Warden of the Lodge.

Some few explanations respecting the list may be acceptable. Under

tho first column the names are given in alphabetical order; the date
of election will be found iu the last column. In the case of members of the
Lodge or Inner Circle the date is that of their joining, except where
members have first become associated with us in the Correspondence Circle;
in these few cases two dates of election will be given, the early one for
the Circle, the later one for the Lodge. Members of the Lodge will be
distinguished by a * before their names. Where the date of election is
blank it signifies that the brother is a candidate not yet elected.

Under the second column the postal address of each member is given.
It is to be hoped that any brother desiring information will not scruple to
apply to any brother on the list, and that such brother will be equally
ready to supply it. Their common membership should ensure willing co-
operation.

The Quatuor Coronati Lodge being an English Craft Lodge, can not
in its proceedings recognize any degree beyond the ]\faster-Mason's aud
Royal Arch. But in this list, which is, so to speak, outside of the actual
Lodge proceedings, I have thought it would be of interest to many of us if
I supplied in all cases as full information as posocible, hence column four.
In both columns, three and four, the descriptions are such as were supplied to
me at the time of application for membership, and may not in all cases be
complete, or quite correct at the present moment; tbus-P.}[., for
instance, might now be, in some cases, more accurate than W.l\L Brethren,
therefore, de•iring alterations or additions t > be made in next year's list,
must communicate with me.
 9

Of the abbreviations used a complete index will be found at the end

of the Hall, which will facilitate their comprehension by members unaccus-
tomed to our English terminology.

With these few remarks I would beg leave to add my good wishes to
those of the Worshipful Master,

And remain,
Yours faithfully and fraternally,

G. W, SPETH, P.M.,

Secretary, Quatuor Coronati, No. 2076.

 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Allen, George Castle Carry, Bedford Hill Rd., 144, 720, P.M.; 186, P.Z.; W.M. 139, Mk. Sept., 1887
Balham, London, S.W. :,\I.E.Z. 742
Arnold, Newton D. Providence, Rhode Island, No. l. May, 1887
U.S.A. Grand Master of G.L. of Rhode Island
Atherton, Jeremiah 21, Fairfield Road, Bradford 439, P.M. and P.Z.; P.Mk.M; Pr.Mk.G.W., West Nov., 18H7
Leech P.Pr.G.D.C. West Yorks. Yorks; P.Prec.; P.Pr.
Marshal, Priory of W.
Yorks; P.Prior, Priory of
Malta;' P.l>LW.S., I So, aoo;
Mem.YorkRosicrucianCol.
Atkins, Henry John The Firs Glen, Bournemouth 1764, P.:\1.; P.Pr.G.W. Norths. March, 1887
and Hunts.
Austen, Arthur Elvey Cradock, Cape Colony 1469, P.M.; P.D.G.W., East May, 1887
Div. of South Africa

Baker, Geo. EdwArd 4, Little Britain, E.C., London 192

*Ball, Rev. Charles 15, Chalcot Gardens, K.W., 1820, 2076 Sept., 1887
James, M.A. London
Baskett, Samuel Rus- Evershot, Dorchester 1367, P.:,\L; P.Pr.G.R., Dorset. March, 1887
sell
Batchelor, James P.O.B. 872, New Orleans, U.S.A. P.M. Sept., 1887
Cunningham Grand Secretary of G.L. and G. Chap. Louisiana
Bateman, Arthur The Woodlands, Belvedere, 1973, P.M. :March, 1887
Henry Kent
Beck, Rudolf Carl Wettiner Strasse, 14, Dresden Mcm. of L. Zum Goldencn March, 1887
Apfel. Drvsden

Begemann, Dr. Georg Rostock, Mecklenburg Late Dcp. W.M. of Vereintc Feb., 1887
Emil Wilhelm Loge, &c., Rostock
•Besant, Walter, 1\f.A. I, Adam Street, Adelphi, W.C., 1159, P.l\f.; 2076, Treas. of Founder
Lon dun Quatuor Coronati Lodge
Bodenham, John Edgmoni, Newpcrt, 81lop 726, 751, 1575, l89G, P.M. P.Mk.M. 59; P.M.W.S.180; 300 ~ov. 1887
P.Pr.G.Treas., Stafford.
P.Pr.G.R. Hereford.
P.Pr.G.W., North Wales
P.Pr.G.W., Shropshire
Past Grand Assistant Director of Ceremonies, England
601, 726, P.Z.; P.Prov.G.J.,
Staffordshire
Past Grand Sword Bearer, (R.A.), England

Bramble, Col. James Cleeve House,Yatton, Somerset 103, 1199, 1404, P.M.; Dep.Pr.G.l\Ik.M. Bristol; P. Feb., 1887
Rodger P.Pr.G.W. and Pr.G.R., First Expert, England and
Local mem. of Council of Bristol; 103, P.Z.; P.Pr.H.Pr.Sub-prior, Bristol and
B.A. A -Treas. of Clifton-
vil1e Antiquarian Club, etc. Bristol Gloucester, (K. T.); P.M.
w.s., 180; 320
Past Grand Assistant Director of Ceremonies, England
Bremner, Bruce Colombo, Ceylon n;o, E.C; 115, I.C.; P.M. May, 1887
George Laing
Brice, Singleton 142, South Third Street, Phila- ,;1, J.D. May, 1887
Mercer delphia, U.S.A.
Brockbank, George 161, Park Road, Bolton, 34, 64, 221, 1423, P.M. Sept., 1887
Parker Lancashire Past Grand Standard Bearer, England
•Budden, Edwin (Deceased 17th July, 1887) 622, 386, P.M.; 2076 June, 1887
Thomas P.Pr.G.W., Dorset.
Budden, Frederick 5, Adelaide Buildings, Bourne• 195, 2208; W.M. 621l ; Pr.G.D.C.
mouth Dorset
 Bunting, William F. St. John, New Brunswiok, Past Grand Master, New Brunswick
Canada
•Burford.Hancock, The Palace, Gibraltar 2, 153, 278, 1373, 1506, 2076, Pr.G.Mk.M,Gib.; P.G.Mo.rshal, May, 188f
the Hon. Sir Henry 2140, P.M. (K. T. ;) England, 30o Sep., 1887
James,Chief Justice District Grand Master, Gibraltar
153, 278, P.Z., District Grand Superintendent, (R.A.,)
Gibraltar
Burghardt, Friedrich Coennern an der Saal L. zu den fiinf Thurmen, Halle May, 1887
•Bywater, Witham 5, Hanover Square, W., London 19, P.M.; 2016, Senior Deacon April, 1887
Matthew of Quatuor Coronati Lodge
Grand Sword Bearer, England.
Calhoun, Rev. S. F. Orwell, Vermont, U.S.A. 10; Grand Chaplain of G. Royal Arch Chap., Vermont Sept., 1887
Cama, Dorabjee 3, Great Winchester Street, Past Grand Treasurer, England Sept., 1887
Pestonjee E.C., London
Camp, Robert Peabody, Marian Co., Kansas, 120, P.M. May, 1887
U.S.A.
Caswell, George Childrens' Home, Dayton, Ohio, 13, S.D. 320 Sept., 1887
U.S.A.
Chapman, John 144, Marina, St. Leonard's-on· 189,55 I, I402, P.M.; P.Pr.G.D., May, 1887
Sea Devon.
Cont!'eras, Eduardo Relatores 13, Madrid 20 Mem. of Sup. Coun. 33°, Gran May, i88i
Editor of Espana .Jfasonica Oriente de Espana
Cooper, Charles Par- Steam Packet Quay, Dundalk 47 Nov., 1887
tington
Cox, Benjamin 1, Hope Villas, Weston-super· 1222, P.M.; P.Pr.G.Pt., Feb., 1887
Mare Somerset; 1222, P.Z.;
P.Pr.G.D.C. (R,A.),
Somerset.
Cox, John Samuel Dunedin, Caterham Valley, 2095, P.Dis.G.R., Hong Kong Feb., 1887
Surrey and Sth. China

Cramer, B. N.W. 1\Ioabit, Bremer Strasse, L. zur Siegenden Wahrheit Feb., 1887
Editor of Latomia. 12 I. Berlin
Craven, Rev. James St.OlafsEpisChurch,Kirkwall, Ch. of 382, (S.C.); Pr.G.Ch. of Feb., 1887
Brown Orkney Caithness, Orkney and
Zetland; H. of 209, (R.A.)
Crawley,WilliamJohn The Chal~t, Temple ltoad, Ko. 357, (l.C.); 2076 (E.C.) 1So June, 1887
Chetwode, LL.D. Dublin An elected Mem. of G. Lodge May, 1887
Member of Senate, Dublin of Instruction; n Free. of
Univer;,~ity.
the G.Chap. (U:A.) of In-
struction
Grand Steward, Past Grand Sword Bearer, and Past
Grand Inner Guard, Ireland
Crickmay, George 17, Parliament Street, S.W., I ~0, P.1I.; P.Pr.G.W., Dorset. Nov., 1R87
Rackstrow London
Cross,EdwardWilliam 1, Granville Crescent, Dournc" I. G. of I 9.;; Sc.E. of 19:>, (R,A.) March, 1887
mouth
Cumberland, J. S. Alfred Honse, Rosendale Road, P.Pr.G.W., North and East No¥., 1887
W. Dulwich, S.E., London Yorks.

Daniels, L. E. Mazon, Grundy Co. Illinoi~, L. 121 ; Ch~p. 31 No.5. Com. (K.T.) May, 1887
U.S.A.
DaSilva, Joseph 2, Ferntower Road, Cnnonbnry, May, 1887
London
DesGeneys,theCount Audrey House, Gosport 170~, 1990, P.M. Sept., 1887
Dickey, Samuel J. 54, North 13th Street, Phila- 436, P.M.; 183, P.H.P. May, 1887
delphia, U.S.A.
Dickson, J. Wheatsheaf, Upper Tooting·, No. 720 Nov., 1887
S.W., London
Dickson, Rob'rt Grefthuregatan 57, Stockholm Grand Secretary of G. L. of Sweden Sept., 1887
 Dieperink, Hendrik Somerset West, Cape of Good P.M. of L. de Goede Trenw Mem. of 345 (Mk.); M.W.S. of May, 1881
Willem, M.D. Hope (D.C.); P.G.W; of the R.C. 60, (S.C.); P.M. W.S.
Pr.G.L.of the Netherlands, of Goede Trenw (D.C.)
Sooth Africa; P.Sc.N. of
334, (E. C.); Mem. of R.A.
Chap. 86, (S.C.)
Down, Evan R. Shaftesbury, Dorsets. 135, 191. Nov., 1887
Dunkley, George Hazeldean, Comford Grove, 1851, P.M.; P.Pr.G.O. Mi.ldle- P.Mk.M., R.A.M., !So, 32o, Sept., 1887
Joseph Balham, S.W., London sex and Surrey; 65, 1503, K.T., K.M.
1i77, (R.A.)
Dutt,ProsonnoCoomar 14, Sectaram Ghose's Street, 234, P.M. ami P.Z,: March, 188{
Calcutta P.Dis.G.D.C., Bengal
Dutton, John Rowe 6, Stanley Place, Chester No. 425 Sept., 1887

Fendelow, Charles Newbridge, Wol\"erhampton No. 1, (S.C.) 419, 5~6, 1383

P.Mk.M., P.Pr.Mk.G.W. War- Nov., 1887
P.M.; P.Pr.G.W., Stafford- wickshire; P.E.C. (K. T.);
shire Pr.Prior, Stafford, War·
wick, and Leicester
Grand Standard Bearer, England
41'1, P.Z; P.Pr.J. Staffordshire llfem. of G.L.,Edinb., R.O.S.
lllem. of Pr. G.L., London,
R.O.S.; 33o; S.C.I.G., West
Central Dis.
Grand Deputy Director of Ceremonies, (R.A.,) England
J\fem. Soc. Ros., York Coli.;
Allied Degrees, Mem Ebor.
Conn. and G. Stan., B. of G.
Coun., F.ngland.
Ferry, C. E. 55, Treguntcr Uoad, South No. G0, P.:lf. and P.Z. Feb., 1881
Kensington, London, S."r·

Flohr, August (prof.) Berlin L. Friedt·ich Wilhelm z. g. G., liiay, 1887

Berlin
President of Inner Orient of G.L." Royal York," Berlin
Forbes, Samuel Rus- 93, Via Babuino, Rome L. Universe No.-., 1887
sell
Francis, Charles King 401, Walnut Street, Phila- No. :!f.5, P.M. Feb., 18~7
delphia, U.S.A.
Francis, Thomas Havant, Hants 804, P.:l!. and Sec.; P.Pr.G.D., May. 1SS7
~ussex

Girling, Thomas H. Brisbane, Quecnsla!Hl 7UG, 11GO, 1484, 2167, P.M.; Sept., 1887
l'.l'r.G.Sec., Bengal
Goddard, John 136, Leinster Road, HathminPs, No. 728, P.:.I. Sec. of the 32°, S.P.R.S. Feb., 1887
Hawksley Co. Dublin R.W.G. Representative from Grand United Orient of
Portugal at G.L. of Ireland
"Gould, Robert Freke Junior Army and NaYy Clnb, !12, ].;3, 510, 743, P.l\I. Founder.
S."W., London Worshipful Master of Quat. Cor., No. 2076; Past Senior
Grand Deacon, England
Green, J. E. Cradock, Cape Colon_,. Hi;~. P.i\1.; Dis.G.W., Sodh 180; Kni!"ht of Rome and Con· Nov., 1887
Afr~ca, I>:ast Didsion. stantine
Groothoff, Hen·mann Bredgade 20, Copenhag-en Grand Steward of G.L. of Denmark May, 1887
Guthrie, Adam White Port. Elizabeth, South Africa 711, P.M.; Dis.G.Sup.W., East Jnne, 1887
Div, Sth. Africa
Haigh, John Somerville, Massachnsctts, l'.l\I., P.H.P. (R.A.) P.G.M. (R. and S. Masters) Nov., 1881
U.S.A. Past Deputy Grand High Priest of Grand Chap. of Mas.
s:cchusetts P.Em. Com. (K. T.)
P.G. Stan. 13. (K.T.)
330; Jlf.P. Grand Com. Sup.
Council A. and A.S.R., United
States, America, etc., etc.;
Celebrant Mass. Coli. Rosicru-
cians, and Hon. ix.
 Hay, Thomas A. H., Hay's Court, Easton, Pennsyl- 152, W.M.; 173, (R.A.)
M.A. vania, U.S.A.
Headley, Rev. Alexan- Portchester, Fareham, Rants 30!', P.M., P.Z., P.Pr.G.Ch.;
der Arthur Pr.G.A.Sec.; Pr.G.Sc.E.
(R.A.), Rants and L of W.
Heath, Rev. William T_qtchett Matravers, Poole, 622, P.M., P.Pr.G.W., Dorset; Pr.G.Mk.llf.,Dorset; 18o, etc. Nov., 1887
:Mortimer Dorset 622, 586, 1037, li46, P.Z.;
Pr.G.Ch. (Craft and Arch)
Dorset
Hehner, Otto 11,Billiter Square, E.C.,Lond01i No. 238, J.W. Feb., 1887
Henderson, Matthias Sharon, Mercer Co., Pennsyl- 433,P.M.
H. vania, U.S.A. Most Excellent Grand High Priest of Grand Chapter of
Pennsylvania
Henderson, William Hebron, Griqualand W., South 1417, W.M. Nov., H87
Africa
Hogard, Charles 45a, Cheapside, E.C., London No. 205, P.Pr.Sup.W., EsRex May, 1887
Frederick Past Grand Standard Bearer, England
Hooper-Rastrick, Chesterfield, Elm's Gro,-e, 1069, 1990, P.M., Pr.G.Treas.,
Robert J. Southsea Rants and I. of W.
Horton, William Summerlands, Ycovil 130, P.M.; P.Pr.G.Pt., Hants Nov., 1887
and L of W.
*Hughan, William Grosvpnor HousC', Torquay 131, P.M., 2076. Founder
James Past Senior Grand Deacon, England
Hughes, Robert St. Oswald's, Alexandra Park, 1184, s.w. Feb., 1887
Hastings

Irving, E. W. 6, 1\TcJlington Terrace, Old ll/0, W.~f; Pr.G.St., East Sept., 1887
Trafford, Manchester Lancashire
"'Irwin, :Major Francis l, Brislington Crescent. Bristol 1:1:1, P.;r.; 20~6. P.Pr.G.W., April, 1886
Gcorgo Andalusia

Jves, f 1 rc<lerick Saltaire Road, Shipley, Yo~r·k::-;

Jaffrey, William Li2, P.M.; P.Pr.G.D., East Sept 1887

Lancasl1ire
Jefferis, Arthur Henry 21, ::IIoslcy Street, Man': hester 64;;, 1161, P.M.; P.Pr.G.A.D.C. SPpt., 1887
East Lancashire
Jordan, Abraham 238, CathPrine Street. Phila- No. 51 Sept., 1887
delphia, U.S.A.

•Kelly, \Villiam, F.S.A., Ivy Lodge, Stoneygate, Leices· 2i"!J, 532, 1~30 P.M .. ~0/G, Feb., 1881
F.R.H.S. ter 2/!l, 719, 1560, P.Z. Nov., 1887
Provincial Grand Superintendent, (R.A.,)"and Past Pro-
vincial Grand Master Leicestershire and Rutland
Kenning, Geo;·gc Upper Sydenham,London, S.E. P.lt-I., &c. Nov., 1887
Proprietor of Freeritason.

Kenning, Geo. Henry Uppe1· Sydenham, London,S.E. tiO

King, R. G. Brisbane House, Brockhnrst, 2153
Gosport
Kingsbury, R. A. 276, Kennington Park Road, 16GB, P.M.; 2205, Treas.;
London, S.E. 1540 (R.A.} ScS.
Kirchhotfer, S. G., Yateley Grange, FarnCoro' 1492, 1714, 1899, P.M.;
lll.A., F.G.S., Station, II ants P.Pr.G.W., Surrey. rov .. 1887
f'.R.G.S. 948, l3V.'i, P.Z.
Knight,JonahFranklin 200, fVainut Place, near 4th 271, P.M.; 5?, P.H.P. May, 1887
St, Philadelphia, U.S.A. Merr .')f Library Committee Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania
Kupferschmidt, 23, Woodberry Grove,Finsbury 238, P ..ll. .t>'~b., 1887
Ca?sar Park, N., London

Lake, William 16, Great Queen Street, W.C., ·131, P.'J.; P.Pr.G.R., Cornwall May, 1887
Editor of Freemason. London
 Lambert, Richard P.O.B., Kew Orleans, U.S.A. 59, P.M. G. Rec. (K.T); G.R. of G. Con- llfay, 1887
sistory 32° of A. and A.S.R.
Assistant Grand Secretary of Grand Lodge and Grand
High Priest of G. Chap. of Louisiana
"Lane, John, F.C.A. 2.. Bannercross Abbey Road, 1402, P.M., 2076. June, 1887
'l'orquay
Lancaster, George Admiralty Cottage, Forton, 903, 1990, 2153, P.M.; Pr.G.R. May, 1887
Felton Gosport Rants and I. of W.
Last, John Thomas Shipley, Yorkshire Librarian of 378 March, 1887
Le Feuvre, John 1, Waterloo Place, Southampton 130, P.l\I; Dep.Pr.G.M., llants Sept., 1887
Emilius, J.P. and I. of W.
Past Grand Deacon, England
Lemon, Rev. Thomas ~futley, Plymouth TO, 189, 1205, 2025, P.M. and P.Gd. Ch. of England in llfark, Sept., 1887
Willi«m,M.A., Ch.; P.Pr.G.C., Devonshire Cryptic and Allied degrees;
S.C.L. lSq, 223, 494, P.Z.; P.Com.R.A.M.; Pr.G.Prior,
P.Pr.G.P.S. and Pr.3rdG.P. Devonshire, (K.T.,) Kt. of
Devonshire Rome and Red X of Con·
stan tine; Chaplain of Met·
ropolitan Coli., Soc. Ros.,
P.M.W.S., 1so; G.I.I.C.,
310
Levey, Joseph M. 360, 4th Avenue, Kew York 742, P.M. and Treas. May, 1887
Lewis, Harold Mercury Office, Bristol 68G, Sec. Feb., 1887
*Lewis, Professor 12,Kensington Gardens Square, l!l7, Junior Deacon, Quatuor June, 1887
Thomas Hayter, W., London Coronati Lodge, 2076.
F.S.A., Vice-Pres.
R.I. B.A.
Logan, William Langley Park, Durham 124, P.~l.; 213;), W.M.; Pr.G.R., Durham. Feb., 1887

Lovegrove, ~enry, 26, Budge Row, Cannon StrC'et, 1507, 1771, 1949, 204~, 30" Nov, 1887
A.R.I.B.A. London, E.C. P.Pr.C1.Sup.W.,Miclrllcsex;
72, 1i,·l9, P.Z.; Pr.G.Treas.
(R.A.), Middlesex
Lyte, J oohua L. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S.A 43, P.M. Sept., 1881

Macbean, Edward 37, Buccleugh Street, Glasgow No. at l\Iay, 188/

MacCalla, Clifford 237, Dock Street, Philadelphia, Gl, P.::\1. Deputy Grand Master, G.L. of Pennsylvania J<'eb., 1887
Paul U.S.A.
Editor of Keystone.
MacCienachan, c. T. 31, Chambers Street, New 211, P.M. Representative of G.L. of Pennsylvania at G.L. llfay, 1887
York, U.S.A. of New York
MacNair, Thomas S. Hazleton, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 242, P.M.; 181, P.ll.P. May, 1887
Past Deputy Grand Master, Pennsylvania
Mason, Charles Letch I, :Moorland Terrace, Leeds 304, P.J\1.; 20£'9, W.M.; Pr.G.Mk. M., West Yorks; June, 1887
P.Pr.G.'l'reas., W. Yorks.; F. Sub. Prior, (K.T.)
P.Pr.G.IT.IR.A.), W. Yorks. West Yorks; P. Celebrant
York Coil., Soc. Ros.
Maughan,V-eargitt\V. 13, Goulton Road, Clapton, E. No. 3.>7 1so March, 1887
Mayner y Ros, JosC 89, East Street, Kingston, P.M.; P.Dis.G.Scc.; P.Dis.G.W.; Sept., 1887
Jamaica P.Dis.G.Z. (B.A.);
P.Dis.C.Sc.E. (R.A.)
Mead, Colonel J. Red Hill, Surrey 1!l71, s.w. Sept., 1887
Meyer, Charles E. 1717, Chestnut Street, Phila- Chairman of Library Committee, ofG. Lodge and Past Feb., 1887
delphia, U.S.A. Grand High Priest of Grand Chap., Pennsylvania
Mixsell, Joseph, M.D., )Iasonic Temple, Easton, 152, Sec.; 52,173, P.H.P. (R.A.)
Ph.D. Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Morgan, W. Wray Belvidere Works, Hernes Hill, Xov., 1887
Editor and proprietor of Pcntonville, N ., London
PreemasoJu;' Chronicle.
Morris, Richard,M.A., Lordsh;p Lodge, Wood Green, Head Ma>ter of Royal Masonic Nov., 1887
LL.D. London, N. Benevolent Inst. for Boys

MoPtimer, G. F. W. Chirk Lodge,.Romsey, Hants. 1ll2, P.M.; P.G. W., Rants and
Isle of Wight
Mouat, Charles Port Elizabeth, South Africa 711, P.M.; P.Dis.G.W. of E.Div., May, 1887
Tho mas Watts Sth. Africa

Newton, James 23, Silverwell Street, Bolton, 37, P.M. and Treas.; P.Pr.G.D. Feb., 1887
Lancashire and Pr.G.A.Sec., East
Lancashire
Nicholl, William Victoria Buildings, Yictoria 317, P.M.; Pr.G.Trcas; East Sept, 1887
Street, Manchester Lancashire
Nip pe I, Prof. Pierre Neuchatel, Switzerland L. Bonne Harmonie Feb., 1887

Norfolk, Thomas 68, Southfield Square, Bradford 600, J.W.

Norton, Jacob 419,Washington st.,Boston,U.S.A 188 Nov., 1887

Nott, William Devizes, Wilts. 663, P.M.; P.Pr.G.W., Wilts.; P.Mk.M.; 30o Sept., 1887
632, P.Z.; P.Pr.G.ll. and
Pr.G.Treas. (J:!..A.) Wilts.

Orde.Powlett, the Wensley Hall, Wensley, York· 123, P.M.; Dep.Pr.G.M. of Sept., 1887
Hon. W. T. shire North and East Yorkshire
Past Grand Warden of England

Patton, Thomas R. :IIasonic Temple, Philadelphia, 121, P.M. May, 1887

U.S.A. Grand Treasurer of G.L. and G. Chap. of Pennsylvania
Pearce, Gilbert P. Mellanear House, Ha:olC,\ Corn- 450, P.M.; Pr.G.W. Cornwall; March, 1.887
wall Librarian of Coombe
Masonic Library, Rayle

Pinckard, George P.O.B., 1759, New Orleans, 72, W.M. Gen. G.M. of Gen. G. Conn. of May, 1887
Josiah U.S.A. Roy. and Select Masters of
the United States of
America
Representative of G.L., England at G.L., Louisiana
Poore, Thomas 151, Wirtemberg Street, Clap· 720, P.~I. and P.Z. May, 1887
ham, S. W., London
Powell, F. A., 20J, Kennington Park Road, 4~7,W.M.; Pr.G.W.,Monmouth· Nov., 1887
A.R.I.B.A. London, S.E. shire
•Pratt, Major Sisson 14, Victoria Roa:l, Old Charlton, 92; Junior Warden of Quatuor Founder
Cooper, R.A. London, S.E. Coronati Lodge, 2076
Pringle, Colonel Sir 1st batt.. South Staffordshire 92, 278 May, 1887
Norman William Regt., Gibraltar
Drummond, Bart.

Ranking, D. Fearon, Rockville, Merchiston, Edin· Sept., 1887

LL.D. burgh
Read, John 49, Somerleyton Road, Brixton, 720, 2103, P.M.; P.Pr.G.O., P.Mk.M., P.G.Jilk.O., P.E.P., Sept., 1887
London, S.W. Middlesex; 720, P.Z. (K.T.,) P.G. Aide, (K.T.};
P. J\1. W.S., !So, 3()o; Mem.
Roy. 0. of Scotland
Richardson, Stephen 135, Wirtemberg Street, Clap· 183, P.:IL Feb., 1887
ham, London, S.W.
Riddiford, Henry Newton, Harvey Co., Kansas, 231, S.W.; 27, (R.A.), K. Cap. Gen., (K.T.,) 32o May, 1887
U.S.A.
•Riley, John Ramsden Heath House, Bradford 387, P.M.; 2076, P.Pr.G.D.C. April, 1886
West Yorks.
Robertson, Rev. San Jose de Flores, Buenos 617, S.W.; Dis.G.Ch. Argentine Sept., 1887
Arthur George Ayres Republic
Lennox
 Robins, Rev. James 1821, De Laney Place, Phila- 121, P.M. May, 188'1
W., D.D. delphia, U.S.A. Grand Chaplain of G.L. of Pennsylvania
Robinson, John Ches- The Elms, Mollington, Chester 425, P.M.; P.Pr.G.D., Cheshire Feb., 1887
worth
Roome, Gen. Charles Masonic Temple, 23rd Street Past Grand Master, G.L. of New York May, 1887
& 6th AYenue, New York,
U.S.A.
.;Rylands, John Paul Heather Lea, Charles·dlle, 148, 1354, 2016 Founder
Claughton, Birkenhead
•Rylands, William 11, Hart Street, Bloomsbury, No.2, S.W.; 2076 Founder
Harry London, W.C. Grand Steward, G.L. of England

Sadler, Henry F.M.H. Great Queen Street, Grand Tyler and Sub-librarian, England Feb., 1887
W.C., London
Sartain, John Philadelphia P.M. May, 1887
Saunders, William P.O.B., 41, Grand Haven, 139, W.:ll. T.I.M., R. & S. Masters; 320 May, 1887
John H. Michigan, U.S.A.
Saunders, Sibert The Bank, Whitstable, Kent 1915, s.w. Nov., 1887
Scott, William George Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada No.1, P.M.; P.Dep.G.M., Sept., 1887
Manitoba
Grand Librarian and Grand Secretary, G.L. of Manitoba
Schulze, Carl Berlin Librarian of the Grand National L. of Germany, Berlin May, 1887
Shackles, George 7, Land of Green Ginger, Hull 1511, P.M. and P.Z.; P.Pr.G.D.: May, 1887
La\\Tence P.Pr.G.R., North and East
Yorkshire
Simmonds,Prof.Peter 85, Finborough Road, South Hl, 554, 1159, P.M.; P.Mk.M., K.T.; 18o
Lund, F.L.S., Kensington, W., London ~54, 1159, P.Z.

F.R.C.I., &c. Grand Steward, Grand Lodge of England

Simonsen, Jo3eph St. Kiobmagcrgatlc 14, Copen- L. zur Bruderkette, Hamburg June. 1881
HPiman hagen

Simpers, Robert N. 131, South 5th Street, Phila- 493 Sept., 1887
delphia, U.S.A.
•Simpson, William, 19, Church Road, Willesden, ll59; Senior Warden Quatuor April, 1886
F.R.I.P., N.W., London Coronati Lodge, 2076
Hon. A.R.I.B.A.
Singleton, William R. Masonic Temple, 909 F. Street, Grand Secretary, G.L. of District of Columbia 33° Sept., 1887
N.W., Washington, U.S.A.
Smith, Thomas Lamb Holly Lodge, Britannia Square, 280, 1241, P.M.; P.Pr.G.D., Sept., 1887
Worcester "\Vorccster
Smyth, James Adger Charleston, South Carolina, No.4, P.M. 32o May, 1887
U.S.A Past Grand High Priest, G.R.A. Chap. and Grand Master,
G.L. of South Carolina
•Speth, George William Streatham llonsc, Margate, 183, P.M.; 20i6; Secretary of Founder
Kent Quatnor Coronati Lodge
Steer, H. A. 73, High Street, Rhy I 1614, P.M. and Sec. P.Mk.M.
Pr.G.D.C., North Wales
Stewart, W. E. 16, Harley Street, Cavendish 143, P.M.
F.R.C.S. Square, \V., London Past Grand Assistant Director of Ceremonies, and Past
Grand Sword Bearer (R.A.) England

Tern pels, Pierre Avenue Louise 2, Brussels Member of the Grand Orient and Supreme Council of May, 1887
Belgium
Tesseyman, William Land of Green Ginger, Hull 57, P ..\L; P.Pr.G.Sup.W., North May, 1887
and East Yorkshire
Thomas, Frederick Alverton, Camborne, Cornwall 450, J.D.; 1544, A.Sec. Nov., 1887
William
Thompson, John Rae York, W~stern Australia 2118, P.M. and Sec. Nov., 1887
Menzies
Todd, Joseph Registry House, Duncon1be 236,P.M. and Treas.; P.Pr.G.R., Feb., 1887
Place, York North and East Yorks.
Tracy, Nathaniel 2'7, Westgate Street, Ipswich 376, P.M.; Pr.P.G. W.; Pr.G. Sept., 188'7
Sec., Suffolk
Treves, George Oldridge Road, Ba!ham, Lon· '720, P.M. and Treas.; 720, Mk.M. Sept., 188'7
don, S.W. (R.A.), 3rd Prin.
Tristram,Rev. Henry The College, Durham Dep.Pr.G.M., Durham
Baker, D.D., F.R.S. Past Grand Chaplain, England Feb., JS8'7

Vivian, Hugh Phillips Pengegon House, Camborne, 589, P."M.; 1544, Sec. Sept., 188'7
Cornwall

Walsh, Albart Port Elizabeth, South .Africa 711, P.M.; Dis. G. D., East Div. June., 1887
Sth. Africa
Walters, A. H. Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 538 May, 1887
U.S.A.
"Warren, Sir Charles, 44, St. George's Road, S.W., 245, 1832, 2076, First W.M. and Founder
G.C.M.G. London Immediate Past Master of
Quatuor Coronati Lodge
Past Grand Deacon, England
Watson, William 28, East Parade, Leeds 61, P.M.; 2069, J.W. Feb., 1887
Wells, Harry 9, Chester Crescent, Newcastle- 1676, W. M. Feb., 1887
on·Tyne
"Westcott, William 396, Camden Road, N.W., London 814, P.M.; P. Pr.G.D.C., Somersetshire. Dec., 1886
Wynn, M.B.London Inner Guard of Quatuor Coronati Lodge, 2076.
Whitley, Edward Penarth House, Truro 1529, S.W.; Pr.G.O. (R.A.), 18° March, 1887
Forbes, Mem. R.I., Cornwall
Cnrmmll, A.S.PR.R.
•Whymper, Henry :Murree, Punjab, E. India 1-UB, 1448,1960, P.M., 2076;
Josiah lli:i, 1448, P.Z.;
P.Dis.G.H. (R.A.) and P.Dis.
G.:\I. of Punjab

"Whytehead, Thomas Minster Yard, York 16ll, P.M.;P.Pr.G.W., North April, 1886
Bowman and East Yorks.
Wiard a, Karl Port Elizabeth, South Africa 711 June, 1886
Wilklnson-Pimbury, 60, Marmora Road, Honor Oak, 65, A.D.C., 1997, J.W. March, 1887
Charles James London, S.E.
•Woodford, Rev. 6, Liston Road, Clapham, Lon. 2, 124, 304, P.M. 2076, Past Grand Chaplain, England Founder
Adolphus Frederick don, S.W.
Alexander, M.A.
Woodman, William Rougemont, Brondesbury, 33, 66, 444, P.M. Snp. Magus,Soc.Ros. in Anglill. June, 1887
Robert, M.D. London, N.W.
Past Grand Sword Bearer, England
Wroay, Samuel W. 137, Price Street, Germantown, 121, P.M. Sept., 1887
Philadelphia, U.S.A.

Yarker, John Withington, near Manchester 163,463, P.M.; P.Z. M.lll. G.M. General, 960,of the May, 1887
Ancient and Primitive
Rite
 CORPORATE BODIES_

Grand Lodge of England Library London September, 1887.

Supreme Council Ancient and Accepted Scotch Rite, Belgium Brussels May, 1887.
Leicester Masonic Hall Library Leicester November, 1887.
Lodge De Goede Hoop (Dutch Constitution) Cape Town September, 1887.
No. 253, Tyriau Lodge Derby
No. 331, Phumix Lodge of Honour and Prudence Truro, Cornwall November, 1887.
No. 450, Cornubian Lodge; "Coombe" Library Rayle, Cornwall November, 1887.
No. 698, Ryde Lodge Ryde, Isle of Wight
No. 711, Goodwill Lodge Port Elizabeth, South Africa June, 1887.
No. 804, Carnarvon Lodge Havant, Hampshire November, 1887.
No. 1513, Friendly Lodge Barnsley, Yorkshire
No. 1521, Wellington Lodge Wellington, New Zealand November, 1887.
No. 1611, Eboracnm Lodge Library York May, 1887.
No. 1795, Combermere Lodge Albany, New South Wales
No. 1896, Audley Lodge Newport, Salop
No. 1990, Hampshire Lodge of Emulation Portsmouth
No. 1991, Agricola Lodge York November, 1887.
No. 2069, Prudence Lodge Leeds November, 1887.
No. 2153, Lodge of Hope Gosport November, 1887.
 ABBREVIATIONS.
(~a~cntc).

A. Arch: Ark: Ancient: Assistant.

A.D.C. Assistant Director of Ceremonies.
A. Sec. AsRistant Secretary.
A. and A.S.R. Ancient and Accepted Scotch Rite.

B. Bearer.

c. Ceremonies: Constitution : Commander.

Cap. Captain.
Cap. Gen. Captain General.
Ch. Chaplain.
Chap. Chapter.
Col. College.
Com. Commander: Commandery.
Coun. Council.

D. Director : Deacon : District: Dutch.

Dep. Deputy.
Dep.D. Deputy District.
Dep. G. Deputy Grand.
Dep. Pr. Deputy Provincial.
Div. Division.
D.C. Director of Ceremonies.
(D.C.) Dutch Constitution.

E. Ezra (R.A.) : Excellent : English.

Em. Eminent.
(E.C.) English Constitution.

G. Grand< Guard : General.

Gen. General.
G.A. Grand Assistant.
G. Ch. Grand Chaplain.
G. Chap. Grand Chapter.
G.D. Grand Deacon.
G.D.C. Grand Director of Ceremonies.
 28
G.H. Grand Haggai (R.A.)
G.H.P. Grand High Priest (American R.A.)
G.I.I.C. Grand Inspector Inquisitor Commander (A. and A.S.R.)
G.L. Grand Lodge.
G.M. Grand Master.
G.Mk.M. Grand Master in the Mark Degree: Grand Mark-Master.
G.O. Grand Organist.
G.P. Grand Principal (R.A.)
G. Pt. Grand Persuivant.
G. Sup. W. Grand Superintendent of Works.
G.W. Grand Warden.

H. Haggai (the second principal in the English Royal Arch

Degree): High.
H.P. High Priest (the American equivalent of Haggai).

I. Inner: Irish : Inspector: Inquisitor: Illustrious.

Ill. Illustrious.
(I.C.) Irish Constitution.
I.G. Inner Guard.

J. Joshua (tho third principal in the English Royal Arch

Degree): Junior.
J.D. Junior Deacon.
J.W. Junior Warden.

K. King (the American equivalent of Zerubbabel).

K.M. Knight of Malta.
K.T. Knight Templar.

L. Lodge.

M. Master : Mariners: Malta : Most.

Mem. Member.
Mk. Mark.
Mk.M. Mark Master (W.M. of a Mark Lodge).
M.E. Most Excellent.
M.P. Most Puissant.
M.W. Most W orshipfnl.
M.W.S. Most Wise Sovereign (the Master of a Rose-Croix Chapter).

N. Nehemiah (an officer of the R.A. Degree).

o. Orgap.iet : Order,
 29
P. Priest (in American R.A.) :· Principal (in English R.A.) :
Preceptor (in English K.T.): Past: Puissant.
Pr. Provincial.
Pt. Pursnivant.
P. Dep. Pr. G.M. Past Deputy Provincial Grand Master.
P. Dis. G.W. Past District Grand Warden.
P.E.C. Past Eminent Commander (K.T)
P.G. Past Grand.
P.H. Past Haggai (English Royal Arch).
P.H.P. Past High Priest (American R.A.)
P.J. Past Joshua (English lLA.)
P.K. Past King (American R.A.)
P.M. Past Master.
P.Mk.M. Past Mark Master (Past W. M. in the l\Iark Degree).
P.M.W.S Past Most Wise Sovereign (past master of a Rose Croix
Chapter).
P.Pr. Past Provincial.
P.Pr.G.Pt. Past Provincial Grand Pnrsuivant.
P.S. Principal Sojourner (R.A.)
P.Z. Past Zerubbabel (R.A.)

R. Registrar : Royal : Right : RitP.

Rec. Recorder (K.T.)
Ros. Rosicrucian.
R. and S.M. Royal and Select Masters.
R.A. Royal Arch.
R.A.M. Royal Arch Mariners.
R.C. Rose Croix.
R.O.S. Royal Order of Scotland.
R.W. Right Worshipful.
R.W.G. Right W orshipfnl Grand.

s. Senior: Scottish: Sojourner, (R.A.) : Sovereign, (Rose

Croix) : Scotland.
Sc. Scribe (R.A. Officer).
Sc. E. S.::ribe Ezra.
Sc. N. Scribe N ehemiab.
Sec. Secretary.
Soc. Ros. Societas Rosicrnciana.
St. Steward.
Stand. B. Standard Bearer.
Snp. Supreme : Superintendent.
Sup. Conn. Supreme Council.
Sup. W. Superintendent of Works.
 30
S.C. Supreme Council.
S.D. Senior Deacon.
s.w. Senior Warden.

T. Thrice.
Treas. Treasurer.
T.I.M. Thrice Illustrious Master (the President of a meeting of
Royal and Select Masters).

w. Worshipful: Wise: Warden: Works.

W.M. Worshipful Master.
w.s. Wise Sovereign.

z. Zerubbabel (the first Principal of an English R.A. Chapter).

(~.odal, Jlcabemtcal, ~uttany, &c.)

A.R.I.B.A. Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

B.A.A. British Archooological Association.
D.D. Doctor of Divinity.
F.C.A. Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants.
F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological Society.
F.L.S. Fellow of the Lionean Society.
F.R.C.I. Fellow of the Royal Colonial Institute.
F.R.C.S. Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.
F.R.G.S. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
F.R.H.S. Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
F.R.l.P. Fellow of the Royal IT>.stitute of Painters.
F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society.
F.S.A. Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.
G.C.M.G. Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and George.
Hon. Honorable: Honorary.
J.P. Justice of the Peace.
LL.D. Doctor of Laws.
M.A. Master of Arts.
M.D. Doctor of Medicine.
Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy.
R.A. Royal Artillery·.
Rev. Reverend.
R.LB.A. Royal Institute of British Architects.
S.C.L. Studen~ If Civil Law.
 SIR CHARLES WARREN, G.C.M.G., Past Master.
WILLIAM HARRY RYLANDS.
ROBERT FREKE GOULD, Immediate Past Master.
GEORGE WILLIAM SPETH.
WALTER BESANT.
JOHN PAUL RYLANDS.
SISSON COOPER PRATT, Lieut. Col. R.A.
WILLIAM JAMES HUGHAN.

Worshipful Master ... WILLIAM SIMPSON, R.I., M.R.A.S.

Senior Warden Lieut. Co.l. SISSON COOPER PRATT, R.A.
Junior Warden WITHAM MATTHEW BYWATER.
Treasurer WALTER BESANT, M.A.
Secretary GEORGE WILLIAM SPETH.
Senior Deacon Prof. THOMAS HAYTER LEWIS, R.I.B.A.
Junior Deacon WILLIAM WYNN WESTCOTT, M.B.
Inner Guard Rev. CHARLES JAMES BALL, M.A.
Director of Ceremonies ROBERT FREKE GOULD.
Steward EDWARD MACBEAN.

JOHN W. FREEMAN, P.M. 147. Freemason~' Hall, Great Queen Street. W.C.
 QUATUOR CORONATI LODGE, No. 2076, and
CORRESPONDENCE C/ RCLE, LONDON.

FEAST OF Sr. JonN IN \'{rxTER, 1888.

DEAR BRETHREN,

RO~I myself, and at the same time in the name of the Officers of the
Quatuor Coronati Lodge, I send you our fraternal greetings on this
festival day.
In the Installation Address delivered on taking the chair of
the Lodge, and which will be in the hands of members about the
same time as this, will be found some details of our progress during
the last year, our present position, and the 1vork that is before us ;
and an indication of the aims which should guide us in order to
maintain the high character of the lodge and extend its sphere of
usefulness.
I need not repeat here what will be read in that address. I can onlv re-echo the
feeling of hope with which our ~uccess inspires us all. We have, I am delighted to say,
passed t.he initial stage of uncertainty, our scheme of a :Masonic Arclueological Lodge is
already established on a sure footing, and we now look to the future. That future 1vill
depend on one and all doing as much as they can to assist in the work.
The Ars Quatuor Coronatorurn is the only connecting link we have with most of the
"Correspondence Circle," many of the members of which are in distant lands. Our publi-
cation has become an important journal of Masonic Arclueology, its high merits have been
acknowledged from many quarters. This is satisfactory, and our endeavours will be devoted
to maintain thi~ position--but more-our efforts will be exerted in every way to improve,
wherever it is possible, upon the reputation we have earned. Judging by the past we have
every reason to hope that the members of the Lodge will continue the work as they have
begun. It would still further help to strengthen the tie of connection between the Corres-
pondence Circle and the Lodge, if the former could be induced in any way, however slight, to
take part in the ·work. Those who have joined the Circle, it may be presumed, ha>e all more
or less some knowledge of Masonic Arch[£ology-for it is those who have knowledge who
wish for more. \Ve know that many of the members of the Circle stand high as authorities,
but there may be others equally learned whose reputation has not reached us. Many may have
read and speculated upon points in Masonry, and may wish to >entilate the conclusions they
have arrived at; if there be any such. there is no reason why they should not be contribu-
tors. If any one can send in any new data he may have met with in the course of his
reading, or new idea that has occurred to him, I feel sure that our Brother Secretary, 11·ho
acts as editor, 1Yill be delighted to receive all such contributions.
I may also mention that there is no rule which precludes a papm· by any member
of the Correspondence Circle-if it be approved of-being read before the Lodge.
\Ve arc all brothers wishing to learn, and any brothers who can bring us anything
new will be cordially welcomed.
Our Brother Secretary will giYc the details of our progress during the year, the hooks
added to the library, and the state of the reprints he has in hand, etc.
I conclude by wishing the Members of the Lodge and the Correspondence Circle every
gool thing that T.G.A.O.T.U. can give them during the coming year, and I remain

Yours faithfully and fraternally,

WILLIA~I SIMPSON, TV.M.

 MARGATE, 27th DECDIBER, 1888.
DRAR BRETIIREX,

lTR St. John's CanL last year. was so greatly appreciated that no
explanation need be offered for its appearance on this occasion. It
is scarcely necessary even to promise that this little supplement to
our '·Transactions" shall constitute a permanent feature of our work.
Its use for purposes of reference will be obvious, and the annual
greeting, so kindly expressed by the vV.M. for the time being, must
be welcome to us all. As l:te ~vill himself receive a copy, I feel that
I may here venture to speak m the name of every member of both
Lodge and Circle, and tender Bro. W. Simpson, W.:M., 2076, our
heat·ty congratulations on his accession to the chair of our Lodge,
and our best wishes for his health, happiness, and a successful year
of office.

'The Card itself has been once more designed by our Bro. Simpson, and that so
ardent a student of symbolism, throughout
"Whatever clime the sun's bright circle warms,"
should present us with a pictured allegory, >Yas cmly to be expected. The symbols are not
tho~e which most frequently meet the eyes of Freemasons, but the spirit, I may safely
pt·cdict, will be found eminently Masonic. The interpretation is left by our vV.J\f. to the
ingenuity and jmlgment of cuch individual brother.

The membct·s' lists at·c arranged on a new, and, I trust, better system. Any and every
degree outside of pure Craft aml Arch .'\lasonry has been omitted for good and sufficient
rl'asons. among ". !tich may be mcnt.ioned lack of space and simplicity of arrangement.
Following l'ach membct-'~ name will be found: 1st. the address. in italics; 2nd, the number or
nnmbct·s of his lodge or lo<lgl's (the numbers must be read as referring to the G.L. Roll of
the counh·y in whiel; he l'l'~ides. exceptions will be signified by initials in brackets): 3rd. his
rank in the Craft (Lodge Otlice is not tabulated); 4th, the numbers of his Royal Arch
Chaptl'rs, {n italics; .:Jtlt. Arch llank; Gth, Provincial or District Rank, in italics; 7th,
Grand Lollg"l' Hank; and 8th, date of joining the Lodge or the Correspondence Circle. 'The
absenc·e of a date signitie:; that the ll:tllle is that of lt candidate not yet elected. Applications
receiHd after the lst December, l8bt:i, have been of necessity reserved for next year's list.

A complete imlex of the abbreviations used will again be found at the end of the lists ;
aml further. a grouping of the members into I't·ovinces, Districts, and Towns, reference being
made to them by the numbct·s prelixell to t!tl'it· names. lt is hoped that this feature will be
found very useful.

As the \V.~L has allowed me to exercise some of his privileges and direct your attention
to Yarious mattcr·s of interest., I shall first point out that our Library now contains over six
hundred and seventy numbers, aml that this Yaluable collection, for such it already is,
remains comparatively difficult of access to the members. Dilating upon our progress in
last year's Card, the then 'V .1L, Bro. Gould, said that the Correspondence Circle had
attainl'd a total of one hunch·ed and seventy-seven members. "But l'appetit t·ient en
mangeant, and our ambition, for reas:ms to be presently sho\vn, now seeks to incorporate with
us a total of at least ten or fifteen hundred bmthers.

'·It is to faciliate the use of what will shortly be a valuable library that we desire
the large increase of our numbers alluded to above. This Library should be installed in
central London prl'mises, Of>l'll at all reasonable times to the brethren of the Correspondence
Circle in virtue of their mcmbcrshi p, and to ot!Icr "tudents on due application. But London
premises are costly, while the Lodge is poor and will always remain so, because its funds
will never be allowed to accumulate, but in conformity with the very spirit of our Lodge,
 5

will be expended in the furtherance of Masonic research. \Vith one thousand members we
should have the wherewithal to rent premises. small at first but improving "·ith our
material success, -and yet continue the issue of our publication as heretofore. If every
present associate would bestir himself and induce five or six of his friends, his Lodge,
Chapter, &c., to join our ranks, our numbers would very soon attain the required dimensions.
Let me impress this upon you all-t.hat every Correspondence Member who, while profiting
by the perusal of our Tmnsactions, is-yet powerless to contribute to our proceedings, may
nevertheless assist us materially by using his personal influence. \Ve ask it not for ourselves,
the books will not belong to us, except as trustees, the premises will not be ours. the benetit
will not be greater to us than to others; indeed many among us have already good private
Masonic libraries of our own; but we plead in the name of the Craft in general and of the
Correspondence MemberR themseh·es in particular. Erery additional memba 1cill increa.oe
the value of each prerions ind·iridual's memhership; I am therefore really only asking you to
work for your own benefit. The Library, thus installed, will confer an aLhlitional boon on
many members who perhaps care in a lesser degree for Masonic research. It will afford
a resting place for the stranger or visitor in London. whe:·e he can read the :Masonic
periodicals of t.he day, receive his letters and conduct h1s correspondence during his
temporaq sojourn among us; meet his Masonic friends, and obtain Masonic information
of every sort."

The Brethren have not complied with Bro. Gould's request; many. the majority
indeed, have not introduced a single friend, but others lutve worked hard, with the result
that we now number four hundred and seventy members* of the Correspondence Circle.
This is gratifying, but far short of -what we hoped to attain. However, the goal is sensibly
nearer. Let each brother, therefore, bring us two names during the next twelve months,
which is surely not a hard task, and our ambition will then be realised.

As regards the long announced volume of Reprints, I feel that. apologies are due b
the subscribers, and that their patience has been severely tried. At the present momL·nt
the entire series of facsimiles, reprints, and glossary is printed, and the sheets arc ready fo1·
the binder. But Bro. Gould kindly undertook to write an exhaustive Commentary and
Dissertation upon the various documents reproduced, and he has discovered that the task is of
greater magnitude than he anticipated. Those of us who are acquainted with his works and.
literary method, must be aware that, regardless of time and trouble, no point is ever left
uninvestigated, and that no page ever lea Yes his hands until he is of opinion that he can cany
his 1·esearch no further. In the ]Jresent instance several matters have arisen, demandi nO'
infinite labour and microscopical examination, hence the unlooked for delay. But tout t·iel~
tl qui sait attendre, and our patience will be ultimately rewarded by the possession of two
such Essays as few beside our I.P.M. could produce. Much of his manuscript is n<>'Y in
type, and I can promise the subscribers that it will maintain the reputation he has already
acquired, and worthily mark for evermore his year of office as our \Vorshipful Master.

"While, therefore. we have not accomplished to the letter every aspiration with "·hich
we set out last year, we have yet taken a long stride onwards in the path laid out before us,
and enter upon the new year with hope and confidence. Moreover. my po~ition as your
Secretary euables me to assert, that the tie of the Correspondence Circle has become, and is
becoming still more so every day, a veritable Bond of Union among thinking Masons
wheresoeYer dispersed. and that many of the foremost members of the Craft are increasingly
proud of their connection with Lodge Qnatuor Coronati.

May T.G.A.O.T.U. further bless our united efforts and have us all in His safe keepinn-
during the ensuing year. "'

Your faithful brother,

G. W)r. SPETH, P.JI.

Sec,·etary, Quatuor Coronati, :-.-o. 20iG.

• On the 1st December, 1888, the md of our financial year. Many applications have been received since then.
 ·~ ·~·
1 Warren, Sir Charles, G.C.M.G. 44, St. George's Road, S. W., London. 245, 1417, 1832, 2076, P.M.
Founder and first Worshipful Master. Past Grand Deacon.

2 Rylands, William Harry. 11, Hart Street, Bloomsbury, W.O., London. 2, 20i6. Founder and first
Senior Warden. Past Grand Steward.

3 Gould, Robert Freke, late 31st Regt., Barrister-at-Law. Junior Army and Navy Club, St. James' Street,
S.W., London. 92, 153, 570, 743, 2076, P.M. Founder and first Junior Warden, Immediate
Past Master and Director of Ceremonies. Past Grand Deacon.

Woodford, Rev. Adolphus Frederick Alexander, M.A., late Coldstream Guards, Clerk in Holy Orders.
2, 124, 304, 2076, P.M. Founder. Past Grand Chaplain. Deceased, Friday, 23rd
December, 1887.

4 Speth, George William. Streatham House, Margate, Kent. 183, 2076, P.M. Founder, Secretary.

5 Besant, Walter, M.A. 1, Adam Street, Adelphi, W.O., London. 1159, 20i6, P.M. Founder, Treasurer.

6 Rylands, John Paul, Barrister-at-Law. Heather Lea, Charlesville, Claughton, Birkenhead. 148, 1354,
~076. Founder.

7 Pratt, Sisson Cooper, Lieut. Colonel Royal Artillery. 14, Victoria Road, Old Charlton, S.E., London.
92, 2076. Founder, Senior Warden.

8 Hughan, William James. Grosvenor House, Torquay, Devon. 131, 2076, P.l\I. Founder. P.Pr.G.Sec.,
P.Pr.G.W., Cornwall. Past Grand Deacon.

9 Simpson, William, R.I., }LR.A.S, &c. 19, Church Road, Willesden, N.W., London. 1159, 2076.
Worshipful Master. Joined 7th April, 1886.

10 Bywater, Witham Matthew. 5, Hanover Square, W., London. 19, 2076, P.M. Junior Warden.
Past Grand Sword Bearer. Joined 7th April, 1886.

11 Irwin, )fajor Francis George, 1, Brislington Crescent, Bristol. 153, 2076, P.M., P.Pr.G. W., Andalusia.
Joined 7th April, 1886.

12 Whytehead, Thomas Bowman. llfinster Yard, York. 1611, 2076, P.M., P.Pr.G. W., North and East
Yorks. Joined 7th April, 1886.

13 Riley, John Ramsden. Guy's Cliffe, Bradford, Yorks. 387, 2076, P.M., P.Pr.G.D.C., West Yorks. Joined
7th April, 1886.

14 Lewis, Thoma>< Hayter, F.S.A., Past Vice President, R.I.B.A., EmeritnsProfessor ofArrhitectnre. 12,
Kensington Gardens Sq1tare, W., London. 197, 2076. Senior Deacon. Joined 3rd June, 1886.

15 Westcott, William Wynn, 1\I.B., Lon d. 396, Camden Road, N. W., London. 814, 207G, P.M., P.Pr.G.D.C.,
Somersetshire. Junior Deacon. Joined 2nd December, 1886.

16 Lane, John, F.C.A. 2, Bannercross Abbey Road, Torquay, Det•on. 1402, 2076, P.M., P.Pr.G.R., Cornwall.
Joined 2nd June, 1887.

17 Crawley, William John Chetwode, LL.D., :Member of the Senate, Dublin University. The Chalet,
Temple Road, Dublin. 3!;7, (l.C.), 2076, P.M., Elected Member of the G.L. of Instruction and
Regi.<trar of the Grand Chapter of Instruction, Ireland. Grand Steward, Past Grand Sword
Bearer, and Past Grand Inner Guard, Ireland. Joined 2nd June, 1887.

18 Ball, Rev. Charles James, M.A., Oxon., Clerk in Holy Orders, Chaplain to the Honourable Society of
Lincoln's Inn. 15, Chalcot Gardens, N.W., London. 1820, 2076. Inner Guard. Joined 8th
September, 1887.

19 Burford-Hancock, The Hon. Sir Henry James Burford, late 49th Regiment, Barrister-at-Law, Chief
Justice, Gibraltar. The Palace, Gibraltar. 2, 153, 278, 1373, 1506, 2076, 2140, P.M.,
District Grand Master, District Grand Superintendent, (R.A.), Gibraltar. Joined
8th September, 1887.
 7
20 Kelly, William, F.S.A., F.R.H.S. Ivy Lodge, Knighton, Leiceste_r . . 2i9, 532, 1330,2076, P.:JI_., Provinc_ial
Grand Superintendent (R.A.), and Past Provmc1al Grand Master, Le1cestersh1re
and Rutland. Joined 8th November, 1887.

21 Whymper, Henry Josiah. Gora Gully, Punjab, E.T. 1413, 1448, 1560,2076, P.M., P.Dep.Di.,_(i.J[., and
P.Dis.G.H., (R.A.), Punjab. Local Secretary for the Punjab. Joined Gth January, 1888.

22 Castle, Edward James, late Hoy. Engineers, Barrister-at-Law, Q.C. 8, King's Bench TValk, Temple,
London. 143, 2076, P.M. Joined 4th :Jiay, 1888.
23 Macbean, Edward. 97, Hill Street, Garnet Hill, Glasgnu·. 3 bis, (S.C.), 2076. Steward. Local Secretary
for Glasgow and vicinity. Joined 4th May, 1888.

24 Goldney, Frederick Hastings. Prior Place, Frimley, Farnboro'. 259,335,626, 2076, P.:JI., Pr.G.Treas.,
P.Pr.G.W., Wiltshire. Past Grand Deacon. Joined 4th :\Iay, 1888.

25 Williams, Professor William Mattieu, F.R.A.S., F.C.S. The Grange, Neasdcn, N. W., London. 329, 2029,
2076. Joined 8th :Kovember, 1888.

26 Kupferschmidt, Gustav Ado;f Cmsar. 23, Woodberry Grove, Finsbury Park, N., London. 238, P.M.,
Proposed 8th November, 1888.

27 Finlayson, John Finlay. 14, Heathcote Street, Mecklenburgh Square, W.C., London. 383, ill. Proposed
8th ~ovember, 1888.

28 Clarke, Caspar Purdon, C.I.E. 57, The Grove, Hammer5mith, W., London. ll96. Proposetl 8th~ o>.
1888.

~ltmbas of tge Qtorresgonbence ~irde .

.
.... ....
GOVERNING BODIES. Joined
1 Grand Lodge of Englantl, Library London SeptcmbPr, 1:387
2 District Grand Lodge of the Punjab Lahore :May, lSSS
3 Grand Lodge of Iowa, Masonic Library Cedar Rapids OctobcT, 1~88
4 Grand National Lodge of Germany, Dro. C. Schulze, Berlin JIJay, ISS/
Librarian
5 Supreme Council, Ancient and Accepted Scotch London J\Iny, I SSS
Rite, England
6 Supreme Council Ancient and Accepted Scotch Brussels JIJay, 1887
Rite, Belgium
7 Order of tbe Secret :Jionitor in England London June, 1888

LODGES AND CHAPTERS.

8 No. 98 St. Martin's Lodge Burslem, Staffortlshirc :Jhy, lSSS
9 236 York Lodge York October, 1 S~S
10 253 Tyriau Lodge Derby January, l~t'~
11 257 Phcenix Lodge Portsmouth March, 1888
12 278 Lodge of Friendship Gibraltar October, li'lS8
13 309 Lodge of Harmony Faroham, llampshirc l\Iarch, 18S8
14 331 Phcenix Lodge of llonour & Prudence Truro, Cornwall Xo>emb<'r, lSSi
15 342 Royal Sussex Lodge Lantlport, Hampshire November, 188~
16 3i4 St. Paul's Lodge l\Iontreal, Canad<1 June, ISSS
17 432 Abbey Lodge Nuneaton, Warwickshire l\Iarch, I SSS
"
 8
Joined
18 No. 450 Cornnbian Lodge, " Coombe" Library Rayle, Cornwall November, 1887
19 525 Lodge Zetland Hong kong OCtober, 1888
20 " 5!5 Gee long Lodge of Unity and Prudence Geelong, Victoria May, 1888
21 622 St. Cuthberga Lodge Wimborne, Dorsetshire January, 1888
22 637 Portland Lodge Stoke·upon-Trent October, 1888
23 " 698 Ryde Lodge Ryde, Isle of Wight JanuH.ry, '1888
24 711 Goodwill Lodge Port Elizabeth, Sth Africa June, 188#
25 126 Staffordshire Knot Lodge S~afford March, 1888 ,
26 769 Maryborough Masonic Lodge Maryborough, Victoria October, 1888
27 804 Carnan·on Lodge Havant, Hampshire No'""ember, 1887
28 844 Lodge of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand May, 1888
29 897 Lodge of Loyalty St. Helen's, Lancashire November, 1888
30 ll02 !llirfield Lodge Mirfield, Yorkshire June, 1888
3\ 1165 Lodge Perseverance October, I888
32
:l3
.
" 1331
1367
Aldershot Camp Lodge
Berrminster ~Ianor Lodge
Hongkong
Aldershot
Beaminster, Dorsetspire
May, 1888
March. 1888
34 " 1402 Jordan Lodge Torquay, Devonshire January, 1888
3.) " 14-±S Light in the Himalayas Lodge Murree, Punjab October, 18R8
36 " I45.J, Plantagrrnet Lodgs Albany, Western Australia October, 1888
37 " UG2 Wharncliffe Lodge Peniston<', Yorkshire March, 1888
38 ., 1513 Friendly Lodge Barnsley, Yorkshire January, 1888,
39 I5n Wellington Lodge Wellington, New Zealand November, I887
40 " I529 Duke of Cornwall Lodge St. Columb, Cornwall March, 1888
41 " 1611 Eboracum Lodge Library York :llay, 1887
42 " 1778 Sohthern Cross Lodge Harrismith, Orange Free State.
43 "
., 179.i Combermere Lodge January, 1888
Albur.v, New South Wales
44
4C>
..
1831
., ISS!
Duke of Connaught Lodge
Chine Lodge
Landport, Hampshire October, 1888
Shanklin, Isle of'Wight :March, 1888
46 ,, 18% Audley Lodge Newport, Shropshire January, 1888
47 Hl27 Lo,]ge \'ictorv Nelson, New Zealand
48
49
.
" 1990
l\191
Hampshire L~dge of Emulation
Ag-ricola Lodge
Portsmouth Janun,ry, 1888
November, 1887
York
50 " ~Oti9 Prudence Lodge Leeds November, 1887
51 " ~074 St. Clair Lodge Landport, Hampshire.
!l:! " ::us York Lodg-e of Instruction York, \V estern Australia June. 18SS
:i3 " 2l."i3 November, 1887
!)4 "., 2t/7 Lodge of Hope
'\orth Suburban Ledge of Instruction
Gosport, Hampshire
Carlton. Victoria .
.j5 ,, 2:?08 Horsa Lodge Bournemouth, Hampshire Jan nary, 1888
56 , 2:!1!) ::\Iamlalay Lodge Mandalay, Burma June. 1888
51 '\cw Zealand Pacific Instruction Lodge ·wellington, New Zealand :May. 1R88
5~ Ark Loclg<', '\o. X. (l.C.) Belfast October, 1888
59 Lodge de Goede Hoop (D.C.) Cape Town September, 1887
GO \Yilliam de Irwin R.X. Chapter No. 28 \Veston-super-:llare October. 1888

OTHER ASSOCIATIONS.
61 Masonic Hall Librar> Leicester Xoven1ber, 1887
6:! '\ e"· Zealand )Ja>ouic Journal Dunedin, New Zealand ::lla>. 1888
63 London Library St. Jamei' Sq., Loudon :\lay. 1888

BROTHERS.
64 Aburrow, Charles. Kimberley, South Africa. 157!, 1832, P.::IL, 7574, 753 (S.C.), P.Z. October, 1888.
u.) Aburrow, Edward. Kimberley, South Africa. 1417.
66 Allen, George. Castlecary House, Bedford HilL Road, Balham, London, S. W. 1!4, 720, P.::II.; 786,· 742,
P.Z. September, 1887.
61 Armitage, Echmrd. 9, St. Andrew's Sh·eet, Cambridge. 859, 107-t, I (S.C.), P.M., 859, P.Z.,
P.Pr.G.lV., Cumberland and Westmo1·eland, P.Pr.G.S.B., Cambtidge October, 1888
68 Arnold, James. Q•<a>·>·y Honse, Underclijfe, Bradford. 103i, P.:M. October, 1888.
69 Arnold, ~cwton D. Proridenee, Rhode Island, U.S.A. I, Grand Master of Grand Lodge of
Rhode Island. May, 1887.
70 Arthur, William :illonarch Burnside. liongkong. 525, P.l\I., 525, P.Z., P. Dis. G.R., P. Dis. G.O., Dis.
G.S.lV., South China and Hong Kong. October, 1888.
71 Atherton, Jeremiah Leech. 21, Fairfield Road, Bmdford. 439, P.M., 439, P.Z., P.Pr.G.D.C., West
Yorks. Local Secretary for Province of West Yorks. November, 1887.
Atkins, Henry John. The Firs Glen, Bournemouth. 1764, P.M., P.Pr.G.W., Northamptonshiro and
Huntingdonshire. March, 1887.
73 Austen, Arthur Eh·ey. Cradock, Cape Colcrny. 1469, P.1L, P.Dis.G. W., Eastern Division of South
Africa. May, 1887.
 9

74 Baker, Georg(' Ech'l"ard. 21, E.tdumion Terrace, Finsbury Par!:, Y., London. 192. January, 1888.
75 Balme, John William. Westcroft House, Halifax, Yorks. Gl, P.:\1., 67, P.Z. March, 1888.
76 Barber, Joseph Wright. 1~, Pa1·h Lane, Bmdfdrd, Yorks. HilS, P.ll!., 600, P.Z. October, 1888.
77 Barker, John. Denby Leigh, Uirfieln, Yv1·ks. 1102, P.M., 258, P.Z., P.P1·.G.Sup.W., P.Pr.G.D.C.
(R.A.), West YoTks. lllay, 1888.
78 Barnes, Charles Barritt. 27, Cleme11ls La11e, LJmbaJ"d Sf<reet, E. C., Londo·n. Hl, P.:IL JunE', 1888.
79 Baskett, Samuel Russell. El"ershot, Dorchester. 13G7, P.:\f., P.P,·.G.R., D11'setshire. March, 1887.
80 Batchelor, .Tames Cunningham. P.O.B. 872, New Orlean.<, U.S.A. P.M .. Grand Secretay of Grand
Lodge and Grand Chapter of Louisiana. ~cptcmber, 1887.
81 Bateman, Arthur Henry. The Woodland.', Belvedere, Kent. 1973. P.M. March, 1887.
82 Bates, Stockton. 1900, Tioga Street, Tioga, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 158, P.l\I., 783, P.II.P., Mem. of
Com. on By·Laws, G.L. nf l'ennsylcania. )larch, 1888.
83 Battye, George. Yew Cross Street, Jfanchesle•· RoaU:, Bradford, Yorks. 17G (S.C.) October, 1888.
84 Bazenjee, J\Ierwanjee Pestonjee. Ho11g K•mg . . 102G, 7347.
85 Bazenjee, Pestonjee. Hong Hong. 522, 1189, P.:II., 723 (S.C.), 582, P.Z. D.is. G. Treus., Ho1117
Kong and Sonth China.
86 Beaumont, Charles G., l\I.D. Shirley, Southampton. 2G, 1112, P.M. 1\larch, 1888.
87 Beck, Rudolf Carl. Wettiner Stmsse, 14·, Dresrlen. Lodge Zum Goldenen Apfel, Dresden. :\larch,
1887.
88 Begemann, Dr. Seorg Emil Wilhelm. Roslock, 3fecklemburg. Yereinte-Loge, Rosto2k, P.M.,
Provincial Grand Master of Mecklemburg. February, 1887.
89 Bellew, William Septimus. Captain Cape Police. Blink-klip, Hay, South Africa. 83, 1417. June,
11;88.
90 Belton, Charles. 33, Norfolk Stteet, lV.C., London. 1, P.l\I., Pr.G. TV., Surrey. l"ice Pres. Board of
General Purpo.<es, England. :March, 1888.
91 Binckes, Frederick. Freemasons' Hall, Great Queen Street, TV.C., London. Sec. R.M.I.B. Past
Grand Sword Bearer, England. li'ovember, 1888.
92 Black, William. Fulkirk, Y.B. 16, P.:\1., 270, P.Z., Sub. Pr. G.JI., Stirlingshire, Grand Steward,
Scotland. October, 1888.
93 Blackmore, George J. Railtcay Department, Dunedin, New Zealand. 844, P.M. llfa.y, 1888.
94 Blake, Captain G. Barrack Master, Rawul Pindee, Punjab. P. Dep. Dis. G.lri., Punjab. October, 1888.
95 Bland, William Charles, M.B. Boro' Lunatic Asylum, Portsmouth. 25i.
96 Boden ham, John. Edgmond, Neuport, Salop. 726, i51, 157:>, 1896, P.M., 807, 726, P.Z., P.Pr.G.R.
Hereford; P.Pr.G.Treas., Staffordshi,·e; P.Pr.G.lV., North Wales and Shropshire; P.Pr.G.J.,
Staffordshire; Past Grand Assistant Director of Ceremonies (Craft) and Past
Grand Sword Bearer (R.A.), England. Local Secretary for Provinces of Shropshire and
Staffordshire. November, 1887.
97 Bodman, Alfred James. Harrogate, Yorks. 1001, P.N., 289, /001, J. :'>larch, 1888.
98 Boor, Leonard George. Selson, Kew Zealand. 1927. P.Dis.G.TV., Wellington, N.Z.
99 Bowley, Edward A. Kimberley, South Africa. 591 (S.C.) May, 1888.
iOO Bradford, William Keysall. Kimberley, South Africa. 1574.
101 Bramble, Colonel James Roger, F.S.A., Local llfE'm. Council B.A.A., V.P. Clifton Antiquarian Club,
etc., Cleeve House, Yatton, Somerset. 103, 11!)(), 1404, P.l\1., 703, P.Z., P.P1·.G.lV., Pr.G.R.,
P.Pr.H., Rristol, Past Grand Assistant Director of Ceremonies (Craft) and Past
Grand Sword Bearer (R.A.), England. February, 1887.
102 Brayshaw, John Lund. Settle, Yorkshire, 2091, 265.
103 Bremner, Bruce George Laing. Colombo, Ceylon. 2170 (E.C.), 115 (I.C.), P.M., 107 (I.C.), Pr.G.D.
(I.C.), Ceylon. May, 1887.
104 Brice, Singleton Mercer. Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 51. May, 1887.
105 Briggs, William Aiton. Kimberley, South Africa. 1409. May, 1888.
106 Brooks,. William Edwin. Barkly West, South Africa. October, 1888.
107 Brown, J. Gam Gully, Punjab. 1960. June, 1888.
108 Browne, James Pelham. Springfield Place, Jianningham Lane, Bradford. 1€48, 600. November, 1888.
109 Budden, Frederick. 5, Adelaide Buildings, Bourncmouth. 195, 622, 2208, 'P.M., P.Pr.G.D.C., Dorset-
shire. January, 1888.
110 Bull, Edward. Kimberley, South .Africa. 1574.
Ill Bunting, William F. St. John, New Brnnswick, Canada. Past Grand Master, Grand Lodge of
New Brunswick. January, 1888.

112 Calhoun, Rev. S. F. Orwell, Vermont, U.S.A.. 10, Grand Chaplain of Grand Royal Arch
Chapter, Vermont. September, 1887.
113 Cama, Dorabjee Pestonjee. 3, Gre'lt Winchester St., E.C., London. Past Grand Treasurer,
Englal)d. September, 1887.
 10
Il4 Camadore, Dhanjibore F. Ratcul Pindee, Punjab. 1!48, P.M., 7448, P.Z. June, 1888.
115 Camp, Robert. Peabody, Marion Co., Kansa.,, U.S.A. 120, P.CIL 1\Iay, 1887.
116 Campbell, James A . .llferion, Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 528, W.}f. October, 1888.
117 Carbert, George. Wakefield, Ya>·ks. 495, 495. October, 1888.
118 Carter, Arthur Roger. Ashbridge, Hen·ey Road, Shuler's Hill, S.E., London. 1728, P.lf. June, 188S
119 Carter, C. A. Clarendon Crescent, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. 863, P.M. October, 1888.
120 Cass, Rev. Charles Frederick Guise. Wimborne, Dorset. 622. May, 1888.
121 Cass, John, J.P. Ashgi'Dl'e, Bradford. 103J, P.M., 302, P. Z. November, 1888.
122 Caswell, George. Children's Home, Dayton, Ohio, U.S.A. 13. September, 1887.
123 Cater, George Charles, Kimberley, So~tth Africa. 1574, W.M. October, 1888.
12± Chadwick, John. 2, Cooper Street, JJ[anchester. 44, Pr.G.Sec., East Lancashire. Past Grand
Sword Bearer, England. October, 1888.
125 Chapman, John. The Lawn, Torqv,ay, Deron. 180, 551, 1!02, P.M. P.Pr.G.D., Devonshire. May,
1887.
126 Cochran, William Allison. S. W. Corner 42nd Street and Wa~nut Street, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 368
P.M., 783. May, 1888.
127 Cockrem, Rev. Dr. Oliver C. London Orphzn Asylum, Watford, Herts. 1802, P.M. P.Pr.G.Ch.,
Nottinghamshire. March, 1888.
128 Contreras, Eduardo. Editor of "Espaiia Mas6nica." Relatores 13, JJfadrid. 20. May, 1887.
129 Cooper, Charles Bennett. Bedford Row House, Bedford Row, W.C., London. 449, W.M., 403. June,
1888.
130 Cooper, Charles Partington. Steam Packet Quay, Dundalk, Ireland. 47. Local Secretary for
Province of Armagh. November, 1887.
131 Cooper, George. Cedars, BrenfwJod, E.~.<e;n. J!l8, 214, P.M., 274, 1706. Past Grand Deacon and
Past Assistant Grand Sojourner, England. October, 1888.
132 Cousans, Henry Edward. The Greenstones, Lincoln. 297, P.M., 297, P.Z. P.Pr.G. W., P.Pr.G.SJ.,
Lincolnshi1·e. October, HiSS.
133 Cowper, William Henry. Ravenscroft, Grol'e Hill, Middlesbrough, Yorks. 602, P.M., 602, P.Z.,
P.Pr.G.R., P.Pr.G.So., North and East Yorks. March, 1888.
134 Cox, Benjamin. 1, Hope Yillas, Weston-wper·JJfare. 1222, P.M., 1222, P.Z., P.Pr.G.Pt., P.Pr.G.D.C.,
(R.A.), Somersetshire. Local Secretary for Province of Somersetshire. February, 1887.
135 Cox, John Samuel. Du11eclin, ·Caterham Yalley, S~trrey. 2095, P.M., 2095, P.Z., P.Dis.G.R., Hong
Kon7 and South China. February, 1887.
136 Crabtree, Charles. Hillside l'illas, Bradford. 600, P.M., 600, P.Z., P.Pr.G.D., P.Pr.G.So., West Yorks,
.March, 1888.
137 Craig, Robert. 4D, Sprin7field Place, Leeds. 304, P.M., P.Pr.G.D., West Yorks. October, 1888.
138 Cramer, B. Editor of "Latomia." N. W . .llfoabit, Bremer Strasse, 66, Berlin. Lodge zur Siegenden
Wahrheit. February, 1887.
139 Cranswick, William F. 76, Main Street, Kimberley, South Africa. 1409. March, 1888.
140 Craven, Rev. JamPs Brown. St. Olaf's Epis. Ch~trch, Kirkwall, Orkney. 382, 209. Pr.G.Ch., Caith-
ness, Orkney aml Zetland. February, 1887.
141 Crickmay, George Rackstrow. 17, Pa10liament Street, S. W., London. 170, P.M., P.Pr.G. W., Dorset-
shire. November, 1887.
142 Crocker, Edwin Alfred. Foochow, China. 1912, W.M., Dis. G. Sup. W., North China.
143 Croghan, Euward Henry, M.D. Beacomifield, South Africa. 1022, 1832, P.M.
144 Croghan, James Carlton Hill. Beaconsfield, South Africa. 1832.
145 Croghan, John George, M.D. Beaconsfield, South Africa. 1832.
146 Cross, Edward William. 1, Gran rille Crescent, Bou1·nemouth. 195, 195. March, 1887.
147 Crowe, Freuerick Joseph William, Lie. 1\Ius., F.S.S. Park Yiew, Ashburton, South Deron. 2189, 770•.
Kovember, 1888.
148 Cumberland, J. S. Alfred Houu, Rosendale Road, W. Du,lwich, S.E., London. P.Pr.G. W., North
and East Yorks. Kovemb<>r, 1887.

H9 Dally, Dr. Frederick. 51, Waterloo Road South, Wolverhampton. 526, P.M. March, 1888.
150 Daniels, L. E. J.[azon, Grnndy Co., Illinois, U.S.A. 124, 37. May, 1887.
151 DaSilva, Joseph. 46, Alkham Road, Stoke Newington, N., London. 205, P.M. May, 1887.
152 Des Geneys, the Count. Andrey Ho~tse, Gosport. 1705, 1990, P.M. September, 1887.
153 Dewell, James D. New Haven, Connecticutt, U.S.A. 1. January, 1888.
154 Dewhurst, J. If. JJfain Street, Kimberley, S.•uth Africa. 1409, W.M. October, 1888.
l55 Dickey, Samuel J. 54, Earth 13th Street, Philadelphia. U.S.A. 436, P.M., 783, P.H.P. May, 1887.
156 Dickson, J. Wheatsheaf, L'pper Tooting, S. W., London. 720. November, 1887.
 11

157 Dickson, Robert. Gtefthu>·egatan Gi, Stockholm. Grand Secretary, Grand Lodge of Sweden.
September, 1887.
158 Dieperink, Hendrik Will em. l\I.D. Somerset West, Cape of Good Hope. Lodge de Goede Tr<>uw (D.C.),
P.M., 334 (E.C.,) 86 (S.C.,) Pr.G. W. ]';ethetlaud<, South Aftica. Local Secretary for West
Division, South Africa. May, 1887.
159 Douallier, Oscar Charles Dalton. 17, Rou·land St>·eet, Cape Ton·n. Lodge de Goede Hoop (D.C.),
P.M. Pr. G. Oratot, Nether!and,,, South Africa. October, 1888.
160 Downes, Rev. John Farrington, l\LA. 5, Trafalgat S21vtre, Chelsea, S. TV., London. 2035, 2054,
Pr. G. Ch., Hertford3hire. ll!ay, 1888.
161 Driver, Professor Frederick William, ~LA. 62, Lancaster Road, Nolting Hill, TL, London. 45, P.M.
472, P.Z. October, 1888.
162 Dumolo, William. 20, Bridge Street, Abudeen, S.B. 3 (I.C.) P.M., 3, (!.C.) P.K. P.Pr.G.I.G.
Munster. October, 11388.
163 Duncan, James Dalr;vmple. 211, Hope Street, Gla.-·gow. Dep. Pr.G.JI., Dumbarfonshi>·e; Pr.G.H.
Lower Ward of Lanarhhire, Senior Grand Deacon (Craft) and Grand Chancellor
(R.A.,) Scotland. June, 1888.
16! Dunkley, George Joseph. Hazeldean, Comfoni GroL"e, Balham, S. W., London. 1831, P.~L, 65, 7503.
7777. P.Pr.G.O. Jiiddlese.v and Surrey. Sept. 188i.
165 Dunn, Charles Henry. Prince.;s Caje, Field Street, Du>·bau, Natal. l!J3i. November, 1888 ..
166 Dutt, Prosonno Coomar. 14, Seetaram Ghose's Street, Calctdta. 234, P.M. 234, P.Z. P.Dis.G.D.C.
Bengal. March, 1887.
167 Dutton, John Rowe. 6, Stanley Place, Chester. 42.5. September, 1887.

168 Earnshaw, Edmund. Godu·in Sf teet, Bradfo>·d. 600. May, 1888.

169 Edwards, Charles Lund Fry. The Grot'e, Wrington, Somersetshi,·e. 291, 3iii, 1199, 1i50, 357, 446.
P.Pr.G.Sup. W., O.vford.ohire, Pr. G. Treas., and P.Pr.G.J., Somet.>et.,hire. October, 18S8.
170 Ellis, Frank Tate. Head Jiastel', Bi.ohop Gobat School, Jerusalem. 1545. October, 1888.
171 Eve, Richard. Aldershot, Ha>d.,, Past Grand Treasurer, England, March, 1888.

172 Fendelow, Charles. Neu·bridge, Wolrerhampton. 1 (S.C.,) 419, 4GB, i'>26, 1838, P.:\f., 479, P.Z.
P.Pr.G.TY.,P.Pr.G.J., Sta_(fo>·d.<hire, Past Grand Standard Bearer and Past Grand
Deputy Director of Ceremonies, (R.A.,) England. November, 188i.
173 Ferry, C. E. 55, Tregtuder Road, South Kensington, London, S.TV., 65, P.~., 65, P.Z. February, 1887,
174 Finnemore, l\Ir. Jnstico Robert Isaac, F.R.H.S., F.S.Sc., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., F.S.S., F.R.C.I., &c., &c.
Durban, Natal. District Grand Master, Natal. Local Secretary for Natal.
175 Firth, Arthur James. Gl'ay.<b>·ouk Ho~t-'e, Sandou·n, T'le of Wight. 18u9, P.~L, 775, P.Pr.G.O.Hants
and Isle of Wight. October, I 888.
li6 Firth, Harrie. Baildon, Shipley, T"u1·ks. 1:';45, 600.
177 Fitz-Patric, Alexander Findley. 8, Northgate, Wakefield, Yo,·kshire, 495, 495. March, 1888.
178 Fletcher, Archibald Henry John, M.A. Kilsby Imperial Chambers, Huddersfield. 275, 2227, 275
November, 1888.
179 Fletcher, James. Point Du1·ban, Natal. 1937, W.~f. October, 1888.
180 Flockton, William. Oulton, near Leeds, Yorks. 1042, P.M., 304, J. November, 1888.
181 Flohr, Professor August. Berlin, N.lV.,.Jiittel.<trasse, 49, III. Lod"'e Friedrich Wilhelm Z."'. G., Berlin.
President of the Innermost Orient of the Grand Lodge "Royal York lc at Berlin.
November, 18!:!7.
182 Forbes, Samuel Russell. !13, Via Babnino, Rome. Lodge Universo. November 1887.
133 Forshaw, James Hampton. Impel"ial Hotel, Aberdeen, N.B. 9:-l, W.M., 155. Octob<;r, 1888.
l!lol Foster, Samuel George. Kimberley, Sotdh Africa. 591 (S.C.), W.M. June, 1888.
185 Francis, Charle8 King. 401, lValn11t Street, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 265, P.M. February, 1887.
186 Francis, Thomas. IIawnt, Hant.<. 804, P.::U., P.Pr.G.D., Susse.~. l\Iay, I 887.

187 Gankroger, William. Fernside, Halifa.r, :larks. 61, P.~I., 67, P.Z., P.Pr.G.D., P.Pr.G.H., Trest I"orb.
March, 1888.
188 Gardiner, Thomas Asko. Langland.<, T"aal RiL"er, South Africa. loll7.
189 Geddes, Charles William Barraclough. Kimberley, South Africa. 1409. June, 1888.
190 Geesteranus, Anne :\larie :\fans, LL.D. Eykenduynen Cottage, Loosduinen, Hollnnd. W.;IL Lodge
L'Union Royale. Deputy Grand Master, Grand Orient of the Netherlands, June,
1888.
191 Giles, Henry Richard. Pernside, Ellesmere, Shropshire. 2131. October, 1888.
1!l2 Gill, AlL·erl. Batley, nc01r Leeds. 264, P.M., 264, J. November, 1888,
193 Gillman, William. Wytham Lodge, Lennox Road, Southsea. 257.
 12
194 Gillies, David. Hong Kong. Dis.G.D., Hong Kong and South China. October, 1888.
195 Girling, Thomas H. Hong Kong. 796, 1160, 1484, 2167, P.M., P.Pr.G.Sec., Bengal. Local Secretary
for Hong Kong and South China. September, 1887.
195 Glenn, Joseph Barber. 67, Packhurst Road, Holloway, N. London. 3. March, 1888.
197 Glynes, Webster. 29, Mark Lane, E C., London. 29, P.M., 29, P.Z. Past Grand Steward,
England. March, 1888.
198 Goddard, John Hawksley. 136, Leinster Road, Rathmines, Co. Dublin; 728, P.M. Representative
from Grand United Orient of Portugal at Grand Lod&e of Ireland. February, 188i..
199 Goddard, John Williams. 136, Leinste1· Road, Rathmines, Co. Dublin. 728, P.M., 728, P.Z; May,
1888.
··200 Gordon, George. Union Bank of Australia, Adelaide, South Australia. 844, P.M. May, 1888.
201 Gottlieb, Felix Henry, J.P., F.R.G.S., F.S.S. Penang, Straits Settlements. 508, 1152, 1555, 1910,
2108, 2127, 2191, P.M., 508, P.Z. P.Dep.Dis.G.M., Eastem A1·chipelago. Past Grand Sword
Bearer (Craft) and Past Grand Standard Bearer (R.A.) England. March, 1888.
202 Gough, Colonel Foster, LL.D. Wolt•erhampton, Staffordshire. 526, P.1.I., 479, P.Z. Acting
Provincial Grand Master, Staffordshire. Past Grand Standard Bearer, England,
October, 1888.
203 Gowan, Robert A. Clydesdale, East Finchley, N., London. 2029. May, 1888.
204 Granger, Richard Keat. Barkly West, Sozdh Africa. 1417, P.M., 1417, P.Dis.G.D., Griqualand.
October, 1888.
205 Granja, Dr. Edward de la. 265, Shawm1d Avenue, Boston, U.S.A. Gate of the Temple Lodge.
October, 1888.
206 Green, J. E. Cradock, Cape Colnny. 1469, P.M., Dis. G.W., South Africa, Eastern Division. Local
Secretary for Eastern Division of South Africa.
207 Greenhough, Tom Earp. Hawk Hill House, Guiseley, Yorks. 1545. October, 1888.
208 Greenwood, Charles. 26, Akeds Road, Halifax, Yorks. 448. November, 1888.
209 Greenwood, Thomas. Harnham Cliff, Salisbury. 257, Pr.G.St. Oxfo•·dshi,·e. March, 1888.
210 Greiner, G. 10, Milton Street, Cripplegate, E.C., London. 92. January, 1888.
211 Groothoff, Herrmann. Bredgade, 25, Copenhagen. Grand Steward of Grand Lodge of
Denmark. May, 1887.
212 Gumbs, J. A. 28, St. Vincent 5t1·eet, Port of Spain, Trinidad. June, 1888.
213 Gunn, Rev. George. The lrianse, Stichill, Kelso, N.B. 58, W.M. March, 1888.
214 Guthrie, Adam White. Port Elizabeth, South Africa. 711, P.M., Dis.G.Sup.W., Eastern Division,
South Africa. June, 1887.

215 Haarhoff, Daniel Johannes. Kimberley, South Africa. 1409, P.M.

216 Haasforther, Georg Carl Albert. Vryburg, Brit. Bechuanaland, South Africa. 2232, W.M.
217 Haigh, John. Somerville, lriassachusetts, U.S.A. P.M., P.H.P., Past Deputy Grand High Priest
of the Grand Chapter, Massachusetts. November, 1887.
218 Halliwell, Frederick William. De Grey Rooms, York. 1611. January, 1888.
219 Hampton, John. Town Office, KimbeTley, South Africa. 591 (S.C.), May, 1888.
220 Harbord, Richard. Kimberley, South Africa. 1832, P.M., 7574. October, 1888.
221 Harper, James E. 735, Broad Sf1·eet, Augusta, Richmond Co., Georgia. 1, P.M. March, 1888.
222 Harrhy, William Rosser, :M.R.C.S. Barkly West, 801dh Africa. 1417. January, 1888.
223 Harrison, Frank Drake. 40, A1·nold Street, Whetley Hill, Bradford. 600. October, 1888.
224 Hartley, W. Darley, Editor "South African Freemason," Cathcart, Cape Colony. 1824, 2092, P.M.,
P.Dis.G.D., Western Division, South Africa. October, 1888.
225 Halherly, William Firmer. Hong Kong. 1341. October, 1898.
226 Hay, Thomas A. H., M.A. Hay's Court, Easton, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 152, W.M., 178. January, 1888.
227 Hayes, Michael. 38, Horton Lane, Bradford. 600. October, 1888.
228 Headley, Rev. Alexander Arthur. PO?·tchesleT, Fareham, Hants. 309, P.M., 309, P.Z., P.Pr.G.Ch.,
Pr.G.A.Sec., Pr.G.Sc.E., Hants and Isle of Wight. January, 1888.
229 Heath, Rev. William Mortimer. Lytchett J.fafravers, Poole, Dorset. 622,.P.M., 622, 586, /087, 7746,
l'.Z., Pr.G.Ch., Do1·set. November, 1887.
230 Hehner, Otto. 11, Billiter Square, E.C., London. 238. February, 1887.
231 Henderson, Matthias H. Sharon, Mercer Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 433, P.M., Grand High Priest
of the Grand Chapter of Pennsylvania. January, 1888.
232 Henderson, William. Hebron, Griqualand West, South Africa. 1417, P.M., Local Secretary for
Griqualand. November, 1887.
233 Higman, John Wheeler. St. Austell, Cornwall. 496, P.M. May, 1888.
234 Hill, John. Ennis, I.-eland. 60, 60, Pr.Dep:G.M., North Munster. October, 1888.
235 Hillis, John. 28, School Street, Boston, U.S.A. Charles A. Welch Lodge, P.M.
 13
236 Hodgson, Richard. Clifton House, Halifax, Yorks. 448. March, 1888.
237 Hogard, Charles Frederick. 89, Balfour Road, Highbury Ne-w Park, N., London. 205, P.M.,
P.Pr.Sup. W., Essex. Pas1. G"and Standard Bearer, England. May, 1887.
238 Holbrook, A. R. Holmwood, Victoria Road South, Southsea. 309. March, 1888.
239 Holdsworth, Hugh Sugden. West Hill, Gibbet Street, Halifax. 408, 448, P.M., 448, P.Z., P.Pr.G.D.C.,
West Yorks. March, 1888.
240 Holland, J. L. The Brewery, Rawul Pindee, E.I. 1960. June, 1888.
241 Holmes, Alfred W. S. HonJ KonJ. 1341.
242 Holmes, John Richard. Gold Coast, Africa. June, 1886.
243 Hooper-Rastrick, Robert J. Chesterfield, Elm's Grore, Southsea. 1069, 1990, P.M. Pr.G.TreM.,
Hants and Isle of Wight. January, 1888.
244 Hopekirk, Walter. Crystal Palace, Sydenham, S.E., London. 179, 1858, 1986, P.M., P.Z., Past
Grand Pursuivant, England. March, 1888.
245 Horton, William. Summerlands, Yeot•il. 130, P.~I., P.Pr.G.Pt., Hants and Isle of Wight. Nov., 1887,
246 Howard, J. W. Newm·a Eliya, Ceylon. 1960. June, 1888.
247 Howell, Alexander Nathaniel Yateman. Talfourd Honse, Elm Grore, Southsea. 257. March, 1888.
Local Secretary for Hampshire and the Isle of Wight.
248 Hughes, Robert. St. OswrLld's, Alexawlra Park, II.LslinJs. 1l8!. February, 1887.
249 Hunt, George. Chatham Building.~, Hope Stre3t, Manchester. March, 1888.

250 lnall, E. P. Murree, Punjab, E.I. H98. October, 188g.

251 Innes, David Charles. Wellington, New Zealand. October, 1888.
252 Irving, E. W. 6, Wellington Terrace, Old T>·afford, J[anchestet. lliO, P.M., P.Pr.G.St., East Lancashire.
September, 1887.
253 lves, Frederick. Saltaire Road, Shipley, 1orh. 387, P.~l. January, 1888.

254 Jacob, William Henry. Magdala Villas, Winchester. 76, 1883, P.~I., 52, P.Z., Pr.G.Sup. W., and
P.Pr. 2nd A. So., Hants and Isle of ll"ight. Jllarch, 1888.
255 Jaffrey, William. 27, Booth Street, Manchester. 152, P.~I., P.Pr.G.D., East Lancashire.Sept., 1887.
256 Jefferis, Arthur Henry. 24, Mo.<ley Street, Manchester. 645, 1161, P.M., P.Pr.G.A.D.C., East
Lancashire. September, 1887.
257 Jerrard, AUred Wilker. Victoria House, Gladstone Buildings, Southsea. 257. October, 1888.
258 Jordan, Abraham. 238, Catherine Street, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 51. September, 1887.

259 Kauffman, Andrew John. Columbia, Pennsylvania, CS.A. 286, P.M., 224, P.H.P., Di.'. Dep. G.JI.,
No. I Pennsylmnia. June, 11;88.
260 Kempster, William Henry, M.D. Oak H •use, Battersea, S.lV., London. 60, 890, 1420, 1853, P.M.,
766, 890, P.Z. :M;rch, 1888.
261 Kenning, George. Proprietor of "Freemason." Upper Sydenham, S.E., London. 192, 249, 1657,
2191, P . .\I., 792, 7657, P.Z., P.Pr.G.D., and P.Pr.G.D.C. (R.A.), Middle.,ex. November, 181!7.
262 Kenning, George Henry. Upper Sydenham, London, S.E. 60. January, 1888.
263 King, R. G. Brisbane House, Brockhurst, Gosport. 2153. January, 1888.
264 Kingsbury, R. A. 276, Kennington Park Road, London, S.E. 1668, 2205, P.M., 7540. January, 1888
265 Kirchhoffer, S. G. M.A., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Yateley Gr!llnge, Farnboro' Station, Hants. 1492, l7H,
1899, P.M., 948, 7395, P.Z., P.Pr.G. W., Surrey. November, 1887.
266 Knight, James Blackburn. 4, St. Paul's Road, Bradford. 302, P.M., 302, P.Z. November, 1888.
267 Knight, Josiah Franklin. 200, Walnut Place, near 4th Street, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 271, P.M., 52,
P.H.P. Member of Library Committee, Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. May, 1887.
268 Krumbhaar, William Turnbull. 117, South 21st Street, Philadelphia. 51, P.M., 257. May, 1888.

269 Lake, William. 11, St. Julian's Farm Road, West Korwood, S.E., London. 131, P.M. P.Pr.G.R.,
Cormcall. May, 1887.
270 Lambert, Richard. P.O.B., 872, New o,·leans, U.S.A. 59, P.M. Assistant Grand Secretary of
Grand Lodge, and Grand High Priest of Grand Chapter of Louisiana, Local Secre-
tary for Louisiana. June, 1887.
271 Lane, Charles Sheriff. Newstead House, West Hartlepool, Durham. 764, 1862, P.M., 764, P.Z.
P.Pr.G.D. and P.Pr.G.Sw.B. (R.A.), Durham. March, 1888.
272 Lancaster, George Felton. Admiralty Cottage, Forton, Gosport. 903, 1990, 2153. P.M. 342, 903,
1428, P.Z., P.Pr.G.R., P.Pr.G.J., Hants and Isle of Wight. May, 1887.
273 Last, John Thomas. 9, Belle Vue, Bradford. 378. March, 1887.
274 Lawrence, General Samuel Crocker. ]J[asonic Temple, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Past Grand
Master of Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. March, 1888.
 14
275 Lawson, Thomas Mann. Hill Top, .th-mley, Leeds. 600, 600.
276 Laxton, Frederick. Nenlands, Brighouse, YOt"kshire. 1301, P.M, 275, P.Z., P.Pr.J. March, 1888.
277 Lazarus, Abraham. 45, Gore Road, South Hackney, E., London. 1278, P.M. May, 1888.
278 Le Feuvre, John Emilius. J.P. I, Waterloo Place, Southampton. 130, P.M. Dep.P.R.G.M.
Pr.G.H. Hant., and Isle of Wight. Past Grand Deacon and Past Grand Sword
Bearer, (R.A.), England. September, 18~7.
279 Lemon, Rev. Thomas William, liLA., S.C.L. M"tley, Plymouth. 70, 189, 223, 1071, 120.5, 202G, P.M.
70, 789,223,494,2025, P.Z. P.Pr.G.Ch.,P.Pr.G.IV., P.PrG.Prin.~oJ., Pr.G.H., Devonohire.
280 Lewis, Harold. Mercury Office, Bristol. 686. February, 1887.
281 Locking, George Henry. Pontefract, Yo;·kshi>·e. 910, P.~I., 495, P.Z. March, 1888,
282 Lockwood, Thomas W. F.R.I.B.A. 80, ForCJate Street, Chester. 425, P.M., P.Pr.G. Sup. W. Cheshire,
March, 1888.
283 Logan, William. Lan:~ley Park, Durham. 12±, 2t:l3, P.l\I. P.Pr.G.R. DUi·ham. February, 1887.
284 Lovegrove, Henry. F.S.I., A.R.I.B.A., 26, B11dge Row, Cannon Street, E.G., London. 1507, 1777,
1949, 2048, P.M., 72, 754.9, P.Z., P.Pr.G.S.W. and Pr.G.Treas. (R.A.), Middlesex. Nov., 18!l7.
28;) Lupton, William Charles. Chcapside, Bradford. 974, P ..\L, 302, P.Z., P.P1·.D.G., West Yorks.
March, 1888.
286 Lyte, JoshuaL. Lancaster, Pennsyll'ania. U.S.A. 43, P.M. September. 1888.

28i MacCalla, Clifford Paul. Editor of " Keystone." 237, Dock Street, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 67, P.M.
Deputy Grand Master, Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, February, 1887.
288 MacClenachan, C. T. 31, Clwmbe;·s Street, New Yorh·, U.S.A. 271, P.M., Representative of G.L.
of Pennsylvania at G.L. of New York. May, 1887.
2~9 MacConnachy, John. Hong Kong. 80, 190 (S.C.), 80, 363 (I.C.)
290 Macdougall, Hamilton C. 2±, Su111mer., Street, Proridence, R.I., U.S.A. 21. March, 1888.
291 Mackay, Edward. 32, Forster Square, Bradford, Yorks. 600. May, 1888.
292 Mackenzie, Allan. II, St. Andre,.'s Square, Edinburgh. 2, P.)L, 56, P.Z., Grand Steward,
Scotland. ::\oYember, 1888.
293 Mackey, John Brunt. 2, Boll!'C>"ie Street, Fleet Street, E.C., London. 257, 379. October, 1888.
294 MacNair, Thomas S. Ha:leto11, Penr>.,ylrania, r:.S.A. 242, P.::\<L, 781, P.H.P., Past Deputy Grand
Master, Pennsylvania. May, 1887.
293 MacNaught, Thomas. Kimberley, South Afrim. 1409.
~95 Maitland, William. Colombo, Ceylon. 45-t, 2170, 115, (I.C.), P.M. March, 1888.
237 Markham, Commodre Albert Hasting, C. B., &c. II.Jf.S. A.ctire, Training Squadron, Po1·tsmauth. 257.
2J8 Martin, Sidney. Darha>n Lodge, lVat[onl, Herlfordshire. 40-!, P.M., Pr.G.D., Hertfordshire.
May, 1888.
299 Mason, Charles Lctch. I, Jioorland Tarace, Leed.'. 304, 206G, P.lL, P.Pr.G.Treas., P.Pr.G.H., West
York.,. June, 1387.
300 Mason, J. J. (ira. d Lodge of C.1nada, GrantZ Sec.'s Office, Hamilton, Ontario. Grand Secretary of
the Grand Lodge of Canada. March, 1S88.
301 Mason, John William. Church Street, Pietermaritzburg, Natal. 936. Xovembcr, 1888.
302 Massie, E. J. Church Street, Barn.,lcy, Yorkshire. 1513, P.M. January, 1888.
303 Masson, David Parkes. JI·urree, Punjab, E.I. 1960. P.Dis.G.Treas., Punjab. June, 1888.
304 Mather, Da.-id. Kimberle~1. South .4frica. 521, P.M. June, 1888.
30,) Matier, CharlPs Fitzgerald. Sn, Red Lic•n, S'JI!ate, W.C., London. Past Grand Sword Bearer,
England. .I une, 1888,
306 Maughan, Veargitt W. 13, Goulton Road, Claplon, E., London. 337. ~Iarch, 1887.
307 Mayner y Ros, Jose. SG, Ead StNef, Kin:~.oton, Jamaica. P.::IL, P.Dio.G.Sec., P.Dis.G. W., P.Di.,.G.Z.,
P.Dis.G.Sc.E., Jamaica. September, ISS/.
308 Mead, Colonel J. Red Hill, S11n·ey. 1~/l. SPptember, ISS/.
309 Mears, Arthur. Herbertr.n, .YotlhcTn Queen.oland, A.nstralia. 1GIS, P.M .. P.Dis.G.St., P.Di.o.G.S.B.,
Quecn ....:land. ~farch, 1883.
:no Mendelssohn, Sidney. Kimberley, So11th AJ.-ica. 1409.
311 Meyer, Charles E. 1717, Che.oln11f Street, Philadelphia, CS.A.. Chairman of Library Committee
of the Grand Lodge and Past Grand High Priest of the Grand Chapte1· of Penn-
sylvania. February, 1881.
312 Miles, Charles George. Port Elizaveth, Cape ofGootl Hope. 711. llfarch, 1888.
313 Monckman, Joseph WoollhearL 10, Charles Street, Bradford. 1018, P.M., 600, P.z., P.Pr.D.C.
(Cmft). P.Pr. Suj. (R.A.), ll'est l'orko. llfarch, 1888.
31l Morgan, \V. \Vray. Editor ond Proprietor of "Fre8masons' Chronicle." Beleiclere TVorks, Hennes Hill,
Pcntoneille, N., London. 211, P.~L ~ovembcr, 1887.
3l:J Morris. Richard, liLA, LL.D. Lotdship Lane, 11oodgrecn, N., London. Head :Master of the Royal
llfasonic Bcne.-o!ent Institution for Boys. ~ovcmbcr, 1887.
 15
316 Morrison, Robert. 96, Napiershall Street, Glasgou•, N.B. 413, Dep.M., 60, P.Z. October, 18R8.
317 Mortimer, G. F. W. Chirk Lodge, Ramsey, Hampsh-ire. 1112, P.M. P.Pr.G. W., Hampshire and Isle
of Wight. January, 1888.
318 Mouat, Charles. Port Elizabeth, South Africa. 711, P.M., P.Dis.G. W., Eastern DiP., South Africa.
May, 1887.
819 Mugglestone, John Thom:1s. Darley Street, Bradford. 600. May, 1888.
320 Myers, Reverend E. M. Petersbu,·g, Virginia, U.S.A. Petersburg Lodge and Chapter. P.Pr.G.Ch.,
(S.C.), Melbourne. March, 1888.
321 Mylchreest, Joseph. Peel, Isle of Man. Peace and Harmony Lodge (D.C.), Cape.

322 Newman, Henry Field. 16, High Street, Sh?-ewsbU?·y, Salop. 114. October,.1888.
323 Newton, James. 23, Silt·erwell Sh·eet, Bolton, Lancashire. 37, P.M., P.Pr.G.D., Pr.G.A.Sec., East
Lancashire. February, 1887.
324 Nippel, Professor Pierre. Neuchatel, Switzerland. Loge Bonne Harmonie. February, 1887.
325 Norfolk, Thomas. 68, Southfield Square, Bradford. 600. January, 1888.
326 Norman, George. 9, Clarence Street, Cheltenham, Glouce,te>·ohire. 243, P.lii., 82, P,Z., P.Pr.G.R.
Pr.G.So., Glouceste1·shire. :May, 1888.
327 Norton, Jacob. 419, Washington Street, Boston, U.S.A. !SR. November, 1887.
328 Nott, William. Det·izes, Wiltshire. fi63, P.C\1., 632, P.Z., P.P,·.G.W., P.Pr.G.H., Pr. G. Treas. (R.A.).
Wiltshire. September, 1887.

329 Olsen, Terer. Honry Konq. 618 (I.C.) October, 18S8.

330 Orde-Powlett, Li<>ut.-CoL the Hon. W. T. Wensley Hall, We>J.'le!J, Yo,·l.:sliire. 123, P.l\I., Dep.Pr.G.3f.,
North a.nd East Yorks. Past Grand Warden, England.
331 Owen, Captain Henry. Lansdomze Hou~e, Queen'.> Park, Southampton. 398 (S.C.) November, 1888.
332 Owen, Herbert Charles. Compton, lYolrerltampton. 526, P.l\I. March, 1888.
333 Oxland, Rev. John Oxley, J.P., F.R.G.S., etc. Rector of Clydesdale, East Gril]naland, South Africa.
1205, 1886, 2113, P.M., Dis.G.Chap., Satal. 1\Iay, 1888.

334 Palk-Griffin, Richard. Padstow, ConHoall. 1785. October, 1888.

335 Palmer, Rev. James Nelson. Bemb,·idge, Brading, Isle of Wight. IO, 3;i7, 498, 1990, P.JII., 775. P.Z.,
P.Pr.G.W., P.Pr.J., Hants and I<le of Wight. Past Grand Chaplain and Past Pt'incipat
Sojourner, England. ~ovcmber, 1888.
336 Partridge, Samuel Steads. Leicester. 52:1, l ii61l, P.M .. 279, 7560, P.Z., Dep.Pr.G.M., Pr.G.H.,
Leicester and Rutland. Past Grand Assistant Director of Ceremonies, Past Grand
Sword Bearer (R.A,), England.
337 Paterson, William Sleigh. 100, Reade Street, New York, U.S.A. 1\fay, 1888.
338 Paton, John Roper. 98, West Geoi':Je St>·cet, Glasgow. N.B. 3!, Dep.af., 50, P.Z. June, 1888.
339 Pattinson, Thomas Henry. 20,. Westfield Terrace, Baildon, Shipley, York.<. 1545.600. March, 1888
340 Patton, Thomas R. llfasonic Temple, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 121, P.M. Grand Treasurer of Grand
Lodge and Grand Chapter of Pennsylvania. 1\Jay, 1887.
341 Pearce, Gilbert R. Mellanear Hou.<e, Hayle, Cornwall. 459, P.M., Pr.G. TV., Cornwall. Librarian of
Coombe Masonic Library, Hayle. 1\Iarch, 1887.
342 Peek, Rev. R. Sweffiinry, Saxmundham, Suffolk. 555, 936, 8i>9, P.:M., Pr.G.Ch., Suffolk. 1\Iay, 1888.
343 Perks, Thomas. Kimberley, South Africa. 1417. May, 1888.
344 Perry, Captain 8., R.A. The Grange, Ballymena, Ireland. 431. March, 1888.
345 Peters, Frederick William. Kimberley, South Africa.
346 Peters, Herbert William. Kimberley, Sot<th Africa. 1409, P.M. June, 1888.
341 Pinckard, George Josiah. P.O.B., 7759, New Orleans, U.S.A. 72, P.M., Representative of Grand
Lodge of England at Grand Lodge of Louisiana. May, 1837.
348 Poore, Thomas. 151, Wirtemberg Street, Clapham, S. TV., London. 720, P.:\f., 720, P.Z. May, 1887.
349 Powell, Champney. The Elms, Dixton, near Monmouth. 457, P.M., P.Pr.G.St., Monmouth. llfay,
1888.
350 Powell, F. A., A.R.I.B.A. 200, Kennington Park Road, S.E., London. 457, P.l\1., Pr.G. TY., Monmouth-
shire. November, 1887.
351 Pringle, Colonel Sir Norman William Drummond, Bart. United Service Cl·ub, Pall ]}fall, S. TV.,
London. 92, 278. 1\Iay, 1887.
352 Purey.Cust, the Very Rev. Arthur Perceval, Dean of York. The Deanery, York. 236, 5al, P.M.
Past Grand Chaplain, England. January, 1888.

353 Ranking, D. Fearon, LL.D. Rockville, Merchiston, Edinburgh. September, 1887.

354 Raymond, Henry Francis. Avallon Villa, The Park, Yeovil, Somersetshire. 329. March, 1888.
 16
355 Read, John. 49, Somerleyton Road. Brixton, S. W., London. 720, 2105, P.M., 720, P.Z., P.Pr.G.O.,
Middlese.r. September, 1887.
356 Reed, Captain George Henry Baynes, R.N. Tchidy Terrace, Falmouth, Cornwall. 75, P.M., P.Pr.G.Sw.B.
Cornwall. March, 188l:l.
357 Renzy, T. G. de. E.l'change Court, Dunedin, New Zealand. 844. May, 1888.
358 Reynolds, Captain Cecil Edwards, R.A. Hong Kong. 488, 1165, 1311, P.M., 488, 7765. October, 1888.
359 Richards, George. Kimberley, South Africa. 1574, P.M., 7574, Z., October,1888.
360 Richardson, Stephen. 135, Wirtemburg Street, Clapham, London, S. W, 183, P.M. February, 1887.
361 Riddiford, Henry. Huntingdon, West Virginia, U.S.A. 231, 27, K. May, 1887.
362 Riley, Thomas. Charles Street, Bradford, Yorkshire. 600, P.M., 600, 7007, P.Z., March, 1888.
363 Roberts, Anstin. 20, Park Fiew, Hal•fa.~, Yorkshire. 307, 448, P.M., 67, 448, P.Z. March, 1888.
364 Roberts, Richard Miles. Kimberley, South Africa. 1574, P.M., P.Dis.G. W., Griqualand. Oct., 1888.
365 Robertson, Rev. Arthur George Lennox, San Jose de Flores, Buenos Ayres. 617, 617, Dis.G.Oh.,
Argentine Republic. September, 1887.
366 Robertson, J. lioss. 55, K:>tg Street, W., Torontn, Canada. 22, 369, P.M., P.Dep.Dis.G.M., P.G.S. W.,
P.G.Dis.Sup., P.G.Sc.N. Deputy Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Canada.
March, 1tl88.
367 Robins, Rev. JamE's W., D.V. 1821, De Laney Place, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 121, P.M. Grand
Chaplain, Pennsylvania. Jlfay, 18S7.
368 Robinson, John Chesworth. The Elms, Mollington, Chester. 425, P.M., 425, P.Z., P.Pr.G.D., P.Pr.G.J.
Cheshire. February, 1887.
369 Ronaldson, Rev. W. Oat'ersham, Dunedin, New Zealand. 844, P.M. May, 1888.
370 Roome, General Charles. Masonic Temple, 23rd Street 9" 6th. Avenue, New York, U.S.A. Past Grand
Master of the Grand Lodge of New York. May, 1887.
371 Rowley, Walter, :ll.I.C.E. Alderhill, Meanwood, Leeds, Yorks. 289. March, 1888.
372 Roy, Robert. 83, Kensington Gardens Square, W., London. 1118, 1492, P.M., 7778, P.Pr.G.Pt., Oam-
br' /geshire. JSovember, 1888.
373 Rush, D. B. The Club, Johannesbw·g, Transvaal, South Africa. June, 1888.
37! Rymer ..r. Sykes. Moat Bridge, Yo>·k. 236, P.M., 236, P.Z., P.Pr.G.R., P.G.H., North and East York-
shire. November, 1888.

375 Sadler, Henry. Freema.~M18' Hall, Greet Queen Street, W.O., London. Grand Tyler and Sub.
Librarian, Grand Lodge of England. February, 188i.
3i6 Sartain, John. 128, Sansom Street, Philadelphia, U.S.A. P.M. May, 1887.
377 Saunders, John. Sea Cliff House, near Cape Town, South .tlfrica. 398, 420 (S.C.), P.M., P.Pr.G.Sup.,
Cape of Good H••Fe (S.C.) October, 1888.
3i8 Saunders, Sibert. The Bank, Whitstable, Kent. 1915, W.llf. November, 1887.
3i9 Saunders, William. P.O.B., 41, Grand Hal'en, Michigan, U.S.A. 139, P.M. May, 1881.
380 Savage, John W. 126, South 4th Street, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 528. October, 1888.
:181 Schott, Charles Jacob. 36, Richmond Road, Bradford, Yorks. 302, 302. November, 1888.
352 Schultz, Edward T. 11, South Howard Street, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S,A. 13, P.M. Past Grand
Warden and Past Deputy Grand High Priest, Maryland. June, 1888.
383 Scott, William GPoq::e. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 1, P.JII., Past Deputy Grand Master,
Grand Librarian, and Grand Secretary, Grand Lodge of Manitoba. May, 1887.
38-t Scratch ley, Rev. Charles Edward, liLA. Rectory, Barkly West, South Africa. 1417. October, 1888.
385 Selzer. Andreas. Del port'.< Hope, Griqualanrl, South Africa. 1417, P.lii., 1477, Z. October, 1R88.
333 Shackles. Ge:>r~e L'twrencc. 7, Lo>td of Green Ginger, H1tll. 1511, P.M., 1511, P.Z., P.Pr.G.D.,
P.Pr.G.R., ·sorth and East York.<l<ire. Local Secretary for the North and East Ridings of
Yorkshire. llfay, lb87.
387 Shearman, John. 1:!6, Felllws Road, So.,th Hamp.<tead, N. W., London. 1146, W.M. Pr.G. W.
Dorsetshire. June, 1888.
3SS Sillitoe, James Hill. 7, Regent R>ad, Birkdale, Southport, Lancashire. 317, 645, P.M., 42, 776, /26,
317, 645, 1387, P.Z., P.Pr.G.D.C., F.Pr.G.lV., P.Pr.G.J., P>·.G.H., East Lancashire. Past
Grand Standard Bearer and Past Grand Deputy Director of Ceremonies (R.A.),
England. llfay, 18~8.
3S(l Simmonds, ProfessM Peter i .. md, F.L.S., F.R.C.I., etc. 85, Finborough Road, South Kensington, W.,
Lonri.o11. Ill, 5ii4, 11;,:1, P.~I., 554, 1/59, P.Z. Past Grand Steward, England. January,
1888.
390 Simonsen, J "'''P:, Heimann. St. Kiobmage>·gade 14, Copenhagen. Lodge zur Bruderkettc, llamburg.
Local Secretary fur Denmark. June, 1887.
301 Simpers. Robert X. 131, Sut<th 5th Street, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 493. September, 1887.
33:? Singleton William R. Masonic Temple, 90(), F. Street. N.W, Wa.<hinglon, U.S.A. Grand Secretary
of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia. September, 1887.
 17
393 Smith, Albert C. 24 and 26, Tremont Street, Badon, l!Ia;sachu.~eiis. U.S.A. Joseph Warren Lodge,
Past Grand High Priest, Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Massachusetts,
394 Smith, Benjamin Arthur, ~LA, Fonntain Court, Temple, E.C., London. 523, P.M., 1560, P.Pr.G.Std.B.,
Leicester and Rutland. May, 1888.
395 Smith, John. High Street, Goldstream, N.B., 25, 280, P.M., /0. November, 1888.
396 Smith, Thomas Lamb. Holly Lodge, Britannia Square, lt'orcester. 280, 1247, P.M., P.Pr.G.D.,
Worcestershire. September, 1887.
397 Smithies, William Edward. The Cross, Eiland, Yorkshire. 1231, P.l\I. October. 1888.
398 Smyth, Thomas Adger. Charleston, South Carolina, FS.A. 4, P.i\L Grand Master, Grand
Lodge, and Past Grand High Priest, Grand Chapter of South Carolina. May, 1887.
399 Solomon, Solomon Temple. Public Library, Kimberley, South Africa. 1409, P.M. May, 1888.
400 Stanley, Frederick. 6, Clifton Gardens, ]J[argate. 12i. lllay, 1888.
401 Starkey, John W. Gas Office, La l'aletta, Malta. 3.J.9, P.M., P.Dis.G.Sec., ][alta. January, 1888.
402 Steer, H. A. 73, High Street, Rhyl. 16U, P.M., P.Pr.G.D.C., North Wales. January, 1888 .
.403 Stewart, William Edward, F.R.C.S. 16, Harley Street, Caeendish Sq•wre, W., London. 143, P.-:lf.,
Pr.G.W., Buckinghamshire and Berkshire. Past Grand Assistant Director of Cere.
monies, and Past Grand Sword Bearer (R.A.), England. January, 1888.
404 Stocker, Anth0ny Eugene, A.M., 1\I.D. 2,212, Fitz1cater Street, Philadelphia,, U.S.A.
405 Stokes, Horace A. Ohio Soldiers' and Sailor} Orphans' Home, Xenia, Ohio, U.S.A. 405. May,1888.
406 Stopher, Thomas. Fair Lea,, lVinchesta, Hampshire. 76, P.M., 52, P.Z., P.Pr.G. W., Hampshire and
Isle of Wight. January, 1888.
407 Storr, Edwin. Robey Villa, Myddleton Road, Hornsey. N., London. 167, P.l\I., 704 749, P.Z. llfarch,
1888.
408 Stott, Alfred. Otcler Ings ]Jill, Brighouse, Yorks. 1201, P.M., 6/, 275. March, 1888.
409 Strasser, Solomon. 9 and 11, Green Street, Albany, New York, U.S.A. 3, W.M., 5. November, 1888.
410 Stringer, H. L. Hong Kong, China. 1341, W.:M., 1347, Dis.G.O., Hong Hong and South China.
June, 1888.
411 Swift, Henry. Kimberley, South Africa. 1409. June, 1888.
412 Swithenbank, John Swaine. Exchange Bnildings, Bradfotd, Yorks. 1648, P.l\I., 600. Nov. 1888.

413 Tanqueray, Arthur Charles. B>·cwc1·y House, Cletkenwell Road, E. C., London. 33, 33, June, 1888.
414 Taylor, John. The Belyrare Phatmacy, Torquay. il28, 1402. January, 1888.
415 Taylor, George. Bracebridge Hnnsc, Kiddenninster, Worcestershit·e. :177, 560, 1874, P.M., 377, P.Z.,
P.Pr.G.W., Pr.G.Sec., Wotcestushire. November, 1!>88.
416 Tempels, Pierre. Avenue Louise, 2, Brns.<els. Member of the Grand Orient and Supreme
Council of Belgium. May. 1887.
417 Terry, James. Secr~tary of the Royal llfa~onic Benevolent Institution. Fteema.<ons' Hall, Great
Queen Street, London, W.C. Past Grand Standard Bearer, England. June, 1888.
418 Tesseyman, William. Land of Green Ginge>·, Hull. !;7, P.liL, P.Pt.G.Sup. TV., N. and E. Yorkshire.
May, 1887.
419 Thomas, John Burritt. Longlands, Yaa~ Rit·et·, South Africa. 1417. October, 1888,
420 Thomas, Frederick William. Alt·erton, Camborne, Cormcall. 450, 154!. NovPmbcr, 1887.
421 Thompson, John Rae Menzies. York, TVestern Australia,. 2ll8, P.M., Dis.G.D., lVest .Austmlia.
November, 1887.
422 Thompson, J. W. Howard. Ducrcux Chambets, Temple, E.C., London. 165. 1\Iarch, 1888.
423 Thompson, William Edmund, jnnr. Morton, Dela1care Co., Pennsylrania, U.S.A. HiS, P.lii., 257.
May, 1888.
424 Todd, Joseph. Reg i.-try House, Dnncombe Place, York. 236, P.llf., P.Pr.G.R., P.Pt.G. TV., Sorth ancl
Ead Y01·kshire. February, 18~7.
425 Tracy, ::-i"athaniel. 27, lYestgate Street, Ip.m·ich, S~<folk. 310, P.:M., P.Pr.G. W., Pr.G.Sec., Suffolk.
September, 1887.
426 Travers-Drapes, G. F. Rangoon, B1tt1na. 646, 832, 1:!68, P.M., 646, 832, 1268, P Z., Dep.Di:.G.JI.,
Dis.G.H., Burma. March, ISSH.
427 Tresise, Thomas Bickford. 9, Jfoles<corth Road, Stoke, Demnpod. 1136. liiay, 1888.
428 Treves, George. Oldridge Road, Balham, S.JV., London. 720, P.M .. 720. September, 1887.
429 Trevor-Smith, James Warren. Barkly lVest, South Africa. 1417. January, 1888.
430 Tristram, Rev. Henry Baker, D.D., F.R.S. The College, Durham. Dep.Pr.G.JI., Durham. Past
Grand Chaplain, England, February, 1887.
431 Turner, John William. 27, lVater Street, lludder.-jield, Yorlcshire. 521, 1458, 1783, P.:\f., 290, 521,
P.Z., Pr.G.D., P.Pr.G.Sw.B. (U.A.), Wed Yorks. November, 188!>.

432 Vaillant, John P., LL.D. The lla~pte, ITJlland. Lodge L'Union Royale. P.M. Grand Secretary
of the Grand Orient of the Netherlands. June, 1888.
 18
433 Vassar-Smith, Richard \"assar. Cha,·lton Park, Cheltenham. 82, 246, 839, P.M., 82, 839, P.Z.,
Dep.Pr.G.JI. S· Pr.G.H., Glouceole>·shire. November, 1888.
434 Vernon, W. Frederick. Bowman! Hott.'e, Kel.,o, N.B. ;;s, P.M., P.Dep.Pr.G.M. January, 1888.
43::> Vivian, llug-h Phillips. Pengegon House, Cambomc, Comwall. 589, 1544·, P.M., 450. P.P1·.G. W.,
Conm·all. Septem ber,'1887.
436 Vizard, Major-General W. J. Encle1·by Honse, Du,·sley, Gloucestershirc. 761, W.M. March, 1888.

437 Wade, Henry Greensmith. Liverpool Street, A1lck/ancl, New Zealand. 689, P.M., 348 (I.C.), P.K.
Dis.G.Sec., Auckland. June, 1888.
438 Waldron, Frederick Heming-way. Newharen, Connecticut, U.S.A. 79, P.M. Past Grand Master,
Grand Lodge of Connecticut. October, 1888.
439 Walker, Alfred William. York and East Riding Bank, }.fallon, Yorkshire. 660, P.M. May, 1888.
440 Walker, Stephf'n James. Penn Fields, lVolrerhampton. 418, 1838, P.M., P.Pr.G.W., P.P1·.G.H.,
Staffordshire. March, 1888.
4il Walsh, Albert. Port Elizabeth, South Africa. 711, P.M., P.Dis.G.D. East Div., South Africa.
June, 1887.
442 Walters, A. H. Johnslou·n, Pen11•ylt'ania, U.S.A. 538. May, 1887.
443 Ward, Dr. Charles Samuel. 18, West 30th Street, New York. 8. January, 1888.
444 Watson, William. 28, East Parade, Leeds. 61, 2069, P.M. February, 1887.
4-1.> Webb, Frederick Owen. Ice Establishment, Port of Spain, Trinidad. 251 (S.C). November, 1888.
446 Welchans, George Reuben. Lancaster, Pennsylrania, U.S.A. 43, P.l\I., 43, P.H.P. June, 1888.
447 Wells, Harry. No,·tlwmberland Conrt, Blackett Street, Newcastle·on-Tyne. 1676, P.M. P.G-A.D.C.,
North umber/and. February, 1887.
4!8 Weisman, John Robert. Simon Street, Bradford, Yorkshire. 600, P.M., 600, P.Z. :March, 1888.
44~ Wheeler, Joseph Kellogg. Hartfonl, Connecticut, U.S.A. 4. Grand Secretary, Grand Lodge of
Connecticut. l\lay, 1888.
450 Whiteley, Frederick. Corn Markel, Halifa.v, Yorkshire. 61, 448, P.M., 61, P.Z. March, 1888.
4;)1 Whitley, Edward. l\Iem. R.I. Cornwall. Penarth House, Truro, Cornwall. 1529, P-Pr.G.O. (R.A.),
Cornu·all. Local Secretary for the Province of Cornwall. March, 1887.
452 Wiard a, Karl. Pm·t Elizabeth, South Africa. 711. June, 1886.
453 Wicks, Henry John. 56, .i!Iilk1cood Road, Herne Hill, S.E., London. 1269, P.M., 1269, Z. March,
1888.
454 Williams, T. R. St. Andrew's, Queen's Crescent, Southsea. 257, P.M., P.Pr.G.W., Hampshire.
October, 1888.
45.:> Williamson, Capt. William Blizzard, J.P. Sunny Yieu', Battenhall, Worcester. 529, P.M., 280, Z.,
P.Pr.G. W., Worcc.<tershire. May, 1888.
436 Willmott, John. Hong Kong. 525, 525. October, 1888
431 Wilkinson, Samuel Blaze. 32, Hazellcood Road, Northampton. 360. November, 1888.
438 Wilkinson.Pimbury, Charles James. 60, .i!Iarnwra Road, HanOI' Oak, London, S.E. 6;;, 1997.
March, 1881.
439 Wilson, Alexander. 66, Fountain/tall Road, Aberdeen. 93, 155. November, 1888.
460 Wilson, Robert Fisher. Kimberley. South Africa. 591 (S.C.) June, 1888.
461 Wilson, Thomas William. 7, Bootham, I'ork. 236. May, 1888.
462 Wood, RPv. Charles Henton, J\I.A. 13, Tichborne Street, Leicesfe1·. 1560, P.M., 279, P.Z., P.Pr.G.Ch.,
P.Pr.G. W., P.Pr.G.R., Pr.G.Sec., Pr.G.Sc.E., Leicester and Rutland. March, 1888.
463 Wood, Rev. John George. Freeman Lodge, St. Peter's, Kent. 194, 340, 478, 1209, P.M., 21,340, P.Z.,
P.Pr.G.Ch., Oxfords/tire. October, 1888.
464 Wood, Frederick, Bostolllill School, Abbey Wood, Kent. 1973, P.M., 1973, P.Z. June, 1888.
4G:; Woodman, William RobPrt, M.D. St. Alban.', 23, Grerille Road, .i!faida Yale, N.W., London, 33, 66,
411, P.i\1., 33, 444, I'.Z., Past Grand Sword Bearer, England. June, 1887.
4GG Woollan, Frank :Montgomery. Kimberley, South Africa. 1574.
4G7 Wray, Samuel W, 137, Price Street, GNmanta.cn, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 121, P.M. September, 1887.

4Gtl Yarker, J olH<. Bu,.ton Rnacl, Withington, neal' Jrianche,,ter. 163, 463, P.l\f., 163, 463, P.Z. l\Iay, 1887.
46a Young, James. 60, llaz/ehti>'St Street, Daisy Hill, Bradford. 1545. October, 1888.
 19

RESIGNED.
Burghardt, Frederick. Coennern an der Saal.
Down, Evan R. ShaJtesbury, Dorset,
Nicholl, William, Manche•ter

DECEASED.
Brockbank, George Parker. Late of Bolton, Lancashi1'e. 2nd June, 1888.
Levey, Joseph M. Late of New York. 20th August, 1888.
Mixsell, Joseph, M.A., Ph.D. Late of Easton Pennsylvania. 7th July, 1888.

JOINED THE LODGE.

Burford-Hancock, Ron. Sir H. J. Gib1·altar. 8th September, 1887.
Kelly, William. Leicester. 8th November, 1887.
Kupferschmidt, Cresar. London. Proposed, 8th November, 1888.
Macbean, Edward. Glasgow. 4th May, 1888.

LOCAL SECRETARIES.
.Armagh C. P. Cooper Steam Packet Quay, Dundalk
Cornwa.l1 E. Forbes Whitley Penarth House, Truro
Denmark S. H. Simonsen St. Kiobmagergade, 14, Copenhagen
Glasgow and Vicinity E. M~cbean 97, Hill St., Garnet Hill, Glasgow
Hampshire Alex. Howell Talfourd House, Elm Grove, Southsea.
Hong Kong and South China. T. H. Girling Hong Kong
Louisiana R. Lambert, Aiisistant Grand New Orleans
Secretary
Punjab H. J. Whymper Gora Gully, E.I.
South Africa, Eastern Division J. E. Green Cradock, Cape
South Africa, Western Division Dr. H. W. Dieperink Somerset West, Cape Colony
South Africa, Griqualand West W. Henderson Hebron
South Africa, Natal Mr. Justice R. I. Finnemore, Durban
District Grand Master
Somersetshire Benj. Cox 1, Hope Villas, Weston-super·Ma~e
Shropshire and Staffordshire J. Bodenham Edgmond, Newport, Salop
Wellington, New Zealand G. Robertson Wellington, N.Z.
Yorkshire, North & East Ridings G. L. Shackles 7, Land of Green Ginger, Hull
Yorkshire, West Riding J. L. Atherton 21, Fairfield Road, Bradford

STATED MEEEINGS OF THE LODGE IN 1889.

Friday, the 4th January Monday, the 24th June
Friday, the 1st March Friday, the ith October
Friday, the 3rd May Friday, the 8th November
 ENGLAND. Somersetshire, Weston-super-Mare, 60, 134;
Wrington, 169; Yatton, 101; Yeovil, 245,
Bristol, 11, 280. 354.
Cambridgeshire, Cambridge, 67. Staffordshire, Burslem, 8; Stafford, 25; Stoke-
Cheshire, Birkenhead, 6, Chester, 167, 282, 368. upon-Trent, 22; Wo1verhampton, 149, 172,
Cornwall, Cam borne, 420, 435; Falmouth, 356; 202, 332, 440.
H'ayle, 18, 341 ; Padstow, 334; St. Austell, Suffolk, Ipswich, 425; Saxmundham, 342.
233, St. Columb, 40; Truro, 14, 451. Surrey, Caterham, 135; Redhill, 308.
Derbyshire, Derby, 10. Sussex, Hastings, 248.
Devonshire, Ashburton, 147; Devonport,427; Ply- Wales, North, Rhyl, 402.
mouth, 279; Torquay, 8, 16, 34, 125, 414.
Warwickshire, Nuneaton, 17.
Dorsetshire, Beaminster, 33; Evershott, 79; Poole,
229; Wimborne,21, 120. Wiltshire, Devizes, 328; Salisbury, 209.
Durham, Durham, 283, 430; West Hartlepool, 271. Worcestershire, Kidderminster, 415; Worceater,
396, 455.
Essex, Brentwood, 131.
Yorkshire, North and East Ridings, Hull, 3861
Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, 326, 433; DntsleJ·, 418; Malton, 439; Middlesbrough, 133:
436. Wensley, 330; York, 12, 9, 41, 49, 218,
Hampshire, Alders hot, 32, 1il; Bournemouth, 55, 352, 374, 424, 461.
72, 109, 146; Fareham, 13; Farnboro', 24, Yorkshire, West Riding, Barnsley, 38, 302:
265; Gosport, 53, 152, 263, 272; Havaut, Batley, 192; Bradford, 13, 68, 71, 76,
27, 186; Land port, 15, 44, 51; Porchester, 83, 108, 121, 136, 168, 223, 227, 266, 273,
228; Portsmouth, II, 48, 95, 297; Ramsey, 285, 291, 313, 319, 325, 362, 381, 412, 448,
317; Southampton, 86, 278, 331 ; Southsea, 469 ; Brighouse, 276, 408 ; Eiland, 397:
193, 238, 243, 247, 25i, 454; Winchester, Guiseley, 207; Halifax, 75, lSi, 208, 236,
254, 406. 239, 363, 450; Harrogate, 97; Rudders-
Hertfordshire, Watford, 127, 298. field, liB, 431; Leeds, 50, 137, 180, 275,
Isle of Man, Peel, 321. 299, 371, 444; Mirfield, 30, 77; Penistone,
37; Pontefract, 281: Settle, 102; Shipley,
Isle of Wight, Brading, 335; Ryde 23; Sandown, 1; 6, 253, 339; Wakefield, 117, 177.
175 ; Shanklin, 45.
Kent, Abbey Wood, 4G4; Belvedere, 81; Margate,
4, 400; St. Peter's, 463; Whitstable, 378. SCOTLAND.
Lancashire, Eastern Division, Bolton, 323; Man- Aberdeen, 162, 183, 459; Goldstream, 395; Edin·
chester, 124, 249, 252, :155, 256, 468. burgh, 292, 353; Falkirk, 92; Glasgow, 23,
Lancashire, Western Division, Southport, 388; 163, 316, 338; Kelso, 213, 434; Kirkwall,
St. Helen's, 29. 140.
Leicestershire, Leicester, 20, 61, 336, 462.
Lincolnshire, Lincoln, 132. IRELAND.
London, 1,2,3,5,7, 9, 10,14, 15, 18,22,25,26, Ballymena, 344; Belfast, 58; Dublin, 17; Dundalk,
27, 28, 1, 5, 7, 63, 66, 74, 78, 90, 91, 113, 130; Ennis, 234; Rathmines, 198, 199.
ll8, 129, J.!l, 148, 151, 156, 160, 161, 164,
173, 196, 197, 203, 210, 230, 237, 244, 260,
261, 262, 264, 269, 277, 284, 293, 305, 306, EUROPE.
314, 315, 348, il50, 351, 355, 360, 372, 375, Belgium, Brussels, 6, 416.
387, 389,394, 403,407, 413, 417, 422, 428,
453, 458, 465. Denmark, Copenhagen, 211, 390.
Monmouthshire, Monmouth, 349. Germany, Mecklenburg, Rostock, 88.
Northamptonsh ire, Northampton, 457. Germany, Prussia, Berlin, 4, 138, 181.
Northumberland, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 447. Germany, Saxony, Dresden, 87,
Shropshire, Ellesmere, 191; Newport, 46, 96; Holland, The Hague, 190, 432.
Shrewsbury, 322. Italy, Rome, 182.
 21
EUROPE.-Continned. AUSTRALASIA.-Continued.
Spain, Madrid, 128, New Zealand. South Island, Dunedin, 28, 62,
Sweden, Stockholm, 157. 93, 357, 369; ~elson, 47, 98.
Switzerland, Neuchatel 324. Queensland. Herberton, 309; l\Iaryborough, 26.
South Australia, Adelaide, 200.
Victoria. Carlton, 54 ; Geelong, 20.
MEDITERRANEAN.
Western Australia, Albany, 36; York, 52, 421.
Gibraltar, 19, 12; La Yalctta, Malta, 401; Jeru·
salem, 170.
SOUTH AMERICA.
AFRICA. Buenos Ayres, 365.
South Africa, Western Division. Cape Town,
59, 159, 377; Somerset West, 158.
South Africa, Eastern Division. Cradock, /:l,
WEST INDIES.
206; Cathcart, 224; Port Elizabeth, 24, Jamaica. Kingston, 307.
119,214,312, 318, 4-!1, 452.
Trinidad. Port of Spain, 212, 445.
Griqualand, Barkley West, 106, 204, 222, 384,
429; Beaconofiel<l, 14.1, 144, 145; Blink-
klip, 89; Del port's Hope, 385; Hebron,
232; Kimberley, 6~, 65, 99, 100, 105, 110, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
123, 139, 154, 184, 189, 215, 219, 220, 295,
304, 310, 343, 345, 346, 35\J, 364, 3\!9, 411, Connecticut. Hartford, 4-1(); New Haven, !53,
460, 466. 438.
Natal. Durban, 165, 174, 179; Pietermaritzburg, District of Columbia. Washington, 3()2.
301. Georgia. Augusta, 221.
Various. Clydesdale, East Griqnaland, 333 ; Gold Illinois. J\Iazon, 150.
Coast, 242; Harrismith, Orunge Free State, Iowa. Cedar Hapids, 3,
42; Johannesburg, Transvaal, 373; Long-
lands, Vaal River, 188, 419; Vryburg, Kansas, Peabody, 115.
British Bcchuanaland, 216. Louisiana, New Orleans, 80,270, 3-!i.
Maryland, Baltimore, 38:!.
CEYLON. Massachusetts, Boston, 200, 235, 2i4, 327, 39.1;
Columbo, 103, 296; Newara Eliya, 246. SomerYille, 217.
Michigan, Grand Haven, 370.
INDIA. New York, Albany, 40(); New York, 288, 337, 370,
443.
Bengal, Calcutta, 166;
Ohio, Dayton, 122; Xenia, 405.
Burma, Mandalay, 56; Rangoon, 426. Pennsylvania, Columbia, 250; Easton 226, Hazle-
Punjab, Gora Gully, 21, 107; Murree, 35, 250, 303, ton, 294; Johnstown, 442; Lancaster, 286,
Rawul Pindee, 94, 114, 240. 446; llferion, 116; Morton, 423; Phila·
delphia, 8:!, 104, I 2G, 155, 185, 258, 2G7,
268, 287, 311, 3!0, 367, 376, 380, 391, 404·,
CHINA. 467; Sharon, 231.
Foochow, 142; Hongkong, 19, 31, 70, 84, 85, 1!H, Rhode Island, Pro>iclcncc, 69, 2()0.
195, 225, 2!1' 28\1, 32(), 358, 410, 456. South Carolina, Charleston, 3!:l8.
Vermont, Orwell, 112.
EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. Virginia, Petersburg, :l20.
Penang, 201. West Virginia, Huntingdon, 361.

AUSTRALASIA. CANADA
New South Wales. Albury, 43; Hamilton, Ontario, 300; llfontreal, 16; St. John,
New Zealand. North Island, Auckland, 437; New Brunswick, 111 ; Toronto, 366;
Wellington, 39, 57, 251, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 383.
 -
~b brtbiations.

MASONIC.
A. Arch, Assistant. G.M. Grand Master.
A.G.D.C. Assistant Grand Director of Cere- G.O. Grand Organist.
monies. G.P. Grand Principal (R.A.)
A.G. Pt. Assistant Grand Pnrsuivant. G.Pt. Grand Pursuivant.
A.G. Sec. Assistant Grand Secretary. G.R. Grand Registrar,
G.S.B. Grand Sword Bearer.
B. Bearer. G.Sc.E. Grand Scribe Ezra.
G. Sec. Grand Secretary.
c. Ceremonies, Constitution. G. Std. B. Grand Standard Bearer.
Ch. Chaplain. G. So. Grand Sojourner.
Chap. Chapter. G. Sup. Grand Superintendent (R.A.)
Com. Committee. G. Sup. W. Grand Superintendent of Works.
G. Treas. Grand Treasurer.
D. Director, Deacon, Dutch.
G.W. Grand Warden.
D.C. Director of Ceremonies.
G.Z. Grand Zerubbabel.
(D.C.) Dutch Constitution.
Dep. Deputy, Depute (Scotch). H. Haggai, High.
Dep. Dis. Deputy District, H.P. High Priest (American R.A.)
Dep. Dis. G.M. Deputy District Grand Master
Dep. G.D.C. Deputy Grand ]);rector of Cere·
I. Irish, Inner.
monies.
(I.C.) Irish Constitution.
Dep. G.M. Deputy Grand Master.
I. G. Inner Gup.rd.
Dep. Pr. Deputy Provincial.
Dep. Pr. G.M. Deputy Provincial Grand Master. J. Joshua, Junior.
Dis. District. J.D. Junior Deacon.
Dis. A.G. District Assistant Grand. J.W. Junior 'Varden.
Dis. G. District Grand.
Div. Division.
K. King (American R.A.)
E. Ezra, English, Excellent.
(E.C.) English Constitution.
L. Lodge.

G. Grand, Gnatd. M. Master, Most.

G. Ch. Grand Chaplain. Mem, Member.
G. Chap. Grand Chapter. M.E. Most Excellent.
G.D. Grand Deacon. M.W. Most Worshipful.
G.D.C. Grand Director of Ceremonies,
G.H. Grand Haggai. N. Nehemiah.
G.H.P. Grand High Priest (American R.A.)
G.J. Grand J oshna. 0. Organist.
G.L. Grand Lodge. Or. Orator.
 23
MASON IC.-Continued.
P. Principal, Priest (American R.A.), 8. Senicr, Scotdsh, Sword.
Past. S.B. Sword Bearer.
P.Dep. Past Deputy. (S.C.) f cottish Constitution.
P. Dep.Dis. Past Deputy District. Sc. Scribe.
P. Dep.Pr. Past Deputy Provincial. Sc.E. Scribe Ezra.
P. Dis. Past District. Sc.N. Scribe Nehemiah.
P. Dis. G. Past District Grand. S.D. Senior Deacon.
P.G. Past Grand. Sec. Secretary.
P.R. Past Haggai. So. Sojourner.
P.H.P. Past High Priest (American R.A.) St. Steward.
P.J. Past Joshua. Std. Standard.
P.K. Past King (American R.A.) Sub. Substitute (Scottish).
P.M. Past Master. Sup. Superintendent.
P.Pr. Past Provincial. Sup. W. Superintendent of Works.
P.Pr.G. Past Provincial Grand. s.w. Senior '.Varden.
Pr. Provincial.
Pr.A.G. Provincial Assistant Grand. Tre~s. Treasurer.
Pr.G. Provincial Grand.
Pt. Pnrsuivant.
w. Warden, Worshipful, Works.
P.Z. Past Zerubbabel. W.M. Worshipful Master.

R. Registrar, Right. v. Very.

R.A. Royal Arch. v.w. Very Worshipful.
R.W. Right Worshipful.
R.W.G. Right Worshipful Grand. z. Zerubbabel.

SOCIAL, ACADEMICAL, MILITARY, &c.

A.R.I.B.A. Associate of the Royal Institute of F.R.H.S. Fellow of the Royal Historical
British Architects. Society.
F.R.I.B.A. Fellow of the Royal Institute of
B.A. Bachelor of Arts. British Architects.
B.A.A. British Archreological Association. F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society.
F.S.A. Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.
C. I.E. Companion of the Order of the
F.S.S. Fellow of the Statistical Society.
Indian Empire.
F.Z.S. Fellow of the Zoological Society.
G.C.M.G. Knight Grand Cross of the Most
D.D. Doctor of Divinity.
Distinguished Order of St.
Dr. Doctor.
Michael and St. George.
F.C.A. Fellow of the Institute of Chartered
Ron. Honourable.
Accountants.
F.C.S. Fellow of the Chemical Society.
J.P. Justice of the Peace.
F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological Society.
F.L.S. Fellow of the Linnean Society. K.C.B. Knight Commander of the Most
F.R.A.S. Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Honourable Order of the Bath.
Society.
F.R.C.I. Fellow of the Royal Colonial Insti- Lie. Mus. Licentiate of 1\Iusic.
tute. LL.D. Doctor of Laws.
F.R.C.S. Fellow of the Royal College of
Surgeons. M.A. Master of Arts.
F.R.G.S. Fellow of the Royal Geographical M.B. Bachelor of Medicine.
Society. M.D. Doctor of Medicine.
 24
SOCIAL, ACADEMICAL, MILITARY, &c.-Continued.
M.I.C.E. Member of the InstiLute of Civil R.I. Royrtl Institute of Painters in Water
Engineers. Colours.
:M.R.A.S. Men.b~r of the Royal Asiatic Society R.I.B.A. Royal Institute of British Architects
R.K. Royal Navy.
Ph.D. Doctor of Philo£ophy.
Pfof. Profes3or.
s.c.L. Student of Civil Law.
R.A. Royal .Artillery.
Rr,·. Reverend. \'.P. Yire President.