How dangerous are XL bullies and how does the ban work?

Strict rules about ownership of American XL bully dogs are in force in England, Wales and Scotland. They will be introduced in Northern Ireland later in 2024.

However, there have been a number of attacks involving the dogs, some fatal, since the laws were put in place.

An XL bully is the largest kind of American bully dog.

The UK government published guidance to help identify XL bullies,, external which are not recognised as a specific breed.

They are described as large dogs "with a muscular body and blocky head, suggesting great strength and power for [their] size".

Male XL dogs stand from 20in (51cm) high at the shoulder, with female XLs only slightly smaller.

Dogs are considered XLs if they meet the minimum height and a substantial number of other characteristics.

According to the latest figures from the Office for National Statistics, external, there were 16 deaths as a result of dog attacks in the first nine months of 2023, compared to six in the whole of 2022.

However, official figures do not break down the number of attacks or deaths by type of dog.

When it announced the XL bully ban for England and Wales in late 2023, the government said the breed had been "disproportionately involved" in deaths recorded since 2021.

In several cases, XL bullies are known to have killed their owners, including a London woman in her 50s named locally as Angeline Mahal, in May.

Other people killed by XL bullies include 68-year-old Esther Martin, 54-year-old Ian Langley, 52-year-old Ian Price, 65-year-old Ann Dunn, 17-month-old Bella-Rae Birch and 10-year-old Jack Lis.

NHS consultant Richard Baker said the dogs' powerful jaws inflict more damaging wounds than those of other breeds, resulting in broken bones, shredded skin and damaged nerves.

"It's a crushing or a tearing injury," he said. "Once they grip, they don't let go."

In total, there were more than 9,200 hospital admissions for dog bites in England in 2022-23, according to the latest full-year NHS data., external

This was up slightly from 8,700 the previous year, but over the past decade as a whole, dog bite admissions have risen by nearly 50%.

According to the latest data from the Ministry of Justice,, external 695 people were prosecuted in 2023 for allowing a dog to injure another person in England and Wales. There were 570 convictions.

There are no official statistics on how many people have been prosecuted since the ban on unregistered XL bullies came into force in February.

Ownership of American bully XL dogs is restricted under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991.

Since 31 December 2023, it has been against the law to sell, give away, abandon or breed from an XL bully., external

Since 1 February 2024, it has been a criminal offence to own an XL bully without an exemption certificate.

The government said it received 61,000 exemption applications before the deadline.

Police can seize unregistered prohibited dogs, and their owners face a criminal record and unlimited fine.

Owners who applied for an exemption had to buy insurance, microchip their dog and pay a £92.40 fee per animal.

Registered dogs must be housed securely, and kept on a lead and muzzled in public - but not at home.

Older dogs must also be neutered by 30 June, or by the end of 2024 for dogs under the age of one.

Owners in England and Wales can no longer apply to exempt an XL bully.

Anyone choosing not to keep their XL bully had to take it to a registered vet to be euthanised by 31 January 2024.

As at 22 April 2024, the government said it had received 400 valid euthanasia compensation claims, and had processed 395, at a cost of £76,500.

Since 23 February, American XL bullies have to be muzzled and kept on a lead in public in Scotland.

It is illegal to abandon, rehome, sell, buy, or transfer ownership of an XL bully.

Anyone who breaks the rules risks up to six months in prison and/or a fine of up to £5,000.

Owners who wish to keep their dogs have to apply for an exemption by 31 July 2024.

The requirements for exempt XL bully owners in Scotland mirror those in England and Wales.

People who wish to keep an XL bully will have to register their dog.

Owners will be subject to many of the restrictions in place in the rest of the UK:

It is not clear when the new requirements will take effect, but it is thought that the legislation could be introduced in the summer or early autumn.

Breed-specific bans do not work and are unfair on responsible dog owners and their pets, according to the Dog Control Coalition.

The body includes Battersea Dogs and Cats Home, the Dogs Trust, the Kennel Club, the RSPCA and the British Veterinary Association.

The group wants a complete overhaul of the Dangerous Dogs Act,, external including tougher penalties for owners who fail to control their dogs.

Four other breeds are banned in the UK under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, external:

BBC reporter Jordan Davies asks experts why the ban on the American XL bully dog is controversial and what impact it is likely to have.