WO2001003393A1 - Power efficient equalization - Google Patents
Power efficient equalization Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001003393A1 WO2001003393A1 PCT/EP2000/005983 EP0005983W WO0103393A1 WO 2001003393 A1 WO2001003393 A1 WO 2001003393A1 EP 0005983 W EP0005983 W EP 0005983W WO 0103393 A1 WO0103393 A1 WO 0103393A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- taps
- filter
- equalizer
- channel
- estimated
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
- H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
- H04L25/03178—Arrangements involving sequence estimation techniques
- H04L25/03248—Arrangements for operating in conjunction with other apparatus
- H04L25/03254—Operation with other circuitry for removing intersymbol interference
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
- H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
- H04L2025/03433—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference characterised by equaliser structure
- H04L2025/03439—Fixed structures
- H04L2025/03445—Time domain
- H04L2025/03471—Tapped delay lines
- H04L2025/03484—Tapped delay lines time-recursive
- H04L2025/0349—Tapped delay lines time-recursive as a feedback filter
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
- H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
- H04L2025/03433—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference characterised by equaliser structure
- H04L2025/03535—Variable structures
- H04L2025/03547—Switching between time domain structures
- H04L2025/03566—Switching between time domain structures between different tapped delay line structures
- H04L2025/03585—Modifying the length
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to the telecommunications field and, in particular, to an apparatus and method that minimizes the computational load in a receiver by adjusting the number of taps used in a pre-filter and equalizer.
- ISI intersymbol interference
- equalizer The most common way to compensate for ISI is to use some type of equalizer in the receiver.
- One of the most desirable or optimal types of equalizers available is a maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) equalizer also known as a Viterbi decoder. Basically, the MLSE tests all possible data sequences (rather than decoding each received symbol by itself) and chooses the data sequence with the maximum probability as the output.
- MLSE equalizer can be too complex for practical use in some types of communications systems or receivers .
- DFE decision feedback equalizer
- DFSE delayed decision feedback sequence estimator
- the DFSE uses both the MLSE and DFE techniques to compensate for the ISI introduced in the radio channel.
- the DFSE uses the MLSE technique to compensate for some of the ISI introduced and the DFE technique is used to compensate for the rest of the ISI .
- the receiver typically utilizes a pre- filter to filter the received signal before it is input to the equalizer.
- the pre-filter operates to concentrate the energy into channel taps handled by the MLSE (in the DFSE case) or to concentrate the energy into the first channel tap of the DFE (in the DFE case) .
- the traditional DFSE and traditional pre-filter are both described in greater detail below with respect to FIGURES 1-3.
- the communications system 100 includes a transmitter 102 that receives an original message u(t) and transmits the original message on a radio channel 104 to a receiver front end 106.
- the receiver front end 106 In addition to receiving the transmitted original message u(t), the receiver front end 106 also receives a noise element e(t) .
- the receiver front end 106 forwards the transmitted original message u(t) and the noise element e(t) to a receiver filter 108.
- the receiver filter 108 filters the transmitted original message u(t) and the noise element e(t) before an analog-to-digital convertor 110 converts the filtered original message u(t) and noise element e(t) to a received signal y(t) .
- the received signal y(t) can be represented as either one of the two equations below:
- the burst 200 can be a typical Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) burst including a training sequence 202 that is located between data 204 which are located between tails 206.
- TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
- the received signal y(t) is input to a channel estimator 112 that operates to estimate the number of channel filter taps h by correlating the received signal y(t) with the known training sequence 202 within the burst 200.
- the output of the channel estimator 112 includes the information parts of the received signal y(t) which are the estimated number of channel filter taps h and an estimated noise effect ⁇ 2 .
- the estimated channel filter taps h , the estimated noise effect ⁇ 2 and the received signal y(t) are input to a pre-filter 114. Referring to FIGURE 3A, there is an exemplary graph illustrating the signal strengths of the estimated channel filter taps h before the pre-filter process.
- g(t) a fixed number of taps
- the equalizer 116 e.g., DFSE/DFE
- the equalizer 116 has a set number of equalizer taps and operates to output both a symbol and soft information.
- the symbol is an estimation of the original message u(t) .
- the soft information is a reliability measure of the estimated symbol or bits forming the estimated symbol.
- pre-filter taps and equalizer taps As many pre-filter taps and equalizer taps as possible within the receiver. Unfortunately, as the number of pre-filter taps and equalizer taps increase, there is a corresponding and problematic increase in the computational load within the receiver. Moreover, the increase in the computational load within the receiver also causes an increase in the overall power consumption which can also be problematic whenever the receiver is incorporated within a mobile phone. Therefore, there is a need for an apparatus and method that effectively minimizes the computational load and power consumption in a receiver while improving the quality of a received signal by reducing ISI.
- the present invention is an apparatus and method that effectively minimizes the computational load and reduces the overall power consumption in a receiver by adjusting the number of taps used in a pre-filter and equalizer. More specifically, the apparatus includes a memory for storing a signal, and a channel estimator for estimating a quality parameter and a number of channel filter taps using the stored signal. The apparatus further includes a controller for evaluating the estimated quality parameter and the estimated number of channel filter taps to determine a number of pre-filter taps, if any, to be used in the pre-filter. In addition, the controller evaluates the estimated quality parameter and the estimated number of channel filter taps to determine a number of equalizer taps to be used in the equalizer where the number of equalizer taps is less than or equal to the estimated number of channel filter taps.
- FIGURE 1 (PRIOR ART) is a block diagram illustrating the basic components of a conventional communications system
- FIGURE 2 is a diagram illustrating a typical Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) burst
- FIGURE 3A is an exemplary graph illustrating the signal strengths of estimated channel filter taps h before being filtered by a pre-filter shown in FIGURE 1;
- FIGURE 3B is an exemplary graph illustrating the signal strengths of estimated channel filter taps h after being filtered by the pre-filter shown in FIGURE 1 ;
- FIGURE 4 is a block diagram illustrating the basic components of the present invention incorporated in a mobile station
- FIGURE 5 is a block diagram illustrating in greater detail the basic components of the present invention incorporated in a communications system
- FIGURE 6 is a flowchart illustrating the steps of the preferred method in accordance with the present invention.
- an exemplary mobile station 400 an exemplary communications system 500, and a preferred method 600 each of which is capable of adjusting the number of taps used in a pre-filter and equalizer in accordance with the present invention.
- GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
- the present invention is described with respect to a mobile station 400 and communications system 500 operating in accordance with the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) specification, it should be understood that the present invention can be used within any communication device (e.g., pico base station), but is especially suited for use with TDMA communication devices. Accordingly, the mobile station 400, communications system 500 and preferred method 600 described should not be construed in a limited manner.
- GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
- FIGURE 4 there is illustrated a block diagram of the mobile station 400 incorporating the basic components of the present invention.
- the mobile station 400 operates to reduce the power consumption and minimize the computational load therein by adjusting the number of taps used in a pre-filter 402 and an equalizer 404.
- the mobile station 400 includes a memory 406 operable to store a received message, and a channel estimator 408 operable to estimate a quality parameter and a number of channel filter taps using the stored message.
- the mobile station 400 also includes a controller 410 operable to evaluate the estimated quality parameter and the estimated number of channel filter taps to determine a number of pre-filter taps, if any, to be used in the pre-filter 402.
- the controller is operable to evaluate the estimated quality parameter and the estimated number of channel filter taps to determine a number of equalizer taps to be used in the equalizer 404 where the number of equalizer taps is less than or equal to the estimated number of channel filter taps.
- FIGURES 5-6 A detailed description as to how the number of pre- filter taps and the number of equalizer taps are determined is provided below with respect to FIGURES 5-6.
- FIGURE 5 there is a block diagram of the communications system 500 illustrating in greater detail the basic components of the present invention. Certain details associated with the communications system 500 are known in the industry and as such need not be described herein. Therefore, for clarity, the description provided below in relation to the communications system 500 omits some elements known to those skilled in the art that are not necessary to understand the invention.
- the communications system 500 includes a transmitter 502 that receives an original message u(t) and transmits the original message on a radio channel 504 to a receiver front end 506.
- the receiver front end 506 In addition to receiving the transmitted original message u(t), the receiver front end 506 also receives a noise element e(t) .
- the receiver front end 506 forwards the transmitted original message u(t) and the noise element e(t) to a receiver filter 508.
- the receiver filter 508 filters the transmitted original message u(t) and the noise element e(t) before an analog-to-digital convertor 510 converts the filtered original message u(t) and noise element e(t) to a received signal y(t) .
- y(t) is the received signal
- h is an unknown radio channel
- u(t) is the original message
- e(t) is the noise element
- n is the total number of channel taps
- T is the number of received samples in the burst 200 (see FIGURE 2) .
- the received signal y(t) is input to a memory 512 that stores and outputs the received signal y(t) to both a pre-filter 514 and a channel estimator 516.
- the pre-filter 514 outputs a filtered received signal ⁇ (t) to an equalizer 518 which outputs a decoded message after the pre-filter receives a set of pre-filter coefficients (shown as ⁇ 9i ⁇ i e[1 K] ) from a pre- filter calculation controller 522.
- the channel estimator 516 operates to synchronize the burst 200 and estimate the number of channel filter taps h (t) by correlating the received signal y(t) with the known training sequence 202 (see FIGURE 2) .
- the output of the channel estimator 516 includes the information parts of the received signal y(t) which are an estimated number of channel filter taps h (shown as ⁇ h i J ie[0 ⁇ Il.l ⁇ ) and an estimated noise effect ⁇ 2 .
- the estimated channel filter taps h (L taps) and the estimated noise effect ⁇ 2 are input to a controller 520.
- the controller 520 generally evaluates the estimated noise effect ⁇ 2 and the estimated channel filter taps h to determine a number of pre-filter taps (K taps) to be used in the pre-filter 514 and a number of equalizer taps (P taps) to be used in the equalizer 518 where the number of equalizer taps (P taps) is less than or equal to the estimated number of channel filter taps h (L taps) .
- the controller 520 can partition the number of equalizer taps (P taps) between a first part (e.g., DFE having P-M taps) and a second part (e.g., MLSE having M taps) of the equalizer 518 (e.g., DFSE having P taps) .
- the controller 520 determines the number of pre-filter taps (K taps) and the number of equalizer taps (P and M taps) using quality parameters such as Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and the estimated noise effect ⁇ 2 both of which can be estimated in the channel estimator 516 and are represented below:
- K taps the number of pre-filter taps
- P and M taps the number of equalizer taps
- SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
- ⁇ 2 both of which can be estimated in the channel estimator 516 and are represented below:
- N is the number of received signals used to determine the channel estimation.
- the controller 520 may also use other quality parameters to determine the number of pre-filter taps (K taps) and the number of equalizer taps (P and M taps) .
- the controller 520 using the estimated channel filter taps h can calculate an envelope of the channel impulse response (Env_h) and determine the number of effective channel taps (Eff_h) that have energy above a predetermined threshold.
- the controller 520 can also calculate the channel tap distribution (Distr_h) using, for example, the envelope variance of the effective channel taps or the cumulative channel tap energy.
- the controller 520 determines the number of taps (K, P and M taps) based on prior knowledge of the optimal trade-off between performance and complexity in view of the given channel characteristics. In other words, the controller 520 can decide the number of taps (K, P and M taps) independently using the following functions:
- K function determine_K ( ⁇ 2 , Env_h, Eff_h, Distr_h) (7)
- Disable_Pre-Filter Flag function disable_pre-filter ( ⁇ 2 , Env h, Eff h, Distr h) (10)
- the use of the above- described quality measures should not limit the invention.
- the determination as to the number of pre-filter taps (K taps) , MLSE taps (M taps) and DFE taps (P-M taps) may be based on quality measures other than those described above without loss of generality.
- the use of a long pre-filter 514 may not be necessary depending on the channel impulse response and if the signal energy is large compared to the noise energy in a received burst.
- pre-filtration aims to concentrate the energy of the received signal y(t) to the MLSE part of the equalizer 518, it may not be necessary to use the pre-filter 514 at all provided the quality of the received signal in the MLSE taps is sufficient.
- the controller 520 forwards the MLSE taps (M taps) and the DFE taps (P-M taps) to the equalizer 518.
- the controller 520 also forwards the pre-filter taps (K taps) , the estimated noise effect ⁇ 2 and the estimated channel filter taps h to a pre-filter calculation controller 522.
- the pre-filter calculation controller 522 determines the above-mentioned set of pre-filter coefficients (shown as (Si) i e ii. K] ⁇ which are forward to the pre-filter 514.
- the pre-filter calculation controller 522 forwards an estimated noise effect ⁇ 2 and estimated channel filter taps h (shown as ⁇ h i ⁇ le[o p _ 1] ) to the equalizer 518.
- the equalizer 518 upon receiving the pre-filtered sequence ⁇ , the estimated noise effect ⁇ 2 and the estimated channel filter taps h operates to output both a symbol and soft information.
- the symbol is an estimation of the original message u(t).
- the soft information is a reliability measure of the estimated symbol or bits forming the estimated symbol .
- FIGURE 6 there is a flowchart illustrating the basic steps of the preferred method 600 in accordance with the present invention. Beginning at step 602, the received message y(t) is stored in the memory 512 and forwarded to the pre-filter 514 and the channel estimator 516.
- the channel estimator 516 estimates the quality parameter ⁇ 2 (for example) and the number of channel filter taps h (L taps) using the received message y(t) .
- the controller 520 evaluates the estimated quality parameter and the estimated number of channel filter taps h (L taps) to determine the number of pre-filter taps (K taps) and the number of equalizer taps (P taps) where the number of equalizer taps (P taps) is less than or equal to the estimated number of channel filter taps h (L taps) .
- the number of equalizer taps (P taps) can be partitioned to have MLSE taps (M taps) and DFE taps (P-M taps) .
- the pre-filter 522 calculates the pre-filter coefficients g ⁇ using the estimated quality parameter ⁇ 2 , the estimated number of channel filter taps h and the number of pre-filter taps (K taps) .
- the pre-filter calculating controller 522 forwards the pre-filter coefficients g A to the pre-filter 514.
- the pre-filter calculating controller 522 also forwards the estimated quality parameter ⁇ 2 and the estimated number of channel filter taps h to the equalizer 518.
- the pre-filter 514 filters the received message y(t) using the number of pre-filter taps (K taps) and the calculated pre-filter coefficients g t .
- the equalizer 518 decodes the filtered message y(t) using the determined number of equalizer taps (P taps) , including the MLSE taps (M taps) and DFE taps (P-M taps) .
- the present invention provides an apparatus and method that effectively minimizes the computational load and reduces the power consumption in a mobile station by adjusting the number of taps used in a pre-filter (if any) and an equalizer. Also, the apparatus and method disclosed can further partition the number of equalizer taps between a first part (DFE part) and a second part (MLSE part) of the equalizer (DFSE equalizer) .
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU64297/00A AU6429700A (en) | 1999-07-02 | 2000-06-27 | Power efficient equalization |
EP00951310A EP1190542A1 (en) | 1999-07-02 | 2000-06-27 | Power efficient equalization |
JP2001508131A JP2003503959A (en) | 1999-07-02 | 2000-06-27 | Communication system and mobile phone |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/347,121 | 1999-07-02 | ||
US09/347,121 US6466616B1 (en) | 1999-07-02 | 1999-07-02 | Power efficient equalization |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001003393A1 true WO2001003393A1 (en) | 2001-01-11 |
Family
ID=23362413
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2000/005983 WO2001003393A1 (en) | 1999-07-02 | 2000-06-27 | Power efficient equalization |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6466616B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1190542A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003503959A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1177447C (en) |
AU (1) | AU6429700A (en) |
MY (1) | MY133517A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001003393A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007041008A2 (en) * | 2005-09-29 | 2007-04-12 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Selection of either a rake receiver or an equalizer according to which gives the better results |
WO2007048964A1 (en) * | 2005-10-24 | 2007-05-03 | France Telecom | Method and device for hybrid reception comprising a channel equalizer and an interference canceller |
US8135351B2 (en) | 2003-02-18 | 2012-03-13 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Systems and methods for improving channel estimation |
EP1928095A3 (en) * | 2006-11-30 | 2013-02-20 | Broadcom Corporation | Method and apparatus for adaptive noise and/or signal filtering in an HSDPA channel quality indicator (CQI) selection |
US8422544B2 (en) | 2003-02-18 | 2013-04-16 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Communication receiver with an adaptive equalizer |
Families Citing this family (21)
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US6304598B1 (en) * | 1998-08-28 | 2001-10-16 | Broadcom Corporation | Apparatus for, and method of, reducing power dissipation in a communications system |
SE516962C2 (en) * | 1999-11-25 | 2002-03-26 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | Digital communication receiver with built-in control unit for switching on and off channel followers depending on the quality of the communication channel |
US6970524B1 (en) | 1999-12-06 | 2005-11-29 | At&T Corp. | Methods and systems for symbol timing recovery |
US6907092B1 (en) * | 2000-07-14 | 2005-06-14 | Comsys Communication & Signal Processing Ltd. | Method of channel order selection and channel estimation in a wireless communication system |
US7133442B2 (en) * | 2001-03-29 | 2006-11-07 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Rapid identification of transmission media channel characteristics |
US7340016B2 (en) * | 2001-05-11 | 2008-03-04 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Equalizers for multi-branch receiver |
US20040041945A1 (en) * | 2001-09-25 | 2004-03-04 | Pugel Michael Anthony | Apparatus and method for optimizing the level of rf signals |
GB0124952D0 (en) * | 2001-10-17 | 2001-12-05 | Nokia Corp | A receiver and a receiving method |
FI20021288A0 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2002-06-28 | Nokia Corp | Method and apparatus for data communication and base station |
US7085317B2 (en) * | 2003-02-18 | 2006-08-01 | Qualcomm, Inc. | Communication receiver with an adaptive equalizer length |
US20040161057A1 (en) * | 2003-02-18 | 2004-08-19 | Malladi Durga Prasad | Communication receiver with a rake-based adaptive equalizer |
US7321646B2 (en) * | 2003-11-18 | 2008-01-22 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Methods and apparatus for pre-filtering a signal to increase signal-to-noise ratio and decorrelate noise |
JP4522919B2 (en) * | 2005-07-15 | 2010-08-11 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Equalizer and receiver |
US7436615B2 (en) * | 2005-12-08 | 2008-10-14 | International Business Machines Corporation | Using a measured error to determine coefficients to provide to an equalizer to use to equalize an input signal |
SG141259A1 (en) | 2006-09-12 | 2008-04-28 | Oki Techno Ct Singapore Pte | Apparatus and method for receiving digital video signals |
US7852915B2 (en) * | 2007-03-21 | 2010-12-14 | Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. | Adaptive equalizer for communication channels |
US7961782B2 (en) * | 2007-06-04 | 2011-06-14 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Interference suppression processing unit and a method of suppressing interference in wireless data communication |
GB2487226B (en) * | 2011-01-14 | 2017-03-08 | Nvidia Tech Uk Ltd | Equalisation of a signal received over a wireless channel |
US8724688B1 (en) | 2012-01-10 | 2014-05-13 | Pmc-Sierra Us, Inc. | Compensation factor reduction in an unrolled decision feedback equalizer |
US9825785B2 (en) * | 2014-03-03 | 2017-11-21 | Multiphy Ltd. | Enhanced equalization based on a combination of reduced complexity MLSE and linear equalizer for heavily ISI-induced signals |
CN104883329B (en) * | 2015-06-17 | 2018-03-27 | 北京华力创通科技股份有限公司 | The channel estimation and equalization method and apparatus of receiving terminal in satellite communication |
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- 2000-06-27 EP EP00951310A patent/EP1190542A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-06-27 AU AU64297/00A patent/AU6429700A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-06-27 CN CNB008119775A patent/CN1177447C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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EP0541225A1 (en) * | 1991-09-12 | 1993-05-12 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Equalizer for data receiver apparatus |
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Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8135351B2 (en) | 2003-02-18 | 2012-03-13 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Systems and methods for improving channel estimation |
US8422544B2 (en) | 2003-02-18 | 2013-04-16 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Communication receiver with an adaptive equalizer |
US8615200B2 (en) | 2003-02-18 | 2013-12-24 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Systems and methods for improving channel estimation |
WO2007041008A2 (en) * | 2005-09-29 | 2007-04-12 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Selection of either a rake receiver or an equalizer according to which gives the better results |
WO2007041008A3 (en) * | 2005-09-29 | 2007-08-02 | Lucent Technologies Inc | Selection of either a rake receiver or an equalizer according to which gives the better results |
WO2007048964A1 (en) * | 2005-10-24 | 2007-05-03 | France Telecom | Method and device for hybrid reception comprising a channel equalizer and an interference canceller |
EP1928095A3 (en) * | 2006-11-30 | 2013-02-20 | Broadcom Corporation | Method and apparatus for adaptive noise and/or signal filtering in an HSDPA channel quality indicator (CQI) selection |
TWI418154B (en) * | 2006-11-30 | 2013-12-01 | Broadcom Corp | Method and apparatus for adaptive noise and/or signal filtering in an hsdpa channel quality indicator(cqi) selection |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2003503959A (en) | 2003-01-28 |
CN1177447C (en) | 2004-11-24 |
US6466616B1 (en) | 2002-10-15 |
EP1190542A1 (en) | 2002-03-27 |
MY133517A (en) | 2007-11-30 |
CN1402924A (en) | 2003-03-12 |
AU6429700A (en) | 2001-01-22 |
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