US20070261416A1

US20070261416A1 - Hybrid cryocooler with multiple passive stages

Info

Publication number: US20070261416A1
Application number: US11/432,058
Authority: US
Inventors: Jeremy Harvey; Carl Kirkconnell; Melina Pillar; Robert Hon
Original assignee: Raytheon Co
Current assignee: Raytheon Co
Priority date: 2006-05-11
Filing date: 2006-05-11
Publication date: 2007-11-15
Also published as: WO2008082433A1; IL192962A0; EP2016347A1; US20110000228A1

Abstract

A multi-stage cryocooler has three or more stages, including an active first stage and passive second and third stages. The active stage may include a Stirling expander, and the passive second and third stages may be pulse tube coolers. The cryocooler may provide cooling at three different temperatures. The coldest cooling temperature may be at or below 10 K, and may be at or below 5 K. The system may provide cooling at such low temperatures while still operating at a relatively high frequency, for example, at a frequency of at least about 20 Hertz.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field of the Invention
This invention is in the field of cryocoolers, and more particularly in the field of regenerative cryocoolers.
2. Background of the Related Art
Multi-stage cryocoolers are of fundamental interest for many applications in which cryogenic cooling is required. For example, some applications require the simultaneous cooling of two or more objects to cryogenic, but different, temperatures. In the case of a long wave infrared sensor, for instance, the focal plane assembly may require an operating temperature of around 40 K, while the optics may need to be maintained at a different temperature, such as about 100 K. One approach for such situations is to use a single-stage cooler and extract all of the refrigeration at the coldest temperature. However, this is thermodynamically inefficient. Another approach is to use two single-stage cryocoolers with one each at the two temperature reservoirs. This approach has the disadvantage of being expensive and large in size. A better approach that has been done in the past is to use a two-stage cryocooler with the first-stage cooling the higher operating temperature component, and the second stage cooling the lower operating temperature component. Multi-stage cryocoolers are generally more efficient than single-stage coolers, because a portion of the internal parasitic thermal losses can be removed from the system at higher temperatures, thus producing less entropy generation.
FIG. 1 shows a portion of a prior art cryocooler 10. The cryocooler 10 includes a compressor 11 that is coupled to a first-stage Stirling expander 20 with a first-stage regenerator 21, a plenum 22, and a piston or displacer 23. The piston 23, which contains the regenerator 21, oscillates within a cold cylinder 25. A wall of the cold cylinder 25 provides first stage pressure containment and thermal isolation from the ambient warm end. The plenum 22 and a motor assembly 27 are contained within an expander housing 26. The first-stage expander 20 also includes a first-stage heat exchanger 24 in a first-stage manifold 28. The piston or displacer 23 is used to expand the working gas, such as helium, downstream of the regenerator 21 such that refrigeration is produced in the first-stage heat exchanger 24. The working gas absorbs the first stage heat load from the environment as it passes through the first-stage heat exchanger 24. The first-stage heat exchanger 24 is in pneumatic communication with a second-stage pulse tube expander 30, where the (colder) second-stage refrigeration is produced. The pulse tube expander 30 includes a second-stage regenerator 31 and a pulse tube 32. The second-stage regenerator 31 and the pulse tube 32 may be generally parallel to one another, forming legs of a U-shaped configuration. The second-stage regenerator 31 and the pulse tube 32 are linked together by a flow passage 36 in a second-stage manifold 41. The flow passage 36 links a downstream end of the second-stage regenerator 31 with an upstream end of the pulse tube 32. End caps 42 and 43 close off the respective ends of the second-stage regenerator 31 and the pulse tube 32, within the second-stage manifold 41. A second-stage cold heat exchanger 44 is at an upstream end of the pulse tube 32, in the second-stage manifold 41. A second-stage warm heat exchanger 46 is at a downstream end of the pulse tube 32, in the first-stage manifold 28. The cryocooler 10 may be used to cool objects thermally coupled to either or both of the manifolds 28 and 41. Objects in thermal communication with the first-stage manifold 28 are cooled at a first cold temperature, and objects in communication with the second-stage manifold 41 are cooled at an even lower cold temperature. Further details regarding prior art cryocoolers may be found in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,167,707, and 6,330,800, the descriptions and figures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In installation of the prior art cryocooler 10, the cold cylinder 25, the first-stage manifold 28, and the second-stage pulse tube expander 30 (collectively a cold head 50) are often required to be supported only at the expander housing 26. This leaves the second-stage pulse tube expander 30, the second-stage manifold 41, the first-stage manifold 28, and much of the cold cylinder 25, cantilevered off of the housing 26. This has caused difficulties, particularly in space flight applications, where the cooling system must be able to withstand loads and random vibrations generated during launch.
In order to provide cooling at very low temperatures, for instance at about 10 K or below, multi-stage coolers with three or more stages have been utilized. Improvements are desirable in multi-stage cryocoolers capable of providing cooling at these very low temperatures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of the invention, a cryocooler has three or more stages, at least one of which is an active stage, defined as a stage driven by a moving piston, and at least another of which is a passive stage.
According to another aspect of the invention, a cryocooler has an active first stage, and two or more passive stages coupled to the active stage. The active stage may be a Stirling expander, and the passive stages may include pulse tubes.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, a cryocooler has three or more stages, all of which utilize the same working fluid.
According to still another aspect of the invention, a cryocooler has three or more stages, including an active stage that operates at at least about 20 Hertz.
According to a still further aspect of the invention, a cryocooler has an active first stage that includes a Stirling expander, passive second and third stages that include pulse tubes, and a pair of surge volumes which are maintained at substantially ambient temperature.
According to another aspect of the invention, a multi-stage cryocooler includes: an active first stage; and plural passive stages operatively coupled to the active first stage.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the invention comprises the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative embodiments of the invention. These embodiments are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention may be employed. Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily to scale:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art multi-stage cryocooler;
FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional side view of a multi-stage cryocooler in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2B is an oblique view of a flow plug that is part of the cryocooler of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an alternate embodiment of a multi-stage cryocooler in accordance with the present invention, utilizing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a multi-stage cryocooler in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the present invention, including concentric pulse tube stages; and
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a second stage of a multi-stage cryocooler in accordance yet another alternate embodiment of with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A multi-stage cryocooler has three or more stages, including an active first stage and passive second and third stages. The active stage may include a Stirling expander, and the passive second and third stages may be pulse tube coolers. The cryocooler may provide cooling at three different temperatures. The coldest cooling temperature may be at or below 10 K, and may be at or below 5 K. The system may provide cooling at such low temperatures while still operating at a relatively high frequency, for example, at a frequency of at least about 20 Hertz.
With reference initially to FIG. 2A, details are now discussed of a multi-stage cryocooler 100. The cooler 100 includes an active first stage 104, with a compressor 110 coupled to a first-stage expander 120, such as a Stirling expander. The expander 120 may be substantially identical to the expander 20 of the prior art cryocooler 10 (FIG. 1), and may include such parts as a first-stage regenerator 121, a plenum 122, and a piston or displacer 123, a cold cylinder 125, an expander housing 126, and a motor assembly 127. Working fluid exiting the first-stage regenerator 121 proceeds into a first-stage heat exchanger 124 that is in a first-stage manifold 128. The first-stage heat exchanger 124 includes through holes proceeding through the first-stage manifold 128, for allowing flow of the working fluid into a second-stage pulse tube expander 130. The first-stage manifold 128 may be maintained at a first-stage cold temperature, and may be linked to heat-producing items via suitable thermal straps (not shown) to cool or maintain temperature of the heat-producing items.
The cold cylinder 125 (and its contents) and the second-stage pulse-tube expander 130 are parts of a cold head. The cold head is mechanically coupled to the expander housing 126.
The second-stage pulse tube expander 130 is in many respects similar to the pulse tube expander 30 shown in FIG. 1. The second-stage pulse tube expander 130 includes a second-stage regenerator 131 and a second-stage pulse tube 132, which may be generally parallel to one another, forming legs of a U-shaped configuration. A second-stage manifold 141 provides a flow passage 142 that links the second-stage pulse tube expander 130 with an upstream end of the third-stage pulse tube expander 150. A second-stage heat exchanger 144 is located at an upstream end of the second-stage pulse tube 132. Flow proceeds from the second-stage regenerator 131 through the flow passage 142 and into a third-stage regenerator 151.
The second-stage manifold also contains a flow plug 152, shown in detail in FIG. 2B, that diverts some of entering flow through a passage 153, to the second-stage pulse tube 132. The flow plug 152 includes a set of central holes 154 that allow flow to pass through to the third-stage pulse tube expander 150. The flow plug also contains a set of circumferential slots 156 that allow flow to be diverted, via the flow passage 153, directly to the upstream end of the second-stage pulse tube 132.
It will be appreciated that a wide variety of alternative configurations are possible for the flow plug 152. The flow plug 152 may divert a relatively fixed amount of flow away from the third stage 150 of the cryocooler 100. Alternatively, the amount of flow diverted by the flow plug may be controllable.
A flow passage 158 in a third-stage manifold 161 is used to turn the flow from a downstream end of the third-stage regenerator 151. Within the third-stage manifold 161, the flow passes through a third-stage heat exchanger 164, and into a third-stage pulse tube 172. Return flow of the working fluid passes from the third-stage pulse tube 172 into the second-stage manifold 141 and the second-stage heat exchanger 144.
The outlet from the second-stage pulse tube 132 may be coupled to a surge volume 176, via an inertance tube 178 coupled to the first-stage manifold 128. In addition, the outlet from the second-stage pulse tube 172 may be coupled to a second surge volume 179 via an inertance tube 180 coupled to the second-stage manifold 141. The surge volumes 176 and 179 may be maintained at an ambient warm temperature, or alternatively one or both of the surge volumes may be maintained at a cooler temperature. Further details regarding configuration and use of an ambient-temperature surge volume may be found in commonly-assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 10/762,867, titled “Cryocooler With Ambient Temperature Surge Volume” filed Jan. 22, 2004, the description and figures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The cryocooler 100 provides an efficient means for getting to very low cryogenic temperatures. In one example, the Stirling first stage may cool to about 80 K, the pulse tube second stage may cool to about 20 K, and the pulse tube third stage may cool to about 10 K. For lower objective temperatures, alternative temperature arrangements are achievable, such as a first stage cooling to about 50 K, the second stage cooling to about 12 K, and the third stage cooling to about 5 K. These lower temperatures may be desirable for some installations, such as cooling of niobium superconducting electronics. It will be appreciated that a wide variety of other cooling temperatures may be produced using various embodiments of the cryocooler 100. For example, temperatures in ranges between the above specific examples may be achievable. Also, temperatures warmer or colder than the above temperatures may be achievable.
The temperatures described above may be achievable with operation at higher frequencies than have been used in previous cryocooler systems for achieving such low temperatures. For example, the cryocooler 100 may operate at a frequency of at least about 20 Hertz. Systems for achieving such low temperatures have previously operated at much lower frequencies (5-10 Hertz), which requires a large moving assembly for an active device such as a Stirling expander. By operating at low frequencies, such expanders must have a moving portion that is relatively large. In contrast, the high-frequency operation of the cryocooler 100 allows reduction of the physical size and weight of the cryocooler. The cryocooler 100 advantageously is able to operate at a higher frequency at least because the active-passive-passive configuration of the stages of the cryocooler 100 is more efficient. Control of the phase angle in the active first stage allows optimization in the amount of refrigeration provided by each stage.
Overall refrigeration capacity may be shifted between the active first stage and the passive second and third stages simply by changing the phase angle of the active stage displacer relative to the pressure wave generated by a mated compressor.
One advantage of the cryocooler 100 is that use of passive second and third stages reduces the need for moving parts and cryogenic moving seals, relative to three-stage Stirling or other active cryocoolers. This simplifies the system and reduces cost. Relative to systems involving only three or more pulse tubes, the efficiency of the active first stage has the advantage of reducing the cooling burden required from the passive second and third stages. Efficient single-stage Stirling coolers may achieve cooling temperatures as low as 35 K, for instance. In contrast, single-stage pulse tubes often may provide competitive cooling only down to substantially higher temperatures, such as about 60 K. By combining an active first stage with passive or pulse-tube second and third stages, the cooling burden on the passive stages is reduced, and the need to add additional stages may be avoided.
Another advantage of the cryocooler 100 is that the same working fluid is used for all three stages.
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices may be incorporated at various positions within the cryocooler 100 to control flow within the cryocooler 100. Such MEMS devices may be used to control any of a variety of flow parameters, for example, providing suitable flow rate, dynamic response, power efficiency, and/or other operating characteristics for MEMS devices or flow controllers. A schematic illustration of use of MEMS devices is shown in FIG. 3, in which a cryocooler 100′ has MEMS devices 186 located 1) in a bypass line 188 (allowing flow from an active first stage 104 to bypass a passive second stage 190 and a passive third stage 191); 2) in a bypass line 192 (allowing flow from the second stage 190 to bypass the third stage 191); and 3) in fluid lines 194 and 196 leading to respective surge volumes 176 and 179. The MEMS devices may be located in any of these locations, or in other suitable locations within a multi-stage cryocooler. The MEMS pulse tube phase shifters in flow tubes 194 and 196 provide improved control over the expansion phase angle in the pulse tubes, which enables increased refrigeration capacity in either the second or third stages. The MEMS valve in bypass line 192 is a particularly attractive embodiment for the Hybrid Cryocooler with Multiple Passive Stages because it enables load shifting between the second and third stages, and/or because it enables the elimination of DC flow patterns within the cold head. Adjustment of the first stage Stirling piston phase angle provides load shifting between the first stage and the pulse tube stages. The coupling of these two effects provides a broad range of operational flexibility in that the refrigeration capacity can now be shifted between all three stages for nominally constant input power. Further information regarding such MEMS devices may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/974,154, titled “PULSE TUBE COOLER WITH INTERNAL MEMS FLOW CONTROLLER,” filed Oct. 14, 2005, the description and drawings of which are herein incorporated by reference.
FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment, a cryocooler 200 that utilizes a concentric second-stage pulse tube expander 230, and a concentric third-stage pulse tube expander 250. A first-stage manifold 228 is upstream of the second-stage pulse tube expander 230. The second-stage pulse tube expander 230 has a second-stage regenerator 231 that surrounds a second-stage pulse tube 232. Similarly, the third-stage pulse tube expander 250 may have a third-stage regenerator 251 that surrounds and may be concentric with a third-stage pulse tube 272. The flow passages in a second-stage manifold 241 and a third-stage manifold 261 may be somewhat different than the passages in the manifolds 141 and 161 (FIG. 2), which have been described above. Some of these flow passages are shown in the illustrated view, while other flow passages (such as passages in the second-stage manifold 241, connecting the regenerators 231 and 251) are not shown. The manifolds 241 and 261 may be coupled to respective surge volumes 276 and 279, which may be maintained at ambient temperature.
FIG. 5 shows a portion of a variation on the cooler 200, a cryocooler 200′ in which vacuum gaps 284 are placed between the walls of the second-stage regenerator 231 and the second-stage pulse tube 232, and between the third-stage regenerator 251 and the third-stage pulse tube 272. The configuration in FIG. 5 also shows the third-stage pulse tube expander 250 at an angle to the second-stage pulse tube expander 230. This angle may be substantially a right angle, or may be at any of a variety of other suitable angles. The vacuum gaps 284 may be in fluid communication with an ambient atmosphere through external passages 290.
Features of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 may be combinable with one another. For example, multiple pulse tube stages having vacuum gaps may be arrayed in a straight line, or multiple pulse tube stages without vacuum gaps may be angled relative to one another. In addition, it will be appreciated that a concentric pulse tube may be combined in the same cryocooler with a non-concentric pulse tube, if desired. It will be appreciated that other features of other embodiments may also be combinable in a single cryocooler.
The use of concentric pulse tube stages may have the advantage of providing better mechanical integrity. In addition, use of the vacuum gap may advantageously reduce heat transfer between parts of the same pulse tube expander stage. Further details regarding concentric pulse tube expanders may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,680,768, and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/038,833, titled “MULTI-STAGE CRYOCOOLER WITH CONCENTRIC SECOND STAGE,” filed Jan. 19, 2005. The description and figures of the above patent and patent application are herein incorporated by reference.
Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to a certain preferred embodiment or embodiments, it is obvious that equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described elements (components, assemblies, devices, compositions, etc.), the terms (including a reference to a “means”) used to describe such elements are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any element which performs the specified function of the described element (i.e., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary embodiment or embodiments of the invention. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been described above with respect to only one or more of several illustrated embodiments, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other embodiments, as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.

Claims

1. A multi-stage cryocooler comprising:

an active first stage; and

plural passive stages operatively coupled to the active first stage.

2. The cryocooler of claim 1, wherein the passive stages include a pulse tube second stage and a pulse tube third stage.

3. The cryocooler of claim 2, wherein at least one of the pulse tube stages is a concentric pulse tube.

4. The cryocooler of claim 3, wherein the concentric pulse tubes each include a vacuum gap between parts of the pulse tube.

5. The cryocooler of claim 2, wherein at least one of the pulse tube stages is a U-shape pulse tube stage.

6. The cryocooler of claim 2, wherein the passive stages include respective manifolds allowing fluid flow therethrough.

7. The cryocooler of claim 6, further comprising respective surge volumes mechanically coupled to the respective manifolds.

8. The cryocooler of claim 7, wherein the surge volumes are located in an ambient temperature portion of the cryocooler.

9. The cryocooler of claim 6,

wherein the manifolds include a second-stage manifold; and

wherein the second-stage manifold includes a passage for diverting flow, to bypass the pulse tube third stage.

10. The cryocooler of claim 9, wherein the second stage manifold includes a flow plug.

11. The cryocooler of claim 10,

wherein first openings of the flow plug allow incoming flow to pass from the pulse tube second stage to the pulse tube third stage; and

wherein second openings of the flow plug divert incoming flow to bypass the pulse tube third stage.

12. The cryocooler of claim 2, wherein the pulse tube stages are oriented at a nonzero angle relative to one another.

13. The cryocooler of claim 1, wherein the active first stage is a Stirling cycle stage.

14. The cryocooler of claim 1, further comprising one or more microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) flow controllers for controlling flow of a working fluid within the cryocooler.

15. The cryocooler of claim 14, wherein the output is at three different temperatures.

16. The cryocooler of claim 15, wherein one of the temperatures is below 10 K.

17. The cryocooler of claim 16, wherein the one of the temperatures is below 5 K.

18. The cryocooler of claim 16, wherein the cryocooler operates at a frequency of at least about 20 Hertz.