CN1713891A - 化妆品与药物泡沫 - Google Patents

化妆品与药物泡沫 Download PDF

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CN1713891A
CN1713891A CNA2003801039672A CN200380103967A CN1713891A CN 1713891 A CN1713891 A CN 1713891A CN A2003801039672 A CNA2003801039672 A CN A2003801039672A CN 200380103967 A CN200380103967 A CN 200380103967A CN 1713891 A CN1713891 A CN 1713891A
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medicine
surfactant
agent
acid
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D·塔玛金
D·弗里德曼
M·艾尼
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Foamix Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及不含醇的化妆品或药物发泡载体,包括水、疏水性溶剂、发泡助剂、表面活性剂和水胶凝剂。该化妆品或药物发泡载体不含脂族醇类,使得它无刺激性且不干燥。不含醇的发泡载体适合于包含水溶性和油溶性药物和化妆品活性剂。

Description

化妆品与药物泡沫
本申请要求2002年10月25日提交的标题为″不含醇的化妆品和药物发泡载体″的以色列专利申请152486和2002年11月29日提交的标题为″化妆品和药物泡沫″的美国临时专利申请60/495,546这两篇相关申请的优先权,将这两篇文献的全部内容引入本文。
发明领域
本发明涉及不含醇的化妆品或药物发泡载体及其应用。更具体地说,本发明涉及适合于包含水溶性和油溶性药物和化妆品活性剂的化妆品或药物发泡载体。
发明背景
外用局部给药是在疾病治疗中的重要给药途径。在外用局部给药过程中,使所述的药物吸收入皮肤和/或通过皮肤、粘膜或创伤组织。优选以疏水介质、例如软膏或油的形式给予许多类药物,包括:例如抗生素、抗真菌药、抗炎药、麻醉药、止痛药、抗过敏药、皮质类固醇、类视黄醇和抗增殖药。然而,由于这些疏水载体不理想的稠度,所以其应用受到局限。例如,含有白凡士林、例如凡士林作为载体的软膏通常形成不透性屏障,使得从它们所施用的创伤中的代谢产物和排泄物不易除去或流干。此外,对溶于载体中的活性药物而言难以通过白凡士林屏障层而进入创伤组织,由此使所述药物的功效降低。
此外,软膏和霜剂通常不会产生促进创伤组织呼吸的环境且不利于皮肤的正常呼吸。基于发生率的产品的另一个缺点涉及在局部施用于皮肤、粘膜和创伤上后保留下油腻的感觉。除凡士林外,目前应用的疏水药物载体包括液体石蜡、羊毛脂、蜂蜡、植物油、甘油单硬脂酸酯、高级醇类、聚乙二醇和某些乳化剂,它们也具有不理想的流动性和皮肤感觉。
已知几种疏水液体和半固体油、例如来自植物和海洋来源的单-和多-不饱和油、矿物油、硅油和植物衍生的液体疏水性油在局部施用时具有治疗有益性,但其液体形式的应用并不实际。油也可以含有必需营养成分、诸如油溶性维生素(例如维生素A和维生素E)、矿物和其它治疗上有益的成分。另一类治疗性油包括用于治疗皮肤脱水和其它医学疾病的矿物油和硅油,这些油在环境温度下为液体。令人遗憾的是,这类治疗性油不能由使用者以足量施用来发挥治疗作用,因为它们在使用温度下一般为液体。
其它药物活性组分为水溶性的且需要在载体中的水成分。
尽管消费者通常使用半固体的化妆品和药物制剂,诸如霜剂、洗剂、凝胶和软膏,但是为了获得更好地控制施用、同时又维持或保留这类产品的皮肤有益性的新剂型是理想的。因此,具有在挤出容器时易破碎的泡沫稠度和在施用于皮肤上时具有液体特性的新组合物的研发是有利的。理想的情况是,泡沫应含有起软化剂作用的疏水物质(溶剂)并给皮肤提供缓和和滋养的特性。然而,这类疏水性溶剂难以配制成起泡沫或产生泡沫的产品,因为疏水性溶剂干扰了表面活性剂形成泡沫的能力。此外,向局部用制剂中添加油和其它软化剂会产生令人不悦或恼人的皮肤残留物。
乳剂在发泡组合物中的应用是已知的。乳剂系统提供两相系统,包括在一相中的亲脂性或疏水性成分和在第二相中的亲水性成分。起泡沫的乳剂一般为水包油型乳剂,其中疏水性成分分散在含水的连续相中。用于降低表面张力的表面活性剂和用于改善泡沫稳定性的乳化剂包括在发泡组合物中。
泡沫且特别是泡沫乳剂是在所有情况下均不成形的复杂系统。诸如通过添加活性组分这类使泡沫乳剂组合物中发生的轻度改变可以使该泡沫不稳定。此外,许多乳剂不会提供在局部发泡组合物中所需的压力或温度下的高泡沫容量、泡沫稳定性和/或快速破裂的作用。
特别理想类型的含油泡沫为这类产品,其中所有或部分油相中包括硅油。已知硅油的皮肤保护特性且将其混入局部用产物是有益的。然而,由于许多硅油具有消泡特性,所以显然它不能生产基于硅油的泡沫。
美国专利US 6,126,920中公开了使用含有皮质类固醇活性物质、脂族醇、水、脂肪醇、表面活性剂、抛射剂和缓冲剂的发泡药物组合物治疗各种皮肤病且特别是头皮性银屑病的方法。该发泡组合物含有40-90%w/w组合物的脂族醇。US 6,126,920为在发泡组合物中使用脂族醇类的许多组合物中的典型。这种醇促进快速干燥且由此试图致力于解决许多局部用制剂施用后粘性的感觉;然而,醇类且特别是在’920专利中优选的甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇类为脱脂剂且可以导致皮肤变干和开裂。因此,如美国专利US 6,126,920中教导的体外局面施用的治疗泡沫中存在脂族醇是不理想的。
Borgman的美国专利US 5,536,743中描述了适合于治疗细菌性阴道病的含有甲硝唑的缓冲的非流动性组合物。合适的制剂含有水包油型乳剂,该乳剂中包括约10-40wt%油和阴离子型、阳离子型或非离子型表面活性剂的内油相。油相中合适的成分包括长链醇类、酯类和酸类、植物油和动物油和蜡。未公开其它稳定剂用于泡沫气溶胶组合物。
EP 0,598,412中描述了用于防止皮肤受到干燥和粗糙环境物质影响的组合物。这种保护作用来源于在组合物中包含聚(四氟乙烯)(PTFE)。该组合物包括低浓度的亲水性软化剂和疏水性软化剂。这些组合物包括高浓度的表面活性剂、包括离子型表面活性剂和辅助乳化剂,使得稠乳剂不流动且由此使产物起泡能力较低(或不起泡)且对于涂布在较大的皮肤面积上来说过于浓稠。
美国专利US 6,423,323中描述了含水泡沫乳剂。该组合物包括含有脂肪酸类的疏水相、乳化剂和辅助乳化剂和含有亲水性增湿剂和乳化剂的水相。美国专利US 6,423,323的任选组分为一种或多种优选浓度为0.5-2%的再脂化的物质,条件是该产品用于正常皮肤;而如果上述物质的优选浓度为3-6%,则用于干燥皮肤。添加高浓度的辅助乳化剂、诸如脂肪醇类和脂肪酸类提示该泡沫是不稳定的。未公开其它稳定剂。
美国专利US 5,635,469中描述了包括约0.05%-约10%软化剂与清洁用表面活性剂、湿润剂和水溶性阳离子或非离子聚合物、但不包括抛射剂的泡沫清洁液体组合物。使用新的非气溶胶泡沫配药器获得低密度泡沫。通过操作不便于操作的手动泵进行起泡。包括软化剂和湿润剂以便改善皮肤的水化程度和/或脂质含量。然而,该专利中注意到软化剂和湿润剂干扰了表面活性剂形成泡沫的能力。
美国专利US 6,113,888中教导了包括晒黑剂、不含氮的聚合物、不含氮的表面活性剂和水的单一水相组合物。
Lisboa的美国专利US 5,679,324中涉及气溶胶泡沫香料组合物,它在预先调配状态下为半透明的,可形成快速破裂的泡沫。显然该泡沫在从气溶胶容器中排出时自然破裂(不需要施加任何摩擦和剪切力),由此使得在皮肤表面涂布不切实际。该组合物含有表面活性剂、抛射剂、香料、增稠剂和化妆品载体(优选水),其中表面活性剂与抛射剂的比例为约1∶1-约1∶10。可以包括含有硅油、矿物油和烃油的软化剂。
美国专利US 6,251,369中公开了含有水溶性氟化物成分的牙齿用泡沫氟化物组合物,由此所述的组合物包括水包油型乳剂。然而,该专利没有指定乳剂中油成分的组成或浓度且在实施例中提供的组合物中没有一种含有任何油成分。
美国专利US 5,961,957中描述了屏障发泡组合物,它包括70-90%水、7-9%丁烷、2-4%硬脂酸甘油酯、1.5-3.50%聚二甲基硅氧烷共聚醇(水溶性硅氧烷化合物)、1-3%丙烷、0.5-2.5%羊毛脂、0.5-2.5%硬脂酸和0.05-1.05%甲基氯异噻唑啉酮和甲基异噻唑啉酮中的至少一种。
少数皮肤病用泡沫产品为市售可得到的。
由Connetics,Inc.生产的01uxTM泡沫含有丙酸氯倍他索。每克01uxTM泡沫在不耐热的泡沫中含有0.5mg USP级的丙酸氯倍他索,该泡沫由乙醇(60%)、纯水、丙二醇、鲸蜡醇、十八烷醇、聚山梨醇酯60、柠檬酸和柠檬酸钾组成。可以使用烃抛射剂(丙烷/丁烷)加压将其从铝制容器中分配。LuxiqTM为另一种皮质类固醇发泡药物,它在每克载体中含有1.2mg戊酸倍他米松,该药物包括乙醇(60.4%)、纯水、丙二醇、鲸蜡醇、十八烷醇、聚山梨醇酯60、柠檬酸和柠檬酸钾并使用烃抛射剂加压。
醋酸氢化可的松直肠用泡沫Cortifoam由Schwartz Pharma GmbH生产,其中氢化可的松在发泡载体中的含量为10%。Cortifoam中的非药用组分包括鲸蜡醇、乙氧基化十八烷醇、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、聚氧乙烯-10硬脂基醚、丙二醇、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、三乙醇胺、水和惰性抛射剂、异丁烯和丙烷。
因此,含有较高浓度油且不包括醇的局部治疗用发泡组合物仍然是需要的。需要耐用且适合于包含广泛活性组分的发泡组合物。
发明概述
尽管通常公知的事实为疏水性溶剂难以配制成起泡沫或产生泡沫的产品且添加常用疏水性溶剂会干扰表面活性剂形成泡沫的能力,但是我们令人意外地发现了一系列发泡载体组合物,在与液化气体抛射剂在气溶胶容器内混合时,它们产生适合于局部给药的发泡组合物。在从气溶胶容器内排出时,该组合物形成大量在外观上似油乳的易破碎泡沫并表现出极佳的泡结构。这种泡沫在排出时不会立即破裂,然而,在适度摩搓时它会皱缩以易于在皮肤表面上涂布。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,不含醇的化妆品或药物发泡载体组合物包括水、液体、非挥发性疏水性溶剂、选自脂肪酸类和脂肪醇类的发泡助剂、表面活性剂和水胶凝剂。当将这类发泡载体置于气溶胶容器并与液化气体抛射剂合并时,它们产生水包油型乳剂,这种乳剂在从气溶胶容器内释放时提供了治疗上有益的泡沫产品。该泡沫将其结构保持使用者足以将泡沫涂抹和摩搓入皮肤所需的时间期限。该泡沫具有极低的屈服强度且由此在接触时破裂并使得容易摩搓和有效且其涂布均匀。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,发泡载体组合物的疏水性溶剂含量约为2-5%且具有如下组成:
A类组成:
-约2-5%疏水性溶剂;
-约80-98%水;
-约0.1%-5%发泡助剂;
-约0.1%-5%表面活性剂;和
-约0.1%-5%水胶凝剂。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,所述的发泡组合物的疏水性溶剂含量约为5-10%且具有如下组成:
B类组成:
-约5-10%疏水性溶剂;
-约75-95%水;
-约0.1%-5%发泡助剂;
-约0.1%-5%表面活性剂;和
-约0.1%-5%水胶凝剂。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,所述的发泡组合物的疏水性溶剂含量约为10-20%且具有如下组成:
C类组成:
-约10-20%疏水性溶剂;
-约60-90%水;
-约0.1%-5%发泡助剂;
-约0.1%-5%表面活性剂;和
-约0.1%-5%水胶凝剂。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,所述的发泡组合物的疏水性溶剂含量约为20-75%且具有如下组成:
A类组成:
-约20-75%疏水性溶剂;
-约25-75%水;
-约0.1%-5%发泡助剂;
-约0.1%-5%表面活性剂;和-约0.1%-5%水胶凝剂.
所有的%值均以不含抛射剂的组合物的重量为基准(w/w)提供(除非另有特别指定)..
所述的化妆品或药物发泡载体组合物为液体。本发明的泡沫不含短链脂族醇类,从而无刺激性且不干燥。醇类透入皮肤的保护屏障并破坏胞间基质。在近期美国皮肤病学研究院(American Academy ofDermatology)(AAD)的标题为″面对关于护肤产品的事实″公开文献中描述了具有干性皮肤的个体应避免使用收敛剂和任何含有醇的产品,因为它们易于使水分从皮肤上脱离″(参见:www.aad.org/PressReleases FacingFacts.html)。另一篇标题为″你的皮肤敏感吗?″的AAD公开文献中推荐″避免使用透入皮肤的溶剂,包括丙二醇和乙醇″(参见:www.aad.org/PressReleases/sensitive.html)。
将不含醇的发泡载体配制成水包油型或油包水型乳剂,使得它适合于包含水溶性和油溶性活性剂之一(或两者)。本发明的发泡载体组合物在与气溶胶容器内的约5-25%总组合物重量的抛射剂物质混合时产生轻量的易破碎泡沫,这种泡沫适合于便利地施用在皮肤上和可以采用局部施用的产品的其它身体区域。由于在加压容器内的抛射剂为液态,所以当将发泡载体组合物与抛射剂混合时,可形成包括油和抛射剂的稳定乳剂(这类乳剂中共同为″油相″成分)。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中提供了不含醇的化妆品或药物产品。该产品包括本发明一个或多个实施方案的发泡载体组合物和有效治疗浓度的化妆品或药物活性组分。在上述各组合物中可以包括化妆品和药物活性剂且具体描述如下。药物产品用于局部治疗人和动物皮肤病或需要局部施用药物的任何其它疾病。化妆品用于对皮肤美容并改善其外观。
确定了最好使用不含醇的发泡载体和不含醇的化妆品或药物产品治疗的美容和医学疾病,且与目前可得到的选择产品相比证实了这类载体和产品的优点。
本发明的泡沫因以下原因中的一种或多种而优于目前选择的产品:
(1)泡沫轻量且由此节约成本。
(2)泡沫含有任意所需浓度的提供再脂化和皮肤润滑作用的疏水性溶剂和疏水活性剂用载体。
(3)泡沫含有有效治疗浓度的硅油。
(4)泡沫既包括水溶性活性剂又包括油溶性的活性剂。
(5)泡沫易于涂布,由此可以治疗诸如臂、背、腿和胸部这类大面积区域。
(6)因其流动性而有效涂布入皱褶和皱纹,不需广泛摩搓而使活性剂均匀分布并吸收入皮肤。
附图简述
通过参照下面的详细描述并考虑结合如下的附图可以理解本发明更完整的价值及其许多优点,提供附图的目的仅是为了解释而非用来限定待批权利要求的范围,且其中:
附图1解释了使用0.12%的戊酸Bethasone泡沫对银屑病治疗的改善;和
附图2解释了使用0.12%戊酸Bethasone泡沫对特应性皮炎治疗的改善。
发明详述
疏水性溶剂
本发明的疏水性溶剂是在环境温度下具有小于约1gm/100mL、更优选小于约0.5gm/100mL且最优选小于约0.1gm/100mL溶解度的液体物质。它在环境温度下为液体。
疏水性溶剂的总含量可以在发泡组合物的2%-75%(w/w)之间改变。不过,已经指定了不同的范围(本文的″组合物类型A-D″)以便有利于按照预计的化妆品或药物要求选择适宜的种类。根据经验,较高的疏水性溶剂浓度更适合于治疗干燥皮肤和/或治疗更易于对在油性载体中递送的药物起反应的疾病。同样,较高油含量的组合物类型提供增强的封闭作用,由此诱导活性剂透入皮肤。另一种考虑涉及用户对含有高浓度的疏水性溶剂(约占组合物的25%)的产品的接受性,这种产品可能在施用后保留一定的油性感觉。因此,选择具有根据靶群体及其具体要求的疏水性溶剂浓度的本发明特定的组合物。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,所述的疏水性溶剂为矿物油。矿物油(化学文摘服务注册号(Chemical Abstracts Service Registrynumber)8012-95-1)为来源于石油的脂族、萘和芳族液态烃类。它一般为液体;其粘度在约35CST-约100CST的范围(在40℃下)且其倾点(可以在不形成过量蜡晶体的情况下操作油的最低温度)为低于0℃。相反,也称作″凡士林″的白凡士林因其蜡样性质而不利。已知它在施用和偶然污染衣物后会遗留蜡样和粘性的感觉。因此,白凡士林和其它半固体油并非本发明优选的疏水性溶剂。
另一种优选的疏水性溶剂为来自植物、海洋或动物来源的液体油。作为实例,不饱和油可以选自任意比例的橄榄油、玉米油、大豆油、低芥酸菜子油、棉子油、椰子油、芝麻油、向日葵油、琉璃苣子油、丁子香、大麻子油、鲱海洋动物油、鳕鱼肝油、鲑海洋动物油、亚麻油、麦芽油和月见草油及其混合物组成的组。
特别优选类的油包括多不饱和油,例如ω-3和ω-6脂肪酸类的酯类且特别是甘油酯类。这类多不饱和脂肪酸类的实例为亚油酸和亚麻酸、γ-1亚油酸(GLA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)。因此,在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,所述的疏水性溶剂包括至少6%发泡组合物重量的油,该油选自ω-3油、ω-6油及其混合物。
另一类适合于用作疏水性溶剂的油为植物衍生的液体疏水性油或精油,例如,含有生物存在的活性分子的在局部施用时具有治疗作用的″治疗性油″。这类油的实例包括含有类视黄醇且已知可减少痤疮和痤疮后疤痕的蔷薇果实油和具有抗菌、抗真菌和抗病毒特性的茶树油。精油的其它实例为在草药领域中公知的罗勒、樟脑、小豆蔻、胡萝卜、香茅、鼠尾草、丁香、柏木、乳香、姜、圆柚、牛膝草、茉莉、熏衣草、柠檬、柑橘、甘牛至、没药、橙花、肉豆蔻、橙叶、鼠尾草、红橘、香子兰、马鞭草的油以及任意其它治疗上有益的油。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,所述的疏水性溶剂为″软化剂″。软化剂为使皮肤或其它粘膜软化、平滑和改善其脂质含量的疏水试剂。在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,软化剂为液体。在不破坏该定义的一般性的情况下,适合于应用的软化剂实例包括异硬脂酸衍生物、棕榈酸异丙酯、羊毛脂油、二聚酸二异丙酯、己二酸二异丙酯、二甲基异山梨醇、马来酸酯化大豆油、棕榈酸辛酯、异硬脂酸异丙酯、乳酸鲸蜡酯、蓖麻醇酸鲸蜡酯、醋酸维生素E、乙酰化羊毛脂醇、乙酸鲸蜡酯、苯基三甲基硅氧烷、甘油油酸酯、亚油酸生育酯、麦芽甘油酯类、丙酸花生酯、乳酸肉豆蔻酯、油酸癸酯、丙二醇蓖麻醇酸酯、羊毛脂酸异丙酯、季戊四醇四硬脂酯、新戊二醇二辛酸/二癸酸酯、氢化椰油基-甘油酯类、异壬酸异壬酯、异壬酸异十三烷基酯、肉豆蔻酸肉豆蔻酯、柠檬酸三异鲸蜡酯、辛基十二烷醇、羟基硬脂酸辛酯及其混合物。其它合适的软化剂的实例可以在《化妆品使用手册》(CosmeticBench Reference)pp.1.19-1.22(1996)中找到。在一个或多个实施方案中,所述的疏水性溶剂为矿物油或硅油与软化剂的混合物。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,硅油为疏水性溶剂中的成分。硅油因其公知的皮肤保护和封闭特性而用于发泡组合物。用于本发明的合适的硅油包括非挥发性硅氧烷,诸如聚烷基硅氧烷、聚芳基硅氧烷、聚烷芳基硅氧烷类和聚醚硅氧烷共聚物、聚二甲基硅氧烷类(聚二甲基硅氧烷)和聚(二甲基硅氧烷)-(二苯基-硅氧烷)共聚物。它们优选自含有约3-约9、优选约4-约5个硅原子的环状或直链聚二甲基硅氧烷类。还可以使用挥发性硅氧烷,诸如环甲基硅酮类。水溶性硅氧烷、诸如聚二甲基硅氧烷共聚物并不包括在本发明硅油(如疏水性溶剂)的定义中。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,所述的组合物包括单独或作为疏水性溶剂组成部分的至少2%(w/w发泡组合物)的硅油。在其它实施方案中,所述的组合物包括单独或作为疏水性溶剂组成部分的至少5%(w/w)的硅油。
本发明的疏水性溶剂可以包括上述任意比例的疏水性溶剂中的两种或多种的混合物。
发泡助剂
本发明的发泡组合物中包括发泡助剂以增加表面活性剂的起泡能力和/或使泡沫保持稳定。在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,所述的发泡助剂包括:在碳链上含有15或15个以上碳的脂肪醇类,诸如鲸蜡醇和十八烷醇(或其混合物)。脂肪醇类的其它实例为花生醇(C20)、山萮醇(C22)、1-三十醇(C 30);和带有长碳链(至多C50)的醇类。来源于蜂蜡的脂肪醇类尤其充分适合用作本发明的发泡助剂,其包括醇类的混合物,它们大部分在其碳链上带有至少20个碳原子。支持该泡沫系统所需的脂肪醇的浓度与其碳链的长度成反比。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,所述的发泡助剂包括:在碳链上含有16或16个以上碳的脂肪酸类,诸如十六烷酸(C16)、硬脂酸(C18)、花生酸(C20)、山萮酸(C22)、二十八烷酸(C28);和带有长碳链(至多C50)的脂肪酸类;或其混合物。
脂肪醇或脂肪酸的碳原子链可以任选带有至少一个双键。本发明的另一类发泡助剂包括长链脂肪醇或脂肪酸,其中碳原子链为支链。脂肪酸或脂肪醇的碳链可以被羟基,诸如12-羟基硬脂酸取代。
本发明一个或多个实施方案的发泡助剂包括任意比例的脂肪醇类、脂肪酸类和羟基脂肪酸类及其衍生物的混合物,条件是总量占载体质量的0.1%-5%(w/w)。更优选总量占载体质量的0.4%-2.5%(w/w)。
尽管脂肪醇类和脂肪酸类用于使所得发泡组合物保持稳定,但是它们通常还提供另外的治疗特性。已经有报导长链饱和和单不饱和脂肪醇类、例如十八烷醇、erycyl alcohol、花生醇和二十二醇具有抗病毒、抗感染、抗增殖和抗炎特性(美国专利US 4,874,794)。还已知长链脂肪醇类、例如二十四醇、二十六醇、二十七醇、二十八醇、三十醇等的改变代谢特性和供给组织能量特性。还有报导长链脂肪酸类具有抗感染特性。因此,含有本发明发泡助剂的药物或化妆品载体与通常使用的惰性和非活性载体相比提供了额外的治疗有益性。
表面活性剂
本发明组合物中的表面活性剂包括任意的结合油和水的试剂。表面活性剂适当选自阴离子型、阳离子型、非离子型、两性离子型、两性表面活性剂以及这些表面活性剂的混合物。这类表面活性剂对药物和化妆品制剂领域的普通技术人员而言是众所周知的。可能的表面活性剂的非限制性实例包括:聚山梨醇酯类,诸如聚氧乙烯(20)山梨糖醇酐单硬脂酸酯(Tween 60)和聚(氧乙烯)(20)山梨糖醇酐单油酸酯(Tween 80);聚(氧乙烯)(POE)脂肪酸酯类,诸如Myrj 45、Myrj 49和Myrj 59;聚(氧乙烯)烷基醚类,诸如聚(氧乙烯)鲸蜡基醚、聚(氧乙烯)棕榈基醚、聚环氧乙烷十六基醚、聚乙二醇鲸蜡基醚、brij 38、brij 52、brij 56和brij W1;蔗糖酯类、山梨醇的偏酯类及其酸酐类,诸如失水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯和失水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯;单酸甘油酯类或二脂酰甘油酯类、isoceteth-20、甲基椰油基牛磺酸钠、甲基油酰基牛磺酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠、三乙醇胺月桂基硫酸酯和甜菜碱。
表面活性剂的组合是可能的。可以将任意表面活性剂或其组合用作表面活性剂。按照本发明的一个或多个实施方案,所述的表面活性剂(或试剂)具有高于9的HLB。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,所述的表面活性剂选自非离子型表面活性剂、阳离子型表面活性剂、两性和两性离子表面活性剂组成的组且特别是所述的表面活性剂为非离子型表面活性剂。已知离子型表面活性剂(包括阳离子型、阴离子型、两性和两性离子型表面活性剂)为皮肤刺激剂。因此,在包括对诸如在大部分皮肤病中发现的敏感性皮肤的应用中优选非离子型表面活性剂。我们令人意外地发现单独的非离子型表面活性剂提供了质量极佳的泡沫,即按照如下所述的等级标准为″E″的得分。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,表面活性剂仅为非离子型的,包括一种或多种非离子型表面活性剂。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,表面活性剂包括100∶1-6∶1范围的非离子型表面活性剂与离子型表面活性剂之比;在某些实施方案中,非离子型表面活性剂与离子型表面活性剂之比大于6∶1或大于8∶1或大于14∶1或大于16∶1或大于20∶1。
典型的非离子型表面活性剂包括聚乙氧基化脂肪酸类、脂肪酸二酯类、聚乙二醇甘油脂肪酸酯类、醇-油酯交换产物、聚甘油化脂肪酸类、固醇和固醇衍生物、聚乙二醇失水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯类、聚乙二醇烷基醚类、糖酯类、聚乙二醇烷基苯酚类、聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯嵌段共聚物、失水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯类和低级醇脂肪酸酯类。
尽管聚乙二醇(PEG)自身不起表面活性剂的作用,但是各种PEG-脂肪酸酯类具有有用的表面活性剂特性。典型的一酯类包括月桂酸、油酸和硬脂酸的酯类,例如PEG-8月桂酸酯、PEG-8油酸酯、PEG-8硬脂酸酯、PEG-9油酸酯、PEG-10月桂酸酯、PEG-10油酸酯、PEG-12月桂酸酯、PEG-12油酸酯、PEG-15油酸酯、PEG-20月桂酸酯和PEG-20油酸酯。适合于用作本发明组合物中非离子型表面活性剂的聚乙二醇脂肪酸二酯类包括PEG-20二月桂酸酯、PEG-20二油酸酯、PEG-20二硬脂酸酯、PEG-32二月桂酸酯和PEG-32二油酸酯。合适的聚乙二醇甘油脂肪酸酯类包括PEG-20甘油月桂酸酯、PEG-30甘油月桂酸酯、PEG-40甘油月桂酸酯、PEG-20甘油油酸酯和PEG-30甘油油酸酯。
可以通过使醇类或多元醇类与各种天然和/或氢化油反应制备大量具有不同程度疏水性或亲水性的表面活性剂。最常用的油是蓖麻油或氢化蓖麻油或食用植物油,诸如玉米油、橄榄油、花生油、棕榈仁油、杏仁油或杏仁油。优选的醇类包括甘油、丙二醇、乙二醇、聚乙二醇、山梨醇和季戊四醇。在这些醇-油酯交换的表面活性剂中,优选的亲水性表面活性剂为PEG-35蓖麻油(Incrocas-35)、PEG-40氢化蓖麻油(Cremophor RH 40)、PEG-25三油酸酯(TAGAT_TO)、PEG-60玉米甘油酯类(Crovol M70)、PEG-60杏仁油(Crovol A70)、PEG-40棕榈仁油(Crovol PK70)、PEG-50蓖麻油(Emalex C-50)、PEG-50氢化蓖麻油(Emalex HC-50)、PEG-8辛酸/癸酸甘油酯类(Labrasol)和PEG-6辛酸/癸酸甘油酯类(Softigen 767)。在该类中优选的疏水性表面活性剂包括PEG-5氢化蓖麻油、PEG-7氢化蓖麻油、PEG-9氢化蓖麻油、PEG-6玉米油(Labrafil_M 2125CS)、PEG-6杏仁油(Labrafil_M 1966 CS)、PEG-6杏仁油(Labrafil_M 1944 CS)、PEG-6橄榄油(Labrafil_M 1980CS)、PEG-6花生油(Labrafil_M 1969 CS)、PEG-6氢化棕榈仁油(Labrafil_M 2130 BS)、PEG-6棕榈仁油(Labrafil_M 2130 CS)、PEG-6三油精(Labrafil_b M 2735 CS)、PEG-8玉米油(Labrafil_WL 2609BS)、PEG-20玉米甘油酯类(Crovol M40)和PEG-20杏仁甘油酯类(Crovol A40)。据报导后两种表面活性剂具有的HLB值为10,一般认为它近似亲水性与疏水性表面活性剂之间的临界值。
油溶性维生素(例如维生素A、D、E,、K等)衍生物的醇-油酯交换的表面活性剂也为合适的表面活性剂,诸如生育PEG-100琥珀酸酯(TPGS,购自Eastman)。
脂肪酸的聚甘油酯类也是本发明合适的非离子型表面活性剂。在聚脂肪酸甘油酯类中,典型应用的疏水性表面活性剂包括聚油酸甘油酯(Plurol Oleique)、聚甘油基-2二油酸酯(Nikkol DGDO)和聚甘油基-10三油酸酯。优选的亲水性表面活性剂包括聚甘油基-10月桂酸酯(Nikkol Decaglyn 1-L)、聚甘油基-10油酸酯(Nikkol Decaglyn 1-0)和聚甘油基-10单、二油酸酯、(Caprol_PEG 860),聚甘油基聚蓖麻醇酸酯类(Polymuls)是这类中的亲水和疏水表面活性剂。
固醇类和固醇类的衍生物是用于本发明的合适的表面活性剂。这些表面活性剂可以为亲水性或疏水性的。优选的衍生物包括聚乙二醇衍生物。在该类中典型的疏水性表面活性剂为胆固醇。这类中典型的亲水性表面活性剂为PEG-24胆固醇醚(Solulan C-24)。
各种PEG-失水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯类适合于用作本发明的非离子型表面活性剂。一般来说,这些表面活性剂为亲水性的,不过,可以使用这类中的几种疏水性表面活性剂。在PEG-失水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯类中,典型的亲水性表面活性剂包括PEG-20失水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯(Tween-20)、PEG-20失水山梨糖醇单棕榈酸酯(Tween-40)、PEG-20失水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯(Tween-60)和PEG-20失水山梨糖醇单油酸酯(Tween-80)。
聚乙二醇和烷基醇的醚类是用于本发明的合适的非离子型表面活性剂。典型的疏水性醚类包括PEG-3油醚(Volpo 3)和PEG-4月桂基醚(Brij 30)。
聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯(POE-POP)嵌段共聚物是唯一一类聚合物表面活性剂。带有充分确定比例和位置的亲水POE和疏水POP部分的表面活性剂的独特结构提供了适用于本发明的各种表面活性剂。这些表面活性剂可以不同商品名下购得,包括Synperonic PE系列(ICI)、Pturonic_系列(BASF)、Emkalyx、Lutrol(BASF)、Supronic、Monolan、Pluracare和Plurodac。这些聚合物的一般性术语为″伯洛沙姆″(CAS9003-11-6)。这类中典型的亲水性表面活性剂包括伯洛沙姆108、188、217、238、288、338和407。在该类中典型的疏水性表面活性剂包括伯洛沙姆124、182、183、212、331和335。
脂肪酸的失水山梨糖醇酯类为用于本发明的合适的非离子型表面活性剂。在这些酯类中,优选的疏水性表面活性剂包括失水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯(Arlacel 20)、失水山梨糖醇单棕榈酸酯(Span-40)、失水山梨糖醇单油酸酯(Span-80)、失水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸和失水山梨糖醇三硬脂酸酯。
低级醇(C2-C4)和脂肪酸类(C8-C18)的酯类为用于本发明的合适的非离子型表面活性剂。在这些酯类中,优选的疏水性表面活性剂包括油酸乙酯(Crodamol EO)、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(Crodamol IPM)和棕榈酸异丙酯(Crodamol IPP)。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,所述的表面活性剂包括蔗糖与食物脂肪酸类的一-、二-和三酯类(蔗糖酯类),它们由蔗糖和食物脂肪酸的甲酯类和乙酯类制备或通过从甘油蔗糖酯类中提取制备。典型的蔗糖酯类包括蔗糖单棕榈酸酯和蔗糖单月桂酸酯。合适的蔗糖酯类包括那些具有高一酯含量的蔗糖酯类,它们具有较高的HLB值。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,使用非离子型表面活性剂与阴离子型表面活性剂(诸如十二烷基硫酸钠)的组合,其比例为1∶1-20∶1或比例为4∶1-10∶1。所得的泡沫具有低比重,例如小于0.1g/ml,在皮肤上摩擦(剪切应力)时,它易于破碎而便于吸收。
不同于现有技术的发泡组合物,用于获得稳定、低比重且具有良好的泡沫结构的泡沫的总表面活性剂用量较低。优选低表面活性剂浓度、特别是低离子性表面活性剂浓度以减少对皮肤的刺激。总表面活性剂用量占发泡组合物0.1-5.0wt%的范围且一般低于2wt%乃至低于1wt%。
水胶凝剂
本发明一个或多个实施方案的水胶凝剂例如通过增加粘度和连接能力使水相保持稳定。可以用于本发明一个或多个实施方案的典型水胶凝剂包括,但不限于:例如:天然存在的聚合物,诸如刺槐豆胶、藻酸钠、酪蛋白酸钠、卵清蛋白、明胶琼脂、角叉菜胶、藻酸钠、黄原酸胶、榠栌籽提取物、黄耆胶、淀粉、化学改性淀粉等;半合成聚合物,诸如纤维素醚类(例如羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、瓜耳胶、羟丙基瓜耳胶、可溶性淀粉、阳离子纤维素、阳离子瓜耳胶等;和合成聚合物,诸如羧乙烯基聚合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇聚丙烯酸聚合物、聚甲基丙烯酸聚合物、聚乙酸乙烯酯聚合物、聚氯乙烯聚合物、聚偏氯乙烯聚合物等。上述化合物的混合物也可考虑。
其它典型的水胶凝剂包括丙烯酸/丙烯酸乙酯共聚物和羧乙烯基聚合物,例如它们由B.F.Goodrich Company在卡波姆注册的TM树脂的商标下销售。这些树脂主要由丙烯酸与0.75%-2%交联剂、诸如聚烯丙基蔗糖或聚烯丙基季戊四醇交联的胶态水溶性聚链烯基聚醚交联聚合物组成。实例包括卡波姆934、卡波姆940、卡波姆950、卡波姆980、卡波姆951和卡波姆981。卡波姆934是丙烯酸与约1%的每个蔗糖分子平均带有约5.8个烯丙基的蔗糖的聚烯丙基醚交联的水溶性聚合物。
胶凝剂在发泡组合物中的含量在约0.1%-约5.0wt%。在一个或多个实施方案中,它在发泡组合物中一般低于1wt%。
″不含醇″
不同于美国专利US 6,126,920中公开的含有40-90wt%脂族醇的组合物,本发明的组合物不含这类用量的醇类。就本申请的目的而言,术语″不含醇″应指组合物含有不超过附带用量的脂族醇、例如低于约7.5%的在碳主链上带有1-6个碳原子的任何脂族醇或不超过7.5%的这类脂族醇的任意混合物。并不认为这些低浓度的醇类对皮肤或粘膜具有负面影响。在一个或多个实施方案中,所述的发泡组合物不含任何醇。
任选的组分
本发明的药物或化妆品发泡载体可以进一步任选包括各种药物或化妆品组分,加入它们是为了微调制剂的稠度、防止制剂成分降解和氧化并使其具有化妆品的可接受性。例如,这类赋形剂可以选自用于药物和化妆品制剂领域中的二脂酰甘油酯类、甘油三酯类、稳定剂、抗氧化剂、湿润剂、增香剂、着色剂和添味剂和其它制剂成分组成的组。使用本发明的发泡载体制备的药物或化妆品组合物极易于使用。当施用在人或动物的患病体表上时,它呈泡沫状态,由此可以自由涂布而不会溢出。在进一步以机械力施用、例如通过将该组合物摩擦在体表上时,它可以自由地在表面上展开且被快速吸收。
抛射剂气溶胶
将气溶胶抛射剂用于产生和给予作为泡沫的发泡组合物。包括抛射剂、发泡组合物和任选组分的总组合物称作发泡载体。抛射剂约占发泡载体的5-25wt%。合适的抛射剂的实例包括挥发性烃类、诸如丁烷、丙烷、异丁烷或其混合物和碳氟化合物气体。
组合物和泡沫的物理性质
1.组合物的流动性:
重要的是使包括水、疏水性溶剂、制剂赋形剂和抛射剂的组合物在稳定乳剂中以确保产品具有可接受的贮存期限。
而另一个关键的特性在于所述的组合物必须可以自由流动,否则,它就不能流过气溶胶容器的汲取管并生成可接受的泡沫。已经注意到在有关本发明组合物的上下文中,包括半固体疏水性溶剂、例如白凡士林的组合物粘性过强且表现出的流动性极差。
本发明一个或多个实施方案的表面活性剂、发泡助剂和水胶凝剂的组合提供了低比重泡沫,它具有优良的流动性和剪裂性(等属性)。按照本发明的一个或多个实施方案,表面活性剂、发泡助剂和水胶凝剂组合的总量不超过发泡组合物的8%(w/w)。在其它实施方案中,表面活性剂、发泡助剂和水胶凝剂的合并用量低于发泡组合物的5%(w/w)。低固体含量改善了泡沫的流动性、减少了令人不愉快的皮肤残留物并降低了生产成本。正如本文证实的,尽管这些成分在泡沫中的浓度较低,但是泡沫质量和泡沫易碎性极佳。
2.泡沫特性:
将下列用于泡沫质量的等级用于评价泡沫。
E(极佳):观极为浓厚且似霜样、不会表现出任何泡沫结构或表现出极为良好的(小)泡沫结构。
G(良好):外观极为浓厚且似霜样、极小的泡沫大小、比极佳泡沫更为快速地″钝化″。
FG(中等良好):中等量的明显的霜样、泡沫结构显而易见。
F(中等):极少量可见霜样、泡沫结构比″中等良好″的泡沫大。
P(差):无明显霜样。大泡沫结构。
VP(极差):干燥泡沫、大的极为钝化的泡沫、难以涂布在皮肤上。
足以用于本发明局部给药的泡沫在从气溶胶容器内释放时必须具有E或G的质量等级。较小的泡沫意味着泡沫更为稳定,不会在从容器中释放时即刻自主破裂。较好的泡沫结构看起来和感觉较为平滑,由此增加了其可用性和吸引力。
本发明泡沫特性的关键方面在于易碎性。作为本发明组合物所达到的泡沫的剪切力易碎性显然对例如在美国专利US 6,126,920和如Olux和Luxiq的使用说明书中所显示的相应Olux和Luxiq产品中存在的热致易碎性有利,而Olux和Luxiq的这种泡沫不能施用在手上并在此后递送至患病区域,这是因为它在接触皮肤温度时即刻破碎。
另一个重要特性为在从气溶胶容器中释放时测定的泡沫的比重。一般来说,本发明泡沫具有的比重低于0.1g/mL且更优选低于0.05g/mL。
药物应用领域
通过在发泡载体中包括合适的治疗剂,本发明的发泡组合物用于各种皮肤科疾病(也称作″皮肤病″)疗法,包括如下非限制性典型实例:
皮炎
-接触性皮炎
-特应性皮炎
-脂溢性皮炎
-钱币状皮炎
-手和足的慢性皮炎
-泛发性剥脱性皮炎
-郁积性皮炎
-慢性单纯性苔癣
细菌感染
-蜂窝织炎
-急性淋巴管炎
-淋巴结炎
-丹毒
-皮肤脓肿
-坏死性皮下感染
-金黄色葡萄球菌烫伤样皮肤综合征
-滤泡炎
-疖
-化脓性汗腺炎
-痈
-甲沟炎感染
-红癣
真菌感染
-皮肤真菌感染
-酵母感染
寄生虫感染
-疥疮
-虱病
-匐行疹
病毒感染
毛囊和皮脂腺疾病
-痤疮
-酒渣鼻
-口周皮炎
-多毛(多毛症)
-脱发,包括男性型脱发、斑形脱发、全身脱毛和全部脱发
-须假毛囊炎
-角化囊肿
脱屑性丘疹性疾病
-银屑病
-玫瑰糠疹
-扁平苔癣
-毛发红糠疹
良性肿瘤
-胎块
-发育不良痣
-皮赘
-脂瘤
-血管瘤
-脓性肉芽肿
-脂溢性角化病
-皮肤纤维瘤
-角化棘皮病
-瘢痕瘤
恶性肿瘤
-基底细胞癌
-鳞状细胞癌
-恶性黑素瘤
-乳头佩吉特病
-卡波西肉瘤
目光反应
-晒伤
-日光慢性作用
-光过敏
大疱性疾病
-天疱疮
-大疱性类天疱疮
-疱疹样皮炎
-线性免疫球蛋白A病
色素沉着疾病
-色素减退
-白斑
-白化病
-炎症后色素减退
-色素沉着过度
-黄褐斑(黑斑病)
-药物诱发的色素沉着过度
-炎症后色素沉着过度
角化疾病
-鱼鳞病
-毛发角化病
-胼胝和鸡眼
-光化性角化病
褥疮
出汗障碍
炎性反应
-药疹
-中毒性表皮坏死松解症
-多形红斑
-结节性红斑
-环形肉芽肿
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,本发明的发泡组合物用于对透皮递送活性剂起反应的非皮肤病。作为实例,这类疾病包括一般性的局部疼痛以及关节痛、肌肉痛、背痛、风湿痛、关节炎、骨关节炎和急性软组织损伤和运动损伤。这类中的其它疾病包括对激素疗法、诸如激素替代疗法、透皮烟碱给药起反应的疾病和其它递药领域中公知的相应的疾病。本发明的发泡组合物还用于递送局部麻醉药。药物活性剂(药物)
药物活性剂、也称作″药物″可以由可以溶于载体组合物的水相或疏水相的单一药物或药物组合组成。这类药物的实例为抗生素、抗菌药、抗真菌药、抗病毒药、抗炎药、麻醉药、止痛药、抗过敏药、皮质类固醇、类视黄醇和抗增殖药及其任意比例的混合物。可以采用在施用在患病区域时发挥治疗作用的药物浓度。
抗菌药
一类重要的药物包括抗菌药。众所周知细菌感染涉及各种浅表性皮肤、眼、粘膜、口腔、阴道和直肠疾病。抗菌药可以对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌、原生动物、需氧菌和厌氧菌具有活性。
作为实例,抗菌药可以选自氯霉素、四环素、合成和半合成青霉素、β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、氟喹诺酮类(fluoroquinolnes)、大环内酯类抗生素、甲硝唑及其衍生物和类似物、诸如壬二酸这类二羧酸、水杨酸类(sllicylates)、肽抗生素、环胞菌素类及其有效治疗浓度的任意组合。另一类非特异性的抗菌药包括强氧化剂和自由基释放化合物、诸如过氧化氢、漂白剂(例如次氯酸钠、次氯酸钙或次氯酸镁等)、碘、氯己定(chlorohexidine)和过氧化苯甲酰。
本发明的抗菌组合物可以用于治疗皮肤感染。极为常见的皮肤感染的实例为包括皮脂腺感染p.Acnes以及金黄色葡萄球菌(staphylococus aurus)和假单胞菌属的痤疮。各种抗菌药已经用于治疗痤疮,然而,它们的功效因透入皮层和皮脂腺的疏水环境程度较低而受到限制。本发明包括疏水成分的组合物可能有利于强化透入率。此外,发泡助剂、即脂肪醇类和酸类的内在抗菌和抗炎作用提供了应导致对治疗具有较好的治疗反应的合并作用。
本发明的组合物特别用于和有益于预防和治疗伴随皮肤结构损害的继发性感染,诸如在切伤、创伤、灼伤和溃疡中的继发性感染。在所有这类情况中,本发明的制剂易于使用,在施用时呈泡沫状态且在皮肤上摩擦时立即变成液体。
尽管用于预防和治疗感染,但是本发明的抗菌泡沫还应用于净化受抗生物体的细菌,诸如炭疽和天花侵害的区域。
当将本发明的组合物局部施用于粘膜、口腔、阴道和直肠时,预计有相同的优点。
抗真菌药
真菌感染是使用本发明组合物治疗的另一个目标。皮肤浅表性真菌感染是在一般实践中观察到的最常见皮肤病之一。皮真菌病可能是最常见的皮肤浅表性真菌感染。它由一类能够代谢人的表皮、指甲或毛发的角蛋白的真菌所致。有3个属的皮肤真菌导致皮真菌病,即小孢子菌属、发癣菌属和表皮癣菌属。
念珠菌病是由酵母类真菌白色假丝酵母或有时由其它假丝酵母属的种类导致的感染。念珠菌病的临床综合征包括:(a)口腔念珠菌病(鹅口疮);(b)皮肤和生殖器粘膜念珠菌病;和(c)侵害指甲的念珠菌性甲沟炎。
所述的药物组合物可以包括对皮肤真菌和念珠菌属具有活性的抗真菌药,它们选自、但不限于吡咯类、二唑类、三唑类、咪康唑、氟康唑、酮康唑、克霉唑、依他康唑、灰黄霉素、环己吡酮乙醇胺、阿莫罗芬、特比萘芬、两性霉素B、碘化钾、氟胞嘧啶(5FC)和及其有效治疗浓度的任意组合。
例如,它用于治疗体癣、脚癣、红癣、甲癣、股癣、须癣和花斑癣以及酵母感染、诸如念珠菌病和念珠菌性阴道炎。
抗病毒药
本发明的组合物特别有益于病毒感染的情况。感冒疮由单纯疱疹1型病毒所致且有时称作面疱疹。软体动物门是各自或成群地出现在面部、躯干、下腹部、骨盆、股内侧或阴茎上生长的小病毒。通常在一生中仅发生一次的带状疱疹(带状疱疹)作为皮疹出现(带有红色基底的成簇的水疱)。它由导致水痘的相同病毒所致。疣是常见的因病毒感染导致的良性皮肤肿瘤。
目前用各种抗病毒药治疗病毒感染,正如下表中所概括的:
  药物   病毒   化学类型
  阿糖腺苷   疱疹病毒   核苷类似物
  阿昔洛韦   单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)   核苷类似物
  更昔洛韦   巨细胞病毒(CMV)   核苷类似物
  核苷类似物逆转录酶抑制剂(NRTI):AZT(齐多夫定)、ddl(去羟肌苷)、ddC(扎西他滨)、d4T(司他夫定)、3TC(拉米夫定)   反录病毒(HIV)   核苷类似物
  非核苷类似物逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTI):奈韦拉平、地位韦啶   反录病毒(HIV)   核苷类似物
  蛋白酶抑制剂:沙奎那韦、利托那韦、茚地那韦、奈非那韦   HIV   肽类似物
  利巴韦林   广谱:HCV、HSV、麻疹、流行性腮腺炎、沙拉热   三唑甲酰胺
  金刚烷胺/金刚乙胺   流感A型菌株   三环胺
  干扰素   乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎   蛋白质
可以将有效治疗浓度的任意上述抗病毒药混入本发明的发泡组合物。包括疏水性溶剂的本发明组合物有利于使上述抗病毒药的透入率得到强化且局部分布较好。此外,发泡助剂、即脂肪醇类和酸类的内在抗病毒作用提供了应导致对治疗的较好治疗反应的合并作用。
抗炎或抗过敏药
按照本发明的另一个实施方案,所述的药物为抗炎或抗过敏药。抗炎或抗过敏药可以选自皮质类固醇、非甾体类消炎药(NSAIDs)、抗组胺药、免疫抑制剂及其任意有效治疗浓度的组合。
下表中提供了目前可得到的皮质类固醇药及其有效治疗浓度的概括。
  功效   化合物   制剂
  极高   丙酸倍氯他索   0.05%的霜剂或软膏剂
  丙酸卤倍他索   0.05%的霜剂或软膏剂
  高   倍他米松二丙酸盐   0.05%的霜剂或软膏剂
  戊酸倍他米松   0.1%的软膏剂
  氟轻松   0.02%的霜剂
  哈西奈德   0.1%的霜剂或软膏剂
  中等   戊酸倍他米松   0.1%的霜剂
  氟轻松   0.020%的霜剂或软膏剂
  戊酸氢化可的松   0.2%的霜剂或软膏剂
  曲安西龙   0.1%或0.020%的霜剂、软膏剂或洗剂
  低   氢化可的松   1.0%或2.5%的霜剂、软膏剂或洗剂
本文提供作为上表中存在的皮质类固醇药的浓度仅作为实例且可以将任意有效治疗浓度的这类皮质类固醇混入本发明的组合物。由于所有皮质类固醇药一般为疏水性的,所以包括疏水性溶剂的本发明载体最适合于用作促进任意上述药物更好地局部分布并强化其透入率的媒介物。此外,发泡助剂、即脂肪醇类和酸类的内在抗病毒、抗菌和抗炎作用提供了应导致对治疗的较好治疗反应的合并作用。
银屑病是极为常见的慢性皮肤病,它可以为使用本发明组合物的治疗靶。它以银白色片状表面覆盖的定期剧烈明显红斑潮红为标志。
几乎不含水或无水的皮质类固醇软膏、油脂性制剂常用于治疗银屑病。其主要缺点在于其治疗后保持如此长的粘性感觉。相反,同时包括可观浓度的油(疏水性溶剂)的本发明泡沫极易于涂抹在受侵害区域并吸收入皮肤而不会遗留任何不需要的感觉或外观。可以用药物为类固醇的本发明组合物治疗的其它炎性疾病的实例为面部和躯干的特应性皮炎、皮脂溢、脂溢性皮炎、脂溢性睑缘炎、接触性皮炎、郁积性皮炎(重力性湿疹;静脉曲张湿疹)、剥脱性皮炎(红皮病(erythroderma))、慢性单纯性苔癣、玫瑰糠疹和天疱疮。
目前商购的局部用抗组胺制剂包括1%和2%苯海拉明(Benadryl_和Caladryl_)、5%多塞平(Zonalon_)霜剂、phrilamine maleate、氯苯那敏和曲吡那敏、非诺吡酮类、盐酸异丙嗪(Phenergan_)和马来酸二甲茚定。也可以将这些药物和其它抗组胺药混入本发明的组合物。
指出含有ω-3和ω-6脂肪酸类(例如亚油酸和亚麻酸、γ-亚油酸(GLA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的多不饱和脂肪酸类有益于治疗银屑病和其它皮肤炎性疾病。
用于本发明泡沫的第二类抗炎药包括非甾体类消炎药(NSAIDs)。该类中包括的各种化合物是本领域技术人员众所周知的。用于本发明的具体的非甾体类消炎药包括、但不限于:
1)Oxicams,诸如吡罗昔康、依索昔康、替诺昔康、舒多昔康;
2)水杨酸酯类,诸如水杨酸、水杨酸乙酯、水杨酸甲酯、阿司匹林、双水杨酸酯、贝诺酯、三水杨酸胆碱镁、safapryn、solprin、二氟尼柳和芬度柳;
3)乙酸衍生物,诸如双氨芬酸、芬氯酸、吲哚美辛、舒林酸、托美丁、依索克酸、呋罗芬酸、硫平酸、齐多美辛、阿西美辛、芬替酸、佐美酸、环氯茚酸、奥西平酸、联苯乙酸和酮咯酸;
4)Fenamates,诸如甲芬那酸、甲氯芬那酸、氟芬那酸、尼氟酸和托芬那酸;
5)丙酸衍生物,诸如布洛芬、萘普生、苯噁洛芬、氟比洛芬、酮洛芬、非诺洛芬、芬布芬、吲哚洛芬、吡洛芬、卡洛芬、奥沙普秦、普拉洛芬、咪洛芬、硫噁洛芬、舒洛芬、阿明洛芬和噻洛芬酸;和
6)吡唑类,诸如保泰松、羟布宗、非普拉宗、阿扎丙宗和三甲保泰松。
按照本发明,一般包括具有预防、缓解症状、治疗或治愈炎症过程能力的任意其它类固醇和非类固醇化合物作为可能的抗炎药。
本发明的药物组合物还可以包括抗炎药或抗过敏药,其中所述的活性剂减少促炎细胞因子的出现或抑制促炎细胞因子的作用。
还可以使用这类抗炎药的混合物和这些活性剂的皮肤可接受的盐、酯类、酰胺类、前体药物和衍生物。
包括安全和有效剂量的NSAID的泡沫的局部施用可以用于预防和/或缓解类风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎和疼痛的症状。混入本发明泡沫的局部用NSAIDs还可以用于治疗皮肤病,诸如痤疮、酒渣鼻、毛发生长障碍、光化性角化病和某些皮肤癌病。
局部麻醉药
本发明的组合物可以含有安全和有效剂量的局部麻醉药。局部麻醉药的实例包括苯佐卡因、利多卡因、布比卡因、氯普鲁卡因、辛可卡因、依替卡因、甲哌卡因、丁卡因、达克罗宁、海克卡因、普鲁卡因、可卡因、氯胺酮、西吗卡因、苯酚及其药物上可接受的盐。这类麻醉药的混合物可能具有协同有益作用。
角质层分离活性剂
本文所用的术语″角质层分离活性剂″指的是使皮肤角质层松弛并除去它或改变皮肤角蛋白层结构的化合物。
角质层分离活性剂用于治疗许多皮肤病,包括干燥皮肤、角化过度(诸如银屑病)、皮肤瘙痒(诸如干燥病)、痤疮和酒渣鼻。
合适的角质层分离活性剂包括苯酚和取代的酚化合物。已知这类化合物可以溶解和松弛角化过度组织的胞内基质。照此,它们可以用于治疗皮肤病。将二羟基苯及其衍生物看作有效的角质层分离剂。间苯二酚(间-二羟基苯)及其衍生物用于抗-痤疮制剂。氢醌(对-二羟基苯)除其抗色素沉着特性外,也可以为角质层分离剂。这些化合物还表现出防腐特性。甲酚类还具有杀菌和角质层分离特性。
维生素A及其衍生物、诸如视黄酸、异视黄酸、视黄醇和视黄醛是另一类优选的角质层分离活性剂。
另一种类角质层分离活性剂包括诸如乳酸和乙醇酸和及其相应的盐和衍生物这类α-羟基酸和诸如水杨酸(邻-羟基苯甲酸)及其盐和药物上可接受的衍生物这类β-羟基酸,它们一般具有抗炎和角质层分离活性。
另一类优选的角质层分离活性剂包括脲及其衍生物。
类视黄醇
另一类优选的活性剂包括视黄醇、视黄醛、所有的反式视黄酸及其衍生物、其异构体和类似物,它们共同称作″类视黄醇″。阿维A酸、actiretin、异维A酸、阿达帕林和他扎罗汀是所述类视黄醇异构体和类似物的其它实例。可以通过施用在受侵害区域上将含有类视黄醇作为活性药物的本发明组合物用于治疗痤疮、皮脂溢、各种皮肤病、皮肤、粘膜、阴道和直肠炎症、银屑病、光化性角化病和皮肤癌。
杀虫药和驱虫剂
诸如蚊、咀嚼口器害虫、螨、小昆虫、蚤、恙螨、蠓、白蛉、虱和蜱这类昆虫可能令人烦恼且有时对人和动物健康造成严重危害。在美国的某些地区,蚊子可以传播如马脑炎和圣路易型脑炎这类疾病。咀嚼口器害虫可以导致可能持续数天的刺痛、肿胀且可能变感染。蜱可以传播如莱姆病和落矶山斑疹热这类疾病。
在防止人和动物不受飞的昆虫或咀嚼口器害虫、蜘蛛、蜱和螨的侵害时,有几种类型的驱虫剂。作为实例,这些驱虫剂可以包括DEET(N,N-二乙基-间-甲苯甲酰胺)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、胡椒基丁醚和苄氯菊酯。驱虫剂萜类化合物由Hwang等在《化学生态学杂志》(J.Chem.Ecol.),11,1297(1985)和由Ruledge在《美国蚊子控制协会杂志》(J.Am.Mosquito Control Assoc.)4,414(1988)中报导。
特别优选类的驱虫剂包括描述在美国专利US5,411,992中的萜类化合物,包括:
(1)萜烯-醇或萜醇类为带有至少一个羟基的萜类化合物。萜醇类的实例包括:C10H16O化合物,紫苏子醇、香芹醇、桃金娘烯醇和顺式-马鞭草烯醇;C10H18O化合物,桃金娘烷醇、异-松蒎醇、二氢香芹醇、异蒲勒醇、萜品醇、萜品烯-4-醇、橙花醇、香叶醇和里那醇;和C10H20O化合物,薄荷醇、β-香茅醇和二氢-月桂烯醇。
(2)萜烯-酯类为带有至少一个酯基的萜类化合物,所述的酯基为萜烯-醇的羟基与可以在脂族链上含有诸如羟基或胺这类官能基的脂族羧酸结合的产物。合适的脂族羧酸的实例包括乙酸、丙酸、乳酸和各种氨基酸。萜烯-酯类的实例包括:乙酸香芹酯、丙酸香芹酯和乳酸薄荷酯。
(3)含有萜类化合物的精油和含有萜类化合物的香料。具有高萜烯-醇类和酯类含量的精油的非限制性实例包括香柠檬(62%萜类化合物)、鼠尾草(>50%萜类化合物)、苏合香(>50%萜类化合物)、薄荷(>50%萜类化合物)和西伯利亚松(75%萜类化合物%)。萜烯类、醛类和酮类在其应用上可变,但作为一般的类型,具有驱虫剂的潜能。
本发明的泡沫特别适合于有效均匀地使驱虫剂涂布在人和动物皮肤的较大区域上。发泡组合物中存在的疏水性溶剂有助于使驱虫剂保留在皮肤表面上延长的时间期限。
在另一个实施方案中,所述的泡沫适合于将杀昆虫剂(杀虫药)递送至人和动物的受侵害的外表面上。因此,该药物或化妆品组合物可以包括寄生虫学领域中公知的杀虫药。作为实例,这类杀虫药可以选自苄氯菊酯、六氯苯、氨基酸甲酸酯、天然存在的拟除虫菊酯、苄氯菊酯、丙烯除虫菌酯、马拉硫磷、胡椒基丁醚及其有效治疗浓度的任意组合。其施用极为便利且它甚至易于涂布在多毛区域。发泡组合物中存在的疏水性溶剂有助于使杀虫药保留在治疗区域上延长的时间期限。此外,泡沫中存在疏水性溶剂易于使用梳子以机械方式除去虱和虮。
抗癌药
按照本发明,也可以将抗癌药作为对皮肤恶性肿瘤选择的药物,诸如基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌、黑素瘤和卡波西肉瘤以及癌前期疾病光化性角化病。在某些情况中,局部细胞毒性和抗增殖药物用于治疗或预防这类癌症,包括5-氟尿嘧啶,也称作5-FU。可以将5-FU以及癌症药物领域中公知的任意其它抗癌药以治疗有效浓度混入泡沫。
适用于本发明泡沫的优选抗癌药族包括抗雌激素药,诸如他莫昔芬。他莫昔芬阻断雌激素在体内的作用。它用于预防或延缓乳腺癌复发或控制其扩散。
光动力治疗剂
本发明的发泡组合物还用于递送光动力疗法领域中公知的光敏剂。作为实例,这类光敏剂可以选自包括改性的卟吩类、二氢卟酚类、菌绿素、肽菁类、水杨酸萘酯花青素苷(naphthalocyanines)、脱镁叶绿甲酯一酸类、红紫素、m-THPC、一-L-天冬氨酰二氢卟酚e6、菌绿素、肽菁类、苯并卟啉衍生物以及诸如氨基乙酰基丙酸(ALA)这类光敏剂前体在内的组。
用于灼伤、创伤、切伤和溃疡的活性剂
使用本发明的组合物治疗灼伤、创伤、切伤和溃疡特别有利。该泡沫可以包括抗感染药(抗细菌、真菌和/或病毒)、抗炎药(类固醇和/或NSAIDs)和缓解疼痛的成分。在施用时,该泡沫易于扩散,从而覆盖受侵害区域的表面且不会产生疼痛。
护肤活性剂
本发明的泡沫对皮肤护理和美容护理而言是有用和有利的。具有保湿特性的油与水的组合作为可扩散的泡沫形式可以用于替代目前使用的化妆品护肤霜剂、洗剂、凝胶等。本发明的化妆品泡沫适合于进一步作为″美容″制剂(具有治疗有益性的化妆品)施用以治疗″化妆品″皮肤病,诸如老化皮肤、皱纹、色素沉着过度(黑斑病、黄褐斑、雀斑等)、有鳞屑的皮肤和其它皮肤不理想的特性。
CTFA化妆品组分手册中描述了各种常用于护肤工业中的非限制性化妆品和药物组分,它们适用于本发明的组合物。这些组分类型的实例包括:摩擦剂;吸收剂;美容化合物;诸如香料、色素、染料/着色剂、精油、收敛剂等(例如丁香油、薄荷醇、樟脑、桉树油、丁子香酚、乳酸薄荷酯、金缕梅蒸馏物);抗-痤疮剂;抗菌剂(例如丁基氨基甲酸碘丙酯);抗氧化剂;粘合剂;生物添加剂;缓冲剂;填充剂;螯合剂;化学添加剂;着色剂;化妆品收敛剂;化妆品杀虫剂;变性剂;药物收敛剂;外用止痛药;成膜剂或成膜材料,例如用于辅助组合物的成膜特性和直接性的聚合物(例如二十碳烯与乙烯基吡咯烷酮的共聚物);不透明剂;pH调节剂;抛射剂;还原剂;多价螯合剂;皮肤漂白剂和增艳剂(例如氢醌、曲酸、抗坏血酸、抗坏血酸磷酸镁、抗坏血酸葡糖胺);皮肤调节剂(例如湿润剂,包括混合和封闭性的);皮肤安抚剂和/或愈合剂(例如泛醇和衍生物(例如泛醇乙酯)、芦荟、泛酸及其衍生物、尿囊素、红没药醇和甘草酸二钾);皮肤治疗剂;增稠剂;和维生素及其衍生物。
然而,在本发明的任意实施方案中,可以根据本文所用活性剂提供的益处或推断的其作用方式对它们进行分类。可以理解的是本文所用的活性剂在某些情况中提供了一种以上的有益作用并通过一种以上作用方式起作用。因此,本文进行的分类是为了便利起见而不用来将所述活性剂限定到特定的应用或所列的应用。
抗-痤疮活性剂
本发明的组合物可以含有安全和有效量的一种或多种药物或化妆品上可接受的抗-痤疮活性剂。有用的抗-痤疮活性成分的实例包括:间苯二酚、硫、水杨酸和水杨酸酯类;α-羟基酸;非甾体类消炎药;过氧化苯甲酰;视黄酸、异视黄酸和其它类视黄醇化合物;阿达帕林、他扎罗汀、壬二酸和壬二酸衍生物;抗生素活性剂,诸如红霉素和clyndamycin、锌盐和复合物;及其治疗有效浓度的组合。
抗-皱纹活性剂/抗-萎缩活性剂和治疗干燥和鳞屑性皮肤(干燥病和鱼鳞病)的活性剂
本发明的组合物可以进一步含有安全和有效量的一种或多种抗-皱纹活性剂或抗-萎缩活性剂,它们易于通过将泡沫涂布在皮肤上来递送。适用于本发明组合物的抗-皱纹/抗-萎缩活性剂的典型实例包括:含硫的D和L型氨基酸及其衍生物和盐,特别是N-乙酰基衍生物;硫醇类;羟基酸(例如α-羟基酸,诸如乳酸和乙醇酸及其衍生物和盐;或β-羟基酸,诸如水杨酸和水杨酸盐和衍生物);脲;透明质酸;肌醇六磷酸;硫辛酸;溶血磷脂酸;去皮剂(例如苯酚;间苯二酚等);维生素B3化合物(例如烟酰胺、烟酸和烟酸盐和酯类,包括烟酸的非血管舒张酯类(诸如烟酸维生素E);烟氨基酸;羧酸的烟醇酯类;烟酸N-氧化物和烟酰胺N-氧化物);维生素B5和类视黄醇(例如视黄醇、视黄醛、视黄酸、乙酸视黄酯、棕榈酸视黄酯、抗坏血酸视黄酯)。就干燥的鳞屑性皮肤(干燥病)和鱼鳞病而言,这类活性剂可以通过暂时减轻与这些疾病相关的瘙痒来缓解症状。
抗氧化剂/自由基捕获剂
可以将安全和有效量的抗氧化剂/自由基捕获剂加入到本发明的组合物中,优选占该组合物的约0.1%-约10%(w/w),更优选约1%-约5%(w/w)。
可以使用抗氧化剂/自由基捕获剂,诸如抗坏血酸(维生素C)及其盐、脂肪酸的抗坏血酸酯类、抗坏血酸衍生物(例如磷酸抗坏血酸镁、磷酸抗坏血酸钠、山梨酸抗坏血酸酯)、生育酚(维生素E)、山梨酸生育酚酯、乙酸生育酚酯、生育酚的其它酯类、丁基化羟基苯甲酸类及其盐、6-羟基-2,5,7,8-四甲基苯并二氢吡喃-2-甲酸(商购自商品名Trolox.sup.R)、棓酸及其烷基酯类、尤其是棓酸丙酯、尿酸及其盐和烷基酯类、山梨酸及其盐、硫辛酸、胺类(例如N,N-二乙基羟基胺、氨基-胍)、硫氢基化合物(例如谷胱甘肽)、二羟基富马酸及其盐、氧脯氨酸甜菜碱酯、氧脯氨酸精氨酸酯、去甲二氢愈创木酸、生物类黄酮、姜黄素、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、脯氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶、水飞蓟素、茶提取物、葡萄皮/葡萄子提取物、黑素和迷迭香提取物。
本发明的泡沫适合于递送保护皮肤和使皮肤复新的抗氧化剂/自由基捕获剂。进一步指出含有ω-3和ω-6脂肪酸类(例如亚油酸和亚麻酸、γ-亚油酸(GLA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的多不饱和脂肪酸类有益于治疗银屑病和其它皮肤炎性疾病。同样,软化剂和硅油可以对皮肤发挥保湿作用和护肤作用。因此,在优选的实施方案中,提供了护肤泡沫,其中所述的疏水性溶剂包括选自软化剂、硅油和富含不饱和脂肪酸类的油的组,可以是它们的全部或部分,由此提供了抗氧化剂/自由基捕获剂和媒介物成分的协同治疗作用。
自鞣活性剂
本发明的泡沫特别适合于将活性鞣剂均匀递送至较大皮肤区域上。优选该组合物含有约0.1%-约20%,更优选约2%-约7%且更优选约3%-约6%组合物的二羟基丙酮或本领域公知作为人工活性鞣剂的任意其它化合物。
皮肤增艳剂和增白剂
本发明的泡沫特别适合于均匀递送皮肤增艳剂。在使用时,该组合物优选含有约0.1%-约10%、更优选约0.2%-约5%组合物的皮肤增艳剂。合适的皮肤增艳剂或增白剂包括本领域技术人员公知的那些合适的皮肤增艳剂或增白剂,包括氢醌、壬二酸和其它相关的二羧酸类及其盐和衍生物、类视黄醇、曲酸、熊果苷、烟酸及其前体、盐和衍生物、熊果苷、抗坏血酸和盐及其衍生物(例如抗坏血酸磷酸镁或抗坏血酸磷酸钠)和草药提取物(例如甘草提取物、桑树提取物、胎盘提取物)。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,发泡组合物包括皮肤增白剂与遮光剂的组合。
在本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,发泡组合物包括皮肤增白剂与无机遮光剂的组合。当将无机遮光剂、例如TiO2在皮肤上摩擦时,它们会遗留下白色涂层,这种涂层可以提供即刻(尽管是暂时的)增白作用,这对希望看到其外观立即改变的消费者而言是非常理想的。发泡载体中增白剂与无机遮光剂的组合可以便利而均匀地分布在皮肤表面上,由此提供均匀直接的增白作用,这与难以均匀涂布在皮肤区域上的霜剂不同。
防晒剂
接触紫外光可以导致角质层过度脱屑和纹理改变。本发明的泡沫有利于递送遮光剂。其施用极为便利且它易于在较大的皮肤区域上扩散。泡沫中存在疏水性溶剂可以确保长期作用,甚至在洗浴的情况下也是如此。
本文所用的″防晒活性剂″或″遮光剂″既包括遮光剂又包括物理性日光阻断剂。合适的防晒活性剂可以是有机物或无机物。
本文所用的无机防晒剂包括下列金属氧化物:具有约15nm-约100nm平均原始颗粒大小的二氧化肽;具有约15nm-约150nm平均原始颗粒大小的氧化锌;具有约15nm-约150nm平均原始颗粒大小的氧化锆;具有约15nm-约500nm平均原始颗粒大小的氧化铁;及其混合物。在本文中使用时,无机防晒剂在组合物中的含量为约0.1%-约20%,优选约0.5%-约10%,更优选约1%-约5%。
各种常用的有机防晒活性剂适用于本文。具体的合适的防晒活性剂包括:例如对-氨基苯甲酸及其盐和衍生物(乙酯类、异丁酯类、甘油酯类;对-二甲氨基苯甲酸);氨茴香酸酯类(即邻-氨基-苯甲酸酯;甲酯类、薄荷基、苯酯类、苄酯类、苯乙酯类、里哪酯类、萜品酯类和环已烯酯类);水杨酸酯类(戊酯类、苯酯类、辛酯类、苄酯类、薄荷基类、甘油酯类和二丙二醇酯类);肉桂酸衍生物(薄荷基类和苄酯类、a-苯基肉桂腈;丁基肉桂基丙酮酸酯);二羟基肉桂酸衍生物(繖形酮、甲基繖形酮、甲基乙酰繖形酮);三羟基-肉桂酸衍生物(七叶亭、甲基七叶亭、瑞香素和苷类、七叶苷和瑞香苷);烃类(二苯基丁二烯、芪);二亚苄基丙酮和亚苄基乙酰苯;萘酚磺酸盐(2-萘酚-3,6-二磺酸钠和2-萘酚-6,8-二磺酸钠);二羟基萘甲酸及其盐;邻-和对-羟基二苯基二磺酸盐;香豆素衍生物(7-羟基香豆素、7-甲基香豆素、3-苯基香豆素);二唑类(2-乙酰基-3-溴吲唑、苯基苯并噁唑、甲基萘噁唑、各种芳基苯并噻唑类);奎宁盐(硫酸氢盐、硫酸盐、氯化物、油酸盐和单宁酸盐);喹啉衍生物(8-羟基喹啉盐、2-苯基喹啉);羟基-或甲氧基-取代的二苯酮类;尿酸和紫尿酸;单宁酸及其衍生物(例如六乙基醚);(butyl carbotol)(6-丙基胡椒基)醚;氢醌;二苯酮类(羟苯、舒利苯酮、二羟苯宗、苯并苯二酚、2,2′,4,4′-四羟基二苯酮、2,2′-二羟基-4,4′-二甲氧基二苯酮、奥他苯酮;4-异丙基二苯甲酰基甲烷;丁基甲氧基二苯甲酰基甲烷;依托立林;氰双苯丙烯酸辛酯;[3-(4′-甲基亚苄基硼莰烷-2-酮)、对苯二亚甲基二樟脑磺酸和4-异丙基-二-苯甲酰基甲烷。
使用安全和有效量的有机防晒活性剂,用量一般为组合物的约1%-约20%、更优选约2%-约10%。确切用量随选择的防晒剂或多种防晒剂和所需的防晒因子(SPF)的不同而改变。
用于毛发生长障碍的活性剂
可以将影响毛发生长模式的活性剂适当混入本发明的泡沫。引起最普通的脱发的男性型脱发(MPB)因男性激素二氢睾酮(DHT)的活性而诱发,所述的二氢睾酮是由激素睾酮通过5α还原酶转化的。目前MPB的治疗包括米诺地尔和抑制5α还原酶的活性剂,诸如非那雄胺、螺内酯、壬二酸以及壬二酸衍生物和盐。可以将这类活性剂以及本领域中公知的其它活性剂混入本发明的泡沫。
进一步指出还已知多不饱和脂肪酸类、即诸如包括任意必需的脂肪酸类(EFA′s)可提供毛发生长:亚油酸和亚麻酸、γ-亚油酸(GLA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)。因此,在优选的实施方案中,提供了毛发生长泡沫,其中所述的疏水性溶剂包括全部或部分大量这类不饱和脂肪酸类。
塑形剂(figure-forming agents);用于治疗蜂窝织炎(cellulite)/减重的活性剂
可以将诸如用于治疗蜂窝织炎(cellulite)和用于减重产品中的塑形剂(figure forming agents)适当混入本发明的泡沫。已知用于治疗蜂窝织炎和诱导减重作用的活性剂的非限制性典型实例包括草药提取物,诸如baldderwack提取物;butcher′s、金雀花、辣椒、蒲公英、红三叶草、银杏、马栗、金缕梅和琉璃苣的油;ω3和ω6油;咖啡酸及其盐和衍生物;黄嘌呤活性剂,诸如咖啡碱、茶碱和己酮可可碱;和烟酸和盐及其衍生物。
治疗晒伤、热灼伤、放射灼伤、皮疹和瘙痒的活性剂
可以将药物学和美容学领域中已知用于治疗皮炎、较低程度的皮肤刺激、晒伤、热灼伤、放射灼伤并抑制炎症的化妆品和药物组分有益地混入本发明的泡沫。
这类活性剂的实例包括春黄菊提取物(母菊)、黄瓜蒸馏物(黄瓜)、蔷薇水(lavendula angustifolia)、蔷薇水(突厥蔷薇)、金缕梅(hamamelis virginiana)、尿囊素、红没药醇、蔷薇果油、金盏花油、奥(azulaene)、薄荷醇和樟脑。
泡沫作为润滑和保护用泡沫的应用
泡沫,特别是基于硅油的泡沫存在几种可能的作为润滑泡沫的应用。典型实例为剃毛泡沫存在几种可能的作为润滑泡沫的应用、保湿泡沫和防摩擦泡沫。为了这类目的,可以以基础组合物(不含其它的配制助剂和活性组分)或添加这类添加剂的组合物形式使用泡沫。
中和和/或净化危险化学品和治疗热灼伤的泡沫
据报导常用的碘产品聚维酮碘防腐剂可以改善对接触芥子气和其它化学刺激剂的豚鼠皮肤的损害且进一步减轻并通常预防因热水、油或热蒸气导致的意外热灼伤后对人皮肤的损害。
具有净化能力的其它活性化合物包括强氧化剂和自由基释放化合物,诸如过氧化氢、漂白剂(例如次氯酸钠、次氯酸钙或次氯酸镁)碘、氯己定和过氧化苯甲酰。
可以在污染测定前或作为净化/中和方式、在确实已经发生污染后将本发明包括上述净化剂和中和剂中的一种或多种的不含醇泡沫施用在受污染的皮肤上以形成保护层。
渗透促进剂
渗透促进剂或透入促进剂是用于增加皮肤对药物活性剂渗透性以增加药物通过皮肤扩散并进入组织和血流的速率的活性剂。化学皮肤渗透促进剂通过可逆地改变角质层的物化特性以减少其扩散阻力来增加皮肤的渗透性。在截至到1996年的技术和专利文献综述中,引证了大量化学化合物作为皮肤渗透促进剂。一般将大部分化合物看作是安全的(GRAS)配方设计师通常认为是惰性的组分(Osborne D W,Henke JJ,《制药技术》(Pharmaceutical Technology),1997年11月,pp58-86.)
本发明渗透促进剂的实例包括:多元醇类,诸如丙二醇、己二醇、二甘醇、丙二醇正链烷醇类、萜类、二-萜类、三-萜类、萜烯醇类、苧烯、萜烯醇、1-薄荷醇、二氧戊环、乙二醇、其它二醇类和甘油;亚砜类,诸如二甲亚砜(DMSO)、二甲基甲酰胺、甲基十二亚砜、二甲基乙酰胺;乙氧基化甘油酯类的一油酸酯(带有8-10个环氧乙烷单元);月桂氮_酮(1-十二烷基氮杂环庚-2-酮)、2-(正壬基)-1,3-二氧戊环;酯类,诸如肉豆蔻酸异丙酯/棕榈酸异丙酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酸甲酯、癸酸甘油三酯类/辛酸甘油三酯类、肉豆蔻酸辛酯、十二烷基-肉豆蔻酸酯;肉豆蔻醇、月桂醇、月桂酸、月桂基乳酸酯酮类;酰胺类,诸如乙酰胺油酸酯类,诸如三油精;各种表面活性剂,诸如十二烷基硫酸钠;各种链烷酸类,诸如辛酸;内酰胺化合物,诸如月桂氮_酮;链烷醇类,诸如油醇;乙酸二烷氨基酯类;及其混合物。
低级醇类因其皮肤干燥和刺激特性而并不视为本发明合适的渗透促进剂,诸如乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、丁醇、异丁醇、叔丁醇和戊醇。
另一类优选的渗透促进剂为环糊精和相关化合物。环糊精在结构上与形成一组新的药物赋形剂的环状寡聚麦芽糖相关。它们是带有亲水外表面和亲脂性中心腔的隆凸性状分子。环糊精能够通过将整个药物分子或其某些部分吸收入所述腔而与各种亲脂性水不溶性药物形成水溶性包合配合物。环糊精分子相对较大(分子量几乎在1000-1500以上的范围),带有水化外表面,且在一般条件下,环糊精分子仅能以相当困难的方式透入皮肤。一般认为环糊精分子通过将亲脂性药物保持在溶液中并将它们递送至皮肤表面而起真正的载体作用,在皮肤表面所述的亲脂性药物从环糊精腔内分配入皮肤。
其它技术参数
本发明的组合物可以包含在能够经受抛射剂气体压力并带有适合于在压力下调配该组合物的阀门/喷嘴的容器中并从其中调配。可以加入约占总组合物5-25%用量的常用液化或加压气体抛射剂。液化抛射剂为在压力下作为液体存在的气体,包括高纯度的烃类,诸如丙烷、异丁烷和正丁烷、二甲醚和含氯氟烃类(CFCs)。加压气体以空气、氮气和二氧化碳为典型。
本发明的具体实施方案包括将本发明的组合物置于斑贴、密封绷带或透皮递药设备的皮肤-接触室上并将这类主体施加在皮肤上以获得有效的浅表治疗或强化药物透入皮肤或通过皮肤。
使用这类策略可以在本发明优选的治疗系统中应用目前通过全身给予或需要透皮递送的药物。这类药物的实例为烟碱、睾酮和其它男性激素前体、雌激素和其它女性激素和激素前体、生长激素、胰岛素、咖啡碱、类固醇和非甾体类消炎药和甲状腺激素替代物。
可以使用作为以实施例1中为典型的一般方法生产本发明的组合物。
本发明的药物载体还可以通过添加护肤剂和香料而用于制备美容目的的化妆品。
具体实施方式
实施例
参照下列实施例描述本发明。本发明并不限于这些实施例和实验。提示可以对它们自身进行许多改变且完全属于待批权利要求的范围。
实施例1-制备发泡组合物的一般步骤
水相:将水胶凝剂和表面活性剂溶于水,同时搅拌。将该溶液温至50-70℃。在搅拌的同时将水溶性化妆品或药物活性组分和任选的水溶性组分加入到水相混合物中。
疏水相:将疏水性溶剂加热至相同温度。向预加热的疏水性溶剂中加入发泡助剂。在搅拌的同时将油溶性化妆品或药物活性组分*和任选的油溶性制剂组分加入到疏水相混合物中。
在搅拌的同时将温热的疏水相逐步倾入温热的水相,随后进行Ultraturax匀化。将该混合物冷却至环境温度。就热敏性活性组分而言,在冷却至环境温度后,在搅拌的同时将活性组分加入到所述混合物中。在环境温度下将该混合物加入到气溶胶容器中,将该容器密封并在压力下将适量抛射剂(5-25w%的组合物质量)加入容器。
实施例2-基于植物油的发泡载体组合物
  组分   第一种形式   第二种形式   第三种形式
  %(w/w)
  疏水性溶剂   大豆油   40   30.5   20
  水   水   48.5   32.5   61
  发泡助剂   十八烷醇   0.8   1.05   0.73
  表面活性剂   蔗糖酯SP70   0.64   0.45   0.8
  水胶凝剂   黄原酸胶   0.16   0.11   0.1
  甲基纤维素ELV15   0.32   0.22   0.28
  其它组分   抗氧化剂   0.02   0.02   0.02
  防腐剂   0.3   0.3   0.3
  香料   0.2   0.2   0.2
  泡沫比重(gr/mL)   0.10   0.15   0.065
这些组合物使用非离子型表面活性剂并含有合并量的范围在1.83%-1.92%(w/w)的表面活性剂、发泡助剂和水胶凝剂。本实施例的泡沫用作活性药物和/或化妆品活性组分的载体,如下所示。它还可以用作保护用产品。另外,它还可用作各种目的的润滑泡沫。
实施例3-基于硅油的发泡载体组合物
  具体组分   第一种形式   第二种形式
  %(w/w)
  疏水性溶剂   二甲硅油350*   25   10
  水   水   72   87
  发泡助剂   十八烷醇   0.2   0.2
  表面活性剂   蔗糖酯SP70   0.8   -
  Myrj 490   -   0.8
  水胶凝剂   黄原酸胶   0.2   0.2
  甲基纤维素ELV15   0.4   0.4
  其它组分   抗氧化剂   0.02   0.02
  防腐剂   1   1
  香料   0.2   0.2
  泡沫比重(gr/mL)   0.10   ND
*350cps粘度的二甲基聚硅氧烷
这些组合物仅使用非离子型表面活性剂并含有1.6%(w/w)合并量的表面活性剂、发泡助剂和水胶凝剂。本实施例的泡沫用作活性药物和/或化妆品活性组分的载体,如下所示。它还可以用作保护用产品。另外,它还可用作各种目的的润滑泡沫。
实施例6-基于矿物油的发泡载体组合物
  组分   第一种形式   第二种形式   第三种形式   第四种形式   第五种形式
  %(w/w)
  疏水性溶剂   矿物油   69   50   50   25   25
  水   水   28.4   46.7   46.7   71.88   71.9
  发泡助剂   十八烷醇   0.7   1   1   0.5   0.5
  表面活性剂   蔗糖酯SP70   0.4   0.64   0   0.8   0
  PEG S-40   0   0   0.64   0   0
  聚山梨醇酯-60   0   0   0   0   0.8
  水胶凝剂   黄原酸胶   0.1   0   0.14   0.2   0.2
  甲基纤维素ELV15   0.2   0.4   0.32   0.4   0.4
  其它组分   抗氧化剂   0.02   0.02   0.02   0.02   0.02
  防腐剂   1   1   1   1   1
  香料   0.2   0.2   0.2   0.2   0.2
  泡沫比重(gr/mL)   ND   ND   ND   ND   0.1
这些组合物仅使用非离子溶剂和总量在1.4-2.1%(w/w)范围的表面活性剂、发泡助剂和水胶凝剂。本实施例的泡沫用作活性药物和/或化妆品活性组分的载体,以如下为典型。它还用作用于各种目的的润滑泡沫。
实施例7-混合油的发泡载体组合物
  组分   第一种形式25%油   第二种形式12.5%油
  疏水性溶剂   矿物油   11.2%   5.6%
  肉豆蔻酸异丙酯   5.0%   2.5%
  MCT油   7.5%   3.8%
  发泡助剂   十八烷醇   0.5%   0.25%
  水   水   73.0%   85.2%
  表面活性剂   蔗糖酯SP70   0.8%   0.8%
  蒸馏的单酸甘油酯   1.2%   0.6%
  十二烷基硫酸钠   0.1%   0.1%
  水胶凝剂   黄原酸胶   0.3%   0.3%
  甲基纤维素ELV15   0.6%   0.6%
本实施例的泡沫具有的非离子型表面活性剂与离子型表面活性剂之比(w/w)对第一种形式和第二种形式而言分别为20∶1和14∶1。表面活性剂、发泡助剂和水胶凝剂的总量在1.75-3.5%(w/w)的范围。它用作活性药物和/或化妆品活性组分的载体,以如下为典型。它还用作各种目的的润滑泡沫。
代表含有任选药物的泡沫的下列实施例为原型制剂,未将它们为稳定性和成分之间的相容性而最优化。这类最优化可以使用药物制剂领域普通技术人员公知的方式进行,为一常规要求。
实施例8-抗菌发泡组合物
  组分   第一种形式“莫匹罗星”   第二种形式“三联抗生素”   第三种形式“梭链孢酸(Fucidic acid)”   第四种形式“甲硝唑”   第五种形式“三联抗生素”
  载体组分
  矿物油   48.8%   11.2%   48.8%   5.6%   5.6%
  肉豆蔻酸异丙酯   5.0%   2.5%   2.5%
  MCT油   7.5%   3.8%   3.8%
  十八烷醇   0.8%   0.5%   0.8%   0.25%   0.25%
  水   50%   73.0%   50%   85.2%   85.2%
  蔗糖酯SP70   0.8%   0.8%   -   0.8%
  Myrj 40   -   0.8%   -   -
  蒸馏的单酸甘油酯   1.2%   0.6%   0.6%
  Tween 60   0.8%
  十二烷基硫酸钠   0.05%   0.1%   0.1%
  黄原酸胶   0.2%   0.3%   0.2%   0.3%   0.3%
  甲基纤维素ELV15   0.2%   0.6%   0.2%   0.6%   0.6%
  活性组分
  莫匹罗星   2%
  硫酸多粘菌素B   10,000单位/gr   10,000单位/gr
  杆菌肽锌   500单位/gr   500单位/gr
  硫酸新霉素*   0.05%   0.05%
  盐酸西吗卡因   1%   1%
  “梭链孢酸(Fucidicacid)”   2%
  甲硝唑   1%
本实施例的泡沫含有100%的非离子型表面活性剂或具有的非离子型表面活性剂与离子型表面活性剂之比为20∶1-8∶1。表面活性剂、发泡助剂和水胶凝剂的总量在2.05-3.5%(w/w)的范围。它用于治疗细菌性皮肤感染(一般情况)、蜂窝织炎(cellulites)、开放性创伤、皮肤脓肿、疖、昆虫咬伤、脓疱病、痤疮、痤疮一酒渣鼻和滴虫性阴道炎。
在某些实施方案中,本实施例的泡沫用于预防、净化和/或中和危险的细菌感染(诸如生物战)。
实施例9-抗真菌发泡组合物
  组分   第一种形式“莫匹罗星”   第二种形式“克霉唑”   第三种形式“(制霉素)”   第四种形式“制毒素”
  载体组分
  矿物油   48.8%   11.2%   48.8%   5.6%
  肉豆蔻酸异丙酯   5.0%   2.5%
  MCT油   7.5%   3.8%
  十八烷醇   0.8%   0.5%   0.8%   0.25%
  水   50%   73.0%   50%   85.2%
  蔗糖酯SP70   0.8%   0.8%   -   0.8%
  Myrj 40   -   0.8%   -
  Tween-80   0.8%
  蒸馏的单酸甘油酯   1.2%   0.6%
  十二烷基硫酸钠   0.05%   0.1%   0.1%
  黄原酸胶   0.2%   0.3%   0.2%   0.3%
  甲基纤维素ELV15   0.2%   0.6%   0.2%   0.6%
  活性组分
  特比萘芬   1%
  克霉唑   2%
  制霉菌素   10,000单位/gr   10,000单位/gr
本实施例的泡沫含有100%的非离子型表面活性剂或具有的非离子型表面活性剂与离子型表面活性剂之比为20∶1-8∶1。表面活性剂、发泡助剂和水胶凝剂的总量在2.05-3.5%(w/w)的范围。它用于治疗皮肤真菌感染、体癣、脚癣、红癣、甲癣、股癣、须癣和酵母感染、诸如念珠菌病、花斑癣和念珠菌性阴道炎。
实施例10-皮质类固醇发泡组合物
  组分   第一种形式“氢化可的松”   第二种形式“倍他米松”   第三种形式“地塞米松”
  载体组分
  矿物油   48.8%   11.2%   5.6%
  肉豆蔻酸异丙酯   5.0%   2.5%
  MCT油   7.5%   3.8%
  十八烷醇   0.8%   0.5%   0.25%
  水   50%   73.0%   85.2%
  蔗糖酯SP70   0.8%   0.4%   0.8%
  Tween-80   0.4%
  蒸馏的单酸甘油酯   1.2%   0.6%
  十二烷基硫酸钠   0.05%   0.1%
  黄原酸胶   0.2%   0.3%   0.3%
  甲基纤维素ELV15   0.2%   0.6%   0.6%
  活性组分
  氢化可的松   1%
  倍他米松二丙酸盐   0.05%
  醋酸地塞米松   0.1%
  组分   第四种形式“曲安西龙”   第五种形式“氟米松”
  载体组分
  矿物油   48.8%   48.8%
  十八烷醇   0.8%   0.8%
  水   50%   50%
  蔗糖酯SP70   0.8%   0.8%
  十二烷基硫酸钠   0.05%   0.05%
  黄原酸胶   0.2%   0.2%
  甲基纤维素ELV15   0.2%   0.2%
  活性组分
  曲安西龙   0.1%
  新戊酸氟米松   0.02%
本实施例的泡沫含有100%的非离子型表面活性剂或具有的非离子型表面活性剂与离子型表面活性剂之比为20∶1-16∶1。表面活性剂、发泡助剂和水胶凝剂的总量在2.05-3.5%(w/w)的范围。适应征包括银屑病、接触性皮炎、特应性皮炎、脂溢性皮炎、钱币状皮炎、炎性痤疮、手和足的慢性皮炎、泛发性剥脱性皮炎、郁积性皮炎、慢性单纯性苔癣、妊娠疱疹和瘙痒性丘疹样寻麻疹和妊娠斑
实施例11-抗病毒发泡组合物
  组分   第一种形式“阿昔洛韦”   第二种形式“阿昔洛韦”   第三种形式“α-干扰素”
  载体组分
  矿物油   48.8%   11.2%   5.6%
  肉豆蔻酸异丙酯   5.0%   2.5%
  MCT油   7.5%   3.8%
  十八烷醇   0.8%   0.5%   0.25%
  水   50%   73.0%   85.2%
  蔗糖酯SP70   0.8%   0.8%
  Tween-80   0.8%
  蒸馏的单酸甘油酯   1.2%   0.6%
  十二烷基硫酸钠   0.1%
  黄原酸胶   0.2%   0.3%   0.3%
  甲基纤维素ELV15   0.2%   0.6%   0.6%
  活性组分
  阿昔洛韦   5%   5%
  α-干扰素   105IU/g
本实施例的泡沫含有100%的非离子型表面活性剂或具有的非离子型表面活性剂与离子型表面活性剂之比为14∶1。表面活性剂、发泡助剂和水胶凝剂的总量在2.05-3.5%(w/w)的范围。适应征包括单纯疱疹、带状疱疹、妊娠疱疹和单纯疱疹性生殖器溃疡。
实施例12-驱虫剂发泡组合物
  组分   %
  肉豆蔻酸异丙酯   2.0%
  MCT油   2.0%
  十八烷醇   1.2%
  水   64.0%
  蔗糖酯SP70   0.8%
  十二烷基硫酸钠   0.1%
  黄原酸胶   0.3%
  甲基纤维素ELV15   0.6%
  丙二醇   15%
  DEET   15%
实施例14-皮质类固醇发泡组合物与常用软膏的对比耐受性和可接受性研究
要求以双盲方式给一组8位测试者的一条臂上施用约0.5gr.的实施例10第二种形式的泡沫制剂和0.5gr.商品戊酸倍他米松软膏。要求他们描述其各产品的施用便利性、扩散便利性、扩散能力和渗透性的感觉并对各产品给出一般性等级,标准为0-3(0=差;1=几乎不可接受;2=可接受;和3=极佳)。
正如下表中所示,实施例10第二种形式的泡沫制剂在所有测试方面均获得了较高的等级。
  特性   泡沫制剂平均等级   商品戊酸倍他米松软膏平均等级
  施用便利性   2.3   1.6
  扩散便利性   2.5   1.9
  扩散能力   2.9   1.2
  渗透性   2.0   1.5
  缺乏粘性感觉   2.4   1.0
  缺乏油腻感觉   2.2   1.0
  缺乏有光泽的外观   1.9   1.4
  总体等级   2.5   1.4
实施例15:皮质类固醇组合物在银屑病患者中的人体安全性和功效研究
对2位患有轻度至中度银屑病的患者局部给予0.12%倍他米松泡沫(实施例10,第二种形式),每天2次,持续2周。2位患者情况明显改善,正如通过清除了增厚损害的银屑病斑片变平所表现的。附图1提供了对治疗这些患者之一的肘部的典型反应。尽管已知倍他米松在银屑病中的作用,但是在14天治疗后的这类有益作用仍然属于例外。这种加速的作用归因于改善的便利性和由此改善的依从性。
实施例16:皮质类固醇组合物在银屑病患者中的人体安全性和功效研究
对4位患有中度至重度播散性特应性皮炎的患者局部给予0.12%倍他米松泡沫(实施例10,第二种形式),每天2次,持续2周。所有患者情况均明显改善,正如通过完全清除了所有治疗的损害所表现的。附图2提供了在10天治疗后不同身体区域的典型反应。尽管已知倍他米松在特应性皮炎中的作用,但是在10天治疗后的这类有益作用仍然属于例外。患者认为本发明泡沫的应用显然比相应的霜剂和软膏更为便利。因此,这种加速的作用归因于改善的便利性和由此改善的依从性。
实施例17-含有脲的发泡组合物
  成分   %w/w
  矿物油   6.00   6.00   6.00   6.00
  肉豆蔻酸异丙酯   6.00   6.00   6.00   6.00
  单硬脂酸甘油酯   0.50   0.50   0.50   0.50
  十八烷醇   0.20   0.20   0.20   1.00
  脲   10.00   10.00   10.00   10.00
  黄原酸胶   0.30   0.30   0.30   0.30
  甲基纤维素K100M   0.30   0.30   0.30   0.30
  Myrj 52   3.00
  TWEEN 80   1.00
  Myrj 49p   3.00
  TWEEN 60   1.00   1.00   1.00
  椰油酰氨基丙基甜菜碱(Cocamidopropylbetain)   0.50   0.50
  Phenonip   0.30   0.30   0.30   0.30
  水   至100.0   至100.0   至100.0   至100.0
  丁烷/丙烷   8.00   8.00   18.00   18.00
  泡沫质量   E   E   E   E
  密度   n/a   0.023   n/a   0.024
实施例18-含有不同渗透促进剂的组合物
 成分   %w/w
 矿物油   6.00   6.00   6.00   6.00   6.00
 肉豆蔻酸异丙酯   6.00   6.00   6.00   6.00   6.00
 单硬脂酸甘油酯   0.50   0.50   0.50   0.50   0.50
 十八烷醇   1.00   1.00   1.00   1.00   1.00
 黄原酸胶   0.30   0.30   0.30   0.30   0.30
 甲基纤维素K100M   0.30   0.30   0.30   0.30   0.30
 TWEEN 60   1.00
 TWEEN 80   1.00   1.00   1.00   1.00
 MYRJ 49p   3.00   3.00   3.00   3.00   3.00
 丙二醇   5.00
 Glycofurol   1.00   10.00
 脲   10.00
 椰油酰氨基丙基甜菜碱(Cocamidopropylbeta in)   0.50   0.50   0.50   0.50   0.50
 利多卡因碱   4.00   4.00   4.00   4.00   4.00
 Phenonip   0.30   0.30   0.30   0.30   0.30
 水   至100.0   至100.0   至100.0   至100.0   至100.0
 丁烷/丙烷   8   8   8   16   10
 泡沫质量   E   E   E   E   E
 密度   0.020   0.018   0.019   0.019   0.018
  成分   %w/w   %w/w
  肉豆蔻酸异丙酯   30.00   30.00
  单硬脂酸甘油酯   0.50   0.50
  硬脂酸   0.45   0.45
黄原酸胶 0.30 0.30
  甲基纤维素K100M   0.30   0.30
  TWEEN 80   1.00   1.00
  MYRJ 49p   3.00   3.00
  椰油酰氨基丙基甜菜碱(Cocamidopropylbetain)   0.50   0.50
  Transcutolp   20.00   20.00
  亲水性药物   有效浓度
  疏水性药物   有效浓度
  Phenonip   0.30   0.30
  水   至100.0   至100.0
  丁烷/丙烷   8.00   8.00
  泡沫质量   E   E
  密度   0.020   0.020

Claims (87)

1.不含醇的发泡药物或化妆品载体,包括:
(a)发泡组合物,含有:
约2-75%组合物重量的非挥发性液体疏水性溶剂;
约80-98%组合物重量的水;
约0.1%-5%组合物重量的发泡助剂,所述的发泡助剂选自脂肪醇类、脂肪酸类、羟基-取代的脂肪醇类、羟基-取代的脂肪酸类以及在其碳原子链中包括至少一个双键的脂肪酸类和脂肪醇类;
约0.1%-5%组合物重量的表面活性剂;和
约0.1%-5%组合物重量的水胶凝剂;
(b)容器中的液化或加压的气体抛射剂;
该载体在释放时可提供适合于局部或粘膜给药的易破碎泡沫。
2.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中所述的疏水性溶剂占组合物重量的约5-10%。
3.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中所述的疏水性溶剂占组合物重量的约10-20%。
4.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中所述的疏水性溶剂占组合物重量的约20-75%。
5.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中所述的疏水性溶剂包括重量比为2∶8-8∶2的矿物油和软化剂的混合物。
6.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中发泡组合物中至少2%为硅油。
7.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中所述的表面活性剂选自非离子型表面活性剂、阳离子型表面活性剂、两性和两性离子表面活性剂。
8.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中所述的表面活性剂为比例为20∶1-1∶1的非离子型表面活性剂和阴离子型表面活性剂的混合物。
9.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中所述的表面活性剂为比例为100∶1-6∶1的非离子型表面活性剂和离子型表面活性剂的混合物。
10.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中所述的表面活性剂基本上由一种或多种非离子型表面活性剂组成。
11.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中所述的表面活性剂具有大于9的HLB值。
12.权利要求7、8、9或10所述的发泡载体,其中所述的非离子型表面活性剂包括蔗糖酯。
13.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中所述的疏水性溶剂选自植物油、海洋动物油、矿物油、软化剂、硅油、植物衍生的治疗油及其混合物。
14.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中发泡助剂、表面活性剂和水胶凝剂的合并量低于约8%(w/w)。
15.权利要求1所述的发泡载体,其中发泡助剂、表面活性剂和水胶凝剂的合并量在所述发泡组合物中低于约5%(w/w)。
16.药物或化妆品组合物,包括;
(a)发泡组合物,含有:
约2-75%组合物重量的非挥发性液体疏水性溶剂;
约80-98%组合物重量的水;
约0.1%-5%组合物重量的发泡助剂,所述的发泡助剂选自脂肪醇类、脂肪酸类、羟基-取代的脂肪醇类、羟基-取代的脂肪酸类以及在其碳原子链中包括至少一个双键的脂肪酸类和脂肪醇类;
约0.1%-5%组合物重量的表面活性剂;和
约0.1%-5%组合物重量的水胶凝剂;
(b)治疗有效量的活性剂;
(c)容器中的液化或加压的气体抛射剂;
其在释放时可提供适合于局部或粘膜给药的易破碎泡沫。
17.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中所述的疏水性溶剂占组合物重量的约5-10%。
18.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中所述的疏水性溶剂占组合物重量的约10-20%。
19.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中所述的疏水性溶剂占组合物重量的约20-75%。
20.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中所述的活性剂为药物。
21.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中所述的活性剂为化妆品上有效的活性剂。
22.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中所述的疏水性溶剂选自植物油、海洋动物油、矿物油、软化剂、硅油、植物衍生的治疗油及其任意比例的混合物。
23.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,进一步包括选自抗氧化剂、湿润剂、增香剂、着色剂和添味剂的赋形剂。
24.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中所述的疏水性溶剂包括重量比为2∶8-8∶2的矿物油和软化剂的混合物。
25.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中该组合物中至少2%为硅油。
26.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中所述的表面活性剂为比例为20∶1-1∶1的非离子型表面活性剂和阴离子型表面活性剂的混合物。
27.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中所述的表面活性剂基本上由一种或多种非离子型表面活性剂组成。
28.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中所述的表面活性剂为比例为100∶1-6∶1的非离子型表面活性剂和离子型表面活性剂的混合物。
29.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中发泡助剂、表面活性剂和水胶凝剂的合并量低于约8%(w/w)。
30.权利要求16所述的组合物,进一步包括有效浓度的渗透促进剂。
31.权利要求16所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中发泡助剂、表面活性剂和水胶凝剂的合并量低于约5%(w/w)。
32.权利要求20所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中选择用于治疗病因学为细菌、真菌、病毒、寄生虫、炎症、自身免疫、过敏、激素、恶性及其组合的疾病的药物。
33.权利要求20所述的药物或化妆品组合物,其中选择用于治疗浅表疾病的药物。
34.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中选择用于治疗皮肤、粘膜、阴道和直肠疾病的药物。
35.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中选择治疗疾病的药物,所述的疾病选自皮肤病、皮炎、细菌感染、真菌感染、寄生虫感染、病毒感染、毛囊和皮脂腺疾病、痤疮、酒渣鼻、脱屑性丘疹性疾病、良性肿瘤、恶性肿瘤、日光反应、大疱性疾病、色素沉着疾病、角化病、褥疮、出汗障碍、炎性反应、干燥病、鱼鳞病、变态反应、灼伤、创伤、切伤和非皮肤病,它们对所述药物的透皮递送起反应。
36.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中选择用于治疗创伤、灼伤、切伤和溃疡的药物。
37.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中所述的药物为抗细菌药。
38.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中所述的药物为抗真菌药。
39.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中所述的药物为抗病毒药。
40.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为杀虫药。
41.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为驱虫剂。
42.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中所述的药物为抗炎药或抗过敏药。
43.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中所述的药物为抗癌药。
44.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中所述的药物为光动力治疗剂。
45.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中所述的药物为局部麻醉药。
46.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中所述的药物为非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)。
47.权利要求21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为类视黄醇。
48.权利要求21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为抗皱剂。
49.权利要求20或21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为皮肤增白剂。
50.权利要求20或21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂选自含硫氨基酸、硫醇化合物、α羟基酸、乳酸及其衍生物和盐、乙醇酸及其衍生物和盐、β-羟基酸、水杨酸和水杨酸盐和衍生物、肌醇六磷酸、硫辛酸、溶血磷脂酸、去皮剂、苯酚、间苯二酚、维生素B3化合物、烟酰胺、烟酸和烟酸盐和酯类、烟酸维生素E、烟酰氨基酸、羧酸的烟醇酯类、烟酸N-氧化物和烟酰胺N-氧化物、类视黄醇、视黄醇、视黄醛、视黄酸、乙酸视黄酯、棕榈酸视黄酯、抗坏血酸视黄酯、咖啡碱、茶碱、己酮可可碱、二羟基丙酮曲酸、熊果苷、烟酸及其前体、盐和衍生物、熊果苷、抗坏血酸和盐及其衍生物在内的组。
51.权利要求20或21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为草药提取物。
52.权利要求20或21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为自由基捕获剂。
53.权利要求21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为晒黑剂。
54.权利要求20或21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为抗痤疮活性剂。
55.权利要求20或21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为皮肤增白剂。
56.权利要求20或21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为塑形剂。
57.权利要求21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为影响毛发生长的活性剂。
58.权利要求21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为毛发生长刺激剂。
59.权利要求21所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为毛发生长抑制剂。
60.权利要求16所述的组合物,进一步包括遮光剂。
61.权利要求16所述的组合物,进一步包括无机遮光剂。
62.权利要求16所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为皮肤增白剂和遮光剂的组合。
63.权利要求16所述的组合物,其中所述的活性剂为皮肤增白剂和无机遮光剂的组合。
64.权利要求20所述的组合物,其中所述的药物用于透皮递送。
65.权利要求16所述的组合物,进一步包括选自氧化剂、碘和碘化合物、氯己定、漂白剂和表面活性剂的净化剂。
66.治疗、缓解或预防皮肤病的方法,包括对患有所述皮肤病的对象局部给予治疗有效量的易破碎发泡组合物的步骤,该组合物包括:
(a)发泡组合物,含有:
约2-75%组合物重量的非挥发性液体疏水性溶剂;
约80-98%组合物重量的水;
约0.1%-5%组合物重量的发泡助剂,所述的发泡助剂选自脂肪醇类、脂肪酸类、羟基-取代的脂肪醇类、羟基-取代的脂肪酸类以及在其碳原子链中包括至少一个双键的脂肪酸类和脂肪醇类;
约0.1%-5%组合物重量的表面活性剂;和
约0.1%-5%组合物重量的水胶凝剂;
(b)至少一种用于预防、缓解或治疗所述疾病的活性剂;
(c)液化或加压的气体抛射剂。
67.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述组合物中至少2%为硅油。
68.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的疏水性溶剂包括重量比为2∶8-8∶2的矿物油和软化剂的混合物。
69.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的表面活性剂选自非离子型表面活性剂、阳离子型表面活性剂、两性和两性离子表面活性剂的组。
70.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的表面活性剂为比例为1∶1-20∶1的非离子型表面活性剂和阴离子型表面活性剂的混合物。
71.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的表面活性剂为非离子型。
72.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的表面活性剂具有大于9的HLB值。
73.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的非离子型表面活性剂包括蔗糖酯。
74.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的药物用于治疗病因学为细菌、真菌、病毒、寄生虫、炎症、自身免疫、过敏、激素、恶性及其组合的疾病。
75.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的药物选自抗细菌药、抗真菌药、抗炎药、抗过敏药、非甾体类抗炎药、类视黄醇、α羟基酸、β羟基酸、角质层分离剂、抗增殖药、抗癌药和抗色素沉着药。
76.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的药物选自驱虫剂或杀虫药。
77.权利要求66所述的方法,其中将所述的化合物局部施用在受侵害区域。
78.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的皮肤病症包括皮肤病、皮炎、细菌感染、真菌感染、寄生虫感染、病毒感染、毛囊和皮脂腺疾病、脱屑性丘疹性疾病、良性肿瘤、恶性肿瘤、日光反应、大疱性疾病、色素沉着疾病、角化病、褥疮、出汗障碍、炎性反应、干燥病、鱼鳞病、变态反应、灼伤、创伤、切伤和非皮肤病,它们对透皮递送所述的活性剂起反应。
79.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的活性剂为塑形剂。
80.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的活性剂为影响毛发生长的活性剂。
81.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的活性剂为毛发生长刺激剂。
82.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的活性剂为毛发生长抑制剂。
83.权利要求66所述的方法,进一步包括遮光剂。
84.权利要求66所述的方法,进一步包括无机遮光剂。
85.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的活性剂为皮肤增白剂和遮光剂的组合。
86.权利要求66所述的方法,其中所述的活性剂为皮肤增白剂和无机遮光剂的组合。
87.权利要求66所述的方法,包括有效浓度的渗透促进剂。
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