WO1999036389A1 - Purification of tramadol - Google Patents

Purification of tramadol Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999036389A1
WO1999036389A1 PCT/GB1999/000012 GB9900012W WO9936389A1 WO 1999036389 A1 WO1999036389 A1 WO 1999036389A1 GB 9900012 W GB9900012 W GB 9900012W WO 9936389 A1 WO9936389 A1 WO 9936389A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
tramadol
base
hydrate
preparation
hydrochloride
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1999/000012
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Nicholas Archer
Melville Mitchell
Brent Hurley
Helen Ogden
Original Assignee
Macfarlan Smith Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Macfarlan Smith Limited filed Critical Macfarlan Smith Limited
Priority to AU26295/99A priority Critical patent/AU2629599A/en
Publication of WO1999036389A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999036389A1/en

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07CACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C213/00Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C213/10Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07CACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2601/00Systems containing only non-condensed rings
    • C07C2601/12Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
    • C07C2601/14The ring being saturated

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the production of a pharmaceutical product obtained through a process which initially produces a crude base as a mixture of isomers together with side products from which a selected isomer is to be separated.
  • the invention is concerned with the separation and purification of the selected isomer to achieve a substantially increased yield of same.
  • the desired product ( ⁇ ) -trans-2-d ⁇ methylam ⁇ nomethyl-l- (3- methoxyphenyl) cyclohexanol, (Tramadol) is difficult to isolate by distillation because the mixed geometric cis and trans isomers boil around 138°C - 140°C.
  • the target compound can be obtained through subsequent recrystallisation steps by converting the crude base to the hydrochloride salt as described m US-A-3, 652, 589 and GB-A-997, 399.
  • Tramadol hydrochloride as described in GB-A- 997, 399 involves a Grignard reaction to produce mixed cis-and trans- isomers of 2-d ⁇ methylam ⁇ nomethyl-l- (3-methoxy- phenyl) cyclohexanol and side products.
  • the crude mixed isomer base is obtainable by distilling the complex mixture obtained from the Grignard reaction under a high vacuum.
  • the distilled isomer mixture is dissolved m diethyl ether and treated with gaseous hydrogen chloride.
  • the resulting crude mixture of cis- and trans-isomer hydrochlo ⁇ des is precipitated and filtered. This procedure yields an isomer mixture with a relatively high content of cis-isomer.
  • the isomer mixture is then refluxed with a five-fold volume of moist dioxane, and the resulting suspension is filtered while still hot.
  • the filter cake is boiled once more with dry dioxane and filtered; the residue obtained consists of the target trans hydrochloride.
  • the commercial production of Tramadol is believed to have always followed the process described in GB-A-997, 399 but certain disadvantages of the process described have caused the acceptability of such a process to be questioned.
  • One such disadvantage lies in that the solvent used in that process is dioxane which is now considered as an unacceptable toxic compound for which the tolerance set for its residual content in the product is extremely low, of the order of several parts per billion.
  • dioxane is considered to be a health risk which is toxic by inhalation or through skin absorption as a carcinogen, central nervous system depressant and an agent causing necrosis of the liver and kidney. It is also considered to be a hazardous material by its flammability, and ability to form explosive peroxides.
  • Tramadol hydrochloride is obtainable from the Grignard reaction mixture containing the isomers and side products by combining the mixture with a solution of hydrochloric acid in a low molecular weight alcohol or with gaseous hydrogen chloride in the presence of an organic solvent selected from medium molecular weight alcohols, ketones, esters, and ethers or aromatic ethers, to effect the selective precipitation of Tramadol hydrochloride.
  • EP-A-0 778 262 proposes an improved method of purification of Tramadol base reliant again on the use of the hydrochloride for this purpose which is based on treating mixtures otherwise difficult to resolve by simple hydrochloride salt formation in a solvent with acid to selectively dehydrate the unwanted isomer. Subsequently the hydrochloride salt formation allows for better resolution and re-crystallisation. Therefore, this dehydration stage allows resolution of mixtures by hydrochloride formation and recrystallisation more efficiently than previously.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method which obviates or mitigates the aforesaid disadvantages of the prior art methods and does not require the dehydration stage.
  • a process for the preparation of Tramadol according to a Grignard reaction of 2- (dimethylaminomethyl) cyclo- hexanone with the reagent 3-methoxyphenylMgX, where X is a halogen such as the bromide, to obtain the crude base which is then introduced to a solvent, characterised by contacting the crude base with water to form a hydrate of Tramadol.
  • solvents may be used, including ethers such as diethylether, and di-isopropyl ether, aromatic solvents such as toluene, paraffinic or aliphatic solvents such as hexane, and ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone.
  • aromatic solvents such as toluene, paraffinic or aliphatic solvents such as hexane
  • ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone.
  • Preferred solvents include toluene, methyl isobutyl ketone, and di- isopropyl ether which have been observed to provide good enantiomeric purity.
  • Tramadol base (crude, 40g) to vessel with di-isopropyl ether (300ml) and stir at 20°C to 25°C.
  • Tramadol base hydrate can then be readily converted to a preferred pharmaceutically acceptable form for example Tramadol hydrochloride.
  • the product may be a bulk product or formed into suitable pharmaceutical dosage forms for therapeutic usage in a similar way to the current formulation of Tramadol .
  • a stock quantity of Tramadol base was prepared following a an established procedure.
  • the first stage was preparation of 2- (dimethylaminomethyl) cyclohexanone . This was made by reaction of cyclohexanone with formalin and monodimethylamine sulphate solution. The next stage was formation of the base. This was prepared by a Grignard reaction on 2- (dimethylaminomethyl) cyclohexanone using 3-bromoanisole in THF with magnesium.
  • MIBK Methylisobutyl H 2 0 1.2 98.6 20.3 ketone
  • the hydrate can also be readily converted to a pharmaceutically acceptable form for example the hydrochloride.
  • the hydrochloride can simply be dissolved in absolute alcohol and di-isopropyl ether and treated with gaseous hydrogen chloride.
  • the advantages offered by this invention include the absolute simplicity offered by the few steps required for forming a hydrate of the Tramadol base and the high purity of product obtainable thereby.
  • This invention is applicable in the production of Tramadol which is useful therapeutically as a non-additive analgesic.

Abstract

A process for the preparation of Tramadol according to a Grignard reaction of 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)cyclo-hexanone with the reagent 3-methoxyphenylMgX, where X is a halogen, to obtain the crude base which is then introduced to a solvent, characterised by contacting the crude base with water to form a hydrate of Tramadol.

Description

Purification of Tramadol
Technical Field
This invention relates to the production of a pharmaceutical product obtained through a process which initially produces a crude base as a mixture of isomers together with side products from which a selected isomer is to be separated. In particular the invention is concerned with the separation and purification of the selected isomer to achieve a substantially increased yield of same.
Background Art
The desired product (±) -trans-2-dιmethylamιnomethyl-l- (3- methoxyphenyl) cyclohexanol, (Tramadol) is difficult to isolate by distillation because the mixed geometric cis and trans isomers boil around 138°C - 140°C. However the target compound can be obtained through subsequent recrystallisation steps by converting the crude base to the hydrochloride salt as described m US-A-3, 652, 589 and GB-A-997, 399.
The production of Tramadol hydrochloride as described in GB-A- 997, 399 involves a Grignard reaction to produce mixed cis-and trans- isomers of 2-dιmethylamιnomethyl-l- (3-methoxy- phenyl) cyclohexanol and side products. The crude mixed isomer base is obtainable by distilling the complex mixture obtained from the Grignard reaction under a high vacuum. The distilled isomer mixture is dissolved m diethyl ether and treated with gaseous hydrogen chloride. The resulting crude mixture of cis- and trans-isomer hydrochloπdes is precipitated and filtered. This procedure yields an isomer mixture with a relatively high content of cis-isomer. The isomer mixture is then refluxed with a five-fold volume of moist dioxane, and the resulting suspension is filtered while still hot. The filter cake is boiled once more with dry dioxane and filtered; the residue obtained consists of the target trans hydrochloride. The commercial production of Tramadol is believed to have always followed the process described in GB-A-997, 399 but certain disadvantages of the process described have caused the acceptability of such a process to be questioned. One such disadvantage lies in that the solvent used in that process is dioxane which is now considered as an unacceptable toxic compound for which the tolerance set for its residual content in the product is extremely low, of the order of several parts per billion. Furthermore dioxane is considered to be a health risk which is toxic by inhalation or through skin absorption as a carcinogen, central nervous system depressant and an agent causing necrosis of the liver and kidney. It is also considered to be a hazardous material by its flammability, and ability to form explosive peroxides.
There is also the need to improve the original method because the high vacuum distillation of the isomers prior to their isolation is undesirable.
A further method for purification and separation of Tramadol hydrochloride is proposed in US-A-5, 414 , 129 wherein it is suggested that Tramadol hydrochloride is obtainable from the Grignard reaction mixture containing the isomers and side products by combining the mixture with a solution of hydrochloric acid in a low molecular weight alcohol or with gaseous hydrogen chloride in the presence of an organic solvent selected from medium molecular weight alcohols, ketones, esters, and ethers or aromatic ethers, to effect the selective precipitation of Tramadol hydrochloride.
Although suggesting that alternative solvents to dioxane are very hard to find, a large number of solvents, including alcohols, ketones, esters, ethers and aromatic ethers are suggested as being found suitable. Repetition of the work as described therein suggests that it is unlikely that the actual isomer separation of the hydrochlorides is achievable under the conditions described. Separation may be achievable during the subsequent two re-crystallisation steps mentioned therein, the conditions for which are not described in the patent, but the unwanted isomer still remains at 2.2%. Even so it is considered that results might be achievable on a laboratory scale but the process, at least as described in the patent, would create processing problems if the method were to be attempted for full scale production.
More recently published EP-A-0 778 262 proposes an improved method of purification of Tramadol base reliant again on the use of the hydrochloride for this purpose which is based on treating mixtures otherwise difficult to resolve by simple hydrochloride salt formation in a solvent with acid to selectively dehydrate the unwanted isomer. Subsequently the hydrochloride salt formation allows for better resolution and re-crystallisation. Therefore, this dehydration stage allows resolution of mixtures by hydrochloride formation and recrystallisation more efficiently than previously. Published EP-A-0-778 262 also comments on and confirms that the hydrochloride salt of Tramadol is not an efficient method for resolving the isomers and indicates that this additional dehydration step is necessary in order to achieve a resolution which is workable.
Therefore currently, it remains the position that as for approximately the last 20 years or so, the commercial production of Tramadol relies essentially on the process of
GB-997,399 whereby the purification of the Tramadol base is by re-crystallisation of the hydrochloride with an improvement made by the dehydration stage above.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method which obviates or mitigates the aforesaid disadvantages of the prior art methods and does not require the dehydration stage.
Disclosure of Invention
It has now been surprisingly found that crude Tramadol base can be converted to a hydrate form which preferentially leads to the target trans isomer being recoverable. The hydrate of
Tramadol base has not been described in the literature and is regarded as a hitherto unrecognised and novel compound useful in this field.
Thus according to one aspect of the invention there is provided a process for the preparation of Tramadol according to a Grignard reaction of 2- (dimethylaminomethyl) cyclo- hexanone with the reagent 3-methoxyphenylMgX, where X is a halogen such as the bromide, to obtain the crude base which is then introduced to a solvent, characterised by contacting the crude base with water to form a hydrate of Tramadol.
A number of solvents may be used, including ethers such as diethylether, and di-isopropyl ether, aromatic solvents such as toluene, paraffinic or aliphatic solvents such as hexane, and ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone. Preferred solvents include toluene, methyl isobutyl ketone, and di- isopropyl ether which have been observed to provide good enantiomeric purity.
Modes for Carrying Out the Invention The invention will now be further described by way of the following illustrative examples.
Examples :
Tramadol base
In the present invention firstly a preparation of a crude Tramadol base is necessary. This follows traditional Grignard conditions which are well understood in the art. Here the Grignard reaction is between 2- (dimethylaminomethyl) cyclohexanone and 3-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide to achieve the target base. The quality of the crude base is typically 74.8% (RR,SS) : 15.6% (RS, SR) .
Secondly resolution of the base is achieved by forming a hydrate by conducting the following steps. Tramadol hydrate
Charge Tramadol base (crude, 40g) to vessel with di-isopropyl ether (300ml) and stir at 20°C to 25°C.
Charge water (10ml) and stir with cooling to 0°C to -5°C.
Observe precipitation occurring after approximately 5 to 10 minutes .
Filter off the solid and air dry to obtain 30g of solid hydrate of Tramadol base which is predominantly the desired (RR,SS) isomer. Typical yield is 30g of hydrate [98% (RR,SS) : 1.4% (RS,SR) ] .
Optional processing steps
The thus highly purified Tramadol base hydrate can then be readily converted to a preferred pharmaceutically acceptable form for example Tramadol hydrochloride. The product may be a bulk product or formed into suitable pharmaceutical dosage forms for therapeutic usage in a similar way to the current formulation of Tramadol .
The procedure was repeated using a number of other solvents as outlined below.
Tramadol base prepara tion
A stock quantity of Tramadol base was prepared following a an established procedure.
The first stage was preparation of 2- (dimethylaminomethyl) cyclohexanone . This was made by reaction of cyclohexanone with formalin and monodimethylamine sulphate solution. The next stage was formation of the base. This was prepared by a Grignard reaction on 2- (dimethylaminomethyl) cyclohexanone using 3-bromoanisole in THF with magnesium.
Resol ution of amide base Aliquots of Tramadol base were dissolved in various solvents and heated if necessary for dissolution. Traces of water were added as a co-solvent and any solid precipitating out was filtered off, washed and dried. HPLC analysis for purity was run.
RESULTS
Tabl e 1 - HPLC analysis of resolved Trama dol ba se
Exampl e Base Solvent Co- HPLC %area Yield
(g) 1 solven t RSSR RRSS % w/w
No. 2 19.6 Diethylether H20 2.9 96.4 38.1
No. 3 11.7 Toluene H20 2.5 97.4 3.6
No. 4 22.1 Diisopropyl H20 2.7 97.1 50.9 ether (IPE)
No. 5 10.5 Hexane H20 2.8 96.9 46.5
No. 6 10.3 Methylisobutyl H20 1.2 98.6 20.3 ketone (MIBK)
No. 7 10.0 Dichloro- H20 methane2
No. 8 20.0 IPE H20 2.9 96.4 69.6
No. 9 40.1 IPE H20 0.7 98.5 74.8
HPLC analysis of Tramadol base was: 15.6%, RSSR, 82.8% RRSS by area normalisation
No crystallisation/precipitation
Results have shown that a crude Tramadol base can be successfully resolved using the procedure described above. The crude Tramadol base used as the input was 15.6% RSSR and 82.8% RRSS by HPLC area normalisation.
The solvents which gave the best results in terms of enantiomeric purity were MIBK and toluene giving 98.6% and 97.4% respectively of the desired isomer. IPE, hexane and diethylether also gave encouraging results of 97.1%, 96.9% and 96.4% respectively. In some instances crystallisation was slow but once it began product formation occurred quickly.
Therefore, whereas for many years the method of choice for purifying (±) - cis , trans-2-dimethylaminomethyl-l- (3-methoxy- phenyl) cyclohexanol free base to selectively obtain the target Tramadol trans isomer has been via formation of the hydrochloride, the resolution has not been particularly good and several re-crystallisation steps were necessary to obtain any useful product at all, the present invention represents a significant development.
Therefore, some advantages of this invention are apparent in that it provides a quick and easy method of producing the desired isomer whilst also obtaining a high resolution of same .
Furthermore, the hydrate can also be readily converted to a pharmaceutically acceptable form for example the hydrochloride. For producing the hydrochloride the hydrate can simply be dissolved in absolute alcohol and di-isopropyl ether and treated with gaseous hydrogen chloride.
Therefore the advantages offered by this invention include the absolute simplicity offered by the few steps required for forming a hydrate of the Tramadol base and the high purity of product obtainable thereby.
Industrial Applicability
This invention is applicable in the production of Tramadol which is useful therapeutically as a non-additive analgesic.

Claims

Claims
1. A process for the preparation of Tramadol according to a Grignard reaction of 2- (dimethylaminomethyl) cyclohexanone with the reagent 3-methoxyphenylMgX, where X is a halogen, to obtain the crude base which is then introduced to a solvent, characterised by contacting the crude base with water to form a hydrate of Tramadol.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the solvent into which the crude base is introduced is selected from ethers, aromatic solvents, aliphatic solvents, and ketones .
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein the solvent into which the crude base is introduced is selected from diethylether, di-isopropyl ether, toluene, hexane, and methyl isobutyl ketone.
. A process for the preparation of Tramadol according to Claim 1 wherein the halogen is bromide.
5. A process for the preparation of Tramadol according to Claims 1 or 4 wherein the resulting Tramadol base hydrate is further converted to a pharmaceutically acceptable form.
6. A process for the preparation of Tramadol according to Claim 5 wherein the resulting Tramadol base hydrate is converted to Tramadol hydrochloride.
7. A process for the preparation of Tramadol according to Claim 6 wherein the resulting Tramadol base hydrate is converted to Tramadol hydrochloride by dissolving the hydrate in absolute alcohol and di-isopropyl ether and treated with gaseous hydrogen chloride.
8. A Tramadol base hydrate product formed by the process of Claim 1.
9. A pharmaceutically acceptable Tramadol hydrochloride product formed according to the process of any one of Claims 5 or 6.
10. A process for the preparation of a Tramadol pharmaceutical product comprising forming the product produced according to the process of Claim 5 into a dosage form.
PCT/GB1999/000012 1998-01-14 1999-01-14 Purification of tramadol WO1999036389A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU26295/99A AU2629599A (en) 1998-01-14 1999-01-14 Purification of tramadol

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9800657.0A GB9800657D0 (en) 1998-01-14 1998-01-14 Improved purification process
GB9800657.0 1998-01-14

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999036389A1 true WO1999036389A1 (en) 1999-07-22

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GB (1) GB9800657D0 (en)
WO (1) WO1999036389A1 (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000078705A1 (en) * 1999-06-22 2000-12-28 Grünenthal GmbH Method for separating the diastereomer bases of 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexanol
KR100342919B1 (en) * 1999-10-21 2002-07-04 박노중 A preparation and purification for trans isomer of tramadol hydrochloride
US6649783B2 (en) 2001-10-03 2003-11-18 Euro-Celtique, S.A. Synthesis of (+/-)-2-((dimethylamino)methyl)-1-(aryl)cyclohexanols
US7470816B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2008-12-30 Ipac Laboratories Limited Tramadol recovery process

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3652589A (en) * 1967-07-27 1972-03-28 Gruenenthal Chemie 1-(m-substituted phenyl)-2-aminomethyl cyclohexanols
US5414129A (en) * 1992-09-08 1995-05-09 Chemagis, Ltd. Process for the purification of 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol and its salts
WO1999003820A1 (en) * 1997-07-15 1999-01-28 Russinsky Limited Tramadol, salts thereof and process for their preparation

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3652589A (en) * 1967-07-27 1972-03-28 Gruenenthal Chemie 1-(m-substituted phenyl)-2-aminomethyl cyclohexanols
US5414129A (en) * 1992-09-08 1995-05-09 Chemagis, Ltd. Process for the purification of 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol and its salts
WO1999003820A1 (en) * 1997-07-15 1999-01-28 Russinsky Limited Tramadol, salts thereof and process for their preparation

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000078705A1 (en) * 1999-06-22 2000-12-28 Grünenthal GmbH Method for separating the diastereomer bases of 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexanol
KR100342919B1 (en) * 1999-10-21 2002-07-04 박노중 A preparation and purification for trans isomer of tramadol hydrochloride
US6649783B2 (en) 2001-10-03 2003-11-18 Euro-Celtique, S.A. Synthesis of (+/-)-2-((dimethylamino)methyl)-1-(aryl)cyclohexanols
US6784319B2 (en) 2001-10-03 2004-08-31 Euro-Celtique, S.A. Synthesis of (±)-2-((dimethylamino)methyl)-1-(aryl)cyclohexanols
US7470816B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2008-12-30 Ipac Laboratories Limited Tramadol recovery process

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2629599A (en) 1999-08-02
GB9800657D0 (en) 1998-03-11

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