Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/56—1,2-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
  • A01N47/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having no bond to a nitrogen atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D231/18—One oxygen or sulfur atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D231/44—Oxygen and nitrogen or sulfur and nitrogen atoms

Definitions

• the invention relates to new 3-thiocarboxamide derivatives of
• the invention further pertains to compositions of said compounds and methods, using said compounds, for the control of arthropod pests, in particular to the application of said compounds or compositions in agricultural methods of use, particularly as pesticides, for controlling arthropods, especially insects by systemic action.
• a second object of the present invention is to provide pesticidal compositions and pesticidal methods of use of the pesticidal pyrazole compounds against arthropods, especially insects, particularly in agricultural or horticultural crops, forestry, veterinary medicine or livestock husbandry, or in public health.
• a third object of the present invention is to provide very active compounds, with broad spectrum pesticidal activity, as well as compounds with selective special activity, e.g. aphicidal, miticidal, foliar insecticidal, soil insecticidal, systemic, antifeeding or pesticidal activity via seed treatment.
• a fourth object of the present invention is to provide compounds with substantially enhanced and more rapid activity, especially against insects and more particularly insects in their larval stages.
• a fifth object of the present invention is to provide compounds with greatly improved (faster and greater) penetration into pest species when topically applied and to thus provide enhanced movement of the compounds to the pesticidal site(s) of action within the pest.
• the invention provides insecticidal 1-arylpyrazoles having the general formula (I):
• R] is H or halogen; each of R 2 and R 4 , which are identical or different, is H, halogen or alkyl;
• R 3 is halogen, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy or R ⁇ oS(O) m ; preferably, R 3 is halogen, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• R 5 is alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl; or a cycloalkyl ring containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms; preferably R 5 is alkyl;
• Z is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, formyl, -C(O)alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, hydrazino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyalkylideneamino, lH-pyrrol-1-yl or lH-pyrazol-1-yl; or, preferably, Z is amino, R ⁇ NH-or R R 8 N-; each of R ⁇ , R 7 and R 8 , which are identical or different, is alkyl-S(O) p -, formyl, alkynyl containing from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl or aroyl; or alkyl, alkenyl containing from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, or -C(O)alkyl wherein the alkyl and alkenyl portions are optionally substituted by one or more R 9 ; or R 7 and R 8 are joined so
• R 10 is lower alkyl or lower haloalkyl; m, n, p and q are 0, 1 or 2;
• M is C-halo, C-CH 3 , C-CH 2 F, C-CH 2 C1, C-NO 2 or N; and pesticidally active salts thereof.
• pesticidally acceptable salts is meant salts the anions and cations of which are known and accepted in the art for the formation of pesticidally acceptable salts.
• Suitable acid addition salts formed from compounds of formula (I) containing an amine group include salts with inorganic acids for example hydrochlorides, phosphates, sulfates and nitrates, and salts with organic acids for example acetates.
• Suitable salts with bases formed from compounds of formula (I) containing a carboxylic acid group include alkali metal (for example sodium or potassium) salts, ammonium salts and organic amine (for example diethanolamine or morpholine) salts.
• alkyl, alkoxy and alkylthio groups have from one to six (preferably one to four) carbon atoms.
• Alkenyl and alkynyl groups have from two to six (preferably two to four) carbon atoms. In the instant invention, some words are used in a specific sense:
• aminocarbonyl means a carbamoyl radical, that is, a radical of the formula -C(O)NH 2 .
• alkylaminocarbonyl means an alkylcarbamoyl radical, that is, a radical of the formula -C(O)-NH-alkyl; and the term “dialkylaminocarbonyl” means a dialkylcarbamoyl radical, that is, a radical of the formula -C(O)-N(alkyl) 2 in which the alkyl moieties can be the same or different.
• aminonosulfonyl means a sulfamoyl radical, that is, -SO 2 NH 2 .
• alkylaminosulfonyl means an alkylsulfamoyl radical, that is, a radical of the formula -SO 2 NH-alkyl; while the term “dialkylaminosulfonyl” means a dialkylsulfamoyl radical, which has the formula -SO 2 N(alkyl) 2 wherein the alkyl moieties can be the same or different.
• halo before the name of a radical means that this radical is partially or completely halogenated, that is to say, substituted by F, Cl, Br, or I, in any combination, preferably by F or Cl.
• halogen means F, Cl, Br or I.
• aroyl designates a carbonyl aromatic radical, that is, aryl-C(O)-, which is preferably a benzoyl optionally substituted by one or more alkyl or halogen groups.
• a particularly preferred class of compounds of formula (I) are those wherein: Ri is F, Cl, Br or H; R 2 and R are H;
• R 3 is -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -CHF 2 , -S(O) m CF 3 , -CFC1 2 , -CF 2 C1, -OCF 2 Cl, -OCFCl 2 , Cl,
• R 5 is methyl or ethyl
• Z is H, halogen (F, Cl, Br), d-C 3 alkyl, Q-C 3 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl; or amino, -NHR ⁇ or -NR 7 R 8 , wherein each of Re, R 7 and R 8 , which are identical or different, is C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkenyl or -C(O)alkyl wherein the alkyl and alkenyl portions are unsubstituted or substituted with cyano, alkoxy, alkyl-S(O) p -, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, -C(O)alkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, -CO 2 H, hydroxy or halogen (F, Cl, Br); and M is CCl, CF, CBr or N.
• a further especially preferred class of compounds are those wherein: R ! is Cl or Br; R 2 and R 4 are H; R 3 is -CF 3 , -OCF 3 or Cl; R 5 is methyl or ethyl;
• Z is H, halogen (F, Cl, Br), d-C 3 alkyl, C r C 3 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl; or amino, -NHR ⁇ or -NR R 8 , wherein each of R 6 , R and R 8 , which are identical or different, is C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkenyl or -C(O)alkyl wherein the alkyl or alkenyl portions are unsubstituted or substituted with cyano, alkoxy, alkyl-S(O) p -, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, -C(O)alkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, -CO 2 H, hydroxy or halogen (F, Cl, Br); and
• M is CCl, CBr or N.
• a further especially preferred class of compounds are those wherein: Ri is Cl or Br;
• R 3 is -CF 3 , -OCF 3 or Cl
• R 5 is optionally halogenated methyl or ethyl
• Z is H or amino; and M is CCl, CBr or N.
• a further especially preferred class of compounds are those wherein:
• R ! is Cl or Br
• R 2 and R are H
• R 3 is -CF 3 , -OCF 3 or Cl;
• R 5 is methyl or ethyl;
• Z is H or amino
• M is CCl, CBr or N.
• Preferred phenyl groups or pyridyl groups comprising the Rp * and M radicals in formula (I) are: 2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl; 2,6-dichloro-4- trifluoromethoxyphenyl; 2-bromo-6-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl; 2-bromo-6- chloro-4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl; 2,6-difluoro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl; 2- chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl; 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-4-trifluoromethylphenyl; 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridinyl; 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxy-2-pyridinyl;
• 2-n-butoxypropionylamino methyl; hydroxyacetylamino; ethyl; 3- ethylsulfinylpropylamino; bromo; formylamino; chloro; methylamino; ethylamino; 2-hydroxyethylamino; 2-methoxyethylamino; methylsulfonylamino;
• 2-ethylsulfonylethylamino 4-methoxybenzoylamino; 2-cyanoethylamino; 2- methylthioethylamino; 2-aminocarbonylethylamino (2-carbamoylethylamino); 2- methylsulfinylethylamino; 3-methoxycarbonylpropylamino; 2- ethylsulfinylethylamino; 2-methylsulfonylethylamino; cyanomethylamino; 2- ethylthioethylamino; aminocarbonylmethylamino (carbamoylmethylamino); dimethylamino; 2-nitroethylamino; 2-acetylethylamino; methylcarbonylmethylamino (acetylmethylamino); methoxycarbonyl; and ethoxycarbonyl.
• R 5 substituents in formula (I) are: methylthio; methylsulfmyl; methylsulfonyl; ethylsulfinyl; ethylsulfonyl; ethylthio; cyclopropylsulfinyl; cyclopropylthio; cyclopropylsulfonyl; isopropylsulfinyl; isopropylsulfonyl; and isopropylthio.
• Particularly preferred pyrazole derivatives include the following, the numbers 1-11 being assigned to these compounds for reference and identification purposes.
• the compounds of general formula (I) can be prepared by the application or adaptation of known methods (i.e., methods heretofore used or described in the chemical literature including the Chemical Abstracts) employing 3-cyano-l- phenylpyrazoles or 3-cyano-l-(2-pyridinyl)pyrazole intermediates of known formula or can be prepared by methods or processes similar to those described in EP 0295117, EP 0234119, WO 87/03781, EP 0500209 and EP 780378.
• compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by the reaction of a compound of formula (II):
• Ri, R 2 , R 3 , t , R 5 , M and Z are defined above with an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydrosulfide, such as lithium, potassium, calcium or preferably sodium hydrosulfide, in an inert solvent for example N,N-dimethylformamide, pyridine, dioxan, tetrahydrofuran, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol or ethanol at a temperature from -35°C to 50°C preferably 0°C to 30°C.
• an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydrosulfide such as lithium, potassium, calcium or preferably sodium hydrosulfide
• the hydrosulfide may be generated in situ by treatment with H 2 S in the presence of an organic base, such as a metal alkoxide or trialkylamine or an inorganic base, such as an alkaline or alkaline earth metal hydroxide or a carbonate, such as sodium, potassium or ammonium carbonate.
• an organic base such as a metal alkoxide or trialkylamine or an inorganic base, such as an alkaline or alkaline earth metal hydroxide or a carbonate, such as sodium, potassium or ammonium carbonate.
• a metal complexing agent such as a crown ether, can be of benefit in accelerating the reaction.
• the reaction of hydrosulfide salt with the 3-cyanopyrazole can also be conducted in a two-phase water/organic solvent system using a phase transfer catalyst such as a crown ether or a tetraalkylammonium salt such as tetra-n-butylammonium bromide or benzyltrimethylammonium chloride.
• a phase transfer catalyst such as a crown ether or a tetraalkylammonium salt such as tetra-n-butylammonium bromide or benzyltrimethylammonium chloride.
• Organic solvents suitable for use in a two-phase system with water include benzene, toluene, dichloromethane, 1-chlorobutane and methyl tertiary-butyl ether.
• Compounds of formula (I) may also be prepared from compounds of formula (IT) by treatment with the reagent Ph 2 PS 2 , as described in Tet. Lett., 24 (20),
• compounds of general formula (I) wherein Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R t , R 5 , M and Z are as defined above and in which n represents 1 or 2 may be prepared by the oxidation of the corresponding compounds of formula (I) in which n represents 0 or 1.
• the reaction should be performed with a mild oxidising agent (to prevent destruction of the thioamide functional group) such as sodium periodate in an inert solvent for example methylene chloride at a temperature from -40°C to the reflux temperature of the solvent.
• compounds of general formula (I) wherein Z represents hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, amino, R ⁇ NH or R 7 R 8 N- wherein Re, R 7 and/or R g represent alkyl, haloalkyl, -C(O)alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl , formyl and-S(O) p alkyl; or R 6 and R are joined so as together form a divalent radical having 4 to 6 atoms in the chain, may be prepared by methods described in one or more of International Publications No. WO 94/21606, WO 93/06089 and WO 87/03781, European Patent Publication No. 0295117 and EP 511845, Hatton et al U.S. Patent No. 5,232,940, and German Patent Publication No. DE 19511269.
• R 9 -CH CH 2 (HJ) wherein R 9 is defined above.
• the reaction may be performed preferably in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride, an alkali metal hydroxide for example potassium hydroxide, or a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide for example N-benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethanol or water, and at a temperature from -20°C to the reflux temperature.
• a base such as sodium hydride, an alkali metal hydroxide for example potassium hydroxide, or a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide for example N-benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethanol or water, and at a temperature from -20°C to the reflux temperature.
• compounds of general formula (I) wherein Ri, R 2 , R3, R 4 , R 5 and M are as defined above and Z represents -NHR 6 or -NR 7 R 8 wherein R 7 and R 8 represent alkyl or haloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R 9 may be prepared by the reaction of the corresponding compound of formula (I) wherein Z is amino with a compound of formula (IV): 11-Y (TV) wherein R ⁇ is alkyl or haloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R 9 and Y represents a leaving group, preferably halogen (for example chlorine).
• the reaction may be performed in the presence of a base such as potassium hydroxide, potassium methoxide, sodium hydride or triethylamine in an inert solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, toluene or ether, and at a temperature from -20°C to the reflux temperature.
• a base such as potassium hydroxide, potassium methoxide, sodium hydride or triethylamine
• an inert solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, toluene or ether
• compounds of general formula (I) wherein Z represents alkoxycarbonyl may be prepared by the reaction of the corresponding compound of formula (I) in which Z is carboxy with an alcohol of formula (V):
• the above reaction is preferably performed in the presence of an acid catalyst such as sulphuric acid generally in the presence of excess of the alcohol or optionally in a co-solvent at a temperature from 0°C to the reflux temperature.
• the reaction may be performed using a coupling reagent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in an inert solvent.
• DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
• compounds of general formula (I) wherein Z represents alkylthiocarbonyl may be prepared by the reaction of the corresponding compound of formula (I) in which Z is carboxy with an thiol of formula (VI):
• the reaction may be performed using a coupling reagent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in an inert solvent.
• DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
• the reaction is generally carried out using an alkyl nitrite such as tert-butyl nitrite in the presence of a copper salt such as copper (II) chloride in a solvent such as acetonitrile at a temperature from -10°C to 50°C.
• a copper salt such as copper (II) chloride
• a solvent such as acetonitrile
• compounds of general formula (I) wherein Z represents -C(O)alkyl may be prepared by the oxidation of the corresponding compound of formula (VIJI):
• the reaction is generally performed using a base such as sodium hydroxide or triethylamine in an inert solvent for example dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran at a temperature from -70°C to the reflux temperature.
• Intermediates of formula (VIJI) can be prepared by reaction of the corresponding compounds of formula (I) in which Z represents a formyl group with an organometallic reagent of formula R ⁇ Q wherein Q is preferably an alkali or alkaline earth metal for example lithium or a magnesium halide (Grignard) reagent.
• the reaction may be performed in an inert solvent such as ether or tetrahydrofuran and at a temperature from -78°C to the reflux temperature of the solvent.
• the reaction is generally performed using a reagent such as ozone or sodium metaperiodite in an inert solvent for example dichloromethane at a temperature from -100°C to 100°C.
• Step 2 Iodomethane (0.7 ml) was injected into a stirred suspension of 5-amino- l-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-cyano-4-thiocyanatopyrazole (1.64 g), in methanol at 4° C. A 10% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (2.8 ml) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for 1 hour at 4° C , poured into water and extracted with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate.
• Step 3 To a stirred solution of 5-amino- 1 -(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3- cyano-4-methylthiopyrazole (3.0 g) in trifluoroacetic acid (20 ml) was added 30% hydrogen peroxide (0.5 ml) with cooling at 4° C. The mixture was brought to 20° C over 2 hours, then poured onto ice and the solid water-washed and dried. Flash-column chromatography on silica gel gave 5-amino- l-(2-chloro-4- trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-cyano-4-methylsulfinylpyrazole (0.69 g) m.p.146-
• REFERENCE EXAMPLE 7 In a manner similar to that employed in Reference Example 5, Step 3, the following compounds were also prepared: 5-amino- l-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)-3-cyano-4- methylsulfinylpyrazole, m.p. 137-138 ° C, and 5-amino- 1 -(2-bromo-6-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-cyano-4- methylsulfinylpyrazole, m.p. 150-151 ° C. BIOLOGICAL EFFICACY The following methods were used to apply the compounds of the invention and to observe the results obtained therewith: a foliar/contact spray on sucking (aphids) or chewing (Lepidoptera) insects.
• the Housefly Bait/Contact Test (Musca domestica) About 25 four to six-day-old adult houseflies were anesthetized and placed in a cage with a sugar water bait solution containing the compound. The concentration of the selected compound of formula (I) in the bait solution was 100 ppm. After 24 hours, flies which showed no movement on stimulation were considered dead.
• Aphid-infested cotton plants were placed on a revolving turntable, and sprayed to runoff with a 100 ppm formulation of the selected compound of formula (I).
• the treated, A. gossypii-infested plants were held for three days after treatment, after which the dead aphids were counted.
• Compounds 1-11 of the invention showed activity against Aphis gossypii and Schizaphis graminum at lOppm in the above systemic test; against Musca domestica at lOOppm in the above bait/contact test; and against Aphis gossypii at lOOppm in the above foliar/contact test.
• the present invention provides a method for the systemic control of arthropods at a locus, especially some insects or mites which feed on the above ground portions of plants.
• Control of such foliar pests may be provided by direct foliar application or by application by for example soil spray or granule application to the plant roots or plant seeds with subsequent systemic translocation to the above ground portions of the plants.
• systemic activity includes the control of insects which reside not only at the point of application but at a remote part of the plant for example by translocation from one side of a leaf to the other or from a treated leaf to an untreated leaf.
• Examples of the classes of insect pests which may be systemically controlled by the compounds of the invention include the Homoptera order (piercing-sucking), Hemiptera order (piercing-sucking), and Thysanoptera order.
• the invention is especially appropriate for aphids and thrips.
• the present invention provides pesticidally active compounds and methods of use of said compounds for the control of a number of pest species which includes: arthropods, especially insects or mites; plant nematodes; or helminth or protozoan pests.
• the present invention therefore provides a method of control of pests at a locus which comprises the treatment of the locus (e.g., by application or administration) with an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pesticidally acceptable salt thereof, wherein the substituent groups are as hereinbefore defined.
• the locus includes, for example, the pest itself or the place (plant, animal, field, structure, premises, forest, orchard, waterway, soil, plant or animal product, or the like) where the pest resides or feeds.
• the compounds of this invention may in addition be used to control soil insects, such as corn rootworm, termites (especially for protection of structures), root maggots, wireworms, root weevils, stalkborers, cutworms, root aphids, or grubs. They may also be used to provide activity against plant pathogenic nematodes, such as root-knot, cyst, dagger, lesion, or stem or bulb nematodes, or against mites.
• soil pests for example corn rootworm
• the compounds are advantageously applied to or incorporated at an effective rate into the soil in which crops are planted or to be planted or to the seeds or growing plant roots.
• the compounds are especially useful in the control of many insects, especially filth flies or other Dipteran pests, such as houseflies, stableflies, soldierflies, hornflies, deerflies, horseflies, midges, punkies, blackflies, or mosquitoes.
• filth flies or other Dipteran pests such as houseflies, stableflies, soldierflies, hornflies, deerflies, horseflies, midges, punkies, blackflies, or mosquitoes.
• Compounds of the invention may be used in the following applications and on the following pests including arthropods, especially insects or mites, nematodes, or helminth or protozoan pests:
• compounds of the invention are useful against attack by arthropods, more especially beetles, including weevils, moths or mites, for example Ephestia spp. (flour moths), Anthrenus spp. (carpet beetles), Tribolium spp. (flour beetles), Sitophilus spp. (grain weevils) or Acarus spp. (mites).
• arthropods more especially beetles, including weevils, moths or mites, for example Ephestia spp. (flour moths), Anthrenus spp. (carpet beetles), Tribolium spp. (flour beetles), Sitophilus spp. (grain weevils) or Acarus spp. (mites).
• arthropods more especially beetles, including weevils, moths or mites, for example Ephestia spp. (
• Heliothis spp. such as Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm), Heliothis armigera and Heliothis zea.
• Against adults and larvae of Coleoptera (beetles) e.g. Anthonomus spp. e.g. grandis (cotton boll weevil), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle), Diabrotica spp. (corn rootworms).
• Heteroptera Hemiptera and Homoptera
• Orthoptera such as Locusta and Schistocerca spp., (locusts and crickets) e.g. Gryllus spp., and Acheta spp. for example, Blatta orientalis. Periplaneta americana, Blatella germanica, Locusta migratoria migratorioides. and Schistocerca gregaria.
• Collembola e.g. Periplaneta spp. and Blattela spp. (roaches).
• Isoptera e.g. Coptotermes spp. (termites).
• arthropods of agricultural significance such as Acari (mites) e.g. Tetranychus spp., and Panonychus spp..
• root-knot nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp. (e.g. M. incognita).
• helminths or protozoa which are parasitic internally or externally upon vertebrates, particularly warm-blooded vertebrates, for example domestic animals, e.g. cattle, sheep, goats, equines, swine, poultry, dogs or cats, for example Acarina. including ticks (e.g. Ixodes spp., Boophilus spp. e.g. Boophilus microplus. Rhipicephalus spp. e.g. Rhipicephalus appendiculatusOrnithodorus spp. (e.g. Ornithodorus moubata) and mites (e.g.
• Damalinia spp. Diptera (e.g. Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Musca spp., Hypoderma spp.); Hemiptera.; Dictvoptera (e.g. Periplaneta spp., Blatella spp.); Hvmenoptera: for example against infections of the gastrointestinal tract caused by parasitic nematode worms, for example members of the family Trichostrongylidae: in the control and treatment of protozoal diseases caused by, for example, Eimeria spp. e.g. Trypanosoms cruzi. Leishaminia spp., Plasmodium spp., Babesis spp., Trichomonadidae spp., Toxoplasma spp. and
• a method for example, comprises applying to the plants or to the medium in which they grow an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
• the active compound is generally applied to the locus in which the arthropod or nematode infestation is to be controlled at an effective rate in the range of about 5 g to about 1 kg of the active compound per hectare of locus treated.
• a lower rate may offer adequate protection.
• adverse weather conditions, resistance of the pest or other factors may require that the active ingredient be used at higher rates.
• an effective rate range of the active compound is from about 50g ha to about 400 g ha.
• the active compound When a pest is soil-borne, the active compound generally in a formulated composition, is distributed evenly over the area to be treated (ie, for example broadcast or band treatment) in any convenient manner and is applied at rates from about 5 g to about 1kg ai/ha, preferably from about 50 to about 250 g ai/ha.
• the liquid solution or suspension When applied as a root dip to seedlings or drip irrigation to plants the liquid solution or suspension contains from about 0.075 to about 1000 mg ai/1, preferably from about 25 to about 200 mg ai/1.
• Application may be made, if desired, to the field or crop-growing area generally or in close proximity to the seed or plant to be protected from attack.
• the active component can be washed into the soil by spraying with water over the area or can be left to the natural action of rainfall.
• the formulated compound can, if desired, be distributed mechanically in the soil, for example by ploughing, disking, or use of drag chains.
• Application can be prior to planting, at planting, after planting but before sprouting has taken place, or after sprouting.
• the compounds of the invention and methods of control of pests therewith are of particular value in the protection of field, forage, plantation, glasshouse, orchard or vineyard crops, of ornamentals, or of plantation or forest trees, for example: cereals (such as wheat or rice), cotton, vegetables (such as peppers), field crops (such as sugar beets, soybeans or oil seed rape), grassland or forage crops (such as maize or sorghum), orchards or groves (such as of stone or pit fruit or citrus), ornamental plants, flowers or vegetables or shrubs under glass or in gardens or parks, or forest trees (both deciduous and evergreen) in forests, plantations or nurseries. They are also valuable in the protection of timber (standing, felled, converted, stored or structural) from attack, for example, by sawflies or beetles or termites.
• stored products such as grains, fruits, nuts, spices or tobacco, whether whole, milled or compounded into products, from moth, beetle, mite or grain weevil attack.
• stored animal products such as skins, hair, wool or feathers in natural or converted form (e.g. as carpets or textiles) from moth or beetle attack as well as stored meat, fish or grains from beetle, mite or fly attack.
• the compounds of the invention and methods of use thereof are of particular value in the control of arthropods, helminths or protozoa which are injurious to, or spread or act as vectors of diseases domestic animals, for example those hereinbefore mentioned, and more especially in the control of ticks, mites, lice, fleas, midges, or biting, nuisance or myiasis flies.
• the compounds of the invention are particularly useful in controlling arthropods, helminths or protozoa which are present inside domestic host animals or which feed in or on the skin or suck the blood of the animal, for which purpose they may be administered orally, parenterally, percutaneously or topically.
• compounds of the invention may be useful for coccidiosis, a disease caused by infections from protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. It is an important potential cause of economic loss in domestic animals and birds, particularly those raised or kept under intensive conditions. For example, cattle, sheep, pigs or rabbits may be affected, but the disease is especially important in poultry, particularly in chickens.
• Administration of a small amount of a compound of the invention, preferably by a combination with feed is effective in preventing or greatly reducing the incidence of coccidiosis.
• the compounds are effective against both the cecal form and the intestinal forms.
• the compounds of the invention may also exert an inhibiting effect on oocytes by greatly reducing the number and sporulation of those produced.
• the poultry disease is generally spread by the birds picking up the infectious organism in droppings in or on contaminated litter, ground, food, or drinking water.
• the disease is manifested by hemorrhage, accumulation of blood in the ceca, passage of blood to the droppings, weakness and digestive disturbances.
• the disease often terminates in the death of the animal, but the fowl which survive severe infections have had their market value subtantially reduced as a result of the infection.
• compositions hereinafter described for application to growing crops or crop growing loci or as a seed dressing may, in general, alternatively be employed for topical application to animals or in the protection of stored products, household goods, property or areas of the general environment.
• Suitable means of applying the compounds of the invention include: to growing crops as foliar sprays, dusts, granules, fogs or foams or also as suspensions of finely divided or encapsulated compositions as soil or root treatments by liquid drenches, dusts, granules, smokes or foams; to seeds of crops via application as seed dressings by liquid slurries or dusts; to animals infested by or exposed to infestation by arthropods, helminths or protozoa, by parenteral, oral or topical application of compositions in which the active ingredient exhibits an immediate and/or prolonged action over a period of time against the arthropods, helminths or protozoa, for example by incorporation in feed or suitable orally-ingestible pharmaceutical formulation
• compositions can be employed to control: arthopods, especially insects or mites; nematodes; or helminth or protozoan pests.
• the compositions may be of any type known in the art suitable for application to the desired pest in any premises or indoor or outdoor area or by internal or external administration to vertebrates.
• These compositions contain at least one compound of formula (I) or a pesticidally acceptable salt thereof, such as described earlier, as the active ingredient in combination or association with one or more other compatible components which are for example, solid or liquid carriers or diluents, adjuvants, surface-active-agents, or the like appropriate for the intended use and which are agronomically or medicinally acceptable.
• These compositions which may be prepared by any manner known in the art, likewise form a part of this invention.
• compositions may also contain other kinds of ingredients such as protective colloids, adhesives, thickeners, thixotropic agents, penetrating agents, spray oils (especially for acaridical use), stabilizers, preservative agents (especially mold preservatives), sequestering agents, or the like, as well as other known active ingredients with pesticidal properties (particularly insecticidal, miticidal, nematicidal, or fungicidal) or with properties regulating the growth of plants. More generally, the compounds employed in the invention may be combined with all the solid or liquid additives corresponding to the usual techniques of formulation.
• compositions suitable for applications in agriculture, horticulture, or the like include formulations suitable for use as, for example, sprays, dusts, granules, fogs, foams, emulsions, or the like.
• compositions according to the invention usually contain about 0.05 to about 95% (by weight) of one or more active ingredients according to the invention, about 1 to about 95% of one or more solid or liquid carriers and, optionally, about 0.1 to about 50% of one or more other compatible components, such as surface-active agents or the like.
• carrier denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active ingredient is combined to facilitate its application, for example, to the plant, to seeds or to the soil.
• This carrier is therefore generally inert and it must be acceptable (for example, agronomically acceptable, particularly to the treated plant).
• the carrier may be a solid, for example, clays, natural or synthetic silicates, silica, resins, waxes, solid fertilizers (for example ammonium salts), ground natural minerals, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite, bentonite or diatomaceous earth, or ground synthetic minerals, such as silica, alumina, or silicates especially aluminium or magnesium silicates.
• solid carriers for granules the following are suitable: crushed or fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite and dolomite; synthetic granules of inorganic or organic meals; granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconut shells, corn cobs, corn husks or tobacco stalks; kieselguhr, tricalcium phosphate, powdered cork, or absorbent carbon black; water soluble polymers, resins, waxes; or solid fertilizers.
• Such solid compositions may, if desired, contain one or more compatible wetting, dispersing, emulsifying or colouring agents which, when solid, may also serve as a diluent.
• the carrier may also be liquid, for example: water; alcohols, particularly butanol or glycol, as well as their ethers or esters, particularly methylglycol acetate; ketones, particularly acetone, cyclohexanone, methylethyl ketone, methylisobutylketone, or isophorone; petroleum fractions such as paraffmic or aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly xylenes or alkyl naphthalenes; mineral or vegetable oils; aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons, particularly trichloroethane or methylene chloride; aromatic chlorinated hydrocarbons, particularly chlorobenzenes; water-soluble or strongly polar solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulphoxide, or N-methylpyrrolidone; liquefied gases; or the like or a mixture thereof.
• the surface-active agent may be an emulsifying agent, dispersing agent or wetting agent of the ionic or non-ionic type or a mixture of such surface- active agents.
• these are e.g., salts of polyacrylic acids, salts of lignosulphonic acids, salts of phenolsulphonic or naphthalenesulphonic acids, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols or fatty acids or fatty esters or fatty amines, substituted phenols (particularly alkylphenols or arylphenols), salts of sulphosuccinic acid esters, taurine derivatives (particularly alkyltaurates), phosphoric esters of alcohols or of polycondensates of ethylene oxide with phenols, esters of fatty acids with polyols, or sulphate, sulphonate or phosphate functional derivatives of the above compounds.
• the presence of at least one surface-active agent is generally essential when the active ingredient and/or the in
• compositions of the invention may further contain other additives such as adhesives or colorants.
• Adhesives such as carboxymethylcellulose or natural or synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or lattices, such as arabic gum, polyvinyl alcohol or poly vinyl acetate, natural phospholipids, such as cephalins or lecithins, or synthetic phospholipids can be used in the formulations.
• colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example: iron oxides, titanium oxides or Prussian Blue; organic dyestuffs, such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs or metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs; or trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum or zinc.
• inorganic pigments for example: iron oxides, titanium oxides or Prussian Blue
• organic dyestuffs such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs or metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs
• trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum or zinc.
• Compositions containing compounds of formula (I), or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof, which may be applied to control arthropod, plant nematode, helminth or protozoan pests may also contain synergists (e.g. piperonyl butoxide or sesamex), stabilizing substances, other insecticides, acaricides, plant nematocides, anthelmintics or anticoccidials, fungicides (agricultural or veterinary as appropriate, e.g. benomyl and iprodione), bactericides, arthropod or vertebrate attractants or repellents or pheromones, deodorants, flavouring agents, dyes, or auxiliary therapeutic agents, e.g.
• synergists e.g. piperonyl butoxide or sesamex
• stabilizing substances other insecticides, acaricides, plant nematocides, anthelmintics or anticoccidials, fungicides (
• pesticidally-active compounds which may be included in, or used in conjunction with the compositions of the present invention are: acephate, chlorpyrifos, demeton-S-methyl, disulfoton, ethoprofos, fenitrothion, fenamiphos, fonofos, isazophos, isofenphos, malathion, monocrotophos, parathion, phorate, phosalone, pirimiphos-methyl, terbufos, triazophos, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, tefluthrin, aldicarb, carbosulfan, methomyl, oxa
• compositions which can be used are dusting powders (with a content of the compound of formula (I), or a pesticidally acceptable salt thereof, ranging up to 80%), wettable powders or granules (including water dispersible granules), particularly those obtained by extrusion, compacting, impregnation of a granular carrier, or granulation starting from a powder (the content of the compound of formula (I), or a pesticidally acceptable salt thereof, in these wettable powders or granules being between about 0.5 and about 80%).
• Solid homogenous or heterogenous compositions containing one or more compounds of formula (I), or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof, for example granules, pellets, briquettes or capsules, may be used to treat standing or running water over a period of time.
• a similar effect may be achieved using trickle or intermittent feeds of water dispersible concentrates as described herein.
• Liquid compositions for example, include aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions (such as emulsifiable concentrates, emulsions, flowables, dispersions, or solutions) or aerosols.
• Liquid compositions also include, in particular, emulsifiable concentrates, dispersions, emulsions, flowables, aerosols, wettable powders (or powder for spraying), dry flowables or pastes as forms of compositions which are liquid or intended to form liquid compositions when applied, for example as aqueous sprays (including low and ultra-low volume) or as fogs or aerosols.
• Liquid compositions for example, in the form of emulsifiable or soluble concentrates most frequently comprise about 5 to about 80% by weight of the active ingredient, while the emulsions or solutions which are ready for application contain, in their case, about 0.01 to about 20% of the active ingredient.
• the emulsifiable or soluble concentrates may contain, when required, about 2 to about 50% of suitable additives, such as stabilizers, surface-active agents, penetrating agents, corrosion inhibitors, colorants or adhesives.
• Emulsions of any required concentration which are particularly suitable for application, for example, to plants, may be obtained from these concentrates by dilution with water.
• the emulsions may be in the form of water-in-oil or oil-in-water type and they may have a thick consistency.
• liquid compositions of this invention may, in addition to normal agricultural use applications be used for example to treat substrates or sites infested or liable to infestation by arthropods (or other pests controlled by compounds of this invention) including premises, outdoor or indoor storage or processing areas, containers or equipment or standing or running water.
• aqueous dispersions or emulsions or spraying mixtures can be applied, for example, to crops by any suitable means, chiefly by spraying, at rates which are generally of the order of about 100 to about 1 ,200 liters of spraying mixture per hectare, but may be higher or lower (eg. low or ultra-low volume) depending upon the need or application technique.
• the compounds or compositions according to the invention are conveniently applied to vegetation and in particular to roots or leaves having pests to be eliminated.
• Another method of application of the compounds or compositions according to the invention is by chemigation, that is to say, the addition of a formulation containing the active ingredient to irrigation water.
• This irrigation may be sprinkler irrigation for foliar pesticides or it can be ground irrigation or underground irrigation for soil or for systemic pesticides.
• the concentrated suspensions which can be applied by spraying, are prepared so as to produce a stable fluid product which does not settle (fine grinding) and usually contain from about 10 to about 75% by weight of active ingredient, from about 0.5 to about 30% of surface-active agents, from about 0.1 to about 10% of thixotropic agents, from about 0 to about 30% of suitable additives, such as anti-foaming agents, corrosion inhibitors, stabilizers, penetrating agents, adhesives and, as the carrier, water or an organic liquid in which the active ingredient is poorly soluble or insoluble Some organic solids or inorganic salts may be dissolved in the carrier to help prevent settling or as antifreezes for water.
• the wettable powers are usually prepared so that they contain from about 10 to about 80% by weight of active ingredient, from about 20 to about 90% of a solid carrier, from about 0 to about 5% of a wetting agent, from about 3 to about 10% of a dispersing agent and, when necessary, from about 0 to about 80% of one or more stabilizers and/or other additives, such as penetrating agents, adhesives, anti-caking agents, colorants, or the like.
• the active ingredient(s) is(are) thoroughly mixed in a suitable blender with additional substances which may be impregnated on the porous filler and is(are) ground using a mill or other suitable grinder. This produces wettable powders, the wettability and the suspendability of which are advantageous. They may be suspended in water to give any desired concentration and this suspension can be employed very advantageously in particular for application to plant foliage.
• the "water dispersible granules (WG)" (granules which are readily dispersible in water) have compositions which are substantially close to that of the wettable powders. They may be prepared by granulation of formulations described for the wettable powders, either by a wet route (contacting finely divided active ingredient with the inert filler and a little water, e.g. 1 to 20% by weight, or with an aqueous solution of a dispersing agent or binder, followed by drying and screening), or by a dry route (compacting followed by grinding and screening).
• compositions for application to control arthropod, plant nematode, helminth or protozoan pests usually contain from about 0.00001 % to about 95%, more particularly from about 0.0005% to about
• compositions employed and their rate of application will be selected to achieve the desired effect(s) by the farmer, livestock producer, medical or veterinary practitioner, pest control operator or other person skilled in the art.
• Solid or liquid compositions for application topically to animals, timber, stored products or household goods usually contain from about 0.00005% to about 90%, more particularly from about 0.001% to about 10%, by weight of one or more compounds of formula (I) or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof.
• these normally contain from about 0.1 % to about 90% by weight of one or more compounds of formula (I) or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof.
• Medicated feedstuffs normally contain from about 0.001% to about 3% by weight of one or more compounds of formula (I) or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof.
• Concentrates or supplements for mixing with feedstuffs normally contain from about 5% to about 90%, preferably from about 5% to about 50%, by weight of one or more compounds of formula (I) or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof.
• Mineral salt licks normally contain from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of one or more compounds of formula (I) or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof.
• Dusts or liquid compositions for application to livestock, goods, premises or outdoor areas may contain from about 0.0001% to about 15%, more especially from about 0.005% to about 2.0%, by weight, of one or more compounds of formula (I) or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof. Suitable concentrations in treated waters are between about 0.0001 ppm and about 20 ppm, more particularly about 0.001 ppm to about 5.0 ppm. of one or more compounds of formula (I), or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof, and may be used therapeutically in fish farming with appropriate exposure times.
• Edible baits may contain from about 0.01% to about 5%, preferably from about 0.01% to about 1.0%, by weight, of one or more compounds of formula (I) or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof.
• the dosage of compounds of formula (I), or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof will depend upon the species, age, or health of the vertebrate and upon the nature and degree of its actual or potential infestation by arthropod, helminth or protozoan pests.
• a single dose of about 0.1 to about 100 mg, preferably about 2.0 to about 20.0 mg, per kg body weight of the animal or doses of about 0.01 to about 20.0 mg, preferably about 0.1 to about 5.0 mg, per kg body weight of the animal per day, for sustained medication are generally suitable by oral or parenteral administration.
• sustained release formulations or devices the daily doses required over a period of months may be combined and administered to animals on a single occasion.
• composition EXAMPLES 2A - 2M illustrate compositions for use against arthropods, especially mites or insects, plant nematodes, or helminth or protozoan pests which comprise, as active ingredient, compounds of formula (I), or pesticidally acceptable salts thereof, such as those described in preparative examples.
• the compositions described in EXAMPLES 2A - 2M can each be diluted to give a sprayable compositon at concentrations suitable for use in the field.
• Generic chemical descriptions of the ingredients for which all of the following percentages are in weight percent), used in the composition EXAMPLES 2 A - 2M exemplified below, are as follows:
• Soprophor BSU Tristyrylphenol ethylene oxide condensate
• Arylan CA A 70% w/v solution of calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate
• Rhodigel 23 Polysaccharide xanthan gum
• EXAMPLE 2A A water soluble concentrate is prepared with the composition as follows:
• EXAMPLE 2B An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) is prepared with the composition as follows: Active ingredient 25%(max)
• the first three components are dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone and to this is then added the Solvesso 150 to give the final volume.
• EXAMPLE 2C A wettable powder (WP) is prepared with the composition as follows:
• the ingredients are mixed and ground in a hammer-mill to a powder with a particle size of less than 50 microns.
• EXAMPLE 2D An aqueous-flowable formulation is prepared with the composition as follows:
• Rhodigel 230 0.15%
• the ingredients are intimately mixed and are ground in a bead mill until a mean particle size of less than 3 microns is obtained.
• EXAMPLE 2E An emulsifiable suspension concentrate is prepared with the composition as follows:
• the ingredients are intimately mixed and ground in a beadmill until a mean particle size of less than 3 microns is obtained.
• EXAMPLE 2F A water dispersible granule is prepared with the composition as follows:
• the ingredients are mixed, micronized in a fluid-energy mill and then granulated in a rotating pelletizer by spraying with water (up to 10%).
• the resulting granules are dried in a fluid-bed drier to remove excess water.
• a dusting powder is prepared with the composition as follows:
• the ingredients are intimately mixed and further ground as necessary to achieve a fine powder.
• This powder may be appplied to a locus of arthropod infestation, for example refuse dumps, stored products or household goods or animals infested by, or at risk of infestation by, arthropods to control the arthropods by oral ingestion.
• Suitable means for distributing the dusting powder to the locus of arthropod infestation include mechanical blowers, handshakers or livestock self treatment devices.
• EXAMPLE 2H An edible bait is prepared with the composition as follows:
• the ingredients are intimately mixed and formed as required into a bait form.
• This edible bait may be distributed at a locus, for example domestic or industrial premises, e.g. kitchens, hospitals or stores, or outdoor areas, infested by arthropods, for example ants, locusts, cockroaches or flies, to control the arthropods by oral ingestion.
• EXAMPLE 21 A solution formulation is prepared with a composition as follows:
• the active ingredient is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide with mixing and or heating as required.
• This solution may be applied percutaneously as a pour- on application to domestic animals infested by arthropods or, after sterilization by filtration through a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane (0.22 micrometer pore size), by parenteral injection, at a rate of application of from 1.2 to 12 ml of solution per 100 kg of animal body weight.
• EXAMPLE 2J A wettable powder is prepared with the composition as follows:
• Celite PF 40% The Ethylan BCP is absorbed onto the Aerosil which is then mixed with the other ingredients and ground in a hammer-mill to give a wettable powder, which may be diluted with water to a concentration of from 0.001% to 2% by weight of the active compound and applied to a locus of infestation by arthropods, for example, dipterous larvae or plant nematodes, by spraying, or to domestic animals infested by, or at risk of infection by arthropods, helminths or protozoa, by spraying or dipping, or by oral administration in drinking water, to control the arthropods, helminths or protozoa.
• arthropods for example, dipterous larvae or plant nematodes
• spraying or to domestic animals infested by, or at risk of infection by arthropods, helminths or protozoa
• spraying or dipping or by oral administration in drinking water, to control the arthropods, helm
• a slow release bolus composition is formed from granules containing the following components in varying percentages(similar to those described for the previous compositions) depending upon need:
• the intimately mixed ingredients are formed into granules which are compressed into a bolus with a specific gravity of 2 or more. This can be administered orally to ruminant domestic animals for retention within the reticulo-rumen to give a continual slow release of active compound over an extended period of time to control infestation of the ruminant domestic animals by arthropods, helminths or protozoa.
• a slow release composition in the form of granules, pellets, brickettes or the like can be prepared with compositions as follows:
• Active ingredient 0.5 to 25% Polyvinyl chloride 75 to 99.5% Dioctyl phthalate (plasticizer)
• the components are blended and then formed into suitable shapes by melt-extrusion or molding. These composition are useful, for example, for addition to standing water or for fabrication into collars or eartags for attachment to domestic animals to control pests by slow release.
• the ingredients are mixed as a 45% slurry with water and wet milled to a particle size of 4 microns, then spray-dried to remove water.

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• 1997
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• 1999
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