WO1991009263A1 - Mechanism for controlling the firing rate of an automatic weapon - Google Patents
Mechanism for controlling the firing rate of an automatic weapon Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1991009263A1 WO1991009263A1 PCT/GB1990/001969 GB9001969W WO9109263A1 WO 1991009263 A1 WO1991009263 A1 WO 1991009263A1 GB 9001969 W GB9001969 W GB 9001969W WO 9109263 A1 WO9109263 A1 WO 9109263A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sear
- gun
- bolt
- trigger
- trigger mechanism
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41A—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS COMMON TO BOTH SMALLARMS AND ORDNANCE, e.g. CANNONS; MOUNTINGS FOR SMALLARMS OR ORDNANCE
- F41A19/00—Firing or trigger mechanisms; Cocking mechanisms
- F41A19/03—Shot-velocity control
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41A—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS COMMON TO BOTH SMALLARMS AND ORDNANCE, e.g. CANNONS; MOUNTINGS FOR SMALLARMS OR ORDNANCE
- F41A19/00—Firing or trigger mechanisms; Cocking mechanisms
- F41A19/06—Mechanical firing mechanisms, e.g. counterrecoil firing, recoil actuated firing mechanisms
- F41A19/25—Mechanical firing mechanisms, e.g. counterrecoil firing, recoil actuated firing mechanisms having only slidably-mounted striker elements, i.e. percussion or firing pins
- F41A19/27—Mechanical firing mechanisms, e.g. counterrecoil firing, recoil actuated firing mechanisms having only slidably-mounted striker elements, i.e. percussion or firing pins the percussion or firing pin being movable relative to the breech-block
- F41A19/29—Mechanical firing mechanisms, e.g. counterrecoil firing, recoil actuated firing mechanisms having only slidably-mounted striker elements, i.e. percussion or firing pins the percussion or firing pin being movable relative to the breech-block propelled by a spring under tension
- F41A19/30—Mechanical firing mechanisms, e.g. counterrecoil firing, recoil actuated firing mechanisms having only slidably-mounted striker elements, i.e. percussion or firing pins the percussion or firing pin being movable relative to the breech-block propelled by a spring under tension in bolt-action guns
- F41A19/33—Arrangements for the selection of automatic or semi-automatic fire
Definitions
- This invention relates to a mechanism for controlling the rate of fire of a weapon capable of automatic fire. such as a sub-machine gun.
- sub-machine guns have a tendency to 'climb' during automatic fire. As each round is fired, the weapon recoils upwardly and the muzzle tilts to some degree and thereafter returns to the approximate original point of aim. If the rate of fire in fully-automatic firing mode is too high, each successive round will be fired before the muzzle returns on target following the discharge of the preceding round and will therefore be high off target. Each successive round will therefore be aimed higher than its predecessor.
- 'climb' - that is, a burst of rounds which start on target and thereafter climb upwards off target. As the rate of fire increases in relation to a specific weapon so will there be a tendency for the rate of 'climb' to increase.
- a number of efforts to control the firing rate of a sub-machine gun have involved increasing the mass of the bolt and/or regulating the movement of the bolt.
- the physical size of the weapon is reduced but s the actual weight of the bolt is increased by use of 'dense material' such as alloys of tungsten, or infilling the bolt with lead.
- This method is self- defeating in that the overall weight of the gun is increased.
- even the use of the densest materials available gives only a minimal firing rate reduction. Reducing a firing rate from 1,800 RP to 1,500 RPM falls well short of a reduction to a controllable 400-600 RPM.
- Regulating the movement of the bolt by 'lock-up' or inertia activated mechanisms have involved utilizing the force generated by a discharging cartridge and have the disadvantage of disabling automatic firing of the gun if the mechanism fails, and also have in practice not removed the rate sufficiently to eliminate climb.
- the mechanism of the present invention can be incorporated in a sub-machine gun to give a weapon of hand-gun size which has a controllable rate of fire in the range of between 400 to 600 RPM. Furthermore, the rate of fire is not predetermined by the inherent physical properties of e.g. bolt weight or bolt travel distance.
- the rate of fire is controlled by means incorporated within the gun but independent of the force generated by a discharging cartridge and is determined by test to suit each weapon in which a mechanism according to the invention is incorporated. Therefore, if a specific model of sub-machine gun firing in fully automatic firing mode returns to its point of aim after each successive round is fired, say in one-tenth of a second, then that particular gun will be adjusted to fire ten times per second or 600 RPM. If another gun has, say, a longer barrel or lighter frame, or has any other feature which changes the firing characteristics of that gun, then that weapon's rate of fire will be adjusted to a rate determined as best suited for achieving its maximum accuracy of fire.
- the present invention relates to a trigger mechanism which comprises a timing device wherein the disadvantages of the prior art are overcome or at least mitigated.
- the invention accordingly provides a trigger mechanism for a gun capable of fully automatic firing comprising a timing device operable to determine the rat of fire of the gun, which device cyclically interrupts means for discharging the ammunition to be discharged from the gun when a physically displacable trigger of the mechanism is moved to a firing position.
- said ammunition discharging means may comprise a reciprocal bolt, said bolt being periodically arrested to reduce its natural cyclic rate of movement during automatic firing.
- the device is an electrically powered timing device which actuates a main sear lever for controlling movement of the bolt.
- the timing device may be actuated by the trigger of the trigger mechanism of the gun.
- the trigger mechanism may comprise a trigger operatively connected to a pair of sears each of which sears has a sear face for co-operation with a bent, said bent being carried by means for actuating a main sear lever for controlling movement of the bolt.
- said pair of sears both co-operate with said bent when the gun is set for semi-automatic firing, said bent being released from the sear face of one sear when the trigger is retracted to release the bolt from a cocked disposition and being arrested by engagement with the sear face of the other sear after discharge of the gun but whilst the trigger remains retracted thereby
- One sear may actuate the timing device and maintain the device operative during automatic firing of the gun, and the device may regulate movement of the said other sear to cause a reduction in the natural cyclic rate of movement of the bolt.
- the timing device incorporates a rotatable cam for cyclic engagement with a cam follower carried by said other sear to regulate movement of that sear.
- the bolt and the main sear may have co-operating cam surfaces which are engaged "when the bolt is retracted, the main sear being pivotally mounted to release and arrest said bolt and being controlled by a lever which carries said bent.
- a firing mode selector switch is brought into co-operation with said one sear to actuate said device during fully automatic firing of the gun and is taken out of co-operation with said one sear to
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET deactivate said device during semi-automatic firing of the gun.
- Another aspect of the invention provides a gun incorporating a trigger mechanism which comprises a timing device as defined in any of the eight immediately preceding paragraphs.
- a gun incorporating a trigger mechanism does not mean that the gun is an electrically fired weapon.
- the firing rate of the gun is controllable by electrical or electronic means in preferable embodiments but should such means fail to function then the gun is nevertheless fully operable in semi ⁇ automatic or fully automatic firing mode but, in such a case, at the weapons natural cyclic rate of fire.
- Figure 1 is a schematic side view partly shown in section, of a sub-machine gun incorporating a trigger mechanism and timing device according to the invention
- Figures 2 to 7 are enlarged schematic and operationally sequential views of the trigger mechanism and timing device
- Figure 8 is a plan view of a cam wheel of the timing device and upper sear lever.
- a sub ⁇ machine gun 10 has a breech 12 in which a bolt 14 (Fig 2 to 7) is reciprocable and slideable on a wear plate surface of the breech which, in Figures 2 to 7, is shown represented as a horizontal line 13.
- Movement of the bolt indirectly is controlled by a main bolt sear lever 16 pivotally mounted at a leading end thereof to the frame 'F' of the gun at pivot 20 disposed below the wear plate surface 13. At its opposite trailing end lever 16 is pivotally mounted at pivot 22 to a further lever 24 which carries a bent 25 for co-operation with a pair of let-off sears described in more detail below.
- Lever 24 is pivotally mounted to frame 'F' intermediate its upper and lower ends at pivot 26.
- a trigger 28 is pivoted to the gun frame at pivot 30, and is operatively connected to a lower sear
- Link 34 has one of its ends pivotally connected to trigger 28 at pivot 36 and has its opposite end hinged to the lower sear 32 at pivot 38.
- An upper sear 40 which co-operates with lower sear 32 to control movement of the bent 25 is pivotally mounted together with the lower sear to the frame at pivot 42.
- the upper sear carries a cam follower 44 which co-operates with an actuating cam of a timing unit 46 disposed in the butt of the gun.
- the mechanism is shown in a condition in which the gun is cocked and ready to fire.
- the bolt 14 is held retracted by the main sear lever 16.
- the main sear lever 16 cannot however, on its own, retain the bolt 14 in a retracted position because the sear face 17 and bent 15 of the
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET bolt each provide cooperating 45 degree cam surfaces and because the main spring force indicated by the arrow on bolt 14 is greater than the main sear return spring force, shown by the arrow on lever 16, bolt 14 is urged forwards so that bent 15 is forced into abutment with the sear face 17 of sear lever 16.
- the lever 16 is directly linked to lever 24, if bent 25 of lever 24 is locked against either the sear face 33 of sear 32 or sear face 41 of sear 40, the main sear lever 16 cannot move, and therefore retains the bolt 14 in its retracted position.
- bent 25 is shown held by the lower sear 40 at sear face 41.
- the trigger 28 is directly linked to the lower sear 40 by link arm 34.
- link arm 34 As can be seen in Figure 2, if the trigger is pulled back ( retracted to the right in Figure 2) then the lower sear 40 will be caused to rotate clockwise (downwards) and thereby disengage sear face 41 from bent 25 thereby allowing lever 24 to pivot. Consequently, the bolt is then free to over-ride the main bolt sear lever 16 and move forwards (left in Figure 2) to discharge the gun.
- the upper let-off sear 32 has limited movement in a clockwise direction. Upper sear 32 can move only until face 33a of sear 32 meets face 41a of sear 41. Indeed, sear 32 and sear 40 are biased against each other at faces 33a and 41a by spring force between those sears in the manner of a common sprung clothes peg as indicated by the juxtaposed arrows. Pivot pin 38 protrudes axially and acts upon one of three stepped faces S, F and A respectively of a firing mode selector switch 39 shown in Figures 2-7 superimposed upon the lever 24 and sear 32.
- a firing mode selector switch 39 shown in Figure 3 is set to a semi-automatic firing mode, so that the switch 39 in this firing mode will allow movement of sear 40 until pivot pin 38 abuts face 'F* of firing mode selector switch 39 but will not allow sufficient movement of sear 40 for it to engage timing activator switch 54. Face 'F' stops sear 40 just before it engages switch 54 but just after sear 40 disengages from bent 25.
- Figure 4 shows the relative positions of the components of the trigger mechanism immediately after the
- the main sear lever 16 must, of course, move below the surface 13 of the wear plate to release the bolt 14.
- the bolt 14 has now discharged a -cartridge and has been returned in reaction to discharge of the cartridge along the breech allowing the main sear lever 16 to snap upwards under spring bias into engagement with the bolt at faces 15 and 17 to arrest forward travel of the bolt.
- the main sear 16 snaps upwards, it simultaneously causes the lever 24 to rotate clockwise and causes the bent 25 of lever 24 to slide under and beyond the sear face 33 of the upper sear 32. Sear 32
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET becomes free to return to its neutral position against the lower sear 40 in which faces 33a and 41a are in abutment.
- the upper sear 32 engages the bent 25 at sear face 33 and arrests return movement of lever 24 before the bolt 14 can over-ride cam face engagement at faces 15 and 17.
- the bolt is thereby locked in a retracted position.
- face 41 of the lower sear 40 moves into position so that bent 25 is transferred into engagement with face 41 of the lower sear.
- the weapon is then fully cocked and the trigger is again ready to be pulled.
- the selector switch 39 is shown in its uppermost position in -which face 'A' is aligned with the path of movement of pivot pin 38.
- lower sear 40 can pivot sufficiently clockwise as to engage and depress timing activator switch 54 when the lower sear 40 is activated via the trigger 28, thus activating the timing unit 46.
- the timing unit comprises a motor (not shown) which, when active, causes a cam wheel 56 to be rotated in a clockwise direction as seen from above (see Figure 8) .
- the cam wheel 56 is shown in plan view. Once per revolution of the cam wheel, a cam lug 58 carried by the cam wheel will engage cam face 44 of the upper sear 32 and cause the upper sear to rotate anti ⁇ clockwise (upwardly) thereby disengaging from bent 25 at sear face 33. Each time the cam 58 causes the upper sear 32 to disengage from bent 25, the gun will be fired and thereafter the upper sear 32 will re-engage bent 25. This will happen only in a cycle in which the period of the cam is less than the natural firing period of the weapon itself. As a safety feature, when the gun is cocked, the cam lug cannot engage the cam face of the upper sear until the trigger is fully retracted. Therefore the movement of the components of the mechanism can be arranged so that the gun can be fired in semi-automatic mode with a less than full trigger pull even with the automatic firing selector switch engaged.
- the upper sear 32 must have time to re-engage bent 10.
- the firing rate can be decreased infinitely by different gear trains or voltage changes etc, but the firing rate cannot be increased beyond the gun's natural un-regulated firing rate.
- Figure 6 shows the mechanism in a cocked condition
- Figure 7 shows the cam 56 positioned to dislodge the upper sear 32 out of engagement with bent 25 of lever 24.
- This cycle of timed automatic firing will continue until the supply of ammunition is exhausted or until the trigger is released.
- the trigger allows the lower sear 40 to engage bent 25 of lever 24 and allows lower sear 40 to disengage from switch 54, thereby de-activating the timing motor and cam wheel 56.
- the gun is then ready to be reloaded, if empty, or fired again.
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET The trigger, mechanism is constructed and arranged to reduce the let-off force at bent 25. If face 15 and 17 were perpendicular to the direction of bolt movement as is normal in known weapons, a main spring force of e.g. eighteen pounds would generate a sear let-off force of around six pounds. However, because the bent and sear faces of the bolt and lever 16 respectively must at a 45 degree angle to the perpendicular an eg. eighteen pound mainspring force exerts only a nine pound downward force on the main sear lever 16 and therefore that force is transmitted to lever 24 at connecting pivot 22.
- a main spring force e.g. eighteen pounds
- the bent 25 of lever 24 is twice the distance away from pivot 26 as is pivot 22 so that the force transmitted to bent 25 of lever 24 is one half of that exerted on pivot 22 of lever 24. Therefore, a nine pound force is reduced to a four and a half pound force at bent 25 against sear face 33 or sear face 41.
- the co-efficient of friction of a four and a half pound force (depending upon the finish of the mating surfaces) of bent 25 and sear faces 33 and 41 can be as low as 0.5.
- the upper sear 32 is the active let-off sear when the gun is set in regulated fully-automatic firing mode, so notwithstanding the return spring force of sear 32, the actual let-off force the timing unit must overcome with may be one pound or less.
- the forces holding let-off sears 32 and 40 can be further reduced by substituting the return spring acting on the main bolt sear 16 and the lever 24 with one which exerts a greater force.
- a main sear return spring force of about nine pounds would negate a nine pound downward force transmitted by the bolt main spring, and the bolt would not then move when the trigger was pulled.
- Lever 24 has a portion above pivot pin 26 whose mass is equal to the mass of the lever below the pivot pin 26.
- Lever 24 is a elongate component positioned perpendicular to the line of motion during recoil. The presence of the portion above the pivot pin 26 cancels out any oscillation in lever 24 which could adversely affect the lock-up of bent 25 with let-off sear 32 or 40.
- the above embodiment employs a- cam wheel to trip the upper sear 32.
- any device which delivers the necessary force and can reliably and repeatedly trip the upper sear 32 with the desired and consistent period, could be utilized.
- the motion of such a device could be reciprocal as opposed to rotary, such as that produced by a solanoid.
- the power source for activating the trip device could be any power source for activating the trip device.
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET be other than electrical, such as mechanical, clockwork or gas pressure.
- the present embodiment has the advantage that the timing unit is a self-contained unit, sealed against the elements. It has a life expectancy of up to and in excess of the life of the gun (i.e. 50,000 rounds) depending upon battery size.
- the timing unit may incorporate warning lights to indicate battery condition.
- the mechanism of the present invention ideally is adapted for incorporation in an open-bolt 9mm sub ⁇ machine gun although a closed bolt may be utilized simply by the replacement of one bolt type for the other.
- This feature allows the gun to be used with a closed bolt mainly in semi-automatic firing mode when accuracy is of primary importance but where the option of a fully automatic firing mode is available, perhaps in an emergency, even with a closed bolt.
- the gun normally can be fired as a semi-automatic weapon.
- the gun may be furnished with a selector device (not shown) which engages the upper
- means such as an electric spark may be utilized to discharge the ammunition rather than a mechanical bolt in which- case the timing unit is ' adapted to control the emission of the detonating spark.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP91900882A EP0458933B1 (en) | 1989-12-16 | 1990-12-17 | Mechanism for controlling the firing rate of an automatic weapon |
DE69031422T DE69031422T2 (en) | 1989-12-16 | 1990-12-17 | DEVICE FOR REGULATING THE SPEED OF AUTOMATIC FIREARMS |
KR1019910700912A KR100208918B1 (en) | 1989-12-16 | 1990-12-17 | Mechanism for controlling the firing rate of an automatic weapon |
BR909007129A BR9007129A (en) | 1989-12-16 | 1990-12-17 | SHOOTING MECHANISM AND WEAPON |
GR970403302T GR3025650T3 (en) | 1989-12-16 | 1997-12-10 | Mechanism for controlling the firing rate of an automatic weapon |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB898928452A GB8928452D0 (en) | 1989-12-16 | 1989-12-16 | Mechanism for controlling the firing rate of an automatic weapon |
GB8928452.5 | 1989-12-16 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1991009263A1 true WO1991009263A1 (en) | 1991-06-27 |
Family
ID=10668064
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB1990/001969 WO1991009263A1 (en) | 1989-12-16 | 1990-12-17 | Mechanism for controlling the firing rate of an automatic weapon |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0458933B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH05500413A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100208918B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE158074T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU6958591A (en) |
BR (1) | BR9007129A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2047245A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69031422T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0458933T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2110989T3 (en) |
GB (1) | GB8928452D0 (en) |
GR (1) | GR3025650T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1991009263A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA9010121B (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2267558A (en) * | 1992-05-12 | 1993-12-08 | Bushman Ltd | Fire rate control for a machine gun |
WO1995016181A1 (en) * | 1992-05-12 | 1995-06-15 | Dtl Trust | Fire rate control mechanism for a weapon |
EP0862720A1 (en) * | 1995-12-13 | 1998-09-09 | Defense Technologies Limited | Combined mechanical and electro-mechanical firing mechanism for a firearm |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE635896C (en) * | 1932-12-16 | 1936-09-30 | Theodor Emil Bergmann | Trigger device for single and continuous fire on automatic firearms |
US2448024A (en) * | 1945-03-15 | 1948-08-31 | William T Golden | Machine gun firing rate control mechanism |
DE1428774A1 (en) * | 1963-06-28 | 1970-01-08 | Howa Machinery Ltd | Device for reducing the rate of fire of automatic firearms |
CH536995A (en) * | 1971-04-23 | 1973-05-15 | Eidgenoess Waffenfab | Machine gun |
BE902696A (en) * | 1985-06-19 | 1985-12-19 | Herstal Sa | Automatic weapon trigger mechanism - includes sensors and solenoid associated with trigger connected to electronic control circuit |
-
1989
- 1989-12-16 GB GB898928452A patent/GB8928452D0/en active Pending
-
1990
- 1990-12-17 AU AU69585/91A patent/AU6958591A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-12-17 KR KR1019910700912A patent/KR100208918B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-12-17 AT AT91900882T patent/ATE158074T1/en active
- 1990-12-17 ES ES91900882T patent/ES2110989T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-17 CA CA002047245A patent/CA2047245A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-12-17 ZA ZA9010121A patent/ZA9010121B/en unknown
- 1990-12-17 BR BR909007129A patent/BR9007129A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-12-17 EP EP91900882A patent/EP0458933B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-17 DE DE69031422T patent/DE69031422T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-12-17 DK DK91900882.1T patent/DK0458933T3/en active
- 1990-12-17 JP JP3501338A patent/JPH05500413A/en active Pending
- 1990-12-17 WO PCT/GB1990/001969 patent/WO1991009263A1/en active IP Right Grant
-
1997
- 1997-12-10 GR GR970403302T patent/GR3025650T3/en unknown
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE635896C (en) * | 1932-12-16 | 1936-09-30 | Theodor Emil Bergmann | Trigger device for single and continuous fire on automatic firearms |
US2448024A (en) * | 1945-03-15 | 1948-08-31 | William T Golden | Machine gun firing rate control mechanism |
DE1428774A1 (en) * | 1963-06-28 | 1970-01-08 | Howa Machinery Ltd | Device for reducing the rate of fire of automatic firearms |
CH536995A (en) * | 1971-04-23 | 1973-05-15 | Eidgenoess Waffenfab | Machine gun |
BE902696A (en) * | 1985-06-19 | 1985-12-19 | Herstal Sa | Automatic weapon trigger mechanism - includes sensors and solenoid associated with trigger connected to electronic control circuit |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2267558A (en) * | 1992-05-12 | 1993-12-08 | Bushman Ltd | Fire rate control for a machine gun |
WO1995016181A1 (en) * | 1992-05-12 | 1995-06-15 | Dtl Trust | Fire rate control mechanism for a weapon |
GB2267558B (en) * | 1992-05-12 | 1996-07-10 | Bushman Ltd | Fire rate control system |
EP0862720A1 (en) * | 1995-12-13 | 1998-09-09 | Defense Technologies Limited | Combined mechanical and electro-mechanical firing mechanism for a firearm |
EP0862720A4 (en) * | 1995-12-13 | 2000-08-09 | Defense Technologies L L C | Combined mechanical and electro-mechanical firing mechanism for a firearm |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE158074T1 (en) | 1997-09-15 |
BR9007129A (en) | 1991-11-26 |
EP0458933B1 (en) | 1997-09-10 |
KR100208918B1 (en) | 1999-07-15 |
JPH05500413A (en) | 1993-01-28 |
GR3025650T3 (en) | 1998-03-31 |
AU6958591A (en) | 1991-07-18 |
KR920701776A (en) | 1992-08-12 |
DE69031422T2 (en) | 1998-04-16 |
GB8928452D0 (en) | 1990-02-21 |
EP0458933A1 (en) | 1991-12-04 |
DK0458933T3 (en) | 1998-05-04 |
ZA9010121B (en) | 1992-01-29 |
DE69031422D1 (en) | 1997-10-16 |
CA2047245A1 (en) | 1991-06-17 |
ES2110989T3 (en) | 1998-03-01 |
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