US5571148A - Implantable multichannel stimulator - Google Patents
Implantable multichannel stimulator Download PDFInfo
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- US5571148A US5571148A US08/288,289 US28828994A US5571148A US 5571148 A US5571148 A US 5571148A US 28828994 A US28828994 A US 28828994A US 5571148 A US5571148 A US 5571148A
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- microstimulators
- stimulator
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/36036—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation of the outer, middle or inner ear
- A61N1/36038—Cochlear stimulation
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/372—Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
- A61N1/37205—Microstimulators, e.g. implantable through a cannula
Definitions
- the present invention relates to implantable stimulators, and more particularly to an implantable multichannel stimulator fashioned from a plurality of microstimulators connected in parallel, each microstimulator comprising a tiny self-contained stimulating device that is individually controllable from an external (non-implanted) power source, with each microstimulator providing its own stimulation output signal through a respective output electrode.
- One aspect of the invention relates to using such an implantable multichannel stimulator as an implantable cochlear prosthesis for electrically stimulating the auditory nerve of a profoundly deaf person.
- Neurological disorders are often caused by neural impulses failing to reach their natural destination in otherwise functional body systems.
- Local nerves and muscles may function, but for various reasons, such as injury, stroke, or other cause, the stimulating nerve signals do not reach their natural destination.
- paraplegics and quadraplegics have intact nerves and muscles and only lack the brain-to-nerve link, which stimulates the muscles into action.
- rf radio frequency
- the cochlea is part of the inner ear and resembles a snail shell within the temporal bone of the skull. It is conical in form and completes about 23/4 turns. It is about 5 millimeters (mm) in height and 9 mm in breath at its base.
- the cochlea in cross section, has three main channels, an upper scala, a middle scala and a lower scala. These three channels are referred to respectively as the vestibular canal, the cochlear canal and the tympanic canal.
- a membrane known as the basilar membrane separates the middle scala from the lower scala.
- Fibers of the auditory nerve originate in the nerve cell bodies located in the spiral ganglion, which is located in the temporal bone, extending along and just medial to the three channels. Normally, these nerve cells contact hair cells that are located on the basilar membrane. Each hair cell terminates in about 20 cilia, or hair-like processes.
- Another membrane known as the tectorial membrane, covers the cilia and causes a shearing action on the cilia when it moves with respect to the basilar membrane. Incoming sound waves into the middle scala cause the cilia to move or shear relative to the hair cells. Such movement or shearing action causes the hair cells to induce electrical pulses in the auditory nerve neurons going to the brain. The brain interprets such electrical pulses in the auditory nerve neurons as sound.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,063,048 (Kissiah), which has been reissued as Reissue 31,031, teaches the use of a series of external, filter networks and generation of pulse signals of the same frequency as the audio signals. Such pulse signals are then applied by a plurality of electrodes to the portion of the cochlear nerve which normally transmits like signals in the normal hearing process. Thus, multiple channels are provided so that different portions of the cochlear nerve may be stimulated as a function of the frequency of the incoming signals.
- the electrodes are implanted, which electrodes are connected to the female portion of a through-the-skin pin connector for making external connections with the external processing circuitry.
- Such pin connector at best, may be source of irritation to the patient, and at worst, could easily be the source of infection. What is thus needed, is a simple, inexpensive multichannel stimulating system that does not require through-the-skin connections.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,400,590 Michelson
- the cochlea is stimulated using a plurality of implanted electrodes driven by electronic circuitry and connected to the electrodes by way of a through-the-skin connector.
- the stimulating locations within the cochlea are selected as a function of the frequency of the electrical analog of the audio signal.
- One embodiment sums all frequencies and energizes all electrodes with the sum. Magnitudes are adjusted according to the particular user's requirements.
- only the multichannel electrodes are implanted in the cochlea, with a through-the-skin connection being made between the electrodes and the remaining electrical circuitry.
- Such system includes an implantable cochlear stimulator (ICS) that drives a 16-contact intracochlear electrode, a wearable processor (WP), and a clinician's programmer (CP).
- ICS implantable cochlear stimulator
- WP wearable processor
- CP clinician's programmer
- the CLARION stimulator, or ICS while representing a significant advance in the art, is nonetheless a relatively expensive unit due to the manner in which it must be manufactured. Moreover, should there be a component failure, it is possible that the entire ICS could malfunction depending upon the location and function of the failed component. What is thus needed is an implantable stimulator that is less expensive to manufacture and less susceptible to malfunctioning in the event of individual component failure.
- the present invention addresses the above and other needs by providing a simple, reliable, inexpensive, easy-to-implant multichannel stimulation system, which system is particularly suited for stimulating the auditory nerve within the cochlea.
- a multichannel stimulation system made up of a plurality of implantable microminiature stimulators (hereafter "microstimulators”), each being connected to a respective implanted electrode pair or electrode array, and each being selectively operable as controlled by an external (non-implanted) control unit.
- the electrode pairs or electrode array are implanted so as to contact the nerves and/or tissue that is to be stimulated.
- the implantable microstimulators receive their operating power from the control unit, e.g., inductively, and thus there is no need to implant batteries (which have a limited operating life), or to use a through-the-skin connector, in order to provide power to and operate the implantable microstimulators.
- control unit transmits control signals to each microstimulator.
- One technique for transmitting such control signals is to modulate the power signal coupled to the microstimulators with the control signal, which control signal (when recovered through demodulation within each microstimulator) selectively controls the operation of each microstimulator.
- control unit without the need for any through-the-skin connectors, and without the need for any complex implanted multiplexing schemes or circuitry, is able to selectively control each implanted stimulator.
- the invention allows a desired stimulation pattern or sequence to be selectively provided through the plurality of electrodes.
- multichannel refers to the ability to provide independent stimulation signals through separate electrodes, where each separate electrode (or electrode pair, or selected group of electrodes) represents the delivery point of a separate stimulation channel.
- a single channel system always provides its stimulation signals through the same electrode(s), thus having only a single delivery point through which stimulation therapy may be provided.
- each of the microstimulators included within the implanted stimulator of the present invention is totally isolated from and operates independently of the other microstimulators. Hence, should there be a failure of one of the microstimulators, such failure will not affect the operation of the other microstimulators, thus providing a degree of reliability not heretofore available in implantable multichannel stimulator devices.
- control unit is divided into two modules: (1) a transmitter coil module that is placed next to the skin near the location where the plurality of microstimulators are implanted, and (2) a control/power module that contains the power source (e.g., a rechargeable or replaceable battery) and the transmitter and modulation circuitry.
- the control/power module is coupled to the transmitter coil module by a small unobtrusive cable.
- the electrode pairs or electrode array comprise an intracochlear electrode array designed for implantation within the cochlea, with selected electrodes of the array being connected to individual ones of the plurality of microstimulators.
- the microstimulators and intracochlear electrode array except for some small electrode contacts which are interspersed along the length of the electrode array, are sealed in silicone rubber, or other elastomer material that is compatible with body tissue or fluids, as a solitary unit. Bipolar or unipolar stimulation may be utilized, depending upon how the individual electrode contacts are connected in circuit relationship with the microstimulators.
- the electrode array appears, as it were, to be a "pigtail" of such solitary unit, extending out from a body portion wherein the microstimulators are sealed.
- the electrode array When implanted, the electrode array is inserted in the patient's cochlea, and the body portion is implanted in a tissue pocket formed underneath the skin behind the patient's ear.
- the patient wears a small external transmitter coil behind the ear, which transmitter coil is coupled to the control/power module.
- the control/power module provides operating power to the microstimulators and selectively controls each microstimulator as a function of the frequency of detected sound, sensed by a small microphone that forms part of the control/power module.
- the unit provides multichannel stimulation within the cochlea, thereby providing the patient with the sensation of hearing.
- the microstimulators used by the present invention are extremely small devices that may be easily and inexpensively manufactured in large quantities.
- the microstimulators are identical to each other except for an address code that is built-in to (programmed into) each device.
- an address code that is built-in to (programmed into) each device.
- all of the microstimulators may be manufactured using the same process, except for one manufacturing step, where each microstimulator would be encoded or tagged with one of four to sixteen address codes.
- the multichannel stimulator selected ones, e.g., one of each, of the separately addressable microstimulators are connected to an intracochlear electrode array, either in a bipolar or unipolar configuration, which array is a common part for each stimulator being made.
- Such commonality of components greatly facilitates the manufacture of the multichannel stimulator and significantly reduces its cost.
- large quantities of the multichannel stimulators can be manufactured at modest cost. When used as a cochlear prothesis, such large quantities thereby make it possible for larger numbers of the profoundly deaf to experience the sensation of hearing.
- the multichannel microstimulators may include limited back-telemetry capabilities, allowing certain information related to the operation of the microstimulator, such as electrode impedance, or the strength of the transmission received from the control unit, or related to the environment wherein the microstimulator are implanted, to be sent back to the external control/power module.
- Such back-telemetered information may serve as a feedback signal to help optimally control the microstimulator(s), and/or as a diagnostic signal to assist in evaluating the performance and effectiveness of the microstimulator(s), such as to determine if the electrodes are positioned correctly and are intact.
- a multichannel stimulator having, e.g., sixteen separate channels enclosed within a housing having thin walls made from a material that is transparent to radio frequency signals, e.g., glass or ceramic, yet wherein such walls are not so fragile that they cannot be readily implanted and remain implanted without breakage.
- FIG. 1 depicts a microstimulator of the type that is used with the present invention
- FIG. 2A illustrates how a plurality of microstimulators are mechanically held together in a silicon elastomer while being electrically connected to a cochlear electrode, thereby forming a multichannel stimulator in accordance with the present invention
- FIG. 2B depicts a multichannel stimulator as in FIG. 2A, and further illustrates the use of one of the microstimulators used as a simple switch to selectively configure the multichannel stimulator as either a unipolar or bipolar stimulator;
- FIG. 3 illustrates the relative size of a multichannel stimulator used as a cochlear prothesis compared to a human ear, and illustrates how such stimulator is implanted within the cochlea;
- FIG. 4A is a functional block diagram of a multichannel stimulator made in accordance with the present invention, illustrating both the implantable and non-implantable portions thereof;
- FIG. 4B is a functional block diagram of an alternative embodiment of a multichannel stimulator of the invention wherein power is coupled to each microstimulator through a focusing coil, thereby improving the coupling efficiency;
- FIGS. 4C and 4D are electrical schematic diagrams that depict variations that may be used to connect secondary coupling coils to the primary focusing coil, in addition to the series arrangement shown in FIG. 4B, in order to improve the coupling efficiency to the microstimulators;
- FIG. 5 illustrates how a multichannel stimulator made in accordance with the present invention may be used for bipolar stimulation
- FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of the external (non-implanted) power/control module of the multichannel stimulator of FIG. 4;
- FIG. 7A is a functional block diagram of a microstimulator that may be used within the implantable portion of the multichannel stimulator of FIG. 4;
- FIG. 7B is a block diagram as in FIG. 7A, showing one embodiment of a stimulation output driver that may be used within a microstimulator used within the implantable portion of the multichannel stimulator of FIG. 4;
- FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic diagram of the power supply/demodulator portion of a microstimulator, where the power signal is modulated using amplitude modulation;
- FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram of a microtelemeter device that may be included in some embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 illustrates how the flexibility of a multichannel microstimulator made in accordance with the invention facilitates its implantation and form fit near the curved skull of a patient.
- the microstimulator 20 is typically only about 10 to 15 mm in length, and comprises a quartz, glass, or ceramic tube or capsule 22, sealed at each end with a hermetic seal 24, 25.
- a first electrode 26 protrudes out from one end of the glass capsule 22, and a second electrode 27 protrudes out from the other end of the capsule 22.
- Such electrodes 26 and 27 are made from any suitable conductor, e.g., 0.025 to 0.150 mm diameter platinum-iridium wire.
- the microstimulator 20 includes an integrated circuit (IC) chip 26', a ferrite core 28, a coil 30 wound around the ferrite core 28, and a storage capacitor 32.
- IC integrated circuit
- the IC chip 26' includes several logic and other circuits, including memory circuits.
- All of the components and circuits within the microstimulator 20 are interconnected in circuit relationship so as to function as follows: (a) the coil 30 is inductively coupled to a modulated power signal that is generated external to the glass capsule 22; (b) the inductive coupling induces a modulated power signal in the coil 30; (c) the induced modulated power signal is rectified to provide operating power for the IC chip 26'; (d) power from the rectified power signal charges the storage capacitor 32; (e) the power signal is demodulated to extract an address word therefrom; (f) the extracted address word is compared to a preprogrammed microstimulator code stored in the microstimulator; and (g) if the extracted address code matches the preprogrammed microstimulator code, as determined by logic circuits included within the IC chip 26', the capacitor 32 is discharged through the two electrodes 26 and 27 with an amplitude and pulse width determined by the incoming data stream. In this manner, then, the operation of the microstimulator, i.e., the
- the present invention provides an implantable multichannel stimulator made up of a plurality of microstimulators 20, each connected to an electrode array 36, as shown in FIG. 2A. While the electrode array 36 shown in FIG. 2A is a cochlear electrode array, designed for implantation within the cochlea of a human ear, it is to be understood that such an electrode array is only exemplary of one of many possible types of implantable electrode arrays that may be used with the invention.
- the electrode array 36 includes a plurality of stimulating electrode contacts, 38a, 38b, 38c, . . . 38n, each being spaced apart and electrically insulated from the others, and each being located more or less near a distal end 40 of a flexible body 42 that connects the array 36 with the microstimulators 20.
- Each electrode contact 38a, 38b, . . . 38n is in electrical contact with one or more of the electrodes 26 or 27 that protrude out from the ends of each microstimulator 20 through respective conductive wires 44a, 44b, 44c, . . . 44n.
- FIG. 2A which represents a unipolar stimulation configuration
- five microstimulators 20a, 20b, 20c, 20d and 20e are mechanically held together in a stimulator array 45, with the first electrode 26 (protruding from a first end of each microstimulator) being connected to a respective conductive wire 44a, 44b, 44c, 44d or 44e of the electrode array 36; and with the second electrode 27 (protruding from a second end of each microstimulator) forming an indifferent electrode 46.
- the electrodes 27 of each microstimulator may be electrically connected together, as suggested by the dotted line, to form a common indifferent electrode 46.
- each of the electrodes 27 will remain isolated from each other, thereby forming a plurality of separate indifferent electrodes 46.
- the dimensions of the microstimulator array 45 are on the order of 20 mm by 15 mm by 3 mm, thereby providing a sufficiently small device that can be readily implanted under the skin behind the ear or elsewhere. Stimulation for such configuration thus occurs between a selected one of the electrode contacts 38a, 38b, 38c, 38d or 38e, as determined by whichever microstimulator 20a, 20b, 20c, 20d or 20e is triggered by the address code included in the modulated power signal, and the indifferent electrode(s) 46.
- Such stimulation is a unipolar stimulation, with stimulation occurring between a given electrode and a common (indifferent) electrode.
- bipolar stimulation may be achieved by coupling each of the protruding electrodes of each microstimulator 20a, 20b, . . . 20n (which electrodes are referenced as elements 26 and 27 with a letter appended thereto to designate the particular microstimulator to which the electrodes are attached, i.e., electrodes 26a and 27a originate with microstimulator 20a) to respective electrode contacts 38 and 39 located in the electrode array 36.
- Bipolar stimulation would thus occur between whichever electrodes, e.g., 38b and 39b, that are connected to the respective electrodes, e.g., 26b and 27b, of the microstimulator that is addressed or triggered, e.g., microstimulator 20b.
- multipolar stimulation could occur by selective connection of a multiplicity of the electrode contacts to a corresponding multiplicity of the electrodes of the microstimulators.
- types of stimulation configurations and combinations that may be usable with the present invention.
- a combination of bipolar and unipolar stimulators may prove to be optimum for a particular patient or application.
- the electrode array 36 and the microstimulator array 45 are sealed or molded in a body compatible material, e.g., a plastic or elastomeric material. If flexibility is desired, such material may be, e.g., silicone rubber. If rigidity is desired, such material may be, e.g., epoxy. Regardless of the material used, the result is to form an integral implantable multichannel stimulator unit 50.
- a body compatible material e.g., a plastic or elastomeric material.
- a plastic or elastomeric material e.g., silicone rubber.
- rigidity such material may be, e.g., epoxy.
- the result is to form an integral implantable multichannel stimulator unit 50.
- the electrode array 36 is a cochlear electrode, as depicted in FIG.
- the distal end of the array 36 is coiled so as to fit within the cochlea, and the electrode contacts 38a, 38b, 38n are spaced so as to lie in close proximity to the spiral ganglion cells that form the cochlear nerve once the electrode array 36 is inserted into the cochlea.
- the conductive wires 44a, 44b, 44c . . . 44n form a cable that is also encapsulated within the silicone rubber, which silicone rubber (or other similar material) adds physical strength to the wires and prevents the electrode array 36 from breaking or disconnecting itself from the microstimulator array 45.
- the entire unit is thus implantable within a patient, with the electrode array 36 being implanted in the cochlea, and with the microstimulator array 36 being implantable under the skin or within a fleshy pocket behind the ear.
- the multichannel stimulator 50 includes some sort of alignment means, such as a magnet or marker 48, that helps align the implanted microstimulator array 45, and more particularly the coils 30 (see FIGS. 1 and 4B) of the implanted microstimulator arrays, with an external coil (not shown in FIG. 2A, but shown in FIG. 4).
- the external coil is then connected to an external source that generates the modulated power signal.
- Optimum inductive coupling occurs between the internal coils 30 and the external coil when good alignment is achieved. Hence, maintaining proper alignment allows the modulated power signal to be a relatively low power signal.
- one embodiment of the present invention includes a focusing coil 49, incorporated around the perimeter of the array 45, to best capture the magnetic flux associated with an inductive coupling link.
- Such focusing coil 49 is coupled to individual coupling coils 51a, 51b, . . . 51e, each being wound, e.g., on the glass tube 22, around the respective coils of the microstimulators so as to best couple power and information to the respective microstimulators 20a, 20b, . . . 20e.
- the use of such focusing coil 49 with individual coupling coils 51 is explained more fully below in conjunction with FIGS. 4B-4D.
- inductive coupling a coupling of magnetic flux
- inductive coupling a coupling of magnetic flux
- coupling is only exemplary and is only one of several available coupling techniques that may be used.
- Other types of coupling that may be used include optical coupling, rf (high frequency electromagnetic) coupling, acoustic coupling, infra red coupling, and the like. Any of such coupling techniques, or other power and informational coupling techniques, may be used with the present invention.
- FIG. 2B there is shown an example of how the present invention may be used sequentially as either a bipolar stimulator or a unipolar stimulator.
- one of the microstimulators, e.g., 20f, within the array 45 is used as a simple switch to selectively connect or not connect the common electrode 46 to an indifferent electrode 33.
- the indifferent electrode 33 may be positioned at any convenient site to provide unipolar stimulation between the respective electrode contacts 38a, 38b, . . . of the electrode array 36 and the indifferent electrode 33.
- Another of the microstimulators, e.g., 20e, within the array 45 may likewise be used as a simple switch to selectively connect or not connect the common electrode 46 to a conductor 44e of the array 36 connected to an electrode contact 38e, thereby providing bipolar stimulation between the contact 38e and whichever other electrode contact 38a, 38b, . . . is activated through its respective microstimulator 20a, 20b, . . . .
- FIG. 3 an illustration is shown that depicts the relative size of the multichannel stimulator 50 compared to a representative human ear.
- FIG. 3 further illustrates where within the human ear the stimulator 50 is implanted.
- the electrode array 36 is implanted in the cochlea 52 of the ear so as to allow the electrode contacts 38 of the array to make contact with the auditory nerve 54.
- the flexible body 42 is implanted to snake through the ear channel and up behind the ear to a pocket under the skin whereat the microstimulator array 45 is implanted.
- An external transmitter coil 56 is then mounted externally so as to be inductively coupled with the coils 30 of the microstimulators 20.
- the coil 56 is electrically connected to a sound processor 60 by way of a cable 58.
- the sound processor 60 may be located or carried in any suitable location on the patient, behind the ear, in a shirt pocket, etc.
- FIG. 4A a functional block diagram of the multichannel stimulator 50 and the external sound processor 60 are shown.
- the external processor 60 is a sound processor when the invention is used as a multichannel cochlear stimulator. If a different application is involved, then the external processor 60 may be a different kind of processor, as needed for the given application.
- the multichannel stimulator 50 includes a plurality of microstimulators 20a, 20b, . . . 20n connected in a microstimulator array 45.
- one electrode 27a, 27b, . . . 27n of each microstimulator is electrically connected through respective wire conductors 44a, 44b, . . .
- each microstimulator is either electrically tied together to form a common indifferent electrode 46, or are electrically isolated from each other to form a plurality of indifferent electrodes.
- each microstimulator 20 includes a coil 30, stimulation circuitry 64 (located on IC chip 27), first and second current limiters 61 and 62, and a capacitor 32.
- the current limiters 61 and 62 have their current limiting value controlled by stimulation circuitry 64.
- current limiter 61 is set to a non-zero value
- the capacitor 32 is charged from power derived from the incoming power signal (inductively coupled from the external coil 56).
- current limiter 62 is set to a non-zero value, the capacitor 32 discharges through the electrodes 27 and 26.
- the current limiters 61 and 62 each of which may be simply a resistor, FET, or equivalent adjustable impedance device (and which is also controlled by the stimulation circuitry 64), thus limit how much current flows between the electrodes 26 and 27 when the capacitor is charging and discharging, respectively.
- the value of the currents thereby permitted to flow and the periods of time during which they are permitted to flow is advantageously specified by portions of the information transmitted from the external processor 60.
- the external processor 60 includes a power/control circuit 66 that drives the external coil 56 with an appropriate modulated power signal, e.g., a carrier signal of between 100-5000 KHz.
- the power signal is modulated with an address word or code, using an appropriate modulation scheme, such as amplitude modulation (AM), phase-shift keyed (PSK) modulation, frequency modulation (FM), or the like.
- the stimulation circuitry 64 contains demodulation circuitry that strips the address code from the modulated carrier signal and determines if such word or code matches a preassigned code for that particular microstimulator.
- the microstimulator discharges its stored charge through its electrodes 26 and 27 as controlled by additional information, e.g., the presence of a trigger command, conveyed by the modulated carrier signal. If not, then no discharge occurs.
- additional information e.g., the presence of a trigger command, conveyed by the modulated carrier signal. If not, then no discharge occurs.
- a particular microstimulator within the array of microstimulators may be triggered at a selected time.
- Each microstimulator when triggered, produces a stimulation pulse through its own set of electrodes, or channel.
- a multichannel stimulator function is provided by simply generating the power signal, inductively coupling it to the internal coils of each microstimulator, and modulating it with desired address codes as a function of which channel is to be stimulated.
- the power/control circuit 66 may be of conventional design. Typically, such circuit includes an oscillator to generate the carrier signal, and a suitable modulation circuit to modulate the carrier signal, and appropriate impedance matching circuits to efficiently drive the inductive coil 56.
- a power source 68 such as a rechargeable battery, is also included within the processor 60 so as to render the processor 60 portable.
- an input transducer 70 is also coupled to the power/control circuit 66.
- the transducer 70 generates an appropriate input signal used to define or otherwise control the modulation that is applied to the power signal.
- the transducer 70 may be a microphone that picks up or senses audio signals.
- FIG. 6 A functional block diagram of a processor 60 suitable for such cochlear prosthesis application is illustrated in FIG. 6. As seen in FIG. 6, the microphone 70, or equivalent audio sensor, produces an audio signal 74 in response to audio vibrations 72 picked up by the sensor or transducer 70. The audio signals are amplified in an amplifier 76 and then separated, using appropriate bandpass filter (BPF) circuits 78a, 78b, . . . 78n, into a band of frequencies.
- BPF bandpass filter
- the signal components present in each band are then applied to address decode logic 82 through appropriate driver circuits 80a, 80b, . . . 80n.
- the driver circuits may be as simple as a threshold circuit that assumes a high or low output, with an appropriate time constraint depending upon the amplitude of the signal present at its input.
- An oscillator 84 generates a primary signal having a stable frequency, f 0 , which may be, e.g., within the range of 100 KHz to 50 MHz. A higher frequency is desirable because it can be produced using a smaller-sized crystal within the oscillator circuit.
- the primary signal is divided by a divider circuit 86 so as to produce a desired carrier signal having frequency, f n , in the range of 100 KHz to 50 MHz.
- a carrier frequency f n of 1 to 5 MHz is desirable to provide inductive coupling through a simple inductor coil in which the stray capacitance of the inductive coil provides resonance at the carrier frequency, thereby improving the efficiency of the inductive coupling process.
- the carrier signal f n which is typically a low power signal, is converted to an appropriate power signal by a power driver circuit 88.
- a suitable clock signal, C 0 is also derived from the primary signal. The clock signal is used, inter alia, to clock the operation of the address decode logic 82.
- the address decode logic 82 generates appropriate address words as a function of the inputs received from the driver circuits 80a, 80b, . . . 80n.
- the address words are then used to modulate the power signal.
- the modulated power signal is then applied to the external coil 56.
- the power associated with the modulated power signal is then inductively coupled into the coils 30 of each microstimulator.
- the address words are recovered through demodulation, and are thereafter used to trigger appropriate ones of the microstimulators.
- the address words that modulate the power signal are generated as a function of the frequency components or content of the audio sounds 72 picked up by the microphone or other transducer 70. That is, the presence of a high frequency component within the input audio signal 72 causes a first address code to be generated that thereafter modulates the power signal.
- a modulated power signal causes a particular one of the microstimulators (preferably the one having its channel, or electrodes, more closely coupled to the base of the cochlea, where the higher frequency audio signals normally stimulate the auditory nerve) to be triggered.
- the presence of a middle frequency component within the input audio signal causes a second address code to be generated that thereafter modulates the power signal.
- such modulated power signal When coupled through the skin to the microstimulators, such modulated power signal causes another one of the microstimulators (preferably one having its channel, or electrodes, more closely coupled to the middle cochlea, where the middle frequency audio signals normally stimulate the auditory nerve) to be triggered. Likewise, the presence of a lower frequency component within the input audio signal causes a third address code to be generated that thereafter modulates the power signal. When coupled through the skin to the microstimulators, such modulated power signal causes yet another one of the microstimulators (preferably one having its channel, or electrodes, more closely coupled to the apical cochlea, where the lower frequency audio signals normally stimulate the auditory nerve) to be triggered. In this manner, then, the cochlea is stimulated through multiple channels, as a function of the frequency components of a sensed audio signal, thereby providing an implantable, multichannel cochlear prosthesis.
- some embodiments of the invention may further include a receiving coil 90 coupled to a demodulation circuit 92.
- Such coil 90 is meant to be inductively-or rf-coupled with an implanted microtelemeter device, used as part of the implantable multichannel stimulator.
- Such microtelemeter device when used, provides back-telemetry from the implantable multichannel device, as explained more fully below in conjunction with FIG. 9, thereby providing some measure of feedback and/or monitoring capability during operation of the multichannel stimulator system.
- FIG. 4B a block diagram of the present invention is shown, as in FIG. 4A, further showing the use of a focusing coil 49 and individual coupling coils 51.
- the focusing coil 49 captures the magnetic flux generated by the source coil 56 external to the skin, and redirects it in an optimum orientation for being captured by the coils 30 within each microstimulator 20.
- the focusing coil 49 is a relatively large coil, preferably wound around the periphery of the array 45, and is designed to capture a maximum amount of magnetic flux from the source coil 56. The capturing of such flux causes an equivalent electrical signal to be generated, which electrical signal is applied to each of the individual coupling coils 51a, 51b, . . . 51n, shown in FIG. 4B as being connected in series.
- the application of such electrical signals to the individual coupling coils 51a, 51b, . . . 51n, causes additional magnetic flux to be generated that is optimally coupled with the coil 30 of each microstimulator.
- the focusing coil 49 and the individual coupling coils 51 function electrically as an intermediate transformer that couples the external coil 56 to the respective microstimulator coils 30.
- the use of such arrangement significantly improves the coupling efficiency between the external coil 56 and the microstimulator coils 30, thereby reducing the power needed within the external coil 56 for proper operation of the stimulator 50.
- FIG. 4B depicts the individual coupling coils 51, wound around each microstimulator 20, as being connected in series.
- Such configuration is only exemplary of various connection schemes that may be used.
- a first pair of coupling coils 51a' and 51b', each being wound around a respective microstimulator may be connected in parallel, with such parallel configuration being connected in series with a second pair of coupling coils 51c' and 51d'.
- Additional parallel pairs of coupling coils may be included in such series combination, as required, depending upon the number of microstimulators that are used within the array 45.
- more than two coils may be included in each parallel combination, as required, again depending upon the number of microstimulators that are used within the array 45.
- the series combination of parallel pairs is then connected across the focusing coil 49.
- all of the coupling coils 51a", 51b", . . . 51n", associated with a given microstimulator array 45 may be connected in parallel as shown in FIG. 4D, with such parallel array being connected across the focusing coil 49.
- FIG. 4B The particular configuration that should be used--series (FIG. 4B), parallel (FIG. 4D), or a combination of series and parallel (FIG. 4c)--will depend upon which configuration provides the best impedance match between the source coil 56 and the individual microstimulator coils 30. Although any of the configurations may be used, the one that provides the best impedance match provides optimal power transfer through the coils, and is thus the one that is preferred. For most applications, such configuration is of a form as shown in FIG. 4C, with at least two parallel configurations of individual coupling coils being connected in series.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B a more detailed block diagram of one of the microstimulators 20 used within the implantable multichannel stimulator 50 is shown. Such block diagram functionally illustrates the manner in which the microstimulator 20 is triggered.
- the microstimulator 20 includes a power supply and demodulator circuit 94 connected to the coil 30.
- the power supply and demodulator circuit 94 produces a power signal, a data signal, and a clock signal.
- the power signal is applied to a stimulation output driver 99 and is coupled to the output electrodes 27 and 26 as controlled by stimulation control circuitry 102.
- the data and clock signals are connected to a holding register 96.
- the data signal is clocked into the holding register 96 and is synchronized appropriately so that the address word, used to modulate the incoming power signal, is recovered and held in the register 96.
- the contents of the register 96 are compared with an address code previously stored in a memory circuit 98 by a logic compare circuit 100.
- the memory circuit 98 may be considered as a microstimulator identity (ID) memory because the address code is assigned so as to uniquely identity the particular microstimulator within which it is stored.
- the memory circuit 98 is preferably an EEPROM circuit that can be readily programmed during manufacture with a unique address code.
- the logic compare circuit 100 is coupled to a stimulation control circuit 102.
- the stimulation control circuit 102 is a simple state machine, e.g., a flip flop, that defines when a proper address, i.e., the address of the microstimulator, has been received.
- the stimulation control circuitry 102 controls the stimulation output driver 99, which may be of the form shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, so that the stimulation pulse may be applied to the output electrodes 27 and 28.
- the embodiment of the microstimulator shown in FIG. 7A need not utilize a storage capacitor for formation of the stimulation pulse. That is, for some embodiments of the invention, it is contemplated that the power contained within the stimulation pulse, after demodulation of the power signal identifies a proper address, is used to directly generate the stimulation pulse without storing such power in a storage capacitor. Such type of stimulation may be particularly suited to applications where stimulation pulses are needed at a relatively fast rate, e.g., 800 to 1200 pulses second, and there is not sufficient time to charge a storage capacitor. Back telemetry, as described below, may then be used, as required, to adjust the energy content of the stimulation pulses by controlling the power level of the incident signal applied to the external coil 56, or other transducer (in the event inductive coupling is not used).
- the power signal charges a capacitor 32 through a FET switch S1.
- the capacitor 32 is coupled to the output electrodes 27 and 26 through FET switch S2 and linear FET R1.
- the data and clock signals are connected to a holding register 96, as described above in FIG. 7A.
- the data signal is clocked into the holding register 96 and is synchronized appropriately so that the address word, used to modulate the incoming power signal, is recovered and held in the register 96.
- the contents of the register 96 are then compared with an address code previously stored in a memory circuit 98 by a logic compare circuit 100.
- the memory circuit 98 is preferably an EEPROM circuit that can be readily programmed during manufacture with a unique address code.
- codes may also be stored in the memory 98, e.g., codes that identify particular states or modes of operation that the microstimulator 20 is to assume as a function of the address word received in the holding register 96, thereby providing some measure of programmability of the microstimulator.
- the logic compare circuit 100 is coupled to a stimulation control circuit 102'.
- the stimulation control circuit 102' comprises a simple state machine that defines three of four states for the microstimulator 20.
- One state which is the default state, is a charging state, where switch S1 is closed, and switch S2 is open.
- a charging state where switch S1 is closed, and switch S2 is open.
- power recovered from the incoming power signal is used to charge the capacitor 32.
- Another state which is triggered only when the logic compare circuit 100 determines that there is a match between the address word held in the holding register 96 and the address code stored in the memory 98, is a discharge state wherein switch S1 is open, and switch S2 is closed, thereby discharging the charge held on capacitor 32 through the electrodes 27 and 26.
- a third state which may be initiated, e.g., by a power-on condition, or by receipt of a first predefined address word in the holding register 96 (which first predefined address word functions as a first central or command word), sets the charge on the capacitor to a desired initial value, e.g., 0 volts.
- a fourth state which may be initiated by receipt of a second predefined address word (or second command word) in the holding register 100, sets the impedance value of the FET R1 to an appropriate value.
- Such impedance value is selected so as to limit the amount of current that flows during discharge through the discharge path to an appropriate value.
- FIG. 8 shows a simplified schematic diagram of a power supply/demodulator circuit that may be used as the power supply/demodulator circuit 94 in FIG. 7, for those situations where the power signal is modulated using amplitude modulation.
- the coil 30 is center tapped, with the center tap being connected to ground.
- the power supply portion of the circuit 94 includes a full-wave rectifier circuit made up of diodes CR1 and CR2. (A bridge rectifier circuit could also be used in the event the coil 30 is not center tapped.)
- the demodulator portion of the circuit comprises a conventional AM demodulation circuit that includes a filter capacitor C2 and a resistor R2.
- the time constant defined by the resistor R2 and the capacitor C2 is selected such that the charge on the capacitor C2 follows the AM modulation, but the carrier frequency is filtered out of the signal.
- a buffer amplifier 106 which may be realized using a conventional inverter circuit, then provides a demodulated data signal.
- the incoming power signal is also monitored through an additional buffer amplifier 108, which may also be an inverter circuit coupled to one end of the coil 30, so as to provide a clock signal that may be used within the microstimulator, particularly to synchronize and clock the incoming address word data signal.
- FIG. 9 a simplified block diagram of a microtelemeter device 110 is shown.
- a microtelemeter device which is housed within a small glass capsule of the type used with the microstimulator 20, may replace one of the microstimulators, or be added to the microstimulators, used within the multichannel microstimulator device 50.
- Such microtelemeter device serves the function of sensing a designated parameter, or a plurality of parameters, associated with the implanted environment wherein the multichannel stimulator device 50 is placed, and then sending, or telemetering, such sensed parameter(s) back to the external processor 60.
- Such "back telemetry" function thus provides a measure of feedback or parameter monitoring that allows the processor 60 to better assess and control the operation of the microstimulators.
- the microtelemeter 110 includes a coil 30' for inductively receiving the power signal. Power derived from such power signal is then used to power a sensor circuit 114 and a back telemetry circuit 116.
- the sensor circuit 114 may have one or more sensing electrodes 120 connected thereto, which sensors will generally be (but sometimes do not have to be) external to the sealed housing wherein the other microtelemeter circuits are housed. Signals representative of the parameters sensed by the sensor circuit 114 are then used to modulate a back telemetry carrier signal, generated by the back telemetry circuit.
- the modulated back telemetry carrier signal is then inductively coupled to a receiving coil 90 (FIG. 6) included within the external processor.
- a receiving coil 90 FIG. 6
- the types of parameters that may be sensed by the sensor circuit 114 include body temperature, body movement, an electromyogram, an electroneurogram, respiration rate, heart rate, glucose level, blood pH, blood oxygen, and the like.
- internal parameters associated with the operation of the microtelemeter device 110 or the multichannel stimulator 50 may also be sensed, such as charge voltage, current state of the control circuits, and the like.
- each or selected ones of the microstimulators 20 are modified to include a back telemetry function, so that each such microstimulator is, in effect, a microstimulator/microtelemeter device.
- a back telemetry function so that each such microstimulator is, in effect, a microstimulator/microtelemeter device.
- dual function microdevice requires a somewhat larger housing, and may not be needed nor desired for many applications.
- FIG. 10 a cross-sectional view of an implanted multichannel stimulator 45 made in accordance with the invention is shown.
- such stimulator 45 is placed next to the skull 124 of a patient, under the skin 126.
- the material within which the individual microstimulators 20a, 20b, . . . are implanted is a flexible elastomer, e.g., silicone rubber
- the stimulator 45 is flexible and can readily be formed to snugly fit against the curved skull 124.
- Such flexibility is made possible due to the individual microstimulators that make up the device, all of which are sealed within the stimulator 45 to form an integral unit.
- the present invention provides an implantable multichannel stimulator that is easy and inexpensive to manufacture.
- the manufacturing costs are kept low because the multichannel stimulator utilizes an implanted portion and a non-implanted portion, with the main part of the implanted portion being very small, e.g., less than about 20 mm by 15 mm by 3 mm, and because such main part is made from a plurality of substantially identical sealed microstimulator devices, each of which operates independently of the others. Thus, if one should fail, the others will keep working. Further, the use of complex, power-consuming, implanted multiplexing circuitry is avoided.
- the present invention avoids the use of through-the-skin connectors to couple control signals or power signals to the implanted portions of the stimulator.
- the present invention provides, in one application thereof, a multichannel stimulator that, when coupled to an intracochlear electrode array, provides a cochlear prothesis that enables the profoundly deaf to experience the sensation of hearing without requiring the use of through-the-skin electrical connectors to electrically contact the electrode array.
Abstract
Description
Claims (48)
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US08/288,289 US5571148A (en) | 1994-08-10 | 1994-08-10 | Implantable multichannel stimulator |
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US08/288,289 US5571148A (en) | 1994-08-10 | 1994-08-10 | Implantable multichannel stimulator |
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