US2716708A - Apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves - Google Patents
Apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves Download PDFInfo
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- US2716708A US2716708A US255938A US25593851A US2716708A US 2716708 A US2716708 A US 2716708A US 255938 A US255938 A US 255938A US 25593851 A US25593851 A US 25593851A US 2716708 A US2716708 A US 2716708A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/18—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound
- G10K11/26—Sound-focusing or directing, e.g. scanning
- G10K11/32—Sound-focusing or directing, e.g. scanning characterised by the shape of the source
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- the present invention relates to methods of and apparatus for examining the properties of materials by propagating untrasonic waves in such materials. These meth ods are useful for discovering and locating discontinuities in the structure of a mass of material. For example, this method of examination may be used for discovering internal flaws in metallic forgings and castings.
- untrasonic vibrations can be launched in a medium by coupling an electro-mechanical transducer element, such as a magnetostrictive or piezoelectric device, to the surface of the medium. It has moreover been proposed to provide an array of electromechanical transducers energised in appropriate phases to launch in the medium a beam of ultrasonic radiation hav-' ing a maximum intensity of rection.
- an electro-mechanical transducer element such as a magnetostrictive or piezoelectric device
- the arrays used hitherto have been made up of separate piezoelectric crystals but according to the present invention there is provided apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves in a medium and comprising a slab of piezoelectric material efiectively divided by grooves into discrete piezoelectric elements with means for applying electrical potentials to the discrete elements to excite them into vibration.
- the material of the slab may be quartz but according to a feature of the invention the material may be one that can be rendered piezoelectric by the application of a polarising potential, for example barium titanate.
- FIGS 1 and 2 illustrate one embodiment of the invention
- FIGS 3 and 4 illustrate another embodiment of the invention.
- FIGs 1 and 2 there is shown in plan and elevation a slab 1 of piezoelectric material which is grooved, as shown, so as to be eflFectively divided into a series of parallel piezoelectric elements. These elements have opposite faces silvered and may be excited to oscillate as required.
- the material of which slab 1 is made may be quartz suitably cut but alternatively it may be material of the barium titanate type. This material in polycrystalline form has the property that it can be rendered anisotropic and piezoelectric by a direct current polarising potential applied to it, the piezoelectric polarity being dependent on the polarity of the applied potential.
- the polarising potential may be applied continuously while the array is in use but preferably the array retains its anisotropic properties induced by an applied potential. It has been found that an admixture of about from 3% to 5% lead titanate with barium titanate gives good retentivity of polarisation. For example, if in the specimen shown in the drawing the plates a, c, e, etc. have been polarised at about plus 1,000 volts and the plates b, d, 9, etc. at about minus 1,000 volts than a, c, e, etc. will have their electric axis in one direction and b, d, 1, etc. will have them in the opposite direction.
- the mechanical displacements of adjacent plates will be in anti-phase.
- the elements may all be polarised in the same direction and adjacent elements excited in anti-phase.
- This array will generate compressional waves in a medium to which it is applied and the depth of the V-shaped grooves should be such that shear strains, set up by the out-of-phase compressional strains in adjacent elements, are negligible.
- the invention may also be applied to an array for launching shear waves and such an array is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4.
- Figure 3 shows a perspectively part view of the array and Figure 4 shows an end view.
- the slab 1 is cut from a quartz crystal with the Y and Z axes running in the directions shown in Figure 4 and the X axis running normal to the drawing as indicated.
- the slab 1 is channeled on one side only, as shown, and the faces ab, cd, ef wx, yz and (1,8 are metallised, for example by silvering. Faces ab, gh, ij, 0p, qr and so on are all connected to a metallised bus bar 2 on the slab 1 as shown in Figure 3 and the other faces cd, ef, kl, nm and so on, are connected to another bus bar (not shown) at the other end of the slab 1.
- the application of a suitable alternating voltage to these bus bars will then cause the slab 1 to shear in the XY plane with adjacent elements of opposite curl so that the desired pair of waves can be launched from the un-channelled lower surface of the slab 1.
- the form of the invention shown in Figures 1 and 2 may also be modified by channelling one side of the slab 1 and in this case the metalizing can completely cover the unchannelled s1de and, of course, the upper surfaces of the ridges left between the channels.
- the polarising of the discrete piezoelectric element should be carried out separately by connecting the polarising voltage to the elements one at a time.
- the slab 1 has been shown plane but it may if required be curved in one direction to fit a given surface.
- Apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves in a medium comprising a slab of piezoelectric material divided 1 by a plurality of grooves into an array of discrete piezoelectric elements and means for applying electrical potentials separately to these discrete elements to excite them into vibration, the said potentials being applied in such phases that adjacent discrete elements of the array oscillate in anti-phase.
- Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 in which the material of the slab comprises barium titanate with a small quantity of lead titanate added to enhance the piezoelectric retentivity of the slab.
- Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the potentials are arranged to be applied to set up electric fields in directions parallel to tangents to the slab.
- Apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves in a medium comprising a slab of piezoelectric material divided by a plurality of grooves into an array of discrete piezoelectric elements and electrode means for applying electrical potentials separately to opposite parallel faces of said discrete elements to excite them into vibration, the said potentials being applied in such phases that adjacent discrete elements of the array oscillate in anti-phase.
- Apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves in a medium comprising a slab-crystal of piezoelectric material divided by a plurality of grooves into an array of discrete piezoelectric elements, and electrode means for applying a plurality of selectively phased electrical potentials to said discrete elements to excite portions of said crystal into vibration, the said potentials being applied in such phases that adjacent discrete elements of the array oscillate to propagate waves at a predetermined angle to the composite crystal surface.
Description
30, 1955 G. BRADFIELD 2,716,708
APPARATUS FOR LAUNCHING ULTRASONIC WAVES Filed NOV. 13, 1951 b C s r Fig.2
Z bcfgjknorsv 0? ie eh ilmpqtuxy @X Fig. 4
Inge/liar. tm
- Attornzyg 2,716,708 Patented Aug. 30, 1955 2,716,708 APPARATUS FOR LAUNcHING ULTRASONIC WAVES Geofirey Bradfield, Surbiton, England, assignor to National Research Development Corporation, London, England, a British corporation Application November 13, 1951, Serial No. 255,938
Claims priority, application Great Britain November 17, 1950 12 Claims. (Cl. 310-9.6)
The present invention relates to methods of and apparatus for examining the properties of materials by propagating untrasonic waves in such materials. These meth ods are useful for discovering and locating discontinuities in the structure of a mass of material. For example, this method of examination may be used for discovering internal flaws in metallic forgings and castings.
It is known that untrasonic vibrations can be launched in a medium by coupling an electro-mechanical transducer element, such as a magnetostrictive or piezoelectric device, to the surface of the medium. It has moreover been proposed to provide an array of electromechanical transducers energised in appropriate phases to launch in the medium a beam of ultrasonic radiation hav-' ing a maximum intensity of rection.
The arrays used hitherto have been made up of separate piezoelectric crystals but according to the present invention there is provided apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves in a medium and comprising a slab of piezoelectric material efiectively divided by grooves into discrete piezoelectric elements with means for applying electrical potentials to the discrete elements to excite them into vibration. The material of the slab may be quartz but according to a feature of the invention the material may be one that can be rendered piezoelectric by the application of a polarising potential, for example barium titanate.
The invention will be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate one embodiment of the invention, and
Figures 3 and 4 illustrate another embodiment of the invention.
In Figures 1 and 2 there is shown in plan and elevation a slab 1 of piezoelectric material which is grooved, as shown, so as to be eflFectively divided into a series of parallel piezoelectric elements. These elements have opposite faces silvered and may be excited to oscillate as required. The material of which slab 1 is made may be quartz suitably cut but alternatively it may be material of the barium titanate type. This material in polycrystalline form has the property that it can be rendered anisotropic and piezoelectric by a direct current polarising potential applied to it, the piezoelectric polarity being dependent on the polarity of the applied potential.
The polarising potential may be applied continuously while the array is in use but preferably the array retains its anisotropic properties induced by an applied potential. It has been found that an admixture of about from 3% to 5% lead titanate with barium titanate gives good retentivity of polarisation. For example, if in the specimen shown in the drawing the plates a, c, e, etc. have been polarised at about plus 1,000 volts and the plates b, d, 9, etc. at about minus 1,000 volts than a, c, e, etc. will have their electric axis in one direction and b, d, 1, etc. will have them in the opposite direction. Hence propagation in a given diwhen a common high frequency exciting potential is applied to the array of plates the mechanical displacements of adjacent plates will be in anti-phase. Alternatively, of course, the elements may all be polarised in the same direction and adjacent elements excited in anti-phase.
This array will generate compressional waves in a medium to which it is applied and the depth of the V-shaped grooves should be such that shear strains, set up by the out-of-phase compressional strains in adjacent elements, are negligible.
The invention may also be applied to an array for launching shear waves and such an array is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4. Figure 3 shows a perspectively part view of the array and Figure 4 shows an end view.
In this case the slab 1 is cut from a quartz crystal with the Y and Z axes running in the directions shown in Figure 4 and the X axis running normal to the drawing as indicated. The slab 1 is channeled on one side only, as shown, and the faces ab, cd, ef wx, yz and (1,8 are metallised, for example by silvering. Faces ab, gh, ij, 0p, qr and so on are all connected to a metallised bus bar 2 on the slab 1 as shown in Figure 3 and the other faces cd, ef, kl, nm and so on, are connected to another bus bar (not shown) at the other end of the slab 1. The application of a suitable alternating voltage to these bus bars will then cause the slab 1 to shear in the XY plane with adjacent elements of opposite curl so that the desired pair of waves can be launched from the un-channelled lower surface of the slab 1.
The form of the invention shown in Figures 1 and 2 may also be modified by channelling one side of the slab 1 and in this case the metalizing can completely cover the unchannelled s1de and, of course, the upper surfaces of the ridges left between the channels. The polarising of the discrete piezoelectric element should be carried out separately by connecting the polarising voltage to the elements one at a time.
The slab 1 has been shown plane but it may if required be curved in one direction to fit a given surface.
What I claim is:
1. Apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves in a medium comprising a slab of piezoelectric material divided 1 by a plurality of grooves into an array of discrete piezoelectric elements and means for applying electrical potentials separately to these discrete elements to excite them into vibration, the said potentials being applied in such phases that adjacent discrete elements of the array oscillate in anti-phase.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the potentials are arranged to be applied to set up electric fields in directions perpendicular to the slab.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, in which the material of the slab is of the kind which becomes elfectively piezoelectric when a polarizing potential is applied to it.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, in which the material of the slab comprises barium titanate.
5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, in which the material of the slab comprises barium titanate with a small quantity of lead titanate added to enhance the piezoelectric retentivity of the slab.
6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the potentials are arranged to be applied to set up electric fields in directions parallel to tangents to the slab.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the material of the slab is of the kind which becomes effectively piezoelectric when a polarizing potential is applied to it.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 7, in which the material of the slab comprises barium titanate.
9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 7, in which the material of the slab comprises barium titanate with a small quantity of lead titanate added to enhance the piezoelectric retentivity of the slab.
10. Apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves in a medium comprising a slab of piezoelectric material divided by a plurality of grooves into an array of discrete piezoelectric elements and electrode means for applying electrical potentials separately to opposite parallel faces of said discrete elements to excite them into vibration, the said potentials being applied in such phases that adjacent discrete elements of the array oscillate in anti-phase.
11. Apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves in a medium comprising a slab of piezoelectric material divided by grooves into an array of discrete piezoelectric elements, and electrode means for applying predetermined phases of electrical potentials separately to combinations of pairs of faces of said discrete elements to excite portions of said slab into vibration, the said potentials being applied in such phases that adjacent discrete elements of the array oscillate in anti-phase such as to propagate waves at a predetermined angle to the composite surface of said slab.
12. Apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves in a medium comprising a slab-crystal of piezoelectric material divided by a plurality of grooves into an array of discrete piezoelectric elements, and electrode means for applying a plurality of selectively phased electrical potentials to said discrete elements to excite portions of said crystal into vibration, the said potentials being applied in such phases that adjacent discrete elements of the array oscillate to propagate waves at a predetermined angle to the composite crystal surface.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,746,788 Morrison Feb. 11, 1930 2,018,246 Beard Oct. 22, 1935 2,497,108 Williams Feb. 14, 1950 2,540,194 Ellett Feb. 6, 1951 2,543,500 Kettering Feb. 27, 1951 2,607,216 Mason Aug. 19, 1952 FOREIGN PATENTS 847,744 France Oct. 16, 1939
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB2716708X | 1950-11-17 |
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|---|---|
| US2716708A true US2716708A (en) | 1955-08-30 |
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| US255938A Expired - Lifetime US2716708A (en) | 1950-11-17 | 1951-11-13 | Apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves |
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Cited By (40)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2875355A (en) * | 1954-05-24 | 1959-02-24 | Gulton Ind Inc | Ultrasonic zone plate focusing transducer |
| US2885887A (en) * | 1956-08-02 | 1959-05-12 | Gen Motors Corp | Ultrasonic testing |
| US2899580A (en) * | 1959-08-11 | Electron tube | ||
| US2956184A (en) * | 1954-11-01 | 1960-10-11 | Honeywell Regulator Co | Transducer |
| US3036231A (en) * | 1958-07-24 | 1962-05-22 | Sperry Prod Inc | High resolution piezoelectric transducer |
| US3058015A (en) * | 1960-05-03 | 1962-10-09 | Nesh Florence | Dissipation of high frequency vibratory energy |
| US3059129A (en) * | 1961-03-08 | 1962-10-16 | Collins Radio Co | Pulse forming circuit using momentarily conducting transistor base-emitter leakage current to charge timing capacitor |
| US3470394A (en) * | 1967-11-09 | 1969-09-30 | Us Navy | Double serrated crystal transducer |
| US3614487A (en) * | 1967-10-10 | 1971-10-19 | Vibro Meter Ag | Piezoelectric accelerometer with baseplate cooling |
| US3854060A (en) * | 1973-10-12 | 1974-12-10 | Us Navy | Transducer for fm sonar application |
| US3939467A (en) * | 1974-04-08 | 1976-02-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Transducer |
| US3971962A (en) * | 1972-09-21 | 1976-07-27 | Stanford Research Institute | Linear transducer array for ultrasonic image conversion |
| US4156158A (en) * | 1977-08-17 | 1979-05-22 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Double serrated piezoelectric transducer |
| US4244749A (en) * | 1978-11-24 | 1981-01-13 | The Johns Hopkins University | Ultrasonic cleaning method and apparatus for heat exchangers |
| US4375991A (en) * | 1978-11-24 | 1983-03-08 | The Johns Hopkins University | Ultrasonic cleaning method and apparatus |
| US4469977A (en) * | 1982-10-19 | 1984-09-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Superlattice ultrasonic wave generator |
| US4554558A (en) * | 1983-05-19 | 1985-11-19 | The Mead Corporation | Fluid jet print head |
| US4587528A (en) * | 1983-05-19 | 1986-05-06 | The Mead Corporation | Fluid jet print head having resonant cavity |
| EP0308899A2 (en) * | 1987-09-25 | 1989-03-29 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Ultrasonic transducer with astigmatic transmission-reception characteristics |
| US5045746A (en) * | 1989-02-22 | 1991-09-03 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Ultrasound array having trapezoidal oscillator elements and a method and apparatus for the manufacture thereof |
| US5392259A (en) * | 1993-06-15 | 1995-02-21 | Bolorforosh; Mir S. S. | Micro-grooves for the design of wideband clinical ultrasonic transducers |
| US5423319A (en) * | 1994-06-15 | 1995-06-13 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Integrated impedance matching layer to acoustic boundary problems for clinical ultrasonic transducers |
| US20040012301A1 (en) * | 2000-11-02 | 2004-01-22 | Benslimane Mohamed Yahia | Actuating member and method for producing the same |
| US20060016275A1 (en) * | 2002-12-12 | 2006-01-26 | Danfoss A/S | Tactile sensor element and sensor array |
| US20060079824A1 (en) * | 2003-02-24 | 2006-04-13 | Danfoss A/S | Electro active elastic compression bandage |
| US20060230605A1 (en) * | 2004-05-08 | 2006-10-19 | Klaus Schlote-Holubek | Ultrasound transducer and method of producing the same |
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| US20070114885A1 (en) * | 2000-11-02 | 2007-05-24 | Danfoss A/S | Multilayer composite and a method of making such |
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| US20090032222A1 (en) * | 2007-08-03 | 2009-02-05 | Birbara Philip J | Heat exchanger with vibrator to remove accumulated solids |
| US20090072658A1 (en) * | 2000-11-02 | 2009-03-19 | Danfoss A/S | Dielectric composite and a method of manufacturing a dielectric composite |
| US20110189027A1 (en) * | 2008-04-30 | 2011-08-04 | Morten Kjaer Hansen | Pump powered by a polymer transducer |
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| US8692442B2 (en) | 2012-02-14 | 2014-04-08 | Danfoss Polypower A/S | Polymer transducer and a connector for a transducer |
| US8891222B2 (en) | 2012-02-14 | 2014-11-18 | Danfoss A/S | Capacitive transducer and a method for manufacturing a transducer |
| DE102013112316A1 (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2015-05-13 | Epcos Ag | Piezoelectric transformer and counter electrode |
| US9224938B2 (en) | 2011-04-11 | 2015-12-29 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Piezoelectric element and method to remove extraneous vibration modes |
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| US1746788A (en) * | 1928-12-21 | 1930-02-11 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Piezo-electric device |
| US2018246A (en) * | 1934-10-09 | 1935-10-22 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Quartz crystal manufacture |
| FR847744A (en) * | 1938-06-18 | 1939-10-16 | Piezoelectric vibrator | |
| US2497108A (en) * | 1948-06-12 | 1950-02-14 | Brush Dev Co | Electromechanical transducer |
| US2540194A (en) * | 1947-12-26 | 1951-02-06 | Zenith Radio Corp | Piezoelectric transducer and method for producing same |
| US2543500A (en) * | 1946-06-27 | 1951-02-27 | Gen Motors Corp | Means for suppressing transverse modes of oscillation in a piezoelectric crystal |
| US2607216A (en) * | 1946-08-16 | 1952-08-19 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Torsional interferometer |
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- 1951-11-13 US US255938A patent/US2716708A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| US1746788A (en) * | 1928-12-21 | 1930-02-11 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Piezo-electric device |
| US2018246A (en) * | 1934-10-09 | 1935-10-22 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Quartz crystal manufacture |
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| US2543500A (en) * | 1946-06-27 | 1951-02-27 | Gen Motors Corp | Means for suppressing transverse modes of oscillation in a piezoelectric crystal |
| US2607216A (en) * | 1946-08-16 | 1952-08-19 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Torsional interferometer |
| US2540194A (en) * | 1947-12-26 | 1951-02-06 | Zenith Radio Corp | Piezoelectric transducer and method for producing same |
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Cited By (57)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2899580A (en) * | 1959-08-11 | Electron tube | ||
| US2875355A (en) * | 1954-05-24 | 1959-02-24 | Gulton Ind Inc | Ultrasonic zone plate focusing transducer |
| US2956184A (en) * | 1954-11-01 | 1960-10-11 | Honeywell Regulator Co | Transducer |
| US2885887A (en) * | 1956-08-02 | 1959-05-12 | Gen Motors Corp | Ultrasonic testing |
| US3036231A (en) * | 1958-07-24 | 1962-05-22 | Sperry Prod Inc | High resolution piezoelectric transducer |
| US3058015A (en) * | 1960-05-03 | 1962-10-09 | Nesh Florence | Dissipation of high frequency vibratory energy |
| US3059129A (en) * | 1961-03-08 | 1962-10-16 | Collins Radio Co | Pulse forming circuit using momentarily conducting transistor base-emitter leakage current to charge timing capacitor |
| US3614487A (en) * | 1967-10-10 | 1971-10-19 | Vibro Meter Ag | Piezoelectric accelerometer with baseplate cooling |
| US3470394A (en) * | 1967-11-09 | 1969-09-30 | Us Navy | Double serrated crystal transducer |
| US3971962A (en) * | 1972-09-21 | 1976-07-27 | Stanford Research Institute | Linear transducer array for ultrasonic image conversion |
| US3854060A (en) * | 1973-10-12 | 1974-12-10 | Us Navy | Transducer for fm sonar application |
| US3939467A (en) * | 1974-04-08 | 1976-02-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Transducer |
| US4156158A (en) * | 1977-08-17 | 1979-05-22 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Double serrated piezoelectric transducer |
| US4244749A (en) * | 1978-11-24 | 1981-01-13 | The Johns Hopkins University | Ultrasonic cleaning method and apparatus for heat exchangers |
| US4375991A (en) * | 1978-11-24 | 1983-03-08 | The Johns Hopkins University | Ultrasonic cleaning method and apparatus |
| US4469977A (en) * | 1982-10-19 | 1984-09-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Superlattice ultrasonic wave generator |
| US4554558A (en) * | 1983-05-19 | 1985-11-19 | The Mead Corporation | Fluid jet print head |
| US4587528A (en) * | 1983-05-19 | 1986-05-06 | The Mead Corporation | Fluid jet print head having resonant cavity |
| EP0308899A2 (en) * | 1987-09-25 | 1989-03-29 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Ultrasonic transducer with astigmatic transmission-reception characteristics |
| EP0308899A3 (en) * | 1987-09-25 | 1990-03-14 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Ultrasonic transducer with astigmatic transmission-reception characteristics |
| US5045746A (en) * | 1989-02-22 | 1991-09-03 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Ultrasound array having trapezoidal oscillator elements and a method and apparatus for the manufacture thereof |
| USRE35011E (en) * | 1989-02-22 | 1995-08-08 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Ultrasound array having trapezoidal oscillator elements and a method and apparatus for the manufacture thereof |
| US5392259A (en) * | 1993-06-15 | 1995-02-21 | Bolorforosh; Mir S. S. | Micro-grooves for the design of wideband clinical ultrasonic transducers |
| US5423319A (en) * | 1994-06-15 | 1995-06-13 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Integrated impedance matching layer to acoustic boundary problems for clinical ultrasonic transducers |
| US20070114885A1 (en) * | 2000-11-02 | 2007-05-24 | Danfoss A/S | Multilayer composite and a method of making such |
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