US20130048376A1

US20130048376A1 - Perforating gun with internal shock mitigation

Info

Publication number: US20130048376A1
Application number: US13/533,600
Authority: US
Inventors: John P. Rodgers; Timothy S. Glenn; Marco Serra; Edwin A. Eaton; John D. Burleson; John H. Hales
Original assignee: Halliburton Energy Services Inc
Current assignee: Halliburton Energy Services Inc
Priority date: 2011-08-31
Filing date: 2012-06-26
Publication date: 2013-02-28
Also published as: US9091152B2; US20130048375A1

Abstract

A perforating gun can include at least one explosive component, and a shock mitigation device including a shock reflector which indirectly reflects a shock wave produced by detonation of the explosive component. Another perforating gun can include a gun housing, at least one explosive component, and a shock mitigation device in the gun housing. The shock mitigation device can include a shock attenuator which attenuates a shock wave produced by detonation of the explosive component. Yet another perforating gun can include a shock mitigation device with an explosive material which produces a shock wave that interacts with another shock wave produced by detonation of an explosive component in a gun housing.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/493,327 filed on 11 Jun. 2012 which claims the benefit under 35 USC §119 of the filing date of International Application Serial No. PCT/US11/49882 filed 31 Aug. 2011. The entire disclosure of these prior applications are incorporated herein by this reference.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates generally to equipment utilized and operations performed in conjunction with a subterranean well and, in an embodiment described herein, more particularly provides for mitigating shock produced by well perforating.
Shock absorbers have been used in the past to absorb shock produced by detonation of perforating guns in wells. Unfortunately, prior shock absorbers have had only very limited success. Therefore, it will be appreciated that improvements are needed in the art of mitigating shock produced by perforating strings.

SUMMARY

In carrying out the principles of this disclosure, a perforating gun is provided with improvements in the art. One example is described below in which a shock mitigation device in a perforating gun reflects shock produced by detonation of the perforating gun. Another example is described below in which the shock mitigation device attenuates the shock. Yet another example is described in which the device produces a shock wave that interacts with a shock wave produced by detonation of the perforating gun.
In one aspect, a perforating gun is provided to the art by this disclosure. In one example, the perforating gun can include at least one explosive component, and a shock mitigation device with a shock reflector which indirectly reflects a shock wave produced by detonation of the explosive component.
In another aspect, a perforating gun is described below which, in one example, can include a gun housing, at least one explosive component, and a shock mitigation device in the gun housing. The shock mitigation device includes a shock attenuator which attenuates a shock wave produced by detonation of the explosive component.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure below describes a perforating gun in which a shock mitigation device includes an explosive material which produces a shock wave that interacts with another shock wave produced by detonation of an explosive component in a gun housing.
These and other features, advantages and benefits will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon careful consideration of the detailed description of representative embodiments of the disclosure hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings, in which similar elements are indicated in the various figures using the same reference numbers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a representative partially cross-sectional view of a well system and associated method which can embody principles of this disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a representative cross-sectional view of a perforating gun which may be used in the system and method of FIG. 1, and which can embody principles of this disclosure.

FIGS. 3-6 are representative cross-sectional views of additional configurations of a shock mitigating device in the perforating gun.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Representatively illustrated in FIG. 1 is a system 10 for use with a well, and an associated method, which can embody principles of this disclosure. In the system 10, a perforating string 12 is positioned in a wellbore 14 lined with casing 16 and cement 18. Perforating guns 20 in the perforating string 12 are positioned opposite predetermined locations for forming perforations 22 through the casing 16 and cement 18, and outward into an earth formation 24 surrounding the wellbore 14.
The perforating string 12 is sealed and secured in the casing 16 by a packer 26. The packer 26 seals off an annulus 28 formed radially between the tubular string 12 and the wellbore 14. A tubular string 34 (such as a work string, a production tubing string, an injection string, etc.) may be interconnected above the packer 26.
A firing head 30 is used to initiate firing or detonation of the perforating guns 20 (e.g., in response to a mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, optical or other type of signal, passage of time, etc.), when it is desired to form the perforations 22. Although the firing head 30 is depicted in FIG. 1 as being connected above the perforating guns 20, one or more firing heads may be interconnected in the perforating string 12 at any location, with the location(s) preferably being connected to the perforating guns by a detonation train.
At this point, it should be noted that the well system 10 of FIG. 1 is merely one example of an unlimited variety of different well systems which can embody principles of this disclosure. Thus, the scope of this disclosure is not limited at all to the details of the well system 10, its associated methods, the perforating string 12, etc. described herein or depicted in the drawings.
For example, it is not necessary for the wellbore 14 to be vertical, for there to be two of the perforating guns 20, or for the firing head 30 to be positioned between the perforating guns and the packer 26, etc. Instead, the well system 10 configuration of FIG. 1 is intended merely to illustrate how the principles of this disclosure may be applied to an example perforating string 12, in order to mitigate the effects of a perforating event. These principles can be applied to many other examples of well systems and perforating strings, while remaining within the scope of this disclosure.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that detonation of the perforating guns 20 produces shock which can damage or unset the packer 26, or damage the tubular string 34, firing head 30 or other components of the perforating string 12. In the past, it has been common practice to attempt to absorb shock produced by detonation of perforating guns, using shock absorbers interconnected between components of perforating strings.
In contrast, the present inventors have conceived unique ways of mitigating shock that do not involve the use of shock absorbers between components of a perforating string. Of course, shock absorbers could be used in combination with the concepts described herein, while remaining within the scope of this disclosure.
Referring additionally now to FIG. 2, an enlarged scale cross-sectional view of a portion of one of the perforating guns 20 is representatively illustrated. This perforating gun 20 example may be used in the well system 10 and method described above, or it may be used in other well systems and methods.
As depicted in FIG. 2, the perforating gun 20 includes a generally tubular gun housing 32 and explosive components (such as detonating cord 36, perforating charges 38, detonation boosters 40, etc.) in the gun housing. When the explosive components are detonated (e.g., to form the perforations 22), shock waves 42 are produced. For clarity of illustration, only one of the shock waves 42 is representatively depicted as a dashed line in FIG. 2.
To mitigate transmission of the shock wave 42 to other components of a perforating string, the perforating gun 20 also includes a shock mitigating device 44. In this example, the shock mitigating device 44 is enclosed within the gun housing 32 and functions to mitigate shock prior to the shock reaching any other components of the perforating string. One advantage of this arrangement is that such shock mitigating devices 44 can be used in each of multiple perforating guns in a perforating string, so that the shock produced by each perforating gun is internally mitigated.
In the FIG. 2 example, the device 44 includes a shock attenuator 46 which attenuates the shock wave 42. The attenuator 46 includes alternating layers of resilient material 48 (e.g., elastomers, rubber, fluoro-elastomers, etc.) and non-resilient material 50 (e.g., soft metals such as aluminum, bronze, etc., crushable materials, etc.).
The attenuator 46 desirably decreases the amplitude of the shock wave 42. However, other types of shock attenuators may be used, if desired.
Preferably, the attenuator 46 provides sharply varying acoustic impendances (e.g., due to the layers of resilient and non-resilient materials 48, 50). For example, density, modulus, and/or other characteristics of materials can affect their acoustic impendances. By varying these characteristics from one layer to another, corresponding varying acoustic impendances are obtained (e.g., alternating layers of metal and poly-ether-ether-ketone, etc.). Thus, the attenuator 46 can be constructed without alternating layers of materials 48, 50 which are necessarily resilient and non-resilient, but which have substantially different acoustic impedances.
Referring additionally now to FIG. 3, the perforating gun 20, with another configuration of the shock mitigating device 44, is representatively illustrated. The explosive components are not depicted in FIG. 3 for clarity of illustration.
In this example, the shock mitigating device 44 includes a shock reflector 52 which reflects the shock wave 42 produced by detonation of the explosive components. Preferably, the reflected shock wave(s) 54 are not reflected directly back in a direction opposite to the direction of the shock wave 42. Instead, the shock wave 42 is reflected outward by a convex generally conical surface 56 of the reflector 52. In other examples, the surface 56 is not necessarily convex or conical, but preferably the surface does indirectly reflect the shock wave 42.
Referring additionally now to FIG. 4, another configuration of the shock mitigating device 44 is representatively illustrated. In this example, the shock mitigating device 44 includes both the reflector 52 of FIG. 3 and the attenuator 46 of FIG. 2 (albeit formed into a generally conical shape).
This demonstrates that the features of the various examples described herein can be combined as desired, for example, to obtain benefits of those combined features. In the FIG. 4 example, the shock wave 42 will be attenuated by the attenuator 46 prior to being reflected by the surface 56 of the reflector 52.
Referring additionally now to FIG. 5, another configuration of the shock mitigating device 44 is representatively illustrated. In this example, the surface 56 of the reflector 52 comprises multiple individual surfaces, instead of a single conical surface, although the surfaces are still in a generally conical arrangement. A shock attenuator 46 may be used with the reflector 52 (similar to the combined attenuator 46 and reflector 52 in the device 44 configuration of FIG. 4), if desired.
The surfaces 56 cause many smaller (as compared to the reflected shock wave in the FIG. 3 configuration) shock waves 54 to be reflected in various directions. Preferably, the reflected shock waves 54 are directed generally outward toward the gun housing 32, and are not reflected directly back in the opposite direction of the shock wave 42. Furthermore, it is preferable that the many reflected shock waves 54 interfere with each other and at least partially cancel or attenuate one another.
For example, the impact of the shock wavefront from the blast can be spread over time to reduce peak amplitudes of shock in the steel tools of the perforating string 12. The various incidence angles can provide a reduction in energy transfer from the fluid to the steel as more of the wave is reflected.
There is a distinction between the objective of reducing the initial response (and peak stress) due to the incoming shock wave, and reducing the multitude of reflections in the fluid or the structure which result in repeated peak stresses over some time.
The reflected waves in the fluid can be dispersed or scattered in timing and direction to reduce reflected waves in the fluid. The angled faces of the steel can also break up the internal reflections of the waves within the steel part. This is in sharp contrast to conventional perforating guns with a uniform flat surface impacted at 90 degrees by an incoming wave, allowing for maximum transmission of energy and peak amplitudes in a steel gun housing.
In practice, exactly which direction the waves are reflected (by the angle(s) on the surface(s) 56) should be carefully considered to avoid creating a local stress problem on the gun housing 32 wall. This is relevant to all of the examples described above.
Thus, it will be appreciated that the shock mitigation device 44 may mitigate shock by reflecting, absorbing, breaking-up, scattering and/or dispersing the shock wave 42.
Referring additionally now to FIG. 6, yet another configuration of the shock mitigating device 44 is representatively illustrated. In this example, the device 44 includes a material 58 which produces a shock wave 60 that is oppositely directed relative to the shock wave 42 produced by detonation of the explosive components of the perforating gun 20, and is preferably timed to be at least partially out of phase with the shock wave 42.
The material 58 could be, for example, an explosive sheet material. The material 58 may be detonated in response to detonation of any of the other explosive components (such as, the detonating cord 36, perforating charge 38 or detonation booster 40, etc.). Alternatively, the material 58 could be detonated a certain amount of time before or after the other explosive components are detonated.
Preferably, the shock wave 60 produced by detonation of the material 58 at least partially “cancels” the shock wave 42, thereby attenuating the shock wave. A sum of the shock waves 42, 60 is preferably less than an amplitude of either of the shock waves.
A shock attenuator 46 may be used with the FIG. 6 example. The shock attenuator 46 could include the materials 48, 50 described above, or in other examples, the shock attenuator could include a dispersive media 62 (such as sand or glass beads, etc.) to dissipate shock between a fluid interface and a structure (such as a connector body 64). For example, the dispersive media could be positioned between a steel plate and the connector body 64.
In any of the examples described above, the device 44 can be configured so that it has a desired amount of shock mitigation. For example, the amount of explosive material 58 or the timing of the detonation in the FIG. 6 configuration can be changed as desired to produce the shock wave 60 having certain characteristics. As another example, the compliance, density, thickness, number and resilience of the layers of materials 48, 50 in the configurations of FIGS. 2 & 4 can be varied to produce corresponding variations in shock attenuation.
This feature (the ability to vary the amount of internal shock mitigation) can be used to “tune” the overall perforating string 12, so that shock effects on the perforating string are mitigated. Suitable methods of accomplishing this result are described in International Application serial nos. PCT/US10/61104 (filed 17 Dec. 2010), PCT/US11/34690 (filed 30 Apr. 2011), and PCT/US11/46955 (filed 8 Aug. 2011). The entire disclosures of these prior applications are incorporated herein by this reference.
The examples of the shock mitigating device 44 described above demonstrate that a wide variety of different configurations are possible, while remaining within the scope of this disclosure. Accordingly, the principles of this disclosure are not limited in any manner to the details of the device 44 examples described above or depicted in the drawings.
It may now be fully appreciated that this disclosure provides several advancements to the art of mitigating shock effects in subterranean wells. Various examples of shock mitigating devices 44 described above can effectively prevent or at least reduce transmission of shock to other components of the perforating string 12.
In one aspect, the above disclosure provides to the art a perforating gun 20. In one example, the perforating gun 20 can include at least one explosive component (such as, the detonating cord 36, perforating charge 38 or detonation booster 40, etc.), and a shock mitigation device 44 including a shock reflector 52 which indirectly reflects a shock wave 42 produced by detonation of the explosive component.
The shock mitigation device 44 may close off an end of a gun housing 32 containing the explosive component.
At least one surface 56 on the shock reflector 52 may indirectly reflect the shock wave 42. The surface 56 can reflect the shock wave 42 toward a gun housing 32 containing the explosive component. The surface 56 may be generally conical-shaped.
The surface 56 may comprise multiple surfaces which reflect the shock wave 42 as respective multiple reflected shock waves 54. The reflected shock waves 54 may interfere with each other.
The shock mitigation device 44 can include a shock attenuator 46 which attenuates the shock wave 42. The shock reflector 52 may reflect the attenuated shock wave 42. The shock attenuator 46 may comprise layers of resilient and non-resilient materials 48, 50. Additional examples of resilient structures include mechanical springs, etc. Additional examples of non-resilient materials include crushable structures, such as honeycomb or other celled structure, etc.
The shock attenuator 46 may comprises variations in acoustic impedance. The shock attenuator 46 may comprise a dispersive media 62.
Also described above is a perforating gun 20 which, in one example, can include a gun housing 32, at least one explosive component (such as, the detonating cord 36, perforating charge 38 or detonation booster 40, etc.), and a shock mitigation device 44 in the gun housing 32. The shock mitigation device 44 may include a shock attenuator 46 which attenuates a shock wave 42 produced by detonation of the explosive component.
The shock mitigation device 44 may reflect the attenuated shock wave 42, directly or indirectly. The shock mitigation device 44 may mitigate shock by reflecting, absorbing, breaking-up, scattering and/or dispersing a shock wave 42.
This disclosure also describes a perforating gun 20 which, in one example, includes a gun housing, at least one explosive component (such as, the detonating cord 36, perforating charge 38 or detonation booster 40, etc.), and a shock mitigation device 44 in the gun housing 32, the shock mitigation device 44 including an explosive material 58 which produces a first shock wave 60 that interacts with a second shock wave 42 produced by detonation of the explosive component.
The first shock wave 60 may at least partially counteract or cancel the second shock wave 42. A sum of the first and second shock waves 42, 60 can have an amplitude which is less than that of each of the first and second shock waves 42, 60.
The explosive material 58 may detonate a predetermined amount of time before or after the explosive component detonates. The explosive component and the explosive material 58 may detonate substantially simultaneously.
The first shock wave 60 may be produced in response to impingement of the second shock wave 42 on the shock mitigation device 44. The first shock wave 60 preferably propagates in a direction opposite to a direction of propagation of the second shock wave 42.
It is to be understood that the various embodiments of this disclosure described herein may be utilized in various orientations, such as inclined, inverted, horizontal, vertical, etc., and in various configurations, without departing from the principles of this disclosure. The embodiments are described merely as examples of useful applications of the principles of the disclosure, which is not limited to any specific details of these embodiments.
In the above description of the representative examples, directional terms (such as “above,” “below,” “upper,” “lower,” etc.) are used for convenience in referring to the accompanying drawings. However, it should be clearly understood that the scope of this disclosure is not limited to any particular directions described herein.
Of course, a person skilled in the art would, upon a careful consideration of the above description of representative embodiments of the disclosure, readily appreciate that many modifications, additions, substitutions, deletions, and other changes may be made to the specific embodiments, and such changes are contemplated by the principles of this disclosure. Accordingly, the foregoing detailed description is to be clearly understood as being given by way of illustration and example only, the spirit and scope of the invention being limited solely by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1-12. (canceled)

13. A perforating gun, comprising:

a gun housing;

at least one explosive component; and

a shock mitigation device in the gun housing, the shock mitigation device including a shock attenuator which attenuates a shock wave produced by detonation of the explosive component.

14. The perforating gun of claim 13, wherein the shock mitigation device reflects the attenuated shock wave.

15. The perforating gun of claim 13, wherein the shock mitigation device absorbs, breaks-up, scatters or disperses the shock wave.

16. The perforating gun of claim 13, wherein the shock attenuator comprises layers of resilient and non-resilient materials.

17. The perforating gun of claim 13, wherein the shock attenuator comprises variations in acoustic impedance.

18-39. (canceled)