EP0279732A1 - Armour-piercing projectile with a hard core and ductile sleeve, and method for its manufacture - Google Patents

Armour-piercing projectile with a hard core and ductile sleeve, and method for its manufacture Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0279732A1
EP0279732A1 EP88400271A EP88400271A EP0279732A1 EP 0279732 A1 EP0279732 A1 EP 0279732A1 EP 88400271 A EP88400271 A EP 88400271A EP 88400271 A EP88400271 A EP 88400271A EP 0279732 A1 EP0279732 A1 EP 0279732A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
guide
core
projectile
surrounded
tip
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88400271A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0279732B1 (en
Inventor
Pierre Sommet
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Francaise De Munitions (sfm) Ste
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Francaise De Munitions (sfm) Ste
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Priority to AT88400271T priority Critical patent/ATE56815T1/en
Publication of EP0279732A1 publication Critical patent/EP0279732A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/04—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type
    • F42B12/06—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type with hard or heavy core; Kinetic energy penetrators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/76—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing
    • F42B12/78—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing of jackets for smallarm bullets ; Jacketed bullets or projectiles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49803—Magnetically shaping
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
    • Y10T29/49908—Joining by deforming
    • Y10T29/49925—Inward deformation of aperture or hollow body wall
    • Y10T29/49927—Hollow body is axially joined cup or tube
    • Y10T29/49929—Joined to rod

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a perforating projectile of caliber less than or equal to 40 mm.
  • the invention also relates to a cartridge comprising such a perforating projectile as well as the method for the manufacture thereof.
  • Known perforating projectiles most often comprise a metal or ductile alloy casing such as copper or brass which surrounds a hard metal core such as hardened steel or tungsten carbide embedded in lead.
  • the core of the perforating projectile has on its rear part a Morse cone which is fitted into a complementary cone formed in a guide or shoe made of ductile metal which thus partially covers the core hard.
  • This assembly method makes it possible to obtain good conditions for rotating the core.
  • This projectile thus has a satisfactory perforating power.
  • undulations are made on the outer face of the guide in order to limit the friction between this outer surface and the scratches formed inside the barrel of the shooting weapon.
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy the drawbacks of known embodiments, by creating a perforating projectile in which the core and the guide are linked together in such a way that the rotation of the assembly takes place under optimal conditions. and in which the guide has undulations on its outer surface which reduce the friction of the projectile inside the barrel of the shooting weapon, such a projectile being easy and inexpensive to manufacture.
  • the perforating projectile of caliber less than or equal to 40 mm aimed by the invention comprises a core having a front point, this core being of a hard or high density metal or metal alloy, surrounded at the rear of its point by a generally cylindrical guide of ductile metal, the part of the core which is surrounded by the guide having projections and recesses and the guide being crimped on this part of the core by radial compression so that the inner surface of the guide is linked axially and in rotation to said part of the core by means of the projections and recesses of the latter.
  • this projectile is characterized in that the guide is crimped onto said part of the core by electromagnetic forming and in that said part of the core has undulations, the inner surface of the guide in contact with said part of the core conforming to the profile of these undulations and the outer surface of the guide reproducing the profile of these undulations, the shape of these undulations being predetermined so that those reproduced on the outer surface of the guide present the desired ballistic properties.
  • ductile metal is meant a metal or alloy more ductile than the steel of the barrel of the shooting weapon.
  • Crimping by electromagnetic forming consists in introducing the core covered with the guide into a solenoid.
  • the magnetic field generated by this solenoid develops intense forces (Laplace forces) for a few microseconds which not only compress the guide radially on the nucleus, but also make it possible to obtain a true weld, by diffusion of atoms, between what and the nucleus.
  • ductile metal such as copper or an alloy such as brass for the guide and steel for the core is optimal for the implementation of electromagnetic forming.
  • this electromagnetic forming thus makes it possible to obtain an excellent bond between the guide and the core, while being perfectly suited to industrial mass production. Indeed, the dimensions of the guide and of the core do not need to be adjusted with great precision, since the deformations generated during crimping compensate for dimensional deviations.
  • the method for manufacturing the projectile in accordance with the invention preferably comprises the following steps: a core is produced having behind its tip, a substantially cylindrical part of reduced diameter and having hollows and protrusions, a guide of general cylindrical shape is produced, the internal diameter of which is substantially equal to or slightly greater than the diameter of the part of the core which is intended to be surrounded by the guide, the guide is engaged on said substantially cylindrical part of the core, - The guide is crimped onto said substantially cylindrical part of the core by electromagnetic forming, so that the outer surface of the guide reproduces the profile of the hollows and projections of the aforementioned part of the core.
  • the perforating projectile of caliber less than or equal to 40 mm comprises a core 1 having a front point 2 of conventional ogival shape.
  • This core 1 is made of a metal or hard and / or high density metallic alloy such as hardened steel and is surrounded at the rear of its tip by a guide 3 of shape general cylindrical in ductile metal, such as copper or brass.
  • the part 4 of the core 1 which is surrounded by the guide 3 has projections 5 and recesses 6 and the guide 3 is crimped onto this part 4 of the core by radial compression, so that the inner surface of the guide 3 is axially linked and in rotation to said part 4 of the core via the projections 5 and the recesses 6 of the latter.
  • the guide 3 is crimped on the part 4 of the core 1 by electromagnetic forming.
  • the ogival tip 2 of the core is connected to the part 4 surrounded by the guide 3, by an annular shoulder 7 whose radial width corresponds substantially to the thickness e of the wall of the guide 3, the edge of the latter being in abutment against this shoulder 7.
  • the projections 5 and the recesses 6 formed on the part 4 of the core consist of annular undulations and the inner surface of the guide 3 in contact with this part 4 of the core follows the profile of these ripples.
  • the outer surface of the guide 3 has corrugations 8 which follow the profile of the corrugations 5 formed on the part 4 of the core.
  • the profile of these corrugations 5 is predetermined as a function of the profile sought for the external corrugations 8 of the guide.
  • the maximum diameter d1 of the pointed tip 2 is slightly lower than the through caliber of the barrel of the projectile weapon.
  • the maximum diameter d4 of the part 4 of the core 1 is less than the diameter d1 so that the thickness e of the wall of the guide 3 is sufficient to allow its deformation when it comes into engagement with the grooves of the barrel of the weapon shooting.
  • This thickness e is of the order of mm.
  • the amplitude of the corrugations 8 is between 0.5 and 1 mm.
  • the corrugations 5 formed on part 4 of the core 1 are such that the maximum diameter d4 is equal to d2 - 2e (d2 being equal to the caliber of the projectile) and that the minimum diameter d5 of the guide is equal to d3 - 2 e (d3 being equal to the minimum diameter of the guide which is equal to d1 in the example of FIG. 1).
  • the corrugations 8 the profile of which is constituted in the example of FIG. 1 by successively concave or convex equal arcs of circle, comprise at least two arcs forming bumps which ensure perfect guidance of the projectile inside the barrel, all by limiting friction. Furthermore, the amplitude of these undulations 8 is sufficiently small and their radius is large enough not to affect the aerodynamic properties of the projectile.
  • the part 4 of the core 1 has, opposite the tip 2, a substantially frustoconical surface 9, the small base 10 of which coincides with the rear end of this part.
  • the inner surface of the guide 3 has a substantially frustoconical surface complementary to this substantially frustoconical surface of the part 4 of the core and the guide 3 has a rear wall 11 pressed against the rear end 10 of the core 1.
  • This process includes the following steps: a core 1 is produced having at the rear part of its tip 2 a substantially cylindrical part 4 of reduced diameter and having recesses 6 and protrusions 5, obtained for example by turning, -
  • a guide 3 of generally cylindrical shape is produced whose maximum internal diameter d6 is substantially equal to or slightly greater than the maximum diameter d4 of the part 4 of the core which is intended to be surrounded by the guide 3.
  • the length 11 of the internal cavity of the guide 3 is slightly less than the length 12 of the part 4 of the core, the guide 3 is then engaged on the substantially cylindrical part 4 of the core 1 and the guide 3 is crimped on this substantially cylindrical part 4 by electromagnetic forming, by means of the device shown diagrammatically in FIG. 3.
  • This device comprises a solenoid 13 surrounding the guide 3 engaged on the part 4 of the core 1.
  • This solenoid 13 is connected to a generator 14 of electric current.
  • a capacitor 15 is arranged in parallel with the terminals of the solenoid 13, a capacitor 15 is arranged.
  • the electrical circuit further comprises a charge switch 16 and a discharge switch 17.
  • the copper or brass used for the guide 3 and the steel used for the core 1 form a pair of ideal materials for the implementation of the electromagnetic forming process.
  • the core steel is preferably Z 85 WDCV 6542 steel.
  • Another advantage of this process lies in the fact that it allows, in a single operation, to reproduce on the surface of the guide 3 the undulations which make it possible to limit the friction inside the barrel of the shooting weapon.
  • the guide 3 can be obtained from a simple drawn tube. Furthermore, the corrugations formed on the core do not need to be machined with precision, since the electromagnetic forming gives the corrugations of the guide a smooth surface, even if the corrugations of the core are not not machined with great precision. On the contrary, a surface of the core not precisely machined, leaving micro-roughness, is favorable to the adhesion between the guide and the core.
  • the shape of the corrugations formed on the part 4 of the core 1 may be different from that shown in FIG. 1.
  • the guide 3 could be devoid of bottom and made from a simple drawn tube, which further reduces manufacturing costs.

Abstract

Le projectile perforant de calibre inférieur ou égal à 40 mm comprend un noyau (1) présentant une pointe avant (2), ce noyau étant en un métal ou alliage métallique dur et/ou de densité élevée entouré à l'arrière de sa pointe par un guide (3) de forme générale cylindrique en métal ductile. La partie (4) du noyau (1) qui est entourée par le guide (3) présente des saillies (5) et des creux (6) et le guide est serti sur cette partie du noyau par formage électromagnétique de telle sorte que la surface intérieure du guide soit liée axialement et en rotation à ladite partie (4) du noyau (1) par l'intermédiaire des saillies et des creux de cette dernière.The perforating projectile of caliber less than or equal to 40 mm comprises a core (1) having a front point (2), this core being of a hard or high density metal or metal alloy surrounded at the rear of its point by a generally cylindrical guide (3) of ductile metal. The part (4) of the core (1) which is surrounded by the guide (3) has projections (5) and recesses (6) and the guide is crimped onto this part of the core by electromagnetic forming so that the surface inside of the guide is connected axially and in rotation to said part (4) of the core (1) by means of the projections and recesses of the latter.

Description

La présente invention concerne un projectile perforant de calibre inférieur ou égal à 40 mm.The present invention relates to a perforating projectile of caliber less than or equal to 40 mm.

L'invention vise également une cartouche comportant un tel projectile perforant ainsi que le procédé pour la fabrication de celui-ci.The invention also relates to a cartridge comprising such a perforating projectile as well as the method for the manufacture thereof.

Les projectiles perforants connus comprennent le plus souvent une enveloppe en métal ou alliage ductile tel que le cuivre ou le laiton qui entoure un noyau en métal dur tel que l'acier trempé ou en carbure de tungstène noyé dans du plomb.Known perforating projectiles most often comprise a metal or ductile alloy casing such as copper or brass which surrounds a hard metal core such as hardened steel or tungsten carbide embedded in lead.

L'inconvénient de ces projectiles réside dans le fait que la liaison entre l'enveloppe ductile extérieure et le noyau dur intérieur est imparfaite.The disadvantage of these projectiles lies in the fact that the connection between the outer ductile shell and the inner hard core is imperfect.

Ainsi, lors de la mise en rotation du projectile sous l'effet des rayures hélicoïdales ménagées à l'intérieur du tube de l'arme de tir du projectile, des glissements se produisent entre cette enveloppe et le noyau dur, ce qui affecte considérablement le pouvoir perforant du projectile.Thus, when the projectile is rotated under the effect of the helical scratches formed inside the barrel of the projectile's firing weapon, slips occur between this envelope and the hard core, which considerably affects the penetrating power of the projectile.

Dans la réalisation décrite dans le brevet français n° 2 536 527, le noyau du projectile perforant présente sur sa partie arrière un cône Morse qui est emboîté dans un cône complémentaire ménagé dans un guide ou sabot en métal ductile qui vient ainsi recouvrir partiellement le noyau dur.In the embodiment described in French Patent No. 2,536,527, the core of the perforating projectile has on its rear part a Morse cone which is fitted into a complementary cone formed in a guide or shoe made of ductile metal which thus partially covers the core hard.

Ce mode d'assemblage permet d'obtenir de bonnes conditions de mise en rotation du noyau. Ce projectile présente ainsi un pouvoir perforant satisfaisant.This assembly method makes it possible to obtain good conditions for rotating the core. This projectile thus has a satisfactory perforating power.

Toutefois, ce mode d'assemblage par cônes Morse ou cônes auto-serreurs est difficilement compatible avec une production industrielle en grande série. En effet, l'usinage des cônes Morse doit être exécuté avec une très grande précision pour obtenir un emboîtement parfait et sans jour entre le guide et la face arrière du noyau.However, this method of assembly by Morse cones or self-tightening cones is hardly compatible with industrial mass production. Indeed, the machining of Morse cones must be executed with great precision to obtain a perfect and seamless interlocking between the guide and the rear face of the core.

Dans cette réalisation, des ondulations sont réalisées sur la face extérieure du guide afin de limiter la friction entre cette surface extérieure et les rayures ménagées à l'intérieur du canon de l'arme de tir.In this embodiment, undulations are made on the outer face of the guide in order to limit the friction between this outer surface and the scratches formed inside the barrel of the shooting weapon.

La réalisation de ces ondulations par usinage est toutefois coûteuse et implique un gaspillage de matière première.The production of these corrugations by machining is however expensive and involves a waste of raw material.

Dans le brevet français 2 191 718, on a décrit un projectile perforant comportant un noyau dur dont la partie arrière est recouverte par un guide ou sabot en matière ductile. La fixation de ce guide sur le noyau est réalisée par soudage, brasage, collage, surmoulage ou par dépôt métallique.In French patent 2 191 718, a perforating projectile has been described comprising a hard core, the rear part of which is covered by a guide or shoe made of ductile material. The fixing of this guide on the core is carried out by welding, brazing, gluing, overmolding or by metallic deposit.

Ce mode de fixation est également difficile et onéreux à mettre en oeuvre industriellement.This method of attachment is also difficult and expensive to implement industrially.

Dans le brevet français 764 833 on a décrit une balle perforante comportant un noyau dur entouré par une enveloppe en métal tendre qui est lié au noyau au moyen d'un procédé de repoussage ou de rétreint qui fait pénétrer le métal tendre dans des creux existant à la surface du noyau. Toutefois la surface extérieure de l'enveloppe tendre reste lisse, de sorte que cette enveloppe offre une résistance de frottement élevée lors de son déplacement à l'intérieur du tube de l'arme de tir.In French patent 764 833, a perforating bullet has been described comprising a hard core surrounded by a soft metal casing which is bonded to the core by means of a push-back or shrinking process which makes the soft metal penetrate into the hollow existing in the surface of the nucleus. However, the outer surface of the soft shell remains smooth, so that this envelope offers a high friction resistance when it moves inside the barrel of the shooting weapon.

Le but de la présente invention est de remédier aux inconvénients des réalisations connues, en créant un projectile perforant dans lequel le noyau et le guide sont liés ensemble d'une manière telle que la mise en rotation de l'ensemble ait lieu dans des conditions optimales et dans lequel le guide présente sur sa surface extérieure des ondulations qui réduisent le frottement du projectile à l'intérieure du tube de l'arme de tir, un tel projectile étant facile et peu coûteux à fabriquer.The object of the present invention is to remedy the drawbacks of known embodiments, by creating a perforating projectile in which the core and the guide are linked together in such a way that the rotation of the assembly takes place under optimal conditions. and in which the guide has undulations on its outer surface which reduce the friction of the projectile inside the barrel of the shooting weapon, such a projectile being easy and inexpensive to manufacture.

Le projectile perforant de calibre inférieur ou égal à 40 mm visé par l'invention, comprend un noyau présentant une pointe avant, ce noyau étant en un métal ou alliage métallique dur et/ou de densité élevée, entouré à l'arrière de sa pointe par un guide de forme générale cylindrique en métal ductile, la partie du noyau qui est entourée par le guide présentant des saillies et des creux et le guide étant serti sur cette partie du noyau par compression radiale de telle sorte que la surface intérieure du guide soit liée axialement et en rotation à ladite partie du noyau par l'intermédiaire des saillies et des creux de cette dernière.The perforating projectile of caliber less than or equal to 40 mm aimed by the invention comprises a core having a front point, this core being of a hard or high density metal or metal alloy, surrounded at the rear of its point by a generally cylindrical guide of ductile metal, the part of the core which is surrounded by the guide having projections and recesses and the guide being crimped on this part of the core by radial compression so that the inner surface of the guide is linked axially and in rotation to said part of the core by means of the projections and recesses of the latter.

Suivant l'invention, ce projectile est caractérisé en ce que le guide est serti sur ladite partie du noyau par formage électromagnétique et en ce que ladite partie du noyau présente des ondulations, la surface intérieure du guide en contact avec ladite partie du noyau épousant le profil de ces ondulations et la surface extérieure du guide reproduisant le profil de ces ondulations, la forme de ces ondulations étant prédéterminée pour que celles reproduites sur la surface extérieure du guide présentent les propriétés balistiques recherchées.According to the invention, this projectile is characterized in that the guide is crimped onto said part of the core by electromagnetic forming and in that said part of the core has undulations, the inner surface of the guide in contact with said part of the core conforming to the profile of these undulations and the outer surface of the guide reproducing the profile of these undulations, the shape of these undulations being predetermined so that those reproduced on the outer surface of the guide present the desired ballistic properties.

Par métal ductile on entend un métal ou alliage plus ductile que l'acier du canon de l'arme de tir.By ductile metal is meant a metal or alloy more ductile than the steel of the barrel of the shooting weapon.

Le sertissage par formage électromagnétique consiste à introduire le noyau recouvert du guide dans un solénoïde. Le champ magnétique engendré par ce solénoïde développe des forces intenses (Forces de Laplace) pendant quelques microsecondes qui, non seulement compriment radialement le guide sur le noyau, mais en outre, permettent d'obtenir une véritable soudure, par diffusion d'atomes, entre ce quide et le noyau.Crimping by electromagnetic forming consists in introducing the core covered with the guide into a solenoid. The magnetic field generated by this solenoid develops intense forces (Laplace forces) for a few microseconds which not only compress the guide radially on the nucleus, but also make it possible to obtain a true weld, by diffusion of atoms, between what and the nucleus.

Le choix d'un métal ductile tel que le cuivre ou d'un alliage tel que le laiton pour le guide et de l'acier pour le noyau est optimal pour la mise en oeuvre du formage électromagnétique.The choice of a ductile metal such as copper or an alloy such as brass for the guide and steel for the core is optimal for the implementation of electromagnetic forming.

La mise en oeuvre de ce formage électromagnétique permet ainsi d'obtenir une excellente liaison entre le guide et le noyau, tout en étant parfaitement adaptée à une production industrielle en grande série. En effet, les dimensions du guide et du noyau n'ont pas besoin d'être ajustées avec une très grande précision, étant donné que les déformations engendrées lors du sertissage permettent de compenser des écarts dimensionnels.The implementation of this electromagnetic forming thus makes it possible to obtain an excellent bond between the guide and the core, while being perfectly suited to industrial mass production. Indeed, the dimensions of the guide and of the core do not need to be adjusted with great precision, since the deformations generated during crimping compensate for dimensional deviations.

En outre, étant donné que les ondulations du noyau sont reproduites, par le formage électromagnétique, à la surface extérieure du guide, on réduit la surface de contact entre cette surface extérieure et les rayures du canon de l'arme de tir. Etant donné que ces ondulations sont réalisées en une seule opération, en même temps que le sertissage par formage électromagnétique, le coût de fabrication du projectile selon l'invention est nettement inférieur à celui du projectile décrit dans le brevet français 2 536 527.In addition, since the corrugations of the core are reproduced, by electromagnetic forming, on the external surface of the guide, the contact surface between this external surface and the scratches of the barrel of the shooting weapon are reduced. Since these undulations are produced in a single operation, at the same time as the crimping by electromagnetic forming, the cost of manufacturing the projectile according to the invention is significantly lower than that of the projectile described in French patent 2,536,527.

Selon un autre aspect de l'invention, le procédé pour la fabrication du projectile conforme à l'invention comprend de préférence, les étapes suivantes :
    - on réalise un noyau présentant en arrière de sa pointe, une partie sensiblement cylindrique de diamètre réduit et présentant des creux et des saillies,
    - on réalise un guide de forme générale cylindrique dont le diamètre intérieur est sensiblement égal ou légèrement supérieur au diamètre de la partie du noyau qui est destinée à être entourée par le guide,
    - on engage le guide sur ladite partie sensiblement cylindrique du noyau,
    - on sertit le guide sur ladite partie sensiblement cylindrique du noyau par formage électromagnétique, de façon que la surface extérieure du guide reproduise le profil des creux et saillies de la partie précitée du noyau. Ainsi, en partant d'un guide cylindrique, il est possible d'obtenir en une seule opération qui ne nécessite aucun usinage complémentaire une parfaite liaison mécanique entre le guide et le noyau et d'obtenir à la surface du guide le profil ondulé recherché pour réduire les frottements à l'intérieur du canon sans affecter les propriétés balistiques du projectile.According to another aspect of the invention, the method for manufacturing the projectile in accordance with the invention preferably comprises the following steps:
a core is produced having behind its tip, a substantially cylindrical part of reduced diameter and having hollows and protrusions,
a guide of general cylindrical shape is produced, the internal diameter of which is substantially equal to or slightly greater than the diameter of the part of the core which is intended to be surrounded by the guide,
the guide is engaged on said substantially cylindrical part of the core,
- The guide is crimped onto said substantially cylindrical part of the core by electromagnetic forming, so that the outer surface of the guide reproduces the profile of the hollows and projections of the aforementioned part of the core. So in starting from a cylindrical guide, it is possible to obtain in a single operation which does not require any additional machining a perfect mechanical connection between the guide and the core and to obtain on the surface of the guide the corrugated profile sought to reduce friction inside the barrel without affecting the ballistic properties of the projectile.

D'autres particularités et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront encore dans la description ci-après.Other features and advantages of the invention will appear in the description below.

Aux dessins annexés donnés à titre d'exemples non limitatifs :

  • - la figure 1 est une vue en plan du noyau et en coupe longitudinale du guide d'un projectile conforme à l'invention,
  • - la figure 2 est une vue éclatée du guide et du noyau avant leur assemblage,
  • - la figure 3 est une vue en coupe longitudinale du guide engagé sur le noyau, l'ensemble étant introduit dans le solénoïde d'un dispositif de formage électromagnétique,
  • - la figure 4 est une vue en élévation avec arrachement, d'une cartouche conforme à l'invention.
In the appended drawings given by way of nonlimiting examples:
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of the core and in longitudinal section of the guide of a projectile according to the invention,
  • FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the guide and of the core before their assembly,
  • FIG. 3 is a view in longitudinal section of the guide engaged on the core, the assembly being introduced into the solenoid of an electromagnetic forming device,
  • - Figure 4 is an elevational view with cutaway, of a cartridge according to the invention.

Dans la réalisation de la figure 1, le projectile perforant de calibre inférieur ou égal à 40 mm comprend un noyau 1 présentant une pointe avant 2 de forme ogivale classique. Ce noyau 1 est en un métal ou alliage métallique dur et/ou de densité élevée tel que de l'acier trempé et est entouré à l'arrière de sa pointe par un guide 3 de forme générale cylindrique en métal ductile, tel que le cuivre ou le laiton. La partie 4 du noyau 1 qui est entourée par le guide 3 présente des saillies 5 et des creux 6 et le guide 3 est serti sur cette partie 4 du noyau par compression radiale, de telle sorte que la surface intérieure du guide 3 soit liée axialement et en rotation à ladite partie 4 du noyau par l'intermédiaire des saillies 5 et des creux 6 de cette dernière.In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the perforating projectile of caliber less than or equal to 40 mm comprises a core 1 having a front point 2 of conventional ogival shape. This core 1 is made of a metal or hard and / or high density metallic alloy such as hardened steel and is surrounded at the rear of its tip by a guide 3 of shape general cylindrical in ductile metal, such as copper or brass. The part 4 of the core 1 which is surrounded by the guide 3 has projections 5 and recesses 6 and the guide 3 is crimped onto this part 4 of the core by radial compression, so that the inner surface of the guide 3 is axially linked and in rotation to said part 4 of the core via the projections 5 and the recesses 6 of the latter.

Selon l'invention, le guide 3 est serti sur la partie 4 du noyau 1 par formage électromagnétique.According to the invention, the guide 3 is crimped on the part 4 of the core 1 by electromagnetic forming.

Dans l'exemple représenté, la pointe ogivale 2 du noyau est raccordée à la partie 4 entourée par le guide 3, par un épaulement annulaire 7 dont la largeur radiale correspond sensiblement à l'épaisseur e de la paroi du guide 3, le bord de celui-ci étant en appui contre cet épaulement 7.In the example shown, the ogival tip 2 of the core is connected to the part 4 surrounded by the guide 3, by an annular shoulder 7 whose radial width corresponds substantially to the thickness e of the wall of the guide 3, the edge of the latter being in abutment against this shoulder 7.

Par ailleurs, comme on le voit sur la figure 1, les saillies 5 et les creux 6 ménagés sur la partie 4 du noyau sont constitués par des ondulations annulaires et la surface intérieure du guide 3 en contact avec cette partie 4 du noyau épouse le profil de ces ondulations. De même, la surface extérieure du guide 3 présente des ondulations 8 qui suivent le profil des ondulations 5 ménagées sur la partie 4 du noyau. Ainsi, le profil de ces ondulations 5 est prédeterminé en fonction du profil recherché pour les ondulations extérieures 8 du guide.Furthermore, as seen in Figure 1, the projections 5 and the recesses 6 formed on the part 4 of the core consist of annular undulations and the inner surface of the guide 3 in contact with this part 4 of the core follows the profile of these ripples. Similarly, the outer surface of the guide 3 has corrugations 8 which follow the profile of the corrugations 5 formed on the part 4 of the core. Thus, the profile of these corrugations 5 is predetermined as a function of the profile sought for the external corrugations 8 of the guide.

Le diamètre maximum d₁ de la pointe ogivale 2 est légèrement inférieur au calibre traversant du canon de l'arme de tir du projectile.The maximum diameter d₁ of the pointed tip 2 is slightly lower than the through caliber of the barrel of the projectile weapon.

Le diamètre maximum d₄ de la partie 4 du noyau 1 est inférieur au diamètre d₁ de façon que l'épaisseur e de la paroi du guide 3 soit suffisante pour permettre sa déformation lorsqu'elle vient en prise avec les ravures du canon de l'arme de tir. Cette épaisseur e est de l'ordre du mm. L'amplitude des ondulations 8 est comprise entre 0,5 et 1 mm.The maximum diameter d₄ of the part 4 of the core 1 is less than the diameter d₁ so that the thickness e of the wall of the guide 3 is sufficient to allow its deformation when it comes into engagement with the grooves of the barrel of the weapon shooting. This thickness e is of the order of mm. The amplitude of the corrugations 8 is between 0.5 and 1 mm.

Les ondulations 5 ménagées sur la partie 4 du noyau 1 sont telles que le diamètre maximum d₄ soit égal à d₂ - 2e (d₂ étant égal au calibre du projectile) et que le diamètre minimum d₅ du guide soit égal à d₃ - 2e (d₃ étant égal au diamètre minimum du guide qui est égal à d₁ dans l'exemple de la figure 1).The corrugations 5 formed on part 4 of the core 1 are such that the maximum diameter d₄ is equal to d₂ - 2e (d₂ being equal to the caliber of the projectile) and that the minimum diameter d₅ of the guide is equal to d₃ - 2 e (d₃ being equal to the minimum diameter of the guide which is equal to d₁ in the example of FIG. 1).

Les ondulations 8 dont le profil est constitué dans l'exemple de la figure 1 par des arcs de cercle égaux successivement concaves ou convexes, comportent au moins deux arcs formant des bosses qui assurent un parfait guidage du projectile à l'intérieur du canon, tout en limitant les frottements. Par ailleurs, l'amplitude de ces ondulations 8 est suffisamment faible et leur rayon est suffisamment grand pour ne pas affecter les propriétés aérodynamiques du projectile.The corrugations 8, the profile of which is constituted in the example of FIG. 1 by successively concave or convex equal arcs of circle, comprise at least two arcs forming bumps which ensure perfect guidance of the projectile inside the barrel, all by limiting friction. Furthermore, the amplitude of these undulations 8 is sufficiently small and their radius is large enough not to affect the aerodynamic properties of the projectile.

Sur la figure 2, on voit en outre que la partie 4 du noyau 1 présente à l'opposé de la pointe 2 une surface sensiblement tronconique 9 dont la petite base 10 est confondue avec l'extrémité arrière de cette partie. La surface intérieure du guide 3 présente une surface sensiblement tronconique complémentaire de cette surface sensiblement tronconique de la partie 4 du noyau et le guide 3 présente une paroi arrière 11 plaquée contre l'extrémité arrière 10 du noyau 1.In FIG. 2, it can also be seen that the part 4 of the core 1 has, opposite the tip 2, a substantially frustoconical surface 9, the small base 10 of which coincides with the rear end of this part. The inner surface of the guide 3 has a substantially frustoconical surface complementary to this substantially frustoconical surface of the part 4 of the core and the guide 3 has a rear wall 11 pressed against the rear end 10 of the core 1.

On va maintenant décrire en référence aux figures 2 et 3, le procédé de fabrication d'un projectile perforant tel que celui représenté sur la figure 1.We will now describe, with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, the method of manufacturing a perforating projectile such as that shown in FIG. 1.

Ce procédé comprend les étapes suivantes :
    - on réalise un noyau 1 présentant à la partie arrière de sa pointe 2 une partie sensiblement cylindrique 4 de diamètre réduit et présentant des creux 6 et des saillies 5, obtenues par exemple par tournage,
    - on réalise un guide 3 de forme générale cylindrique dont le diamètre intérieur maximum d₆ est sensiblement égal ou légèrement supérieur au diamètre maximum d₄ de la partie 4 du noyau qui est destinée à être entourée par le guide 3. La longueur 1₁ de la cavité intérieure du guide 3 est légèrement inférieure à la longueur 1₂ de la partie 4 du noyau,
    - on engage ensuite le guide 3 sur la partie 4 sensiblement cylindrique du noyau 1 et on sertit le guide 3 sur cette partie 4 sensiblement cylindrique du noyau par formage électromagnétique, au moyen du dispositif représenté schématiquement sur la figure 3.This process includes the following steps:
a core 1 is produced having at the rear part of its tip 2 a substantially cylindrical part 4 of reduced diameter and having recesses 6 and protrusions 5, obtained for example by turning,
- A guide 3 of generally cylindrical shape is produced whose maximum internal diameter d₆ is substantially equal to or slightly greater than the maximum diameter d₄ of the part 4 of the core which is intended to be surrounded by the guide 3. The length 1₁ of the internal cavity of the guide 3 is slightly less than the length 1₂ of the part 4 of the core,
the guide 3 is then engaged on the substantially cylindrical part 4 of the core 1 and the guide 3 is crimped on this substantially cylindrical part 4 by electromagnetic forming, by means of the device shown diagrammatically in FIG. 3.

Ce dispositif de formage électromagnétique a été décrit notamment dans la revue "CETIM-Informations" n°s 80-81-­ Juin 1983 intitulée "Le formage électromagnétique".This electromagnetic forming device has been described in particular in the review "CETIM-Informations" n ° s 80-81- June 1983 entitled "Electromagnetic forming".

Ce dispositif comprend un solénoïde 13 entourant le guide 3 engagé sur la partie 4 du noyau 1. Ce solénoïde 13 est connecté à un générateur 14 de courant électrique. En parallèle des bornes du solénoïde 13 est disposé un condensateur 15. Le circuit électrique comprend d'autre part un interrupteur de charge 16 et un interrupteur de décharge 17.This device comprises a solenoid 13 surrounding the guide 3 engaged on the part 4 of the core 1. This solenoid 13 is connected to a generator 14 of electric current. In parallel with the terminals of the solenoid 13, a capacitor 15 is arranged. The electrical circuit further comprises a charge switch 16 and a discharge switch 17.

Lorsqu'on ferme l'interrupteur de charge 16 puis l'interrupteur de décharge 17, le solénoïde 13 est parcouru par un courant de forme sinusoïdale amortie et un champ magnétique variable est créé à l'intérieur du solénoïde. Ce champ magnétique engendre une force qui comprime radialement le guide 3 sur la partie 4 du noyau. La pression radiale exercée sur le guide est sensiblement donnée par une relation du type
    P = KB²/8π
    où P = pression (en Pascal)
    B = induction (en Tesla)When the charge switch 16 and then the discharge switch 17 are closed, the solenoid 13 is traversed by a current of damped sinusoidal shape and a variable magnetic field is created inside the solenoid. This magnetic field generates a force which compresses the guide 3 radially on the part 4 of the core. The radial pressure exerted on the guide is substantially given by a relation of the type
P = KB² / 8π
where P = pressure (in Pascal)
B = induction (in Tesla)

Ainsi, un solénoïde créant une induction de 30 Teslas engendrera une pression approximative de 7 x 10⁸ Pascals, soit 7000 bars.Thus, a solenoid creating an induction of 30 Teslas will generate an approximate pressure of 7 x 10⁸ Pascals, or 7000 bars.

Cette pression peut paraître faible mécaniquement pour la déformation des matériaux, mais étant donné qu'elle est développé en quelques microsecondes, elle provoque par une forte impulsion une mise en mouvement du matériau (phénomène instantané de plastification) et donc des déformations importantes. Les lois classiques de résistance des matériaux ne sont plus utilisables et l'on a recours à la théorie de la plasticité et aux notions telles que le "module d'élasticité dynamique" ou "la limite apparente d'élasticité variable".This pressure may seem weak mechanically for the deformation of materials, but since it is developed in a few microseconds, it causes by a strong impulse setting in motion of the material (instant phenomenon of plasticization) and therefore significant deformations. The classical laws of resistance of materials are no longer usable and recourse is had to the theory of plasticity and to notions such as the "dynamic elastic modulus" or "the apparent limit of variable elasticity".

Le cuivre ou le laiton utilisé pour le guide 3 et l'acier utilisé pour le noyau 1 forment un couple de matériaux idéal pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé de formage électromagnétique. L'acier du noyau est de préférence de l'acier Z 85 WDCV 6542.The copper or brass used for the guide 3 and the steel used for the core 1 form a pair of ideal materials for the implementation of the electromagnetic forming process. The core steel is preferably Z 85 WDCV 6542 steel.

La mise en oeuvre de ce procédé, tout en étant particulièrement bien adaptée à la production industrielle en très grande série étant donné qu'elle n'implique pas l'utilisation de pièces usinées avec une très grande précision, permet d'obtenir une liaison particulièrement fiable et efficace entre le guide et le noyau.The implementation of this method, while being particularly well suited to industrial production in very large series since it does not involve the use of parts machined with very high precision, allows to obtain a particularly reliable and efficient between the guide and the core.

Un autre avantage de ce procédé réside dans le fait qu'il permet en une seule opération de reproduire à la surface du guide 3 les ondulations qui permettent de limiter les frottements à l'intérieur du canon de l'arme de tir.Another advantage of this process lies in the fact that it allows, in a single operation, to reproduce on the surface of the guide 3 the undulations which make it possible to limit the friction inside the barrel of the shooting weapon.

Ainsi le guide 3 peut être obtenu à partir d'un simple tube étiré. Par ailleurs, les ondulations ménagées sur le noyau n'ont pas besoin d'être usinées avec précision, car le formage électromagnétique confère aux ondulations du guide une surface lisse, même si les ondulations du noyau ne sont pas usinées avec une grande précision. Au contraire, une surface du noyau non usinée avec précision, laissant des microaspérités, est favorable à l'adhérence entre le guide et le noyau.Thus the guide 3 can be obtained from a simple drawn tube. Furthermore, the corrugations formed on the core do not need to be machined with precision, since the electromagnetic forming gives the corrugations of the guide a smooth surface, even if the corrugations of the core are not not machined with great precision. On the contrary, a surface of the core not precisely machined, leaving micro-roughness, is favorable to the adhesion between the guide and the core.

Après mise en oeuvre du procédé que l'on vient de décrire, il suffit d'emboîter le projectile dans un étui classique 18 (voir figure 4) rempli de poudre propulsive pour obtenir une cartouche prête à être utilisée.After implementation of the process which has just been described, it suffices to fit the projectile into a conventional case 18 (see FIG. 4) filled with propellant powder to obtain a cartridge ready to be used.

Bien entendu, l'invention n'est pas limitée aux exemples de réalisation que l'on vient de décrire et on peut apporter à ceux-ci de nombreuses modifications sans sortir du cadre de l'invention.Of course, the invention is not limited to the embodiments which have just been described and many modifications can be made to them without departing from the scope of the invention.

Ainsi, la forme des ondulations ménagées sur la partie 4 du noyau 1 peut être différente de celle représentée sur la figure 1.Thus, the shape of the corrugations formed on the part 4 of the core 1 may be different from that shown in FIG. 1.

Par ailleurs, le guide 3 pourrait être dépourvu de fond et réalisé à partie d'un simple tube étiré, ce qui permet de réduire encore davantage les coûts de fabrication.Furthermore, the guide 3 could be devoid of bottom and made from a simple drawn tube, which further reduces manufacturing costs.

Claims (6)

1. Projectile perforant de calibre inférieur ou égal à 40 mm comprenant un noyau (1) présentant une pointe ayant (2), ce noyau étant en un métal ou alliage métallique dur et/ou de densité élevée, entouré à l'arrière de sa pointe par un guide (3) de forme générale cylindrique en métal ductile, la partie (4) du noyau (1) qui est entourée par le guide (3) présentant des saillies (5) et des creux (6) et le guide étant serti sur cette partie du noyau par compression radiale de telle sorte que la surface intérieure du guide soit liée axialement et en rotation à ladite partie (4) du noyau (1) par l'intermédiaire des saillies et des creux de cette dernière, caractérisé en ce que le guide (3) est serti sur ladite partie (4) du noyau par formage électromagnétique et en ce que ladite partie (4) du noyau (1) présente des ondulations (5, 6), la surface intérieure du guide (3) en contact avec ladite partie du noyau épousant le profil de ces ondulations (5, 6) et la surface extérieure du guide (3) reproduisant le profil des ondulations (5, 6), la forme de ces ondulations étant prédéterminée pour que celles reproduites sur la surface extérieure du guide (3) présentent les propriétés balistiques recherchées.1. A piercing projectile of caliber less than or equal to 40 mm comprising a core (1) having a point having (2), this core being of a hard or high density metal or metal alloy, surrounded at the rear of its tip by a guide (3) of generally cylindrical shape made of ductile metal, the part (4) of the core (1) which is surrounded by the guide (3) having projections (5) and recesses (6) and the guide being crimped on this part of the core by radial compression so that the inner surface of the guide is connected axially and in rotation to said part (4) of the core (1) by means of the projections and recesses of the latter, characterized in that the guide (3) is crimped onto said part (4) of the core by electromagnetic forming and in that said part (4) of the core (1) has undulations (5, 6), the inner surface of the guide (3 ) in contact with said part of the core matching the profile of these corrugations (5, 6) and the outer surface of the guide (3) re producing the profile of the corrugations (5, 6), the shape of these corrugations being predetermined so that those reproduced on the external surface of the guide (3) have the desired ballistic properties. 2. Projectile conforme à la revendication 1, la pointe (2) du noyau (1) ayant une forme ogivale, caractérisé en ce que cette pointe ogivale (2) est raccordée à la partie (4) entourée par le guide (3) par un épaulement annulaire (7) dont la largeur radiale correspond sensiblement ou est inférieure à l'épaisseur (e) de la paroi du guide (3), le bord du guide (3) étant en appui contre cet épaulement (7).2. Projectile according to claim 1, the tip (2) of the core (1) having an ogival shape, characterized in that this ogival tip (2) is connected to the part (4) surrounded by the guide (3) by an annular shoulder (7) whose radial width corresponds substantially or is less than the thickness (e) of the wall of the guide (3), the edge of the guide (3) being in abutment against this shoulder (7). 3. Projectile conforme à l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que ladite partie (4) du noyau (1) présente à l'opposé de la pointe (2) une surface tronconique (9) dont la petite base (10) est confondue avec l'extrémité arrière de cette partie et en ce que la surface intérieure du guide (3) présente une surface tronconique complémentaire de cette surface tronconique de ladite partie du noyau.3. Projectile according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said part (4) of the core (1) has opposite the tip (2) a frustoconical surface (9) including the small base (10) coincides with the rear end of this part and in that the inner surface of the guide (3) has a frustoconical surface complementary to this frustoconical surface of said part of the core. 4. Projectile conforme à l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le guide (3) présente une paroi arrière (11) plaquée contre l'extrémité arrière (10) du noyau (1).4. Projectile according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the guide (3) has a rear wall (11) pressed against the rear end (10) of the core (1). 5. Cartouche comprenant un étui (18) dans lequel est emboîté un projectile conforme à l'une des renvendications 1 à 4.5. Cartridge comprising a case (18) in which is fitted a projectile conforming to one of claims 1 to 4. 6. Procédé pour la fabrication d'un projectile conforme à l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé par les étapes suivantes :
      on réalise un noyau (1) présentant en arrière de sa pointe (2), une partie (4) sensiblement cylindrique de diamètre réduit et présentant des creux et des saillies (5, 6),
      - on réalise un guide (3) de forme générale cylindrique dont le diamètre intérieur est sensiblement égal ou légèrement supérieur au diamètre de la partie (4) du noyau (1) qui est destinée à être entourée par le guide (3),
      - on engage le guide (3) sur ladite partie (4) sensiblement cylindrique du noyau (1),
      - on sertit le guide (3) sur ladite partie (4) sensiblement cylindrique du noyau, par formage électromagnétique, de façon que la surface extérieure du guide (3) reproduise le profil des creux et des saillies de la partie (4) du noyau.6. Method for manufacturing a projectile according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized by the following steps:
a core (1) is produced having, behind its tip (2), a substantially cylindrical part (4) of reduced diameter and having hollows and projections (5, 6),
- A guide (3) of generally cylindrical shape is produced, the internal diameter of which is substantially equal to or slightly greater than the diameter of the part (4) of the core (1) which is intended to be surrounded by the guide (3),
the guide (3) is engaged on said substantially cylindrical part (4) of the core (1),
- the guide (3) is crimped onto said substantially cylindrical part (4) of the core, by electromagnetic forming, so that the external surface of the guide (3) reproduces the profile of the hollows and projections of the part (4) of the core .
EP88400271A 1987-02-11 1988-02-05 Armour-piercing projectile with a hard core and ductile sleeve, and method for its manufacture Expired - Lifetime EP0279732B1 (en)

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AT88400271T ATE56815T1 (en) 1987-02-11 1988-02-05 ARMORING BULLET WITH A HARD CORE AND EXTENSIBLE SOCKET AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR8701691 1987-02-11
FR8701691A FR2610715A1 (en) 1987-02-11 1987-02-11 PERFORATING PROJECTILE WITH HARD CORE AND DUCTILE GUIDE

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EP0279732B1 EP0279732B1 (en) 1990-09-19

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EP (1) EP0279732B1 (en)
KR (1) KR930000303B1 (en)
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US11408717B2 (en) 2020-04-29 2022-08-09 Barnes Bullets, Llc Low drag, high density core projectile

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GB190918589A (en) * 1909-04-15 1910-01-13 Ceska Banka An Improved Projectile.
FR496867A (en) * 1918-09-24 1919-11-19 Fernand Louis Roux Projectile
FR764833A (en) * 1933-02-23 1934-05-29 Soc Fr Munitions De Chasse Further training in the manufacture of projectiles for firearms
US4523872A (en) * 1981-08-12 1985-06-18 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Torsion resistant grooved joint

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GB351004A (en) * 1930-03-15 1931-06-15 Hermann Ernst Gustav Thorismun Improvements in or relating to bullets
US3143966A (en) * 1959-10-02 1964-08-11 Olin Mathieson Expanding bullet
PT77697B (en) * 1982-11-24 1986-02-12 Ladriere Serge IMPROVED PROJECTILE FOR DISCHARGE BY FIREARMS
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GB190918589A (en) * 1909-04-15 1910-01-13 Ceska Banka An Improved Projectile.
FR496867A (en) * 1918-09-24 1919-11-19 Fernand Louis Roux Projectile
FR764833A (en) * 1933-02-23 1934-05-29 Soc Fr Munitions De Chasse Further training in the manufacture of projectiles for firearms
US4523872A (en) * 1981-08-12 1985-06-18 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Torsion resistant grooved joint

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GB2244119A (en) * 1990-05-18 1991-11-20 Rheinmetall Gmbh Jacketed penetrators
GB2244119B (en) * 1990-05-18 1994-05-18 Rheinmetall Gmbh Jacketed penetrators
EP0787969A1 (en) * 1996-02-05 1997-08-06 HECKLER & KOCH GMBH Bullet with core and jacket
US5794320A (en) * 1996-02-05 1998-08-18 Heckler & Koch Gmbh Core bullet manufacturing method
DE19730968B4 (en) * 1996-08-14 2013-09-05 Lapua Oy Method for producing a projectile and projectile
WO2007061318A1 (en) * 2005-11-24 2007-05-31 Performance Bullet Production As Armour penetrating projectile

Also Published As

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AU596504B2 (en) 1990-05-03
CN88100863A (en) 1988-08-31
EP0279732B1 (en) 1990-09-19
KR890700801A (en) 1989-04-27
PT86722B (en) 1993-08-31
CN1017374B (en) 1992-07-08
US4878434A (en) 1989-11-07
DE279732T1 (en) 1989-01-05
MA21180A1 (en) 1988-10-01
YU24488A (en) 1990-10-31
IL85373A0 (en) 1988-07-31
ES2003843B3 (en) 1991-03-01
ZA88869B (en) 1988-08-08
WO1988006266A1 (en) 1988-08-25
BR8805262A (en) 1989-08-15
GR890300043T1 (en) 1989-05-25
NO166814C (en) 1991-09-04
PT86722A (en) 1989-02-28
FI884648A (en) 1988-10-10
GR3002535T3 (en) 1993-01-25
KR930000303B1 (en) 1993-01-15
CS83488A2 (en) 1990-02-12
ES2003843A4 (en) 1988-12-01
NO166814B (en) 1991-05-27
DE3860615D1 (en) 1990-10-25
NO884517L (en) 1988-10-10
FI884648A0 (en) 1988-10-10
NO884517D0 (en) 1988-10-10
AU1292988A (en) 1988-09-14
FR2610715A1 (en) 1988-08-12
ATE56815T1 (en) 1990-10-15
CS271480B2 (en) 1990-10-12
IN167362B (en) 1990-10-13

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