CN100478075C - 用于操纵流体实体的系统 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种用于操纵特别是流体小滴的流体实体的系统包括几个控制电极,其中向所述控制电极施加一个可调节电压以基于电湿润效应来控制所述小滴的位移。在所述流体实体和其中一个控制电极之间有处于固定电压下的反电极。此外,由于所述反电极和控制电极位于流体小滴的相同侧,所以该流体小滴在其远离反电极和控制电极的一侧可被自由使用。因此,该流体小滴可被采用为一种对象载体,并且可以在流体小滴的可自由使用的一侧上放置一个有效载荷。
Description
本发明涉及一种用于操纵流体实体(特别是流体小滴)的系统。
这种用于操纵流体小滴的系统可以从美国专利申请US2002/0079219中获知。
用于操纵流体小滴的已知系统涉及一种微流体性芯片(micro-fluidic chip),其具有通过一个或多个微通道进行流体连接的贮液器(reservoir)。提供了充当控制电极的集成电极。每个所述集成电极被定位在其中一个贮液器中,以便与包含在该贮液器中的材料或介质电接触。提供一个电压控制器,所述集成电极连接到该电压控制器。通过向各集成电极施加电压,所述材料或介质的样品被动电地(electrokinetically)驱动通过所述微通道,以便执行生化处理。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种用于操纵流体小滴的系统,其中改进了对流体小滴的操纵的控制和可靠性。
该目的是通过一种根据本发明的用于操纵流体小滴的系统而实现的,该系统包括:
几个控制电极,其中向所述控制电极施加一个可调节电压;
一个具有固定电压的反电极,其被提供在所述流体小滴和其中一个控制电极之间,并且覆盖对应的控制电极的表面的一部分,特别地,该反电极的宽度与所述控制电极的宽度的比值在从10-5到0.9的范围内。
所述流体实体例如具有流体小滴的形式,其包括具有极性和/或导电的第一流体材料。该流体实体在其一侧邻近一个固体壁。该小滴的其余部分由至少第二流体包围,该第二流体可以是液体、气体或者蒸汽,其比起该流体实体的第一流体具有较低的极性和/或电导率。该小滴及其周围的一种或多种流体应当是不能融合的,也就是说它们应当分离成不同的流体实体。所述反电极和控制电极被提供在该流体小滴的面对固体壁的一侧。通常来说,这些电极是该固体壁的一部分。由于该流体小滴与处于固定电压下的反电极电接触,所以该流体小滴被精确地维持在相同的固定电压下。例如,该反电极被保持在固定的地电位,以便将该流体小滴维持在地电位。当邻近该流体小滴的实际位置的一个控制电极被激活时,该流体小滴在电湿润效应的影响下从一个控制电极向另一个控制电极移动。由于该流体小滴被维持在反电极的固定电压下,因此使得导致流体小滴移动的电湿润激活更为有效。应当注意,驱动该流体小滴进行位移的电位差被更为精确地控制。因此避免了下面的情况:该流体小滴不经意地获得任何其中一个控制电极的电位,从而使其与用于操纵流体小滴的系统的其它结构发生无心的、相对较紧密的电接触。
此外,由于所述反电极和控制电极位于流体小滴的相同侧,所以该流体小滴在其远离反电极和控制电极的一侧可被自由使用。因此,该流体小滴可被采用为一种对象载体,并且可以在流体小滴的可自由使用的一侧上放置一个有效载荷。在流体小滴的可自由使用的一侧,可以从流体小滴上卸载该有效载荷。
在所述反电极和对应的控制电极之间提供电绝缘。因此,反电极和任何已激活的控制电极之间的电位差可以被精确地维持。此外,比起与反电极的电绝缘,该流体小滴与控制电极的电绝缘更强,从而使得流体小滴的电位非常接近反电极的电位,并且可以在流体小滴和任何控制电极之间维持一个显著的电位差。当在控制电极上的电绝缘的厚度远大于反电极上的电绝缘的厚度时,该流体小滴将近似地获得反电极的电位。因此,在流体小滴和已激活的控制电极之间的电位差被精确地维持,以便精确地控制由这些电位差驱动的流体小滴的位移。
优选地,所述电绝缘朝向流体小滴具有一个厌水表面,例如在该电绝缘上布置一个流体接触涂层。该流体接触涂层对于流体实体的前进或者后退运动具有低滞后性(low-hysteresis)。当采用一个厌水涂层作为流体接触涂层时获得了良好的结果。举例来说,将该厌水涂层布置为厌水单层,比如氟硅酸盐单层。这种厌水单层的电绝缘允许流体小滴的电位紧密地逼近反电极的电位。因此,流体小滴与所述电绝缘的厌水表面接触,该厌水表面支持流体小滴从一个控制电极到另一个控制电极的不受限制的移动。术语“厌水”在这里表明与所述固体壁、流体小滴的第一流体以及包围第一流体的第二流体(分别用S、F1和F2表示)相关的界面能γαβ满足以下条件:
应当注意,该流体小滴与该厌水表面成一个超过45度的内部平衡接触角;当该接触角在从70度到110度的范围内时获得了非常好的结果。
优选地,所述反电极具有厌水表面,例如在反电极的背离控制电极的一侧上布置厌水涂层。相应地,减小了反电极和流体小滴之间的粘性,或者换句话说,流体小滴和反电极之间的接触角相对较大,例如在从70度到110度的范围内。当反电极具有厌水表面时,避免了流体小滴粘在反电极上的情况,从而使流体小滴的位移更容易。当采用具有厌水表面的反电极时,发现所述电绝缘不必具有厌水表面。
在所有情况下,重要的是液体小滴的前进接触角与其后退接触角之间的差允许一个足够的电湿润效应,以便在保持流体实体位置和令其位移二者之间进行切换。这个角度差(称为接触角滞后)可以放置流体小滴在电湿润效应下移动,这是通过使得流体小滴在发生了第一次接触之后更为粘着在表面上。在实践中,当前进接触角和后退接触角之间的角度差(或者滞后)不超过20度时获得了流体实体的控制良好的位移。
当所述控制电极以二维图案安排时,分别在反电极和/或电绝缘上布置厌水表面或厌水涂层的措施是特别有利的,从而使流体小滴的基本不受限制的二维位移成为可能。
下面将参照实施例来进一步详述本发明的这些和其它方面。
下面将参照下述实施例并且参考附图来阐明本发明的这些和其它方面,其中:
图1示出了用于操纵流体小滴的系统的一个实施例的示意截面图;
图2示出了图1的用于操纵流体小滴的系统的该实施例的示意顶视图;
图3示出了用于操纵流体小滴的系统的一个实施例的示意截面图;以及
图4示出了用于操纵流体小滴的系统的一个替换实施例的示意截面图。
图1示出了用于操纵流体小滴的系统的一个实施例的示意截面图。特别地,图1示出了沿图2和3中所示的平面A-A的截面,该平面横穿基板40的表面。在基板40上布置有控制电极33、34。此外还示出了反电极31。在反电极31和控制电极33、34之间提供电绝缘体32,其被形成为一个电绝缘层,例如含氮聚对二甲苯(parylene-N)。在该电绝缘层之上、并且优选地也在反电极之上布置一个厌水涂层41,例如无定形氟聚合物AF-1600,其由Dupont提供。作为一个替换方案,该电绝缘层由诸如AF-1600的厌水绝缘体形成。所述反电极可以涂敷有单层厌水材料,例如氟化硅。
一个电控制系统电连接到所述控制电极。该电控制系统包括一个电压源36和一组开关35。所述开关以受控方式操作,以便连续激活邻近的控制电极。可以采用任何开关机制;非常适用的开关例如是薄膜晶体管或者光耦合器。在图1中,示出了激活控制电极33的情形。当前位于控制电极34处的流体小滴37将在电湿润效应的影响下移位到邻近控制电极33,如虚线所示。在实践中,发生位移的小滴38在其前进侧(图的右边)的接触角小于在其后退侧(图的左边)的接触角。这个电压影响载送流体小滴和基板表面之间的相互作用。应当注意,流体小滴和基板40上层叠的各层的接触角的余弦近似地随着该层叠(stack)相对于流体的电位的模数的平方而减小。也就是说,当施加一个电压时,在电极区域中使得该层叠实际上更为亲水。这一现象常被称为“电湿润”,并且在H.J.J.Verheijen和M.W.J.Prins的文章“Reversible electrowetting and trapping of charge:Model andExperiments”(Langmuir 19(1999)6616-6620的)作了更详细的讨论。
图2示出了图1的用于操纵流体小滴的系统的该实施例的示意顶视图。应当注意,图2示出反电极31比控制电极33、34更窄。特别地,反电极的宽度与控制电极的宽度的比值可以在从10-5到0.9的范围内;特别在从10-3到0.2的较窄范围内得到了良好的结果。同样重要的是,反电极典型地不宽于所谓的毛细管长度(capillary length)lc的一半,其中 γLV是液体的表面张力,ρ是流体密度,而g是重力加速度。在该流体由一个包围流体所包围的情形中,该毛细管长度与重力加速度无关。这保证了由反电极的湿润造成的流体小滴扰动受到良好的控制。所述控制电极具有彼此相向的锯齿形边界。由于反电极比控制电极窄得多,因此控制电极的电场实际上影响流体小滴与电极层叠的粘性。反电极31比起控制电极与流体小滴具有好得多的电接触,从而使得流体小滴37的电位保持与反电极的电位相等。
图3示出了用于操纵流体小滴的系统的一个实施例的示意截面图。特别地,图3示出了沿着平面B-B的截面,该平面横穿基板40的表面。从图3可以明显看出,反电极31比控制电极33、34更窄,并且流体小滴在控制电极上延伸。在电绝缘层32上施加厌水涂层41。作为一个替换方案,该电绝缘层可以由厌水材料形成,以便将电绝缘层32和厌水层41形成为单个厌水电绝缘层。
图4示出了用于操纵流体小滴的系统的一个替换实施例的示意截面图。在图4所示的实施例中,厌水涂层41既覆盖电绝缘层32也覆盖反电极31。在反电极上的厌水涂层41比起在电绝缘层32上的厌水涂层要薄得多。该厌水涂层的厚度可以从1至几nm的单层一直到几百nm(例如200-700nm)的涂层。在反电极31上的厌水涂层41的较小厚度获得了流体小滴37和反电极的电容性耦合。当采用厌水涂层41时,该电绝缘层本身不必是厌水的,并且例如由含氮聚对二甲苯制成。此外,如果反电极较薄,则它可以被布置在层41之上,在此之后,由部分地用电极31覆盖的绝缘体32构成的整个表面完全用均匀厚度的厌水层覆盖。这提供了易于构造的优点。反电极例如可以是10nm的薄金属层,其通过利用遮板(shadow mask)进行蒸发而被施加。
Claims (9)
1、一种用于操纵流体实体(37)的系统,包括:
多个拉制电极(33,34),其中向所述多个控制电极施加一个可调节电压,
其特征在于该系统还包括:
一个具有固定电压的反电极(31),其被提供在所述流体实体和其中一个控制电极之间,并且覆盖对应的控制电极的表面的一部分,
在所述反电极和对应的控制电极之间提供的电绝缘。
2、如权利要求1所述的用于操纵流体实体的系统,其中该反电极的宽度与所述多个控制电极的宽度的比值在从10-5到0.9的范围内。
3、如权利要求1所述的用于操纵流体实体的系统,其中所述电绝缘具有面向所述流体实体的厌水表面。
4、如权利要求1所述的用于操纵流体实体的系统,其中所述反电极具有面向所述流体实体的厌水表面。
5、如权利要求4所述的用于操纵流体实体的系统,其中厌水表面是布置在该反电极上的厌水涂层,并且该厌水涂层比所述电绝缘薄。
6、如权利要求1所述的用于操纵流体实体的系统,其中以空间二维图案安排所述多个控制电极。
7、如权利要求1所述的用于操纵流体实体的系统,其中在所述反电极和所述流体实体之间的电阻小于在所述多个控制电极和所述流体实体之间的电阻。
8、如权利要求1所述的用于操纵流体实体的系统,其包括一个电控制系统,以便
通过将一个电压施加到单独的控制电极,来激活该单独的控制电极,以及
通过将单独的去激活的控制电极电连接到地电位,来去激活该单独的去激活的控制电极。
9、如权利要求1所述的用于操纵流体实体的系统,其中所述流体实体被一种或多种流体所包围,所述一种或多种流体彼此之间不能融合,并且也不能与所述流体实体的流体融合。
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