CA2171828A1 - Flow conditioner - Google Patents
Flow conditionerInfo
- Publication number
- CA2171828A1 CA2171828A1 CA002171828A CA2171828A CA2171828A1 CA 2171828 A1 CA2171828 A1 CA 2171828A1 CA 002171828 A CA002171828 A CA 002171828A CA 2171828 A CA2171828 A CA 2171828A CA 2171828 A1 CA2171828 A1 CA 2171828A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- plate
- flow
- vanes
- conditioner according
- pipe
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15D—FLUID DYNAMICS, i.e. METHODS OR MEANS FOR INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F15D1/00—Influencing flow of fluids
- F15D1/02—Influencing flow of fluids in pipes or conduits
- F15D1/025—Influencing flow of fluids in pipes or conduits by means of orifice or throttle elements
Abstract
A flow conditioner for insertion into a pipe conveying a fluid flow. The conditioner incorporates an apertured plate which is arranged perpendicular to the flow through the pipe and defines apertures located so as to distribute the flow radially in an approximation to fully developed flow. A vane assembly is positioned upstream of the plate, each of the vanes being located such that a normal to the vane is perpendicular to the direction flow. The combination of the vane assembly and the apertured plate effectively suppresses non-uniform flow velocity, swirl and turbulence.
Description
WO 95/0806~ PCT/N09-1/OOlS2 FLOW CONDITIONER
The present invention relates to a flow conditioner.
In order to make accurate measurements of the rate of flow of a fluid passing along a pipe; it is necessary to measure the fluid flow at a position along the pipework where that fluid flow is stable. When a fluid passes around a bend in pipework or passes a restriction in the pipework in the form of for e~ample a valve, the fluid flow is disturbed and unpredictable flow veloci~y, turbulence and swirl results. If the fluid continues to flow along a straight pipe, flow conditions gradually settle until a !'fully developed condition" is established. The term "fully developed condition!' is used to indicate flow conditions which will not change significantly, assuming that the flow continues along a straight pipe of constant cross-section and uniform internal surface.
It is generally thought that in a straight pipe a fully developed condition can only be relied upon downstream of a bend or other disturbance in a pipe at a distance from the disturbance egual to at least one hundred times the pipe diameter. Flow velocity and turbulence can generally be relied upon to n2ve stabiiised after this distance, but swirl can require an even lcnger settling distance. In manv circumstances it is desirable to be able to for example measure a fiow at a distance of less than one hundred times the pipe diameter from a disturbance, and accordinglv it is normal practice to include 2 flow conditioning device downstream OI a disturbance so as to reduce the ~ipe distance required for ~he establishment of fully deveioped flow conditions.
~ lany flow conditioning devices have 'oeen proposed. A useful summary OI various designs of flow conditioning devices is contained in the pubiication 'Flow ~leasurement Engineering Handbook" by R.W.
~liller, !~lcCraw Hill Publishing Company. This document describes various conditioning uni-s whic~ are re~e red to as tube bundles, plate conditione s. Sprenkle conditioners, Etoile conditioners and Zanker condi ~ione-s.
Tube bundles are conditioners ir. the form of a simple bundle of tubes whicn occup~ the full diameter of he main pipe. Typically WO 95/0806-~ PCT/NO94/001S2 ~
æ~ 2 there will be of the order of twenty pipes in the bundle. Such conditioners are effective in reducing or removing swirl but are not particularly e~fective at stabilising flow velocity or reducing turbulence. Etoile conditioners are in the form of an array of vanes which meet along the main pipe axis and extend radially to abut the inside wall of the main pipe. Such conditioners are also reasonably effective against swirl, but produce a very poor downstream flow distribution as the solid geometry at its centre gives rise to a distinct wake along the pipe axis which is extremely slow to develop.
Plate conditioners are in the form of simple apertured plates of limited axial length, for example of the order of one eighth of the pipe diamete-. One such plate conditioner is described in British Patent No. 1375908. In that plate conditioner, the apertures in the plate are not axi-symmetric and therefore the downstream flow conditions are sensitive to the orientation of the flow conditioner relative to the flow. This problem is overcome in the plate flow conditioner described in International Patent Specification No. WO
91/0145Z which is axi-symmetric and in which the apertures are arranged such that the impedance to flow presented by the plate increases with the radius on which a given array of apertures is arranged.
The flow conditioner described in WO 91/01452 has been demonstrated to be capable of producing a downstream flow quality which is close to fully developed flow in a relatively short pipe length. For example if the plate conditioner is positioned three pipe diameters downstream of a source of disturbance, the flow quality is close to fullv developed flow at a distance of nine pipe diameters downstream from the conditioner. This has enabled the plate conditioner to meet exacting International standards with respect to the time mean flow distribution. This plate conditioner is not so effective, however, in dealing with turbulence and it can be shown to be unable to reproduce in a reasonable pipe length the correcl axial turbulence intensity distribution.
The S~renkle conditioner comprises a series of plates interconnected by supporting rods, each of the plates being provided with a relatively large number of aperlures. The Sprenkle conditioner exhibits the same problems as any other plate conditioner and in ~ WO 95/0806~ PCT/NO9~/00152 addition is not able to produce the required flow velocity distribution.
The Zanker conditioner comprises what is in effect a tube bundle in the form OI a honeycomb located immediately downstream of an apertured plate which is thin in the axial direction. The honeycomb is defined bv two sets of vanes, each set comprising five vanes which are regularly spaced apart across the pipe diameter, and the vanes of one set being perpendicular to the other. Thus the intersecting vanes define a series of si.Yteen tubes of square section with sixteen smaller tubes arranged around the edge of the pipe. The Zanker conditioner does not ?rovide an acceptable performance, possibly because the upstream plate is too thin to be effective, but certainly because the apertures in the upstream plate are not distributed in an appropriate manner to proauce the required flow velocity distribution. In any event, the honeycomb bundle downstream of the plate would not allow stable flow conditions to be maintained downstream of the conditioner even if such conditions could be established immediately downstream of the plate. Furthermore, the downstream honeycomb tube bundle although effective in dealing with swirl cannot produce the required turbulence disr-ibution.
It is an ooject of the present invention to obviate or mitigate the problems ou.lined above.
Accordin~ to the present invention, there is provided a flow conditioner c insertion into a pipe of predetermined diameter conveying a fluid flow, the conditioner comprising an apertured plate and a vane assembly, the plate in use being arranged perpendicular to the flow and defining apertures which are located so as to distribute the flow radiz!~y in an approYimation to the flow distribution in a fully develope~- flow, and the vane assembly in use being located upstream cf the plate and being formed from a plurality of vanes distributed suc: that the normal to each vane is perpendicular to the direction of flow.
The comcination of a plate capable of dealing with non-uniform flow distr buticns with an upstream vane assembly enables the best features of pla;e conditioners to be obtained whilst at the same time suppressing sw rl and turbulerice. The vanes may be located in contact wit:h o- spaced from the upstream side OI the plate, the vanes WO 95/080~4 ~ Qo PCT/1~1094/00l5 preferably being wholly located within a distance of the plate equal to the diameter of the pipe. The axial length of each vane could be for e~ample one quarter of the pipe diameter, or more preferably one eighth of the pipe diameter. Thus a structure which is very compact in the axial direction can be provided.
The vanes may be mounted on and e~ctend from the plate.
Preferably the vanes are arranged so as not to cut across any of the apertures in the plate. In one arrangement each vane may extend radially from adjacent the pipe wall to adjacent a central aperture in the plale. In an alternative arrangement the vanes may be arranged in two sets which are mutually perpendicular, the vanes in each set being spaced apart so as to define a rectangular array. Such a vane assembly is known from the Zanker conditioner described above but the conditioner differs crucially from the Zanker conditioner in that the vanes are located upstream rather than downstream of the conditioning plate.
Preferably the plate is of the form described in International Patent Specification No. WO 91/01452. Alternative conditioning plate configurations can however be used in embodiments of the present invention and still provide an enhanced performance as compared with prior art devices.
In addition to the upstream vane assembly, further vanes may be located downstream of the plate. Such further vanes can be in the form of rectangular plates distributed around the edge of the conditioner plate, extending radially and aYially for a distance of appro~cimate!y one eighth of the pipe diameter.
rmbodiments of the present invention will now be desc ibed, by way OI e~ample, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 is a front view of a flow conditioner in accord ~ nce with the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a section through Fig. 1 aiong the line 2-2 c r ig. 1;
r igs. 3 to 11 are graphs illustrating the performance of .he flow conditioner illustrated in Figs. i and 2:
Fig. 12 is a front view of a known apertured piate conditioner of the type described in British Patent SpeCiIiCation ~o. 13, ~908;
Figs. 13 and 14 illustrate the performance OT a flow con.ditioner ~ WO 95/0806~ 21 7 I ~ 2 ~ PCT/~O9~/00152 -in accordance with the present invention incorporating a plate of the type shown in Fig. lZ;
Fig. lo is a front view of a plate apertured in the manner of a known Zanker conditioner;
Figs. 16 and 17 illustrate the performance of an embodiment of the present invention incorporating a plate of the type shown in Fig.
15;
Fig. 18 illustrates the performance of an embodiment of the invention with no downstream vanes;
Fig. 19 illustrates an alternative vane ccnfiguration;
Figs. 20 and 21 illustrate the performance of an alternative embodiment of the present invention incorporating the vane configuration of Fig. 19; and Figs. 22 and 23 illustrate the performance of a further embodiment of the present invention incorporating the vane configuration of Fig. 19.
Referring to the accompanying drawings, Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The illustrated conditiorler comprises an apertured plate 1 on the upstream side of which si~ radially extending vanes 2 are supported. Six further plates 3 are mounted on the downstream side of the plate, each of the plates 3 being axiallv aligned with a respective one of the vanes Z. The direction of flow of the fluid which is to be conditioned by the illus~rated device is indicated by arrow 4.
The piate has a central aper~ure to the edge of which each of the vanes 2 e:~tends. Inner and outer rings of apertures are arranged in a regular arrav around the central aperture, the inner ring comprising si~ apertures and the outer ring comprising twelve apertures. The proportion of the plate which is occupied by apertures is 6096. The diameter of the active portion of the plate, that is the diameter of the circie touched bv the radially outer edges of the vanes 2, is equal to 103.125mm. This corresponds to the internal diameter of ~ he pipe in which the condilioner is to be inserted. The diameter of ~ne central aperture in the plate is 21.4mm, the diameter of each ape.ture in the inner ring is 20.34mm, and the diameter of each aperture in the outer ring is 16.93mm. The thickness of the plate is 12.89mm, that is one eighth of the internal diameter of the pipe. The W095/l~gO~J ~ PCI/N094/01~152~ ' axial length of each vane on both sides of the plate is the same as the plate thic~cness, and the radial length of each of the downstre~m vanes 3 is equal to the plate thickness. Each of the vanes 2 and 3 is fabricated from a metallic sheet which is lmm thicL~.
Referring to Fig. 3, the vertical axis is representative of a non-dimensional velocity and the horizontal axis is representative of a non-dimensional distance corresponding to the position across a diameter of the pipe. The pipe axis corresponds to the centre of the horizontal axis.
Fig. 3 illustrates the performance of the plate of Figs. 1 and 2, with the plate located three pipe diameters downstream of a ball valve. In the drawings, results are given for three valve positions, that is position A (valve fully open), position B (valve 50% closed), and position C (valve 70% closed). The results are displayed in the form of prof;les measured at a distance Z downstream from the plate where the plane Z=0 corresponds to the downstream face of the plate. The velocity U is the local velocity measured across the pipe of diameter D at a distance Y, where Y is the distance measured from one inside face of the pipe, the pipe having a diameter of ZR. The non-r~;me~cional velocity value is obtained by dividing the local velocity by the area weighted mean velocity.
As is apparent from Figs. 3, 4 and i, the velocitv distribution for all three valve positions has effectively ceased to develop at a distance downstream from the plate of Z/D = 2.~. Fig. 3 shows the results with the valve fully open (condition A), Fig. 4 shows the results with a valve in condition B, and Fig. ~ shows the results with the valve in condition C. Fig. 6 compares the velocity, profiles at valve positions A, B and C for Z/D = 2.~. The lines labelled plus and minus 6~6 represent the limits permitted in International Standard IS0 5167. Clearly at Z/D = 2.5 the flow is well within these limits.
A study of the axial turbulence intensity profiles for the plate of Figs. l and 2 produced the results shown in Figs. 7 to 9 Fig. 7 shows the axial turbulence intensity in percent with the valve fully open (condition A), Fig. 8 the equivalent results wi;h ~he valve in condition B, and Fig. 9 the equivalent results for the valve in condition C. Fig. lO compares the axial turbulence intensity, profiles obtained at ZID = 2.5 for the three different valve settings, the curve ~ WO 9~/0806-~ 71 ~2 ~ PCT/No94/00152 identified as D corresponding to fully developed flow. The fully developed flow condition was obtained by taking measurements of the flow at a distance of one hundred pipe diameters downstream of the device, there being no disturbances between the device and the measurement point. It is clear that the axial turbulence results were very satisfactory, particularly near the pipe centre line.
Fig. ll shows the equivalent results at distance Z/D = 2.5 downstream of a conditioner plate corresponding to the plate l of Fig.
l and 2 without the vanes 2 and 3 of Fig. l and 2. The performance improvement which results by adding the vanes is clearly represented by the difference between Figs. lO and ll. For the worst case, with the valve condition C, the a.~ial turbulence level at Z/D = 2.5 has a maximum value close to 459~ and a distinct asymmetry. The asymmetry is removed and the centre line level drops to close to ~% with the addition of the vanes shown in Figs. l and 2.
The embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figs. l and Z is clearly far superior to prior art devices. Having established that the addition of vanes to the known apertured plate conditioner remarkably improved its performance, tests were conducted by positioning vanes upstream of other flow conditioning devices. Fig. 12 illustrates the form of a known alternative apertured plate having an axial thickness equal to one eighth of the internal diameter of the pipe. It was found that these plates were not as effective in distributing the flow as the plate incorporated in the arrangement of Figs. 1 and 2 and therefore it was found necessary to allow a longer settling length downstream of the condi;ioner before any meaningful co;nparisons couid be made.
Also the ?la.e of Fig. 12 is radially asymmetric and it was not therefore possible to mount radially extending vanes of the type shown in Figs. 1 and 2 on the upstream face of the plate shown in Fig.
12. Accordingly the vanes were positioned so that the downstream edge of the vanes were spaced from the upstream face of the plate of Fig. 12 by a d.stance equal to half the pipe diameter. As in the case of the embodiment of Figs. l and 2, six vanes were used with a 60 pitch between them.
Fig. 13 shows a comparison of the velocity distribution measured at a downs.ream distance of Z/D = 6.i in the case of the ?late of Fig.
12 with ar.d without vanes for the three valve conditions .~, B and C.
WO 95/0806~ PCT/NO9.~/OOlS2~
2~ 2~
The results corresponding to condition A with vanes is represented in Fig. 13 by the condition A+V. A similar notation is used for the other five cases illustrated. It is clear from Fig. 13 that the addition of the vanes has improved the effectiveness of the plate. This is most apparent from the worst case, that is valve setting C. With the addition of upstream vanes the severe distortion which is evident without the vanes has been signific~ntly reduced.
The effectiveness of the upstream vanes is more clearly apparent from Fig. 14 which shows the axial turbulence in~ensity profiles for the same test conditions as for Fig. 13, the results also being at a distance of Z/D = 6.5. Clearly the addition of the upstream vanes produces a sig~ificant reduction in the turbulence intensity level for all three valve conditions.
Fig. 15 is a front view of a plate having apertures distributed across its surface in the manner of the apertures formed in the end plate of a conventional Zanker conditioner. It will be seen that there are four rows of four apertures in a regular rectangular array, with sixteen further apertures distributed around the periphery. Clearly this is very much an asymmetric distribution and accordingly as in the case of the plate illustrated in Fig. 12 results were derived from measurements taken at a downstream distance of Z/D = 6.~.
Fig. 16 compares the velocity distribution measured downstream of the plate of Fig. 15 with and without upstream vanes of the type used with the plate of Fig. 12 and described above. It is clear that the time mean velocity profiles with the upstream vanes are closer to the fully developed distribution, with the most significant improvement being seen for the worst case (condition C).
Fig. 17 shows the corresponding a.Yial turbulence intensity measurements, again illustrating the significant benefii of putting vanes upstream of the conditioner plate. With the upstream vanes the turbulence level is reduced considerably and the profile is much close to that for fully developed flow.
Given that the addition of vanes onlv on ;he upst-eam side of plates of the type shown in Figs. 12 and 1~ resultea ir. significant improvements in performance, further results were der ved for a plate of the type used in the embodimen~ of Figs. i and 2, but with a 5096 porosity. The upstream vanes were spaced from ;he ups.ream side of WO 95/0806-1 ~ f~ PCT/NO9~/00152 the plate by a distance equal to half the pipe diameter. There were no downstream vanes. Fig. 18 compares the axial turbulence intensity profiles measured at Z/D = 2.5 for this arrangement. Once again the effectiveness of the vanes is demonstrated.
Tests were then conducted with alternative vanes structures to the six radial vane arrangement illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. In particular, an upstream vane assembly was manufactured having an axial appearance as shown in Fig. 19. This vane assembly in effect is made up from a first set of five vanes running perpendicular to a second set of five vanes, the vanes of each set being evenly distributed. Such a vane distribution is fAmiliAr from the Zanker conditioner but it is of fundamental importance that in accordance with the present invention the vanes are located upstream of the associated plate in contrast to the arrangement in a Zanker conditioner where the vanes are arranged downstream of the associated plate.
Fig. 20 shows the results obtained with the plate 1 of Figs. 1 and 2 without the vanes 2 and 3, but with a honeycomb of the form shown in Fig. 19 placed immediately upstream of the plate, the axial length of the honeycomb being equal to one plate diameter. Fig. 20 shows the worst case results, that is valve setting condition C, the lines labelled plus and minus 696 representing the limits recommended in ISO 516,. Fig. 21 compares the a~ial turbulence intensity profiles measured downstream of the same honeycomb-plate combination with the axial intensity profile measured after one hundred pipe diameters o~ developme~t iength. Clearly the plane surfaces of the honeycomb have resulted in the plate producing a condition very close to fully developed flow in a very short pipe length.
The same honeycomb vane assembly was tested with the plate of Fig. 12. The honeycomb section was placed roughly 0.4 pipe diameters upst eam of the plate. Fig. 2 shows the time mean velocity profile resuits for the worst case condition, that is valve setting C.
The profiles are compared with the limits recommended in ISO 5167.
Whilst the figures show the resuits are stiil not within the iimits, the downstream proIiles are a significant improvement on those measured for the plale aione (see r ig. i3). The corresponding a~ial turbulence intensity proIiies are shown in Fig. 23. ~gain these profiles are W0 95/08064 2 ~ PCT/N094/001~2 compared with the fully developed distribution. The improvement induced by the presence of the honeycomb is clearly noted from a comparison with the results shown in Fig. i4.
Thus the modifications which form the basis of the present invention offer a flow conditioning device capable of operating with very short upstream settling lengths and producing acceptable time mean flow and turbulence intensity profile conditions within a downstream settling length of only a few pipe diameters. These shorter lengths represent a significant step forward in reducing the pipe lengths required for efficient metering stations. Thus the addition of vanes upstream of a flow conditioning device has been demonstrated to reduce the turbulence intensity level in the flow downstream of the plate and to promote the more rapid establishment of fully developed flow conditions. Whilst the radial symmetry of the plate used in the embodiment of Figs. 1 and 2 lends itself well to the inclusion of vanes on the plate itself, vanes can be used upstream of other flow conditioning devices to improve the downstream flow quality.
The present invention relates to a flow conditioner.
In order to make accurate measurements of the rate of flow of a fluid passing along a pipe; it is necessary to measure the fluid flow at a position along the pipework where that fluid flow is stable. When a fluid passes around a bend in pipework or passes a restriction in the pipework in the form of for e~ample a valve, the fluid flow is disturbed and unpredictable flow veloci~y, turbulence and swirl results. If the fluid continues to flow along a straight pipe, flow conditions gradually settle until a !'fully developed condition" is established. The term "fully developed condition!' is used to indicate flow conditions which will not change significantly, assuming that the flow continues along a straight pipe of constant cross-section and uniform internal surface.
It is generally thought that in a straight pipe a fully developed condition can only be relied upon downstream of a bend or other disturbance in a pipe at a distance from the disturbance egual to at least one hundred times the pipe diameter. Flow velocity and turbulence can generally be relied upon to n2ve stabiiised after this distance, but swirl can require an even lcnger settling distance. In manv circumstances it is desirable to be able to for example measure a fiow at a distance of less than one hundred times the pipe diameter from a disturbance, and accordinglv it is normal practice to include 2 flow conditioning device downstream OI a disturbance so as to reduce the ~ipe distance required for ~he establishment of fully deveioped flow conditions.
~ lany flow conditioning devices have 'oeen proposed. A useful summary OI various designs of flow conditioning devices is contained in the pubiication 'Flow ~leasurement Engineering Handbook" by R.W.
~liller, !~lcCraw Hill Publishing Company. This document describes various conditioning uni-s whic~ are re~e red to as tube bundles, plate conditione s. Sprenkle conditioners, Etoile conditioners and Zanker condi ~ione-s.
Tube bundles are conditioners ir. the form of a simple bundle of tubes whicn occup~ the full diameter of he main pipe. Typically WO 95/0806-~ PCT/NO94/001S2 ~
æ~ 2 there will be of the order of twenty pipes in the bundle. Such conditioners are effective in reducing or removing swirl but are not particularly e~fective at stabilising flow velocity or reducing turbulence. Etoile conditioners are in the form of an array of vanes which meet along the main pipe axis and extend radially to abut the inside wall of the main pipe. Such conditioners are also reasonably effective against swirl, but produce a very poor downstream flow distribution as the solid geometry at its centre gives rise to a distinct wake along the pipe axis which is extremely slow to develop.
Plate conditioners are in the form of simple apertured plates of limited axial length, for example of the order of one eighth of the pipe diamete-. One such plate conditioner is described in British Patent No. 1375908. In that plate conditioner, the apertures in the plate are not axi-symmetric and therefore the downstream flow conditions are sensitive to the orientation of the flow conditioner relative to the flow. This problem is overcome in the plate flow conditioner described in International Patent Specification No. WO
91/0145Z which is axi-symmetric and in which the apertures are arranged such that the impedance to flow presented by the plate increases with the radius on which a given array of apertures is arranged.
The flow conditioner described in WO 91/01452 has been demonstrated to be capable of producing a downstream flow quality which is close to fully developed flow in a relatively short pipe length. For example if the plate conditioner is positioned three pipe diameters downstream of a source of disturbance, the flow quality is close to fullv developed flow at a distance of nine pipe diameters downstream from the conditioner. This has enabled the plate conditioner to meet exacting International standards with respect to the time mean flow distribution. This plate conditioner is not so effective, however, in dealing with turbulence and it can be shown to be unable to reproduce in a reasonable pipe length the correcl axial turbulence intensity distribution.
The S~renkle conditioner comprises a series of plates interconnected by supporting rods, each of the plates being provided with a relatively large number of aperlures. The Sprenkle conditioner exhibits the same problems as any other plate conditioner and in ~ WO 95/0806~ PCT/NO9~/00152 addition is not able to produce the required flow velocity distribution.
The Zanker conditioner comprises what is in effect a tube bundle in the form OI a honeycomb located immediately downstream of an apertured plate which is thin in the axial direction. The honeycomb is defined bv two sets of vanes, each set comprising five vanes which are regularly spaced apart across the pipe diameter, and the vanes of one set being perpendicular to the other. Thus the intersecting vanes define a series of si.Yteen tubes of square section with sixteen smaller tubes arranged around the edge of the pipe. The Zanker conditioner does not ?rovide an acceptable performance, possibly because the upstream plate is too thin to be effective, but certainly because the apertures in the upstream plate are not distributed in an appropriate manner to proauce the required flow velocity distribution. In any event, the honeycomb bundle downstream of the plate would not allow stable flow conditions to be maintained downstream of the conditioner even if such conditions could be established immediately downstream of the plate. Furthermore, the downstream honeycomb tube bundle although effective in dealing with swirl cannot produce the required turbulence disr-ibution.
It is an ooject of the present invention to obviate or mitigate the problems ou.lined above.
Accordin~ to the present invention, there is provided a flow conditioner c insertion into a pipe of predetermined diameter conveying a fluid flow, the conditioner comprising an apertured plate and a vane assembly, the plate in use being arranged perpendicular to the flow and defining apertures which are located so as to distribute the flow radiz!~y in an approYimation to the flow distribution in a fully develope~- flow, and the vane assembly in use being located upstream cf the plate and being formed from a plurality of vanes distributed suc: that the normal to each vane is perpendicular to the direction of flow.
The comcination of a plate capable of dealing with non-uniform flow distr buticns with an upstream vane assembly enables the best features of pla;e conditioners to be obtained whilst at the same time suppressing sw rl and turbulerice. The vanes may be located in contact wit:h o- spaced from the upstream side OI the plate, the vanes WO 95/080~4 ~ Qo PCT/1~1094/00l5 preferably being wholly located within a distance of the plate equal to the diameter of the pipe. The axial length of each vane could be for e~ample one quarter of the pipe diameter, or more preferably one eighth of the pipe diameter. Thus a structure which is very compact in the axial direction can be provided.
The vanes may be mounted on and e~ctend from the plate.
Preferably the vanes are arranged so as not to cut across any of the apertures in the plate. In one arrangement each vane may extend radially from adjacent the pipe wall to adjacent a central aperture in the plale. In an alternative arrangement the vanes may be arranged in two sets which are mutually perpendicular, the vanes in each set being spaced apart so as to define a rectangular array. Such a vane assembly is known from the Zanker conditioner described above but the conditioner differs crucially from the Zanker conditioner in that the vanes are located upstream rather than downstream of the conditioning plate.
Preferably the plate is of the form described in International Patent Specification No. WO 91/01452. Alternative conditioning plate configurations can however be used in embodiments of the present invention and still provide an enhanced performance as compared with prior art devices.
In addition to the upstream vane assembly, further vanes may be located downstream of the plate. Such further vanes can be in the form of rectangular plates distributed around the edge of the conditioner plate, extending radially and aYially for a distance of appro~cimate!y one eighth of the pipe diameter.
rmbodiments of the present invention will now be desc ibed, by way OI e~ample, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 is a front view of a flow conditioner in accord ~ nce with the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a section through Fig. 1 aiong the line 2-2 c r ig. 1;
r igs. 3 to 11 are graphs illustrating the performance of .he flow conditioner illustrated in Figs. i and 2:
Fig. 12 is a front view of a known apertured piate conditioner of the type described in British Patent SpeCiIiCation ~o. 13, ~908;
Figs. 13 and 14 illustrate the performance OT a flow con.ditioner ~ WO 95/0806~ 21 7 I ~ 2 ~ PCT/~O9~/00152 -in accordance with the present invention incorporating a plate of the type shown in Fig. lZ;
Fig. lo is a front view of a plate apertured in the manner of a known Zanker conditioner;
Figs. 16 and 17 illustrate the performance of an embodiment of the present invention incorporating a plate of the type shown in Fig.
15;
Fig. 18 illustrates the performance of an embodiment of the invention with no downstream vanes;
Fig. 19 illustrates an alternative vane ccnfiguration;
Figs. 20 and 21 illustrate the performance of an alternative embodiment of the present invention incorporating the vane configuration of Fig. 19; and Figs. 22 and 23 illustrate the performance of a further embodiment of the present invention incorporating the vane configuration of Fig. 19.
Referring to the accompanying drawings, Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The illustrated conditiorler comprises an apertured plate 1 on the upstream side of which si~ radially extending vanes 2 are supported. Six further plates 3 are mounted on the downstream side of the plate, each of the plates 3 being axiallv aligned with a respective one of the vanes Z. The direction of flow of the fluid which is to be conditioned by the illus~rated device is indicated by arrow 4.
The piate has a central aper~ure to the edge of which each of the vanes 2 e:~tends. Inner and outer rings of apertures are arranged in a regular arrav around the central aperture, the inner ring comprising si~ apertures and the outer ring comprising twelve apertures. The proportion of the plate which is occupied by apertures is 6096. The diameter of the active portion of the plate, that is the diameter of the circie touched bv the radially outer edges of the vanes 2, is equal to 103.125mm. This corresponds to the internal diameter of ~ he pipe in which the condilioner is to be inserted. The diameter of ~ne central aperture in the plate is 21.4mm, the diameter of each ape.ture in the inner ring is 20.34mm, and the diameter of each aperture in the outer ring is 16.93mm. The thickness of the plate is 12.89mm, that is one eighth of the internal diameter of the pipe. The W095/l~gO~J ~ PCI/N094/01~152~ ' axial length of each vane on both sides of the plate is the same as the plate thic~cness, and the radial length of each of the downstre~m vanes 3 is equal to the plate thickness. Each of the vanes 2 and 3 is fabricated from a metallic sheet which is lmm thicL~.
Referring to Fig. 3, the vertical axis is representative of a non-dimensional velocity and the horizontal axis is representative of a non-dimensional distance corresponding to the position across a diameter of the pipe. The pipe axis corresponds to the centre of the horizontal axis.
Fig. 3 illustrates the performance of the plate of Figs. 1 and 2, with the plate located three pipe diameters downstream of a ball valve. In the drawings, results are given for three valve positions, that is position A (valve fully open), position B (valve 50% closed), and position C (valve 70% closed). The results are displayed in the form of prof;les measured at a distance Z downstream from the plate where the plane Z=0 corresponds to the downstream face of the plate. The velocity U is the local velocity measured across the pipe of diameter D at a distance Y, where Y is the distance measured from one inside face of the pipe, the pipe having a diameter of ZR. The non-r~;me~cional velocity value is obtained by dividing the local velocity by the area weighted mean velocity.
As is apparent from Figs. 3, 4 and i, the velocitv distribution for all three valve positions has effectively ceased to develop at a distance downstream from the plate of Z/D = 2.~. Fig. 3 shows the results with the valve fully open (condition A), Fig. 4 shows the results with a valve in condition B, and Fig. ~ shows the results with the valve in condition C. Fig. 6 compares the velocity, profiles at valve positions A, B and C for Z/D = 2.~. The lines labelled plus and minus 6~6 represent the limits permitted in International Standard IS0 5167. Clearly at Z/D = 2.5 the flow is well within these limits.
A study of the axial turbulence intensity profiles for the plate of Figs. l and 2 produced the results shown in Figs. 7 to 9 Fig. 7 shows the axial turbulence intensity in percent with the valve fully open (condition A), Fig. 8 the equivalent results wi;h ~he valve in condition B, and Fig. 9 the equivalent results for the valve in condition C. Fig. lO compares the axial turbulence intensity, profiles obtained at ZID = 2.5 for the three different valve settings, the curve ~ WO 9~/0806-~ 71 ~2 ~ PCT/No94/00152 identified as D corresponding to fully developed flow. The fully developed flow condition was obtained by taking measurements of the flow at a distance of one hundred pipe diameters downstream of the device, there being no disturbances between the device and the measurement point. It is clear that the axial turbulence results were very satisfactory, particularly near the pipe centre line.
Fig. ll shows the equivalent results at distance Z/D = 2.5 downstream of a conditioner plate corresponding to the plate l of Fig.
l and 2 without the vanes 2 and 3 of Fig. l and 2. The performance improvement which results by adding the vanes is clearly represented by the difference between Figs. lO and ll. For the worst case, with the valve condition C, the a.~ial turbulence level at Z/D = 2.5 has a maximum value close to 459~ and a distinct asymmetry. The asymmetry is removed and the centre line level drops to close to ~% with the addition of the vanes shown in Figs. l and 2.
The embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figs. l and Z is clearly far superior to prior art devices. Having established that the addition of vanes to the known apertured plate conditioner remarkably improved its performance, tests were conducted by positioning vanes upstream of other flow conditioning devices. Fig. 12 illustrates the form of a known alternative apertured plate having an axial thickness equal to one eighth of the internal diameter of the pipe. It was found that these plates were not as effective in distributing the flow as the plate incorporated in the arrangement of Figs. 1 and 2 and therefore it was found necessary to allow a longer settling length downstream of the condi;ioner before any meaningful co;nparisons couid be made.
Also the ?la.e of Fig. 12 is radially asymmetric and it was not therefore possible to mount radially extending vanes of the type shown in Figs. 1 and 2 on the upstream face of the plate shown in Fig.
12. Accordingly the vanes were positioned so that the downstream edge of the vanes were spaced from the upstream face of the plate of Fig. 12 by a d.stance equal to half the pipe diameter. As in the case of the embodiment of Figs. l and 2, six vanes were used with a 60 pitch between them.
Fig. 13 shows a comparison of the velocity distribution measured at a downs.ream distance of Z/D = 6.i in the case of the ?late of Fig.
12 with ar.d without vanes for the three valve conditions .~, B and C.
WO 95/0806~ PCT/NO9.~/OOlS2~
2~ 2~
The results corresponding to condition A with vanes is represented in Fig. 13 by the condition A+V. A similar notation is used for the other five cases illustrated. It is clear from Fig. 13 that the addition of the vanes has improved the effectiveness of the plate. This is most apparent from the worst case, that is valve setting C. With the addition of upstream vanes the severe distortion which is evident without the vanes has been signific~ntly reduced.
The effectiveness of the upstream vanes is more clearly apparent from Fig. 14 which shows the axial turbulence in~ensity profiles for the same test conditions as for Fig. 13, the results also being at a distance of Z/D = 6.5. Clearly the addition of the upstream vanes produces a sig~ificant reduction in the turbulence intensity level for all three valve conditions.
Fig. 15 is a front view of a plate having apertures distributed across its surface in the manner of the apertures formed in the end plate of a conventional Zanker conditioner. It will be seen that there are four rows of four apertures in a regular rectangular array, with sixteen further apertures distributed around the periphery. Clearly this is very much an asymmetric distribution and accordingly as in the case of the plate illustrated in Fig. 12 results were derived from measurements taken at a downstream distance of Z/D = 6.~.
Fig. 16 compares the velocity distribution measured downstream of the plate of Fig. 15 with and without upstream vanes of the type used with the plate of Fig. 12 and described above. It is clear that the time mean velocity profiles with the upstream vanes are closer to the fully developed distribution, with the most significant improvement being seen for the worst case (condition C).
Fig. 17 shows the corresponding a.Yial turbulence intensity measurements, again illustrating the significant benefii of putting vanes upstream of the conditioner plate. With the upstream vanes the turbulence level is reduced considerably and the profile is much close to that for fully developed flow.
Given that the addition of vanes onlv on ;he upst-eam side of plates of the type shown in Figs. 12 and 1~ resultea ir. significant improvements in performance, further results were der ved for a plate of the type used in the embodimen~ of Figs. i and 2, but with a 5096 porosity. The upstream vanes were spaced from ;he ups.ream side of WO 95/0806-1 ~ f~ PCT/NO9~/00152 the plate by a distance equal to half the pipe diameter. There were no downstream vanes. Fig. 18 compares the axial turbulence intensity profiles measured at Z/D = 2.5 for this arrangement. Once again the effectiveness of the vanes is demonstrated.
Tests were then conducted with alternative vanes structures to the six radial vane arrangement illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. In particular, an upstream vane assembly was manufactured having an axial appearance as shown in Fig. 19. This vane assembly in effect is made up from a first set of five vanes running perpendicular to a second set of five vanes, the vanes of each set being evenly distributed. Such a vane distribution is fAmiliAr from the Zanker conditioner but it is of fundamental importance that in accordance with the present invention the vanes are located upstream of the associated plate in contrast to the arrangement in a Zanker conditioner where the vanes are arranged downstream of the associated plate.
Fig. 20 shows the results obtained with the plate 1 of Figs. 1 and 2 without the vanes 2 and 3, but with a honeycomb of the form shown in Fig. 19 placed immediately upstream of the plate, the axial length of the honeycomb being equal to one plate diameter. Fig. 20 shows the worst case results, that is valve setting condition C, the lines labelled plus and minus 696 representing the limits recommended in ISO 516,. Fig. 21 compares the a~ial turbulence intensity profiles measured downstream of the same honeycomb-plate combination with the axial intensity profile measured after one hundred pipe diameters o~ developme~t iength. Clearly the plane surfaces of the honeycomb have resulted in the plate producing a condition very close to fully developed flow in a very short pipe length.
The same honeycomb vane assembly was tested with the plate of Fig. 12. The honeycomb section was placed roughly 0.4 pipe diameters upst eam of the plate. Fig. 2 shows the time mean velocity profile resuits for the worst case condition, that is valve setting C.
The profiles are compared with the limits recommended in ISO 5167.
Whilst the figures show the resuits are stiil not within the iimits, the downstream proIiles are a significant improvement on those measured for the plale aione (see r ig. i3). The corresponding a~ial turbulence intensity proIiies are shown in Fig. 23. ~gain these profiles are W0 95/08064 2 ~ PCT/N094/001~2 compared with the fully developed distribution. The improvement induced by the presence of the honeycomb is clearly noted from a comparison with the results shown in Fig. i4.
Thus the modifications which form the basis of the present invention offer a flow conditioning device capable of operating with very short upstream settling lengths and producing acceptable time mean flow and turbulence intensity profile conditions within a downstream settling length of only a few pipe diameters. These shorter lengths represent a significant step forward in reducing the pipe lengths required for efficient metering stations. Thus the addition of vanes upstream of a flow conditioning device has been demonstrated to reduce the turbulence intensity level in the flow downstream of the plate and to promote the more rapid establishment of fully developed flow conditions. Whilst the radial symmetry of the plate used in the embodiment of Figs. 1 and 2 lends itself well to the inclusion of vanes on the plate itself, vanes can be used upstream of other flow conditioning devices to improve the downstream flow quality.
Claims (15)
1. A flow conditioner for insertion into a pipe of predetermined diameter conveying a fluid flow, the conditioner comprising an apertured plate and a vane assembly, the plate in use being arranged perpendicular to the flow and defining apertures which are located so as to distribute the flow radially in an approximation to the flow distribution in a fully developed flow, and the vane assembly in use being located upstream of the plate and being formed from a plurality of vanes distributed such that the normal to each vane is perpendicular to the direction of flow.
2. A flow conditioner according to claim 1, wherein the vanes are wholly located within a distance of the plate equal to the diameter of the pipe.
3. A flow conditioner according to claim 2, wherein the vanes extend in the axial direction for a distance of less than one quarter of the pipe diameter.
4. A flow conditioner according to claim 3, wherein the vanes extend in the axial direction for a distance of one eighth of the pipe diameter.
5. A flow conditioner according to any preceding claim, wherein the vanes extend from the plate.
6. A flow conditioner according to any preceding claim, wherein the vanes are located so as not to cut across any of the apertures in the plate.
7. A flow conditioner according to any preceding claim, wherein each vane extends radially from the pipe wall to a point spaced from the pipe axis.
8. A flow conditioner according to claim 7, wherein each vane extends to a radially outer edge of a central aperture defined in the plate.
9. A flow conditioner according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein a first set of spaced apart parallel vanes is arranged so as to be perpendicular to a second set of spaced apart parallel vanes so as to define a rectangular array.
10. A flow conditioner according to claim 9, wherein each set comprises an even number of regularly spaced vanes.
11. A flow conditioner according to any preceding claim, wherein the plate comprises circular apertures which are arranged in a plurality of radially spaced circular arrays around a central aperture, the centre of the central aperture and the centres of the circular arrays coincide with the centre of the plate, the apertures in each circular array are equally spaced apart around the centre of the plate, all the apertures in any one circular array are of substantially the same diameter, and the size and number of apertures in the circular arrays are such that the impedance to flow presented by the plate increases with the radius on which a given array of apertures is arranged.
12. A flow conditioner according to any preceding claim, wherein axially extending further vanes are located downstream of the plate.
13. A flow conditioner according to claim 12, wherein the further vanes extend axially away from the plate adjacent the wall of the pipe.
14. A flow conditioner according to claim 13, wherein each further plate extends radially for a distance equal to one eighth of the pipe diameter.
15. A flow conditioner substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9319025.4 | 1993-09-14 | ||
| GB939319025A GB9319025D0 (en) | 1993-09-14 | 1993-09-14 | Flow cobditioner |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2171828A1 true CA2171828A1 (en) | 1995-03-23 |
Family
ID=10741987
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002171828A Abandoned CA2171828A1 (en) | 1993-09-14 | 1994-09-14 | Flow conditioner |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5762107A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0719387B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU7711394A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2171828A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69419762D1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB9319025D0 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO307714B1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1995008064A1 (en) |
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- 1994-09-14 CA CA002171828A patent/CA2171828A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-09-14 AU AU77113/94A patent/AU7711394A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-09-14 EP EP94927874A patent/EP0719387B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-14 US US08/605,138 patent/US5762107A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-14 DE DE69419762T patent/DE69419762D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| US9334886B2 (en) | 2012-09-13 | 2016-05-10 | Canada Pipeline Accessories, Co. Ltd. | Flow conditioner with integral vanes |
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| US9625293B2 (en) | 2015-05-14 | 2017-04-18 | Daniel Sawchuk | Flow conditioner having integral pressure tap |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US5762107A (en) | 1998-06-09 |
| EP0719387B1 (en) | 1999-07-28 |
| EP0719387A1 (en) | 1996-07-03 |
| WO1995008064A1 (en) | 1995-03-23 |
| NO960872L (en) | 1996-05-09 |
| NO307714B1 (en) | 2000-05-15 |
| AU7711394A (en) | 1995-04-03 |
| DE69419762D1 (en) | 1999-09-02 |
| GB9319025D0 (en) | 1993-10-27 |
| NO960872D0 (en) | 1996-03-05 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued |